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Jones M, Butler J, Graber C, Glassman P, Samore MH, Weir C, Goetz MB. A cognitive perspective of an antibiotic timeout program. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015. [PMCID: PMC4475166 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-4-s1-p187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Barakat LA, Juthani-Mehta M, Allore H, Trentalange M, Tate J, Rimland D, Pisani M, Akgün KM, Goetz MB, Butt AA, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Duggal M, Crothers K, Justice AC, Quagliarello VJ. Comparing clinical outcomes in HIV-infected and uninfected older men hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. HIV Med 2015; 16:421-30. [PMID: 25959543 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among HIV-infected older adults are unclear. METHODS Associations between HIV infection and three CAP outcomes (30-day mortality, readmission within 30 days post-discharge, and hospital length of stay [LOS]) were examined in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) of male Veterans, age ≥ 50 years, hospitalized for CAP from 10/1/2002 through 08/31/2010. Associations between the VACS Index and CAP outcomes were assessed in multivariable models. RESULTS Among 117 557 Veterans (36 922 HIV-infected and 80 635 uninfected), 1203 met our eligibility criteria. The 30-day mortality rate was 5.3%, the mean LOS was 7.3 days, and 13.2% were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. In unadjusted analyses, there were no significant differences between HIV-infected and uninfected participants regarding the three CAP outcomes (P > 0.2). A higher VACS Index was associated with increased 30-day mortality, readmission, and LOS in both HIV-infected and uninfected groups. Generic organ system components of the VACS Index were associated with adverse CAP outcomes; HIV-specific components were not. Among HIV-infected participants, those not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) had a higher 30-day mortality (HR 2.94 [95% CI 1.51, 5.72]; P = 0.002) and a longer LOS (slope 2.69 days [95% CI 0.65, 4.73]; P = 0.008), after accounting for VACS Index. Readmission was not associated with ART use (OR 1.12 [95% CI 0.62, 2.00] P = 0.714). CONCLUSION Among HIV-infected and uninfected older adults hospitalized for CAP, organ system components of the VACS Index were associated with adverse CAP outcomes. Among HIV-infected individuals, ART was associated with decreased 30-day mortality and LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Barakat
- Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Juthani-Mehta
- Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Allore
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Trentalange
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Tate
- Internal Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Rimland
- Infectious Disease, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - M Pisani
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K M Akgün
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Internal Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M B Goetz
- Infectious Disease, VA Greater Los Angles Healthcare System, Los Angelos, CA, USA
| | - A A Butt
- Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Rodriguez-Barradas
- Infectious Diseases (MS 111G), Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Duggal
- Internal Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - K Crothers
- Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A C Justice
- Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Internal Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - V J Quagliarello
- Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Beheshti M, Graber CJ, Goetz MB, Bluestone GL. Clarifying the Role of Adjunctive Metronidazole in the Treatment of Biliary Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1583-4; author reply 1584-5. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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Knapp H, Anaya HD, Feld JE, Hoang T, Goetz MB. Launching nurse-initiated HIV rapid testing in Veterans Affairs primary care: a comprehensive overview of a self-sustaining implementation. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:734-7. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to use foundational pilot findings to guide the implementation of an HIV rapid testing (RT) intervention at one Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic and to evaluate the success and sustainability of this intervention over the course of one year. Policy modifications were drafted and adopted to enable nurses to order, administer, interpret and document HIV RTs. Staff enrolled in a two-part training sessions designed to teach pre- and post-test counselling techniques and the mechanics of administering, interpreting and coding test results in the patients’ medical records. They were subsequently evaluated on their efforts at: (1) increasing HIV RT, (2) sustaining this effort one year post-launch. Enabling nurses to carry out HIV RT resulted in a significant increase in not only HIV RT, but also HIV testing rates overall at this facility, measured over the first year of this implementation. Our findings indicate that targeted strategies, aimed at increasing HIV RT rates, worked to increase testing rates overall, and also, that our initial testing strategies were independently sustainable, which is in contrast to findings in the literature on implementation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Knapp
- Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - H D Anaya
- Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J E Feld
- Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - T Hoang
- Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - M B Goetz
- Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhao H, Goetz MB. Complications of HIV infection in an ageing population: challenges in managing older patients on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66:1210-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Justice AC, McGinnis KA, Skanderson M, Chang CC, Gibert CL, Goetz MB, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Oursler KK, Brown ST, Braithwaite RS, May M, Covinsky KE, Roberts MS, Fultz SL, Bryant KJ. Towards a combined prognostic index for survival in HIV infection: the role of 'non-HIV' biomarkers. HIV Med 2010; 11:143-51. [PMID: 19751364 PMCID: PMC3077949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As those with HIV infection live longer, 'non-AIDS' condition associated with immunodeficiency and chronic inflammation are more common. We ask whether 'non-HIV' biomarkers improve differentiation of mortality risk among individuals initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS Using Poisson models, we analysed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) on HIV-infected veterans initiating cART between 1 January 1997 and 1 August 2002. Measurements included: HIV biomarkers (CD4 cell count, HIV RNA and AIDS-defining conditions); 'non-HIV' biomarkers (haemoglobin, transaminases, platelets, creatinine, and hepatitis B and C serology); substance abuse or dependence (alcohol or drug); and age. Outcome was all cause mortality. We tested the discrimination (C statistics) of each biomarker group alone and in combination in development and validation data sets, over a range of survival intervals, and adjusting for missing data. RESULTS Of veterans initiating cART, 9784 (72%) had complete data. Of these, 2566 died. Subjects were middle-aged (median age 45 years), mainly male (98%) and predominantly black (51%). HIV and 'non-HIV' markers were associated with each other (P < 0.0001) and discriminated mortality (C statistics 0.68-0.73); when combined, discrimination improved (P < 0.0001). Discrimination for the VACS Index was greater for shorter survival intervals [30-day C statistic 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-0.91], but good for intervals of up to 8 years (C statistic 0.73, 95% CI 0.72-0.74). Results were robust to adjustment for missing data. CONCLUSIONS When added to HIV biomarkers, 'non-HIV' biomarkers improve differentiation of mortality. When evaluated over similar intervals, the VACS Index discriminates as well as other established indices. After further validation, the VACS Index may provide a useful, integrated risk assessment for management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Justice
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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Weiss JJ, Bhatti L, Dieterich DT, Edlin BR, Fishbein DA, Goetz MB, Yu K, Wagner GJ. Hepatitis C patients' self-reported adherence to treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28:289-93. [PMID: 19086329 PMCID: PMC2891196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research on adherence to hepatitis C treatment has documented rates of dose reductions and early treatment discontinuation, but little is known about patients' dose-taking adherence. AIMS To assess the prevalence of missed doses of pegylated interferon and ribavirin and examine the correlates of dose-taking adherence in clinic settings. METHODS One hundred and eighty patients on treatment for hepatitis C (23% coinfected with HIV) completed a cross-sectional survey at the site of their hepatitis C care. RESULTS Seven per cent of patients reported missing at least one injection of pegylated interferon in the last 4 weeks and 21% reported missing at least one dose of ribavirin in the last 7 days. Dose-taking adherence was not associated with HCV viral load. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported dose non-adherence to hepatitis C treatment occurs frequently. Further studies of dose non-adherence (assessed by method other than self-report) and its relationship to HCV virological outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Hinkin CH, Castellon SA, Durvasula RS, Hardy DJ, Lam MN, Mason KI, Thrasher D, Goetz MB, Stefaniak M. Medication adherence among HIV+ adults: effects of cognitive dysfunction and regimen complexity. Neurology 2002; 59:1944-50. [PMID: 12499488 PMCID: PMC2871670 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000038347.48137.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV infection has led to considerable improvement in morbidity and mortality, unless patients are adherent to their drug regimen (i.e., at least 90 to 95% of doses taken), viral replication may ensue and drug-resistant strains of the virus may emerge. METHODS The authors studied the extent to which neuropsychological compromise and medication regimen complexity are predictive of poor adherence in a convenience sample of 137 HIV-infected adults. Medication adherence was tracked through the use of electronic monitoring technology (MEMS caps). RESULTS Two-way analysis of variance revealed that neurocognitive compromise as well as complex medication regimens were associated with significantly lower adherence rates. Cognitively compromised participants on more complex regimens had the greatest difficulty with adherence. Deficits in executive function, memory, and attention were associated with poor adherence. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that neuropsychological compromise was associated with a 2.3 times greater risk of adherence failure. Older age (>50 years) was also found to be associated with significantly better adherence. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected adults with significant neurocognitive compromise are at risk for poor medication adherence, particularly if they have been prescribed a complex dosing regimen. As such, simpler dosing schedules for more cognitively impaired patients might improve adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Hinkin
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Rabeneck L, Menke T, Simberkoff MS, Hartigan PM, Dickinson GM, Jensen PC, George WL, Goetz MB, Wray NP. Using the national registry of HIV-infected veterans in research: lessons for the development of disease registries. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54:1195-203. [PMID: 11750188 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Disease-specific registries have many important applications in epidemiologic, clinical and health services research. Since 1989 the Department of Veterans Affairs has maintained a national HIV registry. VA's HIV registry is national in scope, it contains longitudinal data and detailed resource utilization and clinical information. To describe the structure, function, and limitations of VA's national HIV registry, and to test its accuracy and completeness. The VA's national HIV registry contains data that are electronically extracted from VA's computerized comprehensive clinical and administrative databases, called Veterans Integrated Health Systems Technology and Architecture (VISTA). We examined the number of AIDS patients and the number of new patients identified to the registry, by year, through December 1996. We verified data elements against information obtained from the medical records at five VA sites. By December 1996, 40,000 HIV-infected patients had been identified to the registry. We encountered missing data and problems with data classification. Missing data occurred for some elements related to the computer programming that creates the registry (e.g., pharmacy files), and for other elements because manual entry is required (e.g., ethnicity). Lack of a standardized data classification system was a problem, especially for the pharmacy and laboratory files. In using VA's national HIV registry we have learned important lessons, which, if taken into account in the future, could lead to the creation of model disease-specific registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rabeneck
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development, VA Medical Center for Excellence, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Feikin DR, Elie CM, Goetz MB, Lennox JL, Carlone GM, Romero-Steiner S, Holder PF, O'Brien WA, Whitney CG, Butler JC, Breiman RF. Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 2001; 20:545-53. [PMID: 11672921 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a double-blinded, randomized trial, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with > or = 200 CD4 cells/microl received placebo (PL), 7-valent conjugate, or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS) vaccine in one of the following two-dose combinations given 8 weeks apart: conjugate-conjugate, conjugate-polysaccharide, placebo-polysaccharide, placebo-placebo. A total of 67 persons completed the study. Neither significant increases in HIV viral load nor severe adverse reactions occurred in any group. After controlling for confounders, when compared with persons receiving placebo-polysaccharide, persons receiving conjugate-conjugate and conjugate-polysaccharide had higher antibody concentrations (serotypes 4, 6B, 9V and serotype 23F, respectively) and opsonophagocytic titers (functional antibody assay, serotypes 9V, 23F and serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, respectively) after the second dose (P<0.05). The second dose with either conjugate or polysaccharide following the first conjugate dose, however, produced no further increase in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Feikin
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C23, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several organizations have published evidence-based quality indicators for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, there is variability in the types of indicators presented between organizations and the level of supporting evidence for each of the indicators. A systematic review of the literature and relevant Internet Web sites was performed to identify quality indicators for CAP that have been proposed or recommended by organizations, and each of the indicators was then critically appraised, using a well-defined set of criteria. METHODOLOGY The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Best Evidence, and Cochrane Systematic Review databases and Internet Web sites were searched for articles and guidelines published between January 1980 and May 2001 to identify quality indicators for CAP and relevant evidence. Experts in the area of health services research were contacted to identify additional sources. A well-defined set of criteria was applied to evaluate each of the quality indicators. RESULTS The systematic review of the literature and Internet Web sites yielded 44 CAP-specific quality indicators. The critical appraisal of these indicators yielded 16 indicators that were supported by a study that identified an association between quality of care and the process of care or outcome measure, were applied to enough patients to be able to detect clinically meaningful differences, were clinically and/or economically relevant, were measurable in a clinical practice setting, and were precise in their specifications. CONCLUSIONS Many organizations recommend indicators for CAP. Indicators may serve as measures of clinical performance for clinicians and hospitals, may help in benchmarking, and may ultimately facilitate improvements in quality of care and cost reductions. However, CAP indicators often vary in their meaningfulness, scientific soundness, and interpretability of results. A set of five critical appraisal questions may assist in the evaluation of which quality indicators are most valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rhew
- Zynx Health Incorporated, Cedars-Sinai Departments of Medicine and Health Services Research, 9100 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 655E, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA.
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Kim B, Lyons TM, Parada JP, Uphold CR, Yarnold PR, Hounshell JB, Sipler AM, Goetz MB, DeHovitz JA, Weinstein RA, Campo RE, Bennett CL. HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in older patients hospitalized in the early HAART era. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16:583-9. [PMID: 11556938 PMCID: PMC1495267 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether older age continues to influence patterns of care and in-hospital mortality for hospitalized persons with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), as determined in our prior study from the 1980s. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. PATIENTS/SETTING Patients (1,861) with HIV-related PCP at 78 hospitals in 8 cities from 1995 to 1997. MEASUREMENTS Medical record notation of possible HIV infection; alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient; CD4 lymphocyte count; presence or absence of wasting; timely use of anti-PCP medications; in-hospital mortality. MAIN RESULTS Compared to younger patients, patients > or =50 years of age were less likely to have HIV mentioned in their progress notes (70% vs 82%, P <.001), have mild or moderately severe PCP cases at admission (89% vs 96%, P <.002), receive anti-PCP medications within the first 2 days of hospitalization (86% vs 93%, P <.002), and survive hospitalization (82% vs 90%, P <.003). However, age was not a significant predictor of mortality after adjustment for severity of PCP and timeliness of therapy. CONCLUSIONS While inpatient PCP mortality has improved by 50% in the past decade, 2-fold age-related mortality differences persist. As in the 1980s, these differences are associated with lower rates of recognition of HIV, increased severity of illness at admission, and delays in initiation of PCP-specific treatments among older individuals--factors suggestive of delayed recognition of HIV infection, pneumonia, and PCP, respectively. Continued vigilance for the possibility of HIV and HIV-related PCP among persons > or =50 years of age who present with new pulmonary symptoms should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill, USA
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Goetz MB, Boscardin WJ, Wiley D, Alkasspooles S. Decreased recovery of CD4 lymphocytes in older HIV-infected patients beginning highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15:1576-9. [PMID: 11504992 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200108170-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among virological responders, the area under the curve of the CD4 count minus baseline (AUCMB) after 3, 9, 15 and 18 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was less in individuals 55 years or older (P < 0.05). Fewer older individuals achieved increases of 50, 100, or over 150 CD4 cells/l. A random quadratic time course model estimated that the AUCMB decreased 35 cells/year for each 10 years of additional age during the first 12 months after HAART (P < 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA School of Medicine, USA
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Bennett CL, Sipler AM, Parada JP, Goetz MB, DeHovitz JA, Weinstein RA. Variations in institutional review board decisions for HIV quality of care studies: a potential source of study bias. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:390-1. [PMID: 11317085 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200104010-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arozullah AM, Yarnold PR, Weinstein RA, Nwadiaro N, McIlraith TB, Chmiel JS, Sipler AM, Chan C, Goetz MB, Schwartz DN, Bennett CL. A new preadmission staging system for predicting inpatient mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1081-6. [PMID: 10764294 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9906072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A common severe complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Recently, with increasing use of PCP prophylaxis and multidrug antiretroviral therapy, the clinical manifestations of HIV infection have changed dramatically and the predictors of inpatient mortality for PCP may have also changed. We developed a new staging system for predicting inpatient mortality for patients with HIV-associated PCP admitted between 1995 and 1997. Trained abstractors performed chart reviews of 1,660 patients hospitalized with HIV-associated PCP between 1995 and 1997 at 78 hospitals in seven metropolitan areas in the United States. The overall inpatient mortality rate was 11.3%. Hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis identified an ordered five-category staging system based on three predictors: wasting, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (AaPO(2)), and serum albumin level. The mortality rate increased with stage: 3.7% for Stage 1, 8.5% for Stage 2, 16.1% for Stage 3, 23.3% for Stage 4, and 49.1% for Stage 5. This new staging system may be useful for severity of illness adjustment in the current era while exploring current variation in HIV-associated PCP inpatient mortality rates among hospitals and across cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Arozullah
- Brockton/West Roxbury VA Medical Center, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
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Bennett CL, Schwartz DN, Parada JP, Sipler AM, Chmiel JS, DeHovitz JA, Goetz MB, Weinstein RA. Delays in tuberculosis isolation and suspicion among persons hospitalized with HIV-related pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117:110-6. [PMID: 10631207 DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite awareness of HIV-related tuberculosis (TB), nosocomial outbreaks of multidrug-resistant TB among HIV-infected individuals occur. OBJECTIVE To investigate delays in TB isolation and suspicion among HIV-infected inpatients discharged with TB or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), common HIV-related pneumonias. DESIGN Cohort study during 1995 to 1997. SETTING For PCP, 1,227 persons who received care at 44 New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles hospitals. For TB, 89 patients who received care at five Chicago hospitals. MEASUREMENTS Two-day rates of TB isolation/suspicion. RESULTS For HIV-related PCP, Los Angeles hospitals had the lowest 2-day rates of isolation/suspicion of TB (24.3%/26.6% vs 65.5%/66.4% for New York City and 62.8%/58.3% for Chicago, respectively; p < 0.001 for overall comparison by chi(2) test for each outcome measure). Within cities, hospital isolation/suspicion rates varied from < 35 to > 70% (p < 0.001 for interhospital comparisons in each city). The Chicago hospital with a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant TB from 1994 to 1995 isolated 60% of HIV-infected individuals who were discharged with a diagnosis of HIV-related TB and 52% discharged with HIV-related PCP, rates that were among the lowest of all Chicago hospitals in both data sets. CONCLUSION Low 2-day rates of TB isolation/suspicion among HIV-related PCP patients were frequent. One Chicago hospital with low 2-day rates of TB isolation/suspicion among persons with HIV-related PCP also had low 2-day rates of isolation/suspicion among confirmed TB patients. That hospital experienced a nosocomial multidrug-resistant TB outbreak. Educational efforts on the benefits of early TB suspicion/isolation among HIV-infected pneumonia patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bennett
- The Chicago VA Health Care System/Lakeside and Westside Divisions, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Goetz MB. Discordance between virological, immunologic, and clinical outcomes of therapy with protease inhibitors among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1431-4. [PMID: 10585791 DOI: 10.1086/313563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of three interventions designed to improve the pneumococcal vaccination rate. DESIGN A prospective controlled trial. SETTING Department of Veterans Affairs ambulatory care clinic. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS There were 3, 502 outpatients with scheduled visits divided into three clinic teams (A, B, or C). INTERVENTIONS During a 12-week period, each clinic team received one intervention: (A) nurse standing orders with comparative feedback as well as patient and clinician reminders; (B) nurse standing orders with compliance reminders as well as patient and clinician reminders; and (C) patient and clinician reminders alone. Team A nurses (comparative feedback group) received information on their vaccine rates relative to those of team B nurses. Team B nurses (compliance reminders group) received reminders to vaccinate but no information on vaccine rates. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Team A nurses assessed more patients than team B nurses (39% vs 34%, p =.009). However, vaccination rates per total patient population were similar (22% vs 25%, p =.09). The vaccination rates for both team A and team B were significantly higher than the 5% vaccination rate for team C (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS Nurse-initiated vaccine protocols raised vaccination rates substantially more than a physician and patient reminder system. The nurse-initiated protocol with comparative feedback modestly improved the assessment rate compared with the protocol with compliance reminders, but overall vaccination rates were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Rhew
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Miller LG, Goetz MB. What is the relevance of antiretroviral therapy that does not include protease inhibitors? Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:1386-7. [PMID: 9868647 DOI: 10.1086/515031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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20
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Nimmagadda AP, Burri BJ, Neidlinger T, O'Brien WA, Goetz MB. Effect of oral beta-carotene supplementation on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:1311-3. [PMID: 9827288 DOI: 10.1086/514990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot, open-label study to assess the effect of short-term beta-carotene administration (180 mg/d with meals for 4 weeks) on the plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in 21 HIV-infected patients. We found that plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts did not change following this short course of beta-carotene supplementation. Patients with lower serum concentrations of beta-carotene before supplementation were no more likely to have an increase in their CD4+ lymphocyte count or plasma HIV RNA copy number than were those with higher concentrations. No correlation was found between pre- or postsupplementation beta-carotene or vitamin A concentrations and pre- or postsupplementation CD4+ lymphocyte counts or plasma HIV RNA titers. This study provides no support for beta-carotene supplementation for HIV-infected subjects with normal baseline serum levels of beta-carotene and vitamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Nimmagadda
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California 90073, USA
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21
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Grovit-Ferbas K, Ferbas J, Gudeman V, Sadeghi S, Goetz MB, Giorgi JV, Chen IS, O'Brien WA. Potential contributions of viral envelope and host genetic factors in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected long-term survivor. J Virol 1998; 72:8650-8. [PMID: 9765405 PMCID: PMC110277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.8650-8658.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of clinical progression in some individuals despite prolonged human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may result from infection with less-pathogenic viral strains. To address this question, we examined the HIV-1 envelope protein from a donor with a low viral burden, stable CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts, and little evidence of CD8(+) T-cell expansion, activation, or immune activity. To avoid potential changes in envelope function resulting from selection in vitro, envelope clones were constructed by using viral RNA isolated from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The data showed that recombinant viruses containing envelope sequences derived from RNA isolated from patient PBMC replicated poorly in primary CD4(+) T cells but demonstrated efficient growth in macrophages. The unusual phenotype of these viruses could not be explained solely by differential utilization of coreceptors since the chimeric viruses, as well as an uncloned isolate obtained from the same visit date, can utilize CCR5. In addition, the donor's own cells appeared resistant to infection with chimeric viruses containing autologous envelope sequences. Genotype analysis revealed that the donor was heterozygous for the previously described 32-bp deletion in CCR5 which may be linked with prolonged survival in HIV-1-infected individuals. These data suggest that the changes in envelope sequences confer properties of viral attenuation, which together with the CCR5 +/Delta32 genotype could account for the long-term survival of this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grovit-Ferbas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095-1678, USA
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22
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Nimmagadda A, O'Brien WA, Goetz MB. The significance of vitamin A and carotenoid status in persons infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:711-8. [PMID: 9524850 DOI: 10.1086/514565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyporetinemia is associated with increased childhood morbidity and mortality that is reversible with vitamin A supplementation. Although vitamin A deficiency is otherwise rare in developed countries, the prevalence of hyporetinemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons is up to 29%. Hyporetinemic HIV-infected patients have a 3.5-5-fold increased risk of death. Furthermore, HIV-infected patients with very low or very high intake of vitamin A and beta-carotene (a vitamin A precursor) have greater rates of disease progression than do patients with intermediate intake. In developing countries up to 60% of HIV-infected pregnant women are hyporetinemic. In such women the relative risk of perinatal HIV transmission may be increased more than fourfold. These data indicate that vitamin A deficiency is common in HIV-infected patients in the developed world and strongly suggest that vitamin A supplementation may be especially useful in adjunctive therapy for HIV-infected pregnant women who reside in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nimmagadda
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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23
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Goetz MB. Are corticosteroids useful adjunctive agents in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection? Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:687-8. [PMID: 9524845 DOI: 10.1086/514598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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24
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Doranz BJ, Grovit-Ferbas K, Sharron MP, Mao SH, Goetz MB, Daar ES, Doms RW, O'Brien WA. A small-molecule inhibitor directed against the chemokine receptor CXCR4 prevents its use as an HIV-1 coreceptor. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1395-400. [PMID: 9334380 PMCID: PMC2199097 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.8.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1997] [Revised: 08/05/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is the major coreceptor used for cellular entry by T cell- tropic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains, whereas CCR5 is used by macrophage (M)-tropic strains. Here we show that a small-molecule inhibitor, ALX40-4C, inhibits HIV-1 envelope (Env)-mediated membrane fusion and viral entry directly at the level of coreceptor use. ALX40-4C inhibited HIV-1 use of the coreceptor CXCR4 by T- and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains, whereas use of CCR5 by M- and dual-tropic strains was not inhibited. Dual-tropic viruses capable of using both CXCR4 and CCR5 were inhibited by ALX40-4C only when cells expressed CXCR4 alone. ALX40-4C blocked stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha-mediated activation of CXCR4 and binding of the monoclonal antibody 12G5 to cells expressing CXCR4. Overlap of the ALX40-4C binding site with that of 12G5 and SDF implicates direct blocking of Env interactions, rather than downregulation of receptor, as the mechanism of inhibition. Thus, ALX40-4C represents a small-molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 infection that acts directly against a chemokine receptor at the level of Env-mediated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Doranz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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25
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Ali MZ, Goetz MB. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:796-809. [PMID: 9142772 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/24.5.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of the efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing (SDD) vs. multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides and summarized the results of the four previously published meta-analyses on this subject. Our analysis showed that the overall clinical response rate favored SDD therapy (mean difference, +3.06%; 95% confidence limit [CL], +0.17% to +5.95%; P = .04). However, we found no significant difference in the overall microbiological response rates (mean difference, +1.25%; 95% CL, -0.40% to +2.89%) or in the clinical response rates (mean difference, +0.62%; 95% CL, -2.48% to +3.71%) when patients who received adjunctive antimicrobial therapy were excluded from the analysis. No significant differences were found in the incidences of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or vestibular toxicity; the summary differences in the rates of these toxicities were -0.18% (95% CL, -2.17% to +1.81%), +1.38% (95% CL, -0.99% to +3.75%), and -3.05% (95% CL, -10.69% to +4.59%), respectively. These results are similar to those of the previously published meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ali
- Department of Medicine, Wilkes-Barre Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Cegielski JP, Goetz MB, Jacobson JM, Cohn SE, Weinstein RA, DeHovitz JA, Bennett CL. Gender differences in early suspicion of tuberculosis in hospitalized, high-risk patients during 4 epidemic years, 1987 to 1990. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:237-43. [PMID: 9131365 DOI: 10.1086/647601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the degree to which, from 1987 to 1990, physicians suspected tuberculosis (TB) in the first 2 hospital days in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with pulmonary disease. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING 96 hospitals in five US cities. PATIENTS 2,174 adult patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome discharged with a diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia from 1987 to 1990. The diagnosis generally was not known on admission. RESULTS Physicians suspected TB in the first 2 hospital days in 66% of these patients in 1987, a rate that increased steadily to 74% in 1990. However, the extent to which physicians considered TB among female patients decreased from 76% to 71% over the 4 years. Controlling for confounding variables by multiple logistic regression, the odds that TB would be suspected early increased 1.8-fold among men (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.4-2.4), but not in women (OR, 0.6; CI95, 0.2-1.9). Among the five cities, the odds of early suspicion of TB increased most in New York City (OR, 3.9; CI95, 2.0-7.9). CONCLUSIONS Physicians considered TB in a timely manner in an increasing majority of male, but not female, high-risk patients during the first years of TB resurgence in the United States. Physicians must be aware of the changing epidemiology of HIV and TB, as well as their practice patterns, to prevent nosocomial transmission of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cegielski
- Center for Pulmonary Infectious Disease Control, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, USA
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28
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Goetz MB. AIDS Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis 1996. [DOI: 10.1093/clinids/22.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rhew DC, Goetz MB, Louie MH. Reversible CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion in a patient who had disseminated histoplasmosis and who was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:702-3. [PMID: 8527583 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/21.3.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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31
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Bennett CL, Horner RD, Weinstein RA, Dickinson GM, DeHovitz JA, Cohn SE, Kessler HA, Jacobson J, Goetz MB, Simberkoff M. Racial differences in care among hospitalized patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Raleigh-Durham. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:1586-92. [PMID: 7618980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While strategies for medical care for human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are well established, racial variations in care have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To determine whether sociodemographic characteristics influence patterns of care and patient outcomes, by analyzing the use of diagnostic tests and anti-PCP medications and in-hospital mortality rates for persons who were hospitalized with human immunodeficiency virus-related PCP. METHODS Retrospective chart review of a cohort of 627 Veterans Administration (VA) patients and 1547 non-VA patients with empirically treated or cytologically confirmed PCP who were hospitalized from 1987 to 1990. Outcomes included representative aspects of the process of care for PCP and short-term mortality rates. RESULTS Among VA patients, black and Hispanic patients were not significantly different from white patients with regard to in-hospital mortality rates, use and timing of a bronchoscopy, or receipt of timely anti-PCP medications. Among non-VA patients, black and Hispanic patients were more likely to die in the hospital and less likely to undergo a diagnostic bronchoscopy in the first 2 days of hospitalization. These racial and ethnic group differences in the use of a bronchoscopy and in-hospital mortality among non-VA patients were almost fully accounted for by differences in health insurance status and hospital characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Racial factors do not appear to be an important determinant of the intensity of diagnostic or therapeutic care among patients who are hospitalized with PCP. Variations in care are largely attributable to differences in health insurance and admitting hospital characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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33
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34
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Goetz MB. Appropriate selection of antimicrobials in the treatment of ambulatory patients. Health Syst Lead 1994; 1:34-8. [PMID: 10140124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA
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35
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Goetz MB. Handbook of Antibiotics By Richard E. Reese and Robert F. Betts. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1993. 655 pp., illustrated. $27.50 (paperback). Clin Infect Dis 1994. [DOI: 10.1093/clinids/19.4.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
We report the course of oropharyngeal infection by Candida albicans that was refractory to treatment with fluconazole in two patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We also review the epidemiology of C. albicans with decreased in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to azole antifungal agents, the significance of such isolates, the known mechanisms by which C. albicans may become less susceptible to azole antifungal agents, and the efficacy of various treatments for mucosal candidiasis. The occurrence in HIV-infected patients of mucosal candidiasis that is refractory to therapy with fluconazole and is due to C. albicans that demonstrates decreased in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole has been reported since 1990. Following the release of miconazole and ketoconazole in the late 1970s, C. albicans with decreased in vitro susceptibility to these agents was isolated from patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis who required repeated and prolonged courses of therapy. Subsequently, C. albicans with decreased in vitro-susceptibility to ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and itraconazole has been isolated from HIV-infected patients. Recent reports of the sexual and nosocomial transmission of wild-type C. albicans indicate the possibility of future person-to-person transmission of C. albicans with decreased in vitro susceptibility to azole antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A White
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California 91343
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE The authors evaluated a geographic and temporal cluster of lower respiratory tract infections due to unencapsulated (serologically nontypeable) Haemophilus influenzae to determine whether this event represented the transmission of a single clone. METHODS AND MATERIALS H influenzae was recovered from eight patients at a nursing home and from three patients in an adjacent acute care hospital. Serotypes, biotypes, outer membrane protein profiles, and multilocus enzyme genotypes were determined to characterize bacterial isolates. Patient records were retrospectively examined to determine clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. RESULTS During a 10-day period in September 1991, lower respiratory tract infections caused by H influenzae were diagnosed in four patients residing in a single nursing home unit. Oropharyngeal cultures from four of seven asymptomatic roommates of these patients also grew H influenzae. During the month before and after the nursing home cluster of cases, four other individuals in acute care areas of the hospital had positive sputum cultures for H influenzae. Three of these latter specimens were also available for analysis. All H influenzae isolates were unencapsulated and beta-lactamase-negative. Eight of the nine isolates from the nursing home patients (two morphologically distinct colony types of H influenzae were isolated from one case) had a single outer membrane protein profile arbitrarily designated as X and a single multilocus enzyme genotype arbitrarily designated as A. In contrast, none of the isolates from the acute care cases had this profile (P < or = 0.02; two-tailed Fisher's exact test). The isolates obtained from two of the patients in acute care areas had an outer membrane protein profile arbitrarily designated as Y and a single multilocus enzyme genotype designated as B. These two patients were contemporaneously hospitalized in adjacent intensive care unit cubicles. The remaining isolates displayed an outer membrane protein profile arbitrarily designated as W. All roommates of the four patients in the nursing home were administered oral rifampin 600 mg daily for 4 days. H influenzae was not recovered from follow-up oropharyngeal cultures obtained 1 week after the completion of therapy. No beta-lactamase-negative H influenzae were identified in this unit during the subsequent 9 months. CONCLUSION This study furnishes strong evidence for the nosocomial transmission of a clone of unencapsulated H influenzae in a nursing home unit. Epidemiologic data showed temporal and geographic clustering of respiratory tract infections and colonization by H influenzae. Outer membrane protein profiles and multilocus enzyme genotype analysis indicated that seven of eight patients at the nursing home carried a single clone of unencapsulated H influenzae. Laboratory and epidemiologic data also demonstrated the presence, and possible nosocomial transmission, of a second clone of unencapsulated H influenzae in a physically separate area of the hospital. Finally, although a causal relationship is not proven, the outbreak ended following the administration of rifampin prophylaxis of asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, California 91343
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Abstract
PURPOSE Description of the epidemiology, morbidity, and mortality of hospitalized adults with typical measles. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective case analysis of 33 adults who required acute care for complications of measles in a public hospital in Los Angeles, California. The diagnosis of measles was established on standard clinical or serologic grounds. RESULTS Of 68 patients (age greater than 14) with signs and symptoms of measles who presented for medical care, 33 (19 males and 14 females) required hospitalization; 18 were natives of the United States. The patient age was 26.1 +/- 7.3 (mean +/- SD) years; four patients, all natives of the U.S., were born before 1957. The duration of hospitalization was 6.8 +/- 8.8 days for all patients and 13.4 +/- 14.2 days for the nine patients who required intensive care unit (ICU) care. Six of the ICU patients required mechanical ventilation for 11.0 +/- 15.0 days; two deaths occurred among these patients. During the course of their illness, 7 of 25 (28%), 11 of 28 (39%), 6 of 28 (21%), and 5 of 16 patients (31%) had peak lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase values, respectively, that were greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal. Fifteen of 28 patients (54%) developed total serum calcium levels less than or equal to 2.0 mmol/L. Ten cases were serologically confirmed; 23 cases were diagnosed as probable measles on clinical grounds. There were no significant demographic, clinical, or laboratory differences between patients with confirmed and probable measles. No patients had characteristic manifestations of atypical measles. The sole immunocompromised patient died. CONCLUSIONS Measles in adults may result in severe, life-threatening complications that utilize substantial medical resources. Physicians need to appreciate the clinical presentations and manifestations of severe measles in adults and to provide measles vaccine to nonimmune adults during community-wide outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Wong
- Department of Medicine, UCLA/San Fernando Valley Program, Los Angeles County/Olive View Medical Center, Sylmar
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39
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Abstract
There is conflict by evidence as to whether therapy with vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than therapy with either agent alone. Here we report the results of a prospective, non-randomized, open-label study of the incidence of nephrotoxicity in elderly patients who received vancomycin alone (32 patients) or an aminoglycoside alone (67 patients) or in combination (37 patients). The mean (95% confidence limits) incidence of nephrotoxicity, defined as an increase of > or = 44.2 mumol/L in the serum creatinine, was 19% (5-32%) in patients receiving vancomycin alone, 24% (10-38%) in patients receiving vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside, and 12% (4-20%) in patients receiving an aminoglycoside alone (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). The corresponding absolute increases of the serum creatine were 20.3 +/- 23.0 mumol/L (-24.8 to +65.4 mumol/L), 37.1 +/- 53.0 mumol/L (-67.2 to +140.4 mumol/L), and 22.1 +/- 31.8 mumol/L (-40.7 to +94.6 mumol/L). The absolute increase was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in patients receiving vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside than in patients receiving an aminoglycoside alone. A meta-analysis of seven previously published studies combined with our data revealed that the incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with combination therapy is 13.3 +/- 3.1% (7.3-19.4%) greater than therapy with vancomycin alone (P < 0.01) and 4.3 +/- 1.4% (1.6-7.0%) greater than therapy with an aminoglycoside alone (P < 0.05). The clinical relevance of this finding may be limited in that the mean duration of antimicrobial therapy in three of the studies was greater than 21 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda VA Medical Center, CA 91343
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40
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Chang WJ, Goetz MB. Toxoplasma gondii peritonitis. Hawaii Med J 1993; 52:174-175. [PMID: 8340224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii most often causes encephalitis in HIV-infected patients; infections of other organs are much less often clinically apparent. In particular, peritonitis caused by T. gondii in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patient has been reported only once previously. Herein we report a second case.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Chang
- UH Integrated Medical Residency Program, John A Burns School of Medicine, Sepulveda, CA
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41
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Walsh TJ, Standiford HC, Reboli AC, John JF, Mulligan ME, Ribner BS, Montgomerie JZ, Goetz MB, Mayhall CG, Rimland D. Randomized double-blinded trial of rifampin with either novobiocin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: prevention of antimicrobial resistance and effect of host factors on outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1334-42. [PMID: 8328783 PMCID: PMC187962 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.6.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen in hospitals. Current antimicrobial regimens for eradicating colonizing strains are not well defined and are often complicated by the emergence of resistance. The combination of novobiocin plus rifampin in vitro and in vivo was found to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of initially susceptible strains of MRSA, particularly resistance to rifampin. We therefore studied, in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparative trial, the combination of novobiocin plus rifampin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/S) plus rifampin in order to determine the efficacy of each regimen in eradicating MRSA colonization and to further characterize the host factors involved in the response to this antimicrobial therapy. Among the 126 individuals enrolled in the study, 94 (80 patients; 14 hospital personnel) were evaluable. Among the 94 evaluable subjects, no significant demographic or medical differences existed between the two treatment groups. Successful clearance of the colonizing MRSA strains was achieved in 30 of 45 (67%) subjects receiving novobiocin plus rifampin, whereas successful clearance was achieved in 26 of 49 (53%) subjects treated with T/S plus rifampin (P = 0.18). The emergence of resistance to rifampin developed more frequently in 14% (7 of 49) of subjects treated with T/S plus rifampin than in 2% (1 of 45) of subjects treated with novobiocin plus rifampin (P = 0.04). Restriction endonuclease studies of large plasmid DNA demonstrated that the same strain was present at pretherapy and posttherapy in most refractory cases (24 of 29 [83%] subjects). Among the 56 successfully treated subjects, clearance of MRSA was age dependent: 29 of 36 (80%) subjects in the 18- to 49-year-old age group, 19 of 35 (54%) subjects in the 50- to 69-year-old age group, and 8 of 23 (35%) in the 70- to 94-year-old age group (P < 0.01). Clearance was also site dependent; culture-positive samples from wounds were related to a successful outcome in only 22 (48%) of 46 subjects, whereas culture-positive samples from sites other than wounds (e.g., nares, rectum, and sputum) were associated with a success rate of 34 of 48 (71%) subjects (P = 0.02). Foreign bodