Chia nanoemulsion: anti-inflammatory mechanism, biological behavior and cellular interactions

Aim: This study explores chia oil, rich in ω-3 fatty acids and nutraceutical components, as a potential remedy for diseases, especially those linked to inflammation and cancer. Methods/materials: A chia oil-based nanoemulsion, developed through single emulsification, underwent comprehensive analysis using various techniques. In vitro and in vivo assays, including macrophage polarization, nitrite and cytokine production, cellular uptake and biodistribution, were conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy. Results & conclusion: Results reveal that the chia nanoemulsion significantly inhibits inflammation, outperforming pure oil with twice the efficacy. Enhanced uptake by macrophage-like cells and substantial accumulation in key organs indicate its potential as an economical and effective anti-inflammatory nanodrug, addressing global economic and health impacts of inflammation-related diseases.

Micellar solution of [223Ra]RaCl2: Reaching renal excretion, potent efficacy in osteoblastic osteosarcoma in PDX model, biochemistry alterations and pharmacokinetics

Despite the successful use of the radiopharmaceutical radium-223 dichloride ([223Ra]RaCl2) for targeted alpha therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastases, some short-term side effects, such as diarrhea and vomiting, have been documented, causing patient discomfort. Hence, we prepared a nanosized micellar solution of [223Ra]RaCl2 and evaluated its biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and induced biochemical changes in healthy mice up to 96 h after intraperitoneal administration as an alternative to overcome the previous limitations. In addition, we evaluated the bone specificity of micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 in patient-derived xenografts in the osteosarcoma model. The biodistribution studies revealed the high bone-targeting properties of the micellar [223Ra]RaCl2. Interestingly, the liver uptake remained significantly low (%ID/g = 0.1-0.02) from 24 to 96 h after administration. In addition, the micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 exhibited a significantly higher uptake in left (%ID/g = 0.85-0.23) and right (%ID/g = 0.76-0.24) kidneys than in small (%ID/g = 0.43-0.06) and large intestines (%ID/g = 0.24-0.09) over time, suggesting its excretion pathway is primarily through the kidneys into the urine, in contrast to the non-micellar [223Ra]RaCl2. The micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 also had low distribution volume (0.055 ± 0.003 L) and longer elimination half-life (28 ± 12 days). This nanosystem was unable to change the enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma GT, glucose, and liquiform lipase in the treated mice. Finally, microscopic examination of the animals' osteosarcoma tumors treated with micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 indicated regression of the tumor, with large areas of necrosis. In contrast, in the control group, we observed tumor cellularity and cell anaplasia, mitotic figures and formation of neoplastic extracellular bone matrix, which are typical features of osteosarcoma. Therefore, our findings demonstrated the efficiency and safety of nanosized micellar formulations to minimize the gastrointestinal excretion pathway of the clinical radiopharmaceutical [223Ra]RaCl2, in addition to promoting regression of the osteosarcoma. Further studies must be performed to assess dose-response outcomes and organ/tissue dosimetry for clinical translation.

Atomic Force Microscopy Applied to the Study of Tauopathies

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe microscopy technique which has a physical principle, the measurement of interatomic forces between a very thin tip and the surface of a sample, allowing the obtaining of quantitative data at the nanoscale, contributing to the surface study and mechanical characterization. Due to its great versatility, AFM has been used to investigate the structural and nanomechanical properties of several inorganic and biological materials, including neurons affected by tauopathies. Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases featured by aggregation of phosphorylated tau protein inside neurons, leading to functional loss and progressive neurotoxicity. In the broad universe of neurodegenerative diseases, tauopathies comprise the most prevalent, with Alzheimer's disease as its main representative. This review highlights the use of AFM as a suitable research technique for the study of cellular damages in tauopathies, even in early stages, allowing elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases.

Design of Liquid Formulation Based on F127-Loaded Natural Dimeric Flavonoids as a New Perspective Treatment for Leishmaniasis

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (IPD) remain a challenge for medicine due to several interconnected reasons, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an overlooked IPD causing persistent skin ulcers that are challenging to heal, resulting in disfiguring scars. Moreover, it has the potential to extend from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat in both humans and various animals. Given the limited effectiveness and AMR of current drugs, the exploration of new substances has emerged as a promising alternative for ATL treatment. Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC). Bureau is a native Brazilian plant rich in dimeric flavonoids, including Brachydin (BRA), which displays antimicrobial activity, but still little has been explored regarding the development of therapeutic formulations. In this work, we present the design of a low-cost liquid formulation based on the use of Pluronic F127 for encapsulation of high BRA concentration (LF-B500). The characterization techniques revealed that BRA-loaded F127 micelles are well-stabilized in an unusual worm-like form. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that LF-B500 was non-toxic to macrophages but efficient in the inactivation of forms of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes with IC50 of 16.06 µg/mL. The results demonstrated that LF-B500 opened a new perspective on the use of liquid formulation-based natural products for ATL treatment.

Nanoceria Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Nanodrug: Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Action

INTRODUCTION

Nanoceria is a well-known nanomaterial with various properties, including antioxidant, proangiogenic, and therapeutic effects. Despite its potential, there are still aspects that require further exploration, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

METHOD

The global demand for novel anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs underscores the significance of understanding nanoceria in both contexts. In this study, we evaluated the effect of nanoceria on macrophage polarization to better understand its anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of action of nanoceria against Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 32045), Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), and Candida albicans.

RESULT

The results demonstrated that nanoceria can polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profile, revealing the cellular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory response. Concerning the antimicrobial effect, it was observed that nanoceria have a more pronounced impact on Candida parapsilosis, leading to the formation of pronounced pores on the surface of this species.

CONCLUSION

Finally, biochemical analysis revealed transitory alterations, mainly in liver enzymes. The data support the use of nanoceria as a potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drug and elucidate some of the mechanisms involved, shedding light on the properties of this nanodrug.

High doses of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nHAP) impairs microcirculation in vivo

Nanoparticles has surrounded the population by their use in electronics, medicine and cosmetics. The exposure to nanoparticles coming from different sources is uncountable as the amount of nanoparticles in which a person is exposed daily. In this direction and considering that microcirculation is the main and most affected system by nanoparticles in the first moment, responsible to transport and deal with nanoparticles internally, we evaluated a massive exposure (1 g/Kg) of a well-known nanoparticle (hydroxyapatite) and the impact on the microvessels. The results showed a massive destruction of venules, arterioles, and capillaries when nHAPs were administered topically. However, systemic administration of high doses of nHAP did not affect microcirculation but altered biochemical parameters of blood samples from treated animals. The data demonstrated that even well documented nanoparticles at high doses might affect the whole-body homeostasis. Finally, the results raise the necessity for further investigation of the effect of nanoparticles in microcirculation and the impact in the whole-body homeostasis.

Radiolabeled Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Methotrexate and Decorated with Trastuzumab for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, with millions of new cases diagnosed yearly. Addressing the burden of breast cancer mortality requires a comprehensive approach involving early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and equitable access to healthcare services. In this direction, nano-radiopharmaceuticals have shown potential for enhancing breast cancer diagnosis by combining the benefits of nanoparticles and radiopharmaceutical agents. These nanoscale formulations can provide improved imaging capabilities, increased targeting specificity, and enhanced sensitivity for detecting breast cancer lesions. In this study, we developed and evaluated a novel nano-radio radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m ([99mTc]Tc)-labeled trastuzumab (TRZ)-decorated methotrexate (MTX)-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles ([99mTc]-TRZ-MTX-HSA), for the diagnosis of breast cancer. In this context, HSA and MTX-HSA nanoparticles were prepared. Conjugation of MTX-HSA nanoparticles with TRZ was performed using adsorption and covalent bonding methods. The prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size, PDI value, zeta (ζ) potential, scanning electron microscopy analysis, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity and cytotoxicity on MCF-7, 4T1, and MCF-10A cells. Finally, the nanoparticles were radiolabeled with [99mTc]Tc using the direct radiolabeling method, and cellular uptake was performed with the nano-radiopharmaceutical. The results showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles, with a particle size of 224.1 ± 2.46 nm, a PDI value of 0.09 ± 0.07, and a ζ potential value of -16.4 ± 0.53 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of MTX was found to be 32.46 ± 1.12%, and the amount of TRZ was 80.26 ± 1.96%. The labeling with [99mTc]Tc showed a high labeling efficiency (>99%). The cytotoxicity studies showed no effect, and the cellular uptake studies showed 97.54 ± 2.16% uptake in MCF-7 cells at the 120th min and were found to have a 3-fold higher uptake in cancer cells than in healthy cells. In conclusion, [99mTc]Tc-TRZ-MTX-HSA nanoparticles are promising for diagnosing breast cancer and evaluating the response to treatment in breast cancer patients.

Medicinal (Radio)Chemistry: Building Radiopharmaceuticals for the Future

Radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly playing a leading role in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating disease. In comparison with conventional pharmaceuticals, the development of radiopharmaceuticals does follow the principles of medicinal chemistry in the context of imaging-altered physiological processes. The design of a novel radiopharmaceutical has several steps similar to conventional drug discovery and some particularity. In the present work, we revisited the insights of medicinal chemistry in the current radiopharmaceutical development giving examples in oncology, neurology, and cardiology. In this regard, we overviewed the literature on radiopharmaceutical development to study overexpressed targets such as prostate-specific membrane antigen and fibroblast activation protein in cancer; β-amyloid plaques and tau protein in brain disorders; and angiotensin II type 1 receptor in cardiac disease. The work addresses concepts in the field of radiopharmacy with a special focus on the potential use of radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear imaging and theranostics.

Physical virology: how physics is enabling a better understanding of recent viral invaders

The world is frequently afflicted by several viral outbreaks that bring diseases and health crises. It is vital to comprehend how viral assemblies' fundamental components work to counteract them. Determining the ultrastructure and nanomechanical characteristics of viruses from a physical standpoint helps categorize their mechanical characteristics, offers insight into new treatment options, and/or shows weak spots that can clarify methods for medication targeting. This study compiles the findings from studies on the ultrastructure and nanomechanical behavior of SARS-CoV-2, ZIKV (Zika virus), and CHIKV (Chikungunya virus) viral particles. With results that uncovered aspects of the organization and the spatial distribution of the proteins on the surface of the viral particle as well as the deformation response of the particles when applied a recurring loading force, this review aims to provide further discussion on the mechanical properties of viral particles at the nanoscale, offering new prospects that could be employed for designing strategies for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01075-4.

Methyl gallate nanomicelles impairs neutrophil accumulated in zymosan-induced arthritis

Arthritis is a chronic disease that affects, approximately, 1 % of the total global population. It is characterized by chronic inflammation, accompanied in most of the cases of motor disability and sever pain. The main therapies available have high risk of failure and advanced treatments are scarce and highly cost. In this scenario, search for effective, safe and low-cost treatments is quite desirable. Methyl gallate (MG) is a plant-derived phenolic compound described to present remarkable anti-inflammatory effect in experimental models of arthritis. Thus, in this study we formulated nanomicelles of MG using Pluronic (F-127) as matrix and evaluated in vivo the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and its effect in the mice model of zymosan-induced arthritis. The nanomicelles were formed with a size 126 nm. The biodistribution showed a ubiquitous tissue deposition with a renal excretion. The pharmacokinetics showed elimination half-life of 1.72 h and a clearance of 0.006 L/h. The oral pretreatment with nanomicelles containing MG (3.5 or 7 mg/kg) demonstrated a reduction in total leukocytes, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells from the inflammation site. The data supports the use of methyl gallate nanomicelles as an alternative drug for arthritis. DATA AVAILABILITY: All the data of this study are transparent.

Evaluating Hydroxyapatite, Gold Nanoparticles, and Graphene-Copper as Bimodal Agents for X-ray and Computed Tomography

A global need exists for new and more effective contrast agents for computed tomography and traditional X-ray modalities. Among the few options available nowadays, limitations imposed by industrial production, performance, and efficacy restrict the use and reduce the potential of both imaging techniques. The use of nanomaterials as new contrast agents for X-ray and computed tomography is an innovative and viable way to increase the options and enhance performance. In this study, we evaluated eight nanomaterials: hydroxyapatite doped with zinc (Zn-HA 10%); hydroxyapatite doped with strontium (Sr-HA 10%); hydroxyapatite without thermal treatment (HA 282 STT); thermally treated hydroxyapatite (HA 212 500 °C and HA 01.256 CTT 1000 °C); hydroxyapatite microspheres (HA microspheres); gold nanoparticles (AuNP); and graphene oxide doped with copper (Cu-GO). The results showed that for both imaging modalities; HA microspheres were the best option, followed by hydroxyapatite thermally treated at 1000 °C. The nanomaterials with the worst results were hydroxyapatite doped with zinc (Zn-HA 10%), and hydroxyapatite doped with strontium (Sr-HA 10%). Our data demonstrated the potential of using nanomaterials, especially HA microspheres, and hydroxyapatite with thermal treatment (HA 01.256 CTT 1000 °C) as contrast agents for X-ray and computed tomography.

Chitosan-graphene quantum dot based active film as smart wound dressing

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), are biocompatible materials, with mechanical strength and stability. Chitosan, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and biocompatibility. Wound healing is a challenging process especially in chronic diseases and infection. In this study, films consisting of chitosan and graphene quantum dots were developed for application in infected wounds. The chitosan-graphene films were prepared in the acidic solution followed by slow solvent evaporation and drying. The chitosan-graphene films were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The films' was evaluated by the wound healing assays, hemolytic potential, and nitrite production, cytokine production and swelling potential. The obtained films were flexible and well-structured, promoting cell migration, greater antibacterial activity, lower hemolytic activity, and maintaining wound moisture. Our data suggested that the use of graphene quantum dot-containing chitosan films would be an efficient and promising way in combating wounds.

Polymeric nanoparticles and nanomicelles of hydroxychloroquine co-loaded with azithromycin potentiate anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect

The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has put the world in an unprecedented scenario. To reestablish the world routine as promote the effective treatment of this disease, the world is looking for new (and old) drug that can efficiently kill the virus. In this study, we have developed two nanosystems: polymeric nanoparticles and nanomicelles-based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. The nanosystem was fully characterized by AFM and DLS techniques. Also, the nanosystems were radiolabeled with ^99mTc and pulmonary applied (installation) in vivo to evaluate the biological behavior. The toxicity of both nanosystem were evaluated in primary cells (FGH). Finally, both nanosystems were evaluated in vitro against the SARS-CoV-2. The results demonstrated that the methodology used to produce the nanomicelles and the nanoparticle was efficient, the characterization showed a nanoparticle with a spherical shape and a medium size of 390 nm and a nanomicelle also with a spherical shape and a medium size of 602 nm. The nanomicelles were more efficient (~ 70%) against SARS-CoV-2 than the nanoparticles. The radiolabeling process with ^99mTc was efficient (> 95%) in both nanosystems and the pulmonary application demonstrated to be a viable route for both nanosystems with a local retention time of approximately, 24 h. None of the nanosystems showed cytotoxic effect on FGH cells, even in high doses, corroborating the safety of both nanosystems. Thus, claiming the benefits of the nanotechnology, especially with regard the reduced adverse we believe that the use of nanosystems for COVID-19 treatment can be an optimized choice.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40097-022-00476-3.

Ionizing Radiation: Chemical Kinetics, Chemical Bounds, and Radiation Chemistry on Polymers

Ionizing radiation has been used for decades and expanded to several applications in multivariate sectors, becoming an important tool to promote controlled chemical reactions in polymeric structures, according to their chemical properties for developing new materials. In addition, the use of radiation can also be applied in order to reduce or eliminate compounds from solutions that may be harmful or of low interest. In this review, we overviewed the chemistry behind material irradiation and the attractive use of ionizing radiation in scientific and industrial development. In this regard, the review was divided into three main sections titled (1) chemical kinetics intermediated by radiation, (2) chemical bonds intermediated by radiation, and (3) radiation chemistry on polymers. We concluded that graft polymerization, crosslinking and chain scission reactions induced by ionizing radiation are very efficient and green strategies for developing new materials with improved properties. Furthermore, water radiolysis plays a key role in the degradation of several contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and microplastics, in aqueous solutions. However, more studies must be conducted to complement the existing theory about the proposed mechanisms responsible for modifying the chemical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and so forth properties of irradiated materials.

Radiopharmacokinetics of Graphene Quantum Dots Nanoparticles In vivo: Comparing the Pharmacokinetics Parameters in Long and Short Periods

BACKGROUND

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great importance during the last decades for developing new therapeutics with improved outcomes for biomedical applications due to their nanoscale size, surface properties, loading capacity, controlled drug release, and distribution. Among the carbon-based nanomaterials, one of the most biocompatible forms of graphene is graphene quantum dots (GQDs). GQDs are obtained by converting 2D graphene into zero-dimensional graphene nanosheets. Moreover, very few reports in the literature reported the pharmacokinetic studies proving the safety and effectiveness of GQDs for in vivo applications.

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of GQDs radiolabeled with ^99mTc, administered intravenously, in rodents (Wistar rats) in two conditions: short and long periods, to compare and understand the biological behavior.

METHODS

The graphene quantum dots were produced and characterized by RX diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed following the radiopharmacokinetics concepts, using radiolabeled graphene quantum dots with technetium 99 metastable (99mTc). The radiolabeling process of the graphene quantum dots with 99mTc was performed by the direct via.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the pharmacokinetic analyses with GQDs over a longer period were more accurate. Following a bicompartmental model, the long-time analysis considers each pharmacokinetic phase of drugs into the body. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that short-time analysis could lead to distortions in pharmacokinetic parameters, leading to misinterpretations.

CONCLUSION

The evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of GQDs over long periods is more meaningful than the evaluation over short periods.

Folic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, Radiolabeling with Radium-223 and Antiviral Effect against Zika Virus Infection

The use of graphene quantum dots as biomedical devices and drug delivery systems has been increasing. The nano-platform of pure carbon has shown unique properties and is approved to be safe for human use. In this study, we successfully produced and characterized folic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQD-FA) to evaluate their antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in vitro, and for radiolabeling with the alpha-particle emitting radionuclide radium-223. The in vitro results exhibited the low cytotoxicity of the nanoprobe GQD-FA in Vero E6 cells and the antiviral effect against replication of the ZIKV infection. In addition, our findings demonstrated that functionalization with folic acid doesn't improve the antiviral effect of graphene quantum dots against ZIVK replication in vitro. On the other hand, the radiolabeled nanoprobe ²²³Ra@GQD-FA was also produced as confirmed by the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy analysis. ²²³Ra@GQD-FA might expand the application of alpha targeted therapy using radium-223 in folate receptor-overexpressing tumors.

Graphene Quantum Dots as Bimodal Imaging Agent for X-Ray and Computed Tomography

The urgency of new contrast agents, especially for X-Ray and Computed Tomography (CT) is increasing each day. Although both imaging modalities are the most routinely used imaging techniques, the availability of contrast agent is very limited. In this scenario, the use of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a member of the graphene family, which has several characteristics, including low toxicity, good biocompatibility and physical-chemical properties, may represent an important application of this material. Thus, using X-Ray (conventional) and CT analysis was evaluated the applicability of GQDs as contrast agent for both imaging modalities. The results demonstrated that GQDs are able to attenuate X-Ray forming sharp imaging in both modalities. The data broaden the spectrum of GQDs use.

Zika Virus (ZIKV): A New Perspective on the Nanomechanical and Structural Properties

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) from Flavivirus. In 2015, Brazil and other Latin American countries experienced an outbreak of ZIKV infections associated with severe neurological disorders such as Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS), encephalopathy, and encephalitis. Here, a complete mechanical and structural analysis of the ZIKV has been performed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM analysis corroborated the virus mean size (~50 nm) and icosahedral geometry and revealed high mechanical resistance of both: the viral surface particle (~200 kPa) and its internal content (~800 kPa). The analysis demonstrated the detailed organization of the nucleocapsid structure (such as RNA strips). An interesting finding was the discovery that ZIKV has no surface self-assembling property. These results can contribute to the development of future treatment candidates and circumscribe the magnitude of viral transmission.

Layer-by-Layer Investigation of Ultrastructures and Biomechanics of Human Cornea

The cornea is an avascular, innervated, and transparent tissue composed of five layers: the epithelium, Bowman’s layer, stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and endothelium. It is located in the outermost fraction of the eyeball and is responsible for the refraction of two-thirds of light and protection from external mechanical damage. Although several studies have been done on the cornea on the macroscopic scale, there is a lack of studies on the micro-nanoscopic scale, especially an analysis evaluating the cornea layer by layer. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to assess four layers that form the cornea, analyzing: adhesion, stiffness, and roughness. The results showed microvilli in the epithelial and endothelial layers, pores in the basement membrane, and collagen fibers in the Stroma. These data increase the knowledge about the human cornea layers’ ultrastructures and adds new information about its biophysical properties.

Unusual dimeric flavonoids (brachydins) induce ultrastructural membrane alterations associated with antitumor activity in cancer cell lines

Notwithstanding the advances in molecular target-based drugs, chemotherapy remains the most common cancer treatment, despite its high toxicity. Consequently, effective anticancer therapies with fewer adverse effects are needed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the anticancer activity of the dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) isolated from Arrabidae brachypoda roots, whose components are three unusual dimeric flavonoids. The toxicity of DCMF was investigated in breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU145), and cervical (HeLa) tumor cells, as well as non-tumor cells (PNT2), using sulforhodamine B (cell viability), Comet (genotoxicity), clonogenicity (reproductive capacity) and wound healing (cell migration) assays, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for ultrastructural cell membrane alterations. Molecular docking revealed affinity between albumin and each rare flavonoid, supporting the impact of fetal bovine serum in DCMF antitumor activity. The IC₅₀ values for MCF7, HeLa, and DU145 were 2.77, 2.46, and 2.51 µg/mL, respectively, and 4.08 µg/mL for PNT2. DCFM was not genotoxic to tumor or normal cells when exposed to twice the IC₅₀ for up to 24 h, but it inhibited tumor cell migration and reproduction compared to normal cells. Additionally, AFM revealed alterations in the ultrastructure of tumor nuclear membrane surfaces, with a positive correlation between DCMF concentration and tumor cell roughness. Finally, we found a negative correlation between roughness and the ability of DCMF-treated tumor cells to migrate and form colonies with more than 50 cells. These findings suggest that DCFM acts by causing ultrastructural changes in tumor cell membranes while having fewer toxicological effects on normal cells.

Radiolabeled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: radiopharmacy in the era of nanotechnology

BACKGROUND

Recent advances in nanotechnology have offered new hope for cancer detection, prevention, and treatment. Nanomedicine, a term for the application of nanotechnology in medical and health fields, uses nanoparticles for several applications such as imaging, diagnostic, targeted cancer therapy, drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and theranostics.

RESULTS

Here, we overview the current state-of-the-art of radiolabeled nanoparticles for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Nanostructured radiopharmaceuticals of technetium-99m, copper-64, lutetium-177, and radium-223 are discussed within the scope of this review article.

CONCLUSION

Nanoradiopharmaceuticals may lead to better development of theranostics inspired by ingenious delivery and imaging systems. Cancer nano-theranostics have the potential to lead the way to more specific and individualized cancer treatment.

Nanomicelles of Radium Dichloride [223Ra]RaCl2 Co-Loaded with Radioactive Gold [198Au]Au Nanoparticles for Targeted Alpha-Beta Radionuclide Therapy of Osteosarcoma

Alpha and beta particulate radiation are used for non-treated neoplasia, due to their ability to reach and remain in tumor sites. Radium-223 (²²³Ra), an alpha emitter, promotes localized cytotoxic effects, while radioactive gold (¹⁹⁸Au), beta-type energy, reduces radiation in the surrounding tissues. Nanotechnology, including several radioactive nanoparticles, can be safely and effectively used in cancer treatment. In this context, this study aims to analyze the antitumoral effects of [²²³Ra]Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with radioactive gold nanoparticles ([¹⁹⁸Au]AuNPs). For this, we synthesize and characterize nanomicelles, as well as analyze some parameters, such as particle size, radioactivity emission, dynamic light scattering, and microscopic atomic force. [²²³Ra]Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with [¹⁹⁸Au]AuNPs, with simultaneous alpha and beta emission, showed no instability, a mean particle size of 296 nm, and a PDI of 0.201 (±0.096). Furthermore, nanomicelles were tested in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. We observed a significant increase in tumor cell death using combined alpha and beta therapy in the same formulation, compared with these components used alone. Together, these results show, for the first time, an efficient association between alpha and beta therapies, which could become a promising tool in the control of tumor progression.

Tertiary Nanosystem Composed of Graphene Quantum Dots, Levofloxacin and Silver Nitrate for Microbiological Control

BACKGROUND

Infectious diseases have the highest mortality rate in the world and these numbers are associated with scarce and/or ineffective diagnosis and bacterial resistance. Currently, with the development of new pharmaceutical formulations, nanotechnology is gaining prominence.

METHODS

Nanomicelles were produced by ultrasonication. The particle size and shape were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by dynamic light scattering, also thermogravimetric analysis was performed to evaluate the thermal stability. Finally, antibacterial activity has been performed.

RESULTS

The results showed that a rod-shaped nanosystem, with 316.1 nm and PDI of 0.243 was formed. The nanosystem was efficient against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii with MIC inferior to 0.98 and a synergistic effect between silver graphene quantum dots and levofloxacin was observed.

CONCLUSION

The nanosystem produced may rise as a promising agent against the bacterial threat, especially regarding bacterial resistance.

Nanoparticle conjugated with aptamer anti-MUC1/Y for inflammatory arthritis

Aptamers may form well-defined three-dimensional structures binding with high affinity and stability to a specific receptor. The aptamer anti-MUC1 isoform Y is one the most used due the affinity to MUC1, which is overexpressed in several types of cancer and inflammation process. In this study we have developed, characterized, in vitro as in vivo evaluated a nanoaptamer (anti-MUC1/Y) as a nanoagent for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. The results showed that a nanoaptamer with a size range of 241 nm was produced. The entrapment efficacy was 90% with a biodistribution showing a high hepatic uptake (>98%). The results in vivo showed a potent effect in arthritis experimental model, especially in low doses. The results corroborate the applicability of this nanosystem for RA treatment.

Graphene and its derivatives: understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications

Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations.

Graphic abstract

Graphene Quantum Dots for Molecular Radiotherapy: Radiolabeled Graphene Quantum Dots with Radium (223Ra) Showed Potent Effect Against Bone Cancer

The necessity of new drugs with special attention for the therapy of cancer is increasing each day. Despite their properties, alpha therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, especially based on the use of radium (²²³Ra) are good choices, due to the highest and differential cytotoxicity, low adverse effects, and higher bioaccumulation on tumor sites. The use of graphene quantum dots as the carrier for ²²³Ra is a promising approach since graphene quantum dots has low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and adequate size for tumor penetration. In this study, we developed, characterized, radiolabeled with ²²³Ra, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo graphene quantum dots radiolabeled with radium (²²³Ra) for bone cancer. The results showed that ²²³Ra is incorporated into the graphene quantum dot following the Fajans-Paneth-Hahn Law. The cell viability showed a potent effect on osteosarcoma cells (MG63 and SAOS2) but a lower effect in normal fibroblast cells (hFB), corroborating the preferential targeting. Also, the results showed a more prominent effect on MG63 than SAOS2 cells, corroborating the targeting for more undifferentiated cells. The in vivo results demonstrated a renal excretion, associated with fecal excretion and accumulation in bone. The results corroborate the efficacy of ²²³RaGQDs and open new perspectives for the use of use ²²³RaGQDs, in several other diseases.

Biomedical application of graphitic carbon nitrides: tissue depositionin vivo, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability in tumor cells

The urgency for new materials in oncology is immediate. In this study we have developed the g-C₃N₄, a graphitic-like structure formed by periodically linked tris-s-triazine units. The g-C₃N₄has been synthesized by a simple and fast thermal process. XRD has shown the formation of the crystalline sheet with a compacted structure. The graphite-like structure and the functional groups have been shown by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. TEM image and AFM revealed the porous composed of five or six C-N layers stacked. DRS and Photoluminescence analyses confirmed the structure with band gap of 2.87 eV and emission band at 448 nm in different wavelengths excitation conditions. The biological results showed inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines and non-toxic effect in normal cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work demonstrating the cytotoxic effects of 2D g-C₃N₄in a cancer cell line, without any external or synergistic influence. The biodistribution/tissue accumulation showed that g-C₃N₄present a tendency to accumulation on the lung in the first 2 h, but after 24 h the profile of the biodistribution change and it is found mainly in the liver. Thus, 2D-g-C₃N₄showed great potential for the treatment of several cancer types.

Rheumatoid arthritis treatment using hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate co-loaded nanomicelles: In vivo results

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory rheumatic disease, affecting almost 1% of the world population. It is a long-lasting autoimmune disease, which mainly affects the joints causing inflammation and swelling of the synovial joint. RA has a significant impact on the ability to perform daily activities including simple work and household chores. Nonetheless, due to the long periods of pain and the continuous use of anti-inflammatory drugs, RA can debilitate the quality of life and increases mortality. Current therapeutic approaches to treat RA aim to achieve prolonged activity and early and persistent remission of the disease, with the gradual adoption of different drugs available. In this study, we developed a novel hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate co-loaded Pluronic® F-127 nanomicelle and evaluated its therapeutic effects against RA. Our results showed that drug-loaded nanomicelles were capable of modulating the inflammatory process of RA and reducing osteoclastogenesis, edema, and cell migration to the joint. Overall, compared to the free drugs, the drug-loaded nanomicelles showed a 2-fold higher therapeutic effect.

Factors affecting the biological response of Graphene

Nanotechnology has gained significant importance in different fields of medical, electronic, and environmental science. This technology is founded on the use of materials at the nanoscale scale (1-100 nanometers) for various purposes, particularly in the biomedical area, where its application is growing daily due to the need of materials with advanced properties. Over the past few years, there has been a growing use for graphene and its derivative composite materials. However, different physico-chemical properties influence its biological response; therefore, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are critical. This review presents the current advances in the applications of graphene in biomedicine with a focus on the physico-chemical characteristics of the graphene family and their influences on biological interactions.

Graphene: Insights on Biological, Radiochemical and Ecotoxicological Aspects

Graphene, including graphene quantum dots, its oxide and unoxidized forms (pure graphene) have several properties, like fluorescence, electrical conductivity, theoretical surface area, low toxicity, and high biocompatibility. In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity (in silico analysis using the functional density theory-FDT), cytotoxicity (human glioblastoma cell line), in vivo pharmacokinetics, in vivo impact on microcirculation and cell internalization assay. It was also radiolabeled with lutetium 177 (177Lu), a beta emitter radioisotope to explore its therapeutic use as nanodrug. Finally, the impact of its disposal in the environment was analyzed using ecotoxicological evaluation. FDT analysis demonstrated that graphene can construct covalent and non-covalent bonds with different nucleobases, and graphene oxide is responsible for generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), corroborating its genotoxicity. On the other hand, non-cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma cells could be demonstrated. The pharmacokinetics analysis showed high plasmatic concentration and clearance. Topical application of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of graphene nanoparticles on the hamster skinfold preparation did not show inflammatory effect. The cell internalization assay showed that 1-hour post contact with cells, graphene can cross the plasmatic membrane and accumulate in the cytoplasm. Radio labeling with 177Lu is possible and its use as therapeutic nanosystem is viable. Finally, the ecotoxicity analysis showed that A. silina exposed to graphene showed pronounced uptake and absorption in the nauplii gut and formation of ROS. The data obtained showed that although being formed exclusively of carbon and carbon-oxygen, graphene and graphene oxide respectively generate somewhat contradictory results and more studies should be performed to certify the safety use of this nanoplatform.

Engineered High-Loaded Mixed-Monoclonal Antibodies (Adalimumab, Rituximab and Trastuzumab) Polymeric Nanoparticle for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: A Proof of Concept

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic disease, affects from 0.5% to 1% of the world population. The main consequences include loss of joint functionality and severe pain, with lost in life quality and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The main strategy for RA treatment relies in early diagnosis as targeted therapy. In this regard, the development and application of designed/engineered nanoparticles may represent an innovative approach and the key to success, since is a personalized nanodrug. Thus, we have synthetized, characterized, and in vivo evaluated a tri-loaded monoclonal antibody nanoparticle. For the production we used a mix of monoclonal antibodies: adalimumab, rituximab and trastuzumab to surround all RA metabolic pathways. The characterization included atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis and entrapment efficacy using BCA analysis. The in vivo evaluation was done in mice. At this stage we used animals to assess the pharmacokinetics, the tissue distribution as the proof of concept (therapeutic efficacy) of the nanoparticles developed in inducted animals with rheumatoid arthritis. The interpretation of our results revealed that a spherical shaped nanoparticle has been produced with a mean size of 229.7 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.191. This data has been corroborated by DLS and AFM analysis. The pre-clinical (in vivo) evaluation demonstrated a low elimination rate of 2,34 L/hour, with a purge of 0,42 h. The therapeutic efficacy showed that the nanoparticles have an increased therapeutic effect than the conventional drug with a reduction in all main parameters including the interleukins.

Using graphene quantum dots for treating radioactive liquid waste

The use of smart materials, especially the carbon-based nanomaterials, is increasing each day. Among the several carbon-based nanomaterials, graphene quantum dots are one of the most impressive ones, not only by its quantum behavior but due to the adsorption quality conferred by electrostatic interactions from the negatively charged groups as the huge surface area (2.630 m2/g). In this study, we developed and tested graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as smart nano-adsorbents of uranium (²³⁸U) from the radioactive industry waste. The GQDs were developed in a size range of 160-220 nm using a totally green route. The results showed that the GQDs were capable to adsorb almost 40% of the uranium (²³⁸U) in alamine 3366 solution. Also, the results demonstrated that using GQDs treatment-like smart nanomaterials for radioactive waste in a volume reduction of almost 90% is achieved, helping the storage process as the final disposal of this material. We may conclude that GQDs may represent a smart device for the treatment of radioactive waste as an alternative of absorbent in the radioactive industry.

Octreotide Nanoparticles Showed Affinity for In Vivo MIA Paca-2 Inducted Pancreas Ductal Adenocarcinoma Mimicking Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma)

PURPOSE

Pancreatic Polypeptide-secreting tumor of the distal pancreas (PPoma) is a rare, difficult and indolent type of cancer with a survival rate of 5-year in only 10% of all cases. The PPoma is classified as a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) not functioning that overexpresses SSTR 2 (somatostatin receptor subtype 2). Thus, in order to improve the diagnosis of this type of tumor, we developed nanoparticulate drug carriers based on poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer loaded with octreotide and radiolabeled with Technetium-99 m (99mTc).

METHODS

PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles were developed by double-emulsion technique. These nanoparticles were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and radiolabeled with 99mTc by the direct via forming 99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles. The safety of these nanosystems was evaluated by the MTT cell toxicity assay and their in vivo biodistribution was evaluated in xenografted inducted animals.

RESULTS

The results showed that a 189 nm sized nanoparticle were formed with a PDI of 0,097, corroborating the monodispersive behavior. These nanoparticles were successfully radiolabeled with 99mTc showing uptake by the inducted tumor. The MTT assay corroborated the safety of the nanosystem for the cells.

CONCLUSION

The results support the use of this nanosystem (99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles) as imaging agent for PPoma. Graphical Abstract Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma) Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Imaging.

In loco retention effect of magnetic core mesoporous silica nanoparticles doped with trastuzumab as intralesional nanodrug for breast cancer

Breast cancer is women's most common type of cancer, with a global rate of over 522,000 deaths per year. One of the main problems related to breast cancer relies in the early detection, as the specialized treatment. In this direction was developed, characterized and tested in vivo a smart delivery system, based on radiolabelled magnetic core mesoporous silica doped with trastuzumab as intralesional nanodrug for breast cancer imaging and possible therapy. The results showed that nanoparticles had a size of 58.9 ± 8.1 nm, with specific surface area of 872 m²/g and pore volume of 0.85 cm³/g with a pore diameter of 3.15 nm. The magnetic core mesoporous silica was efficiently labelled with 99mTc (97.5% ±0.8) and doped >98%. The cytotoxicity assay, demonstrated they are safe to use. The data were corroborated with the IC50 result of: 829.6 µg ± 43.2. The biodistribution showed an uptake by the tumour of 7.5% (systemic via) and 97.37% (intralesional) with less than 3% of these nanoparticles absorbed by healthy tissues. In a period 6-h post-injection, no barrier delimited by the tumour was crossed, corroborating the use as intralesional nanodrug.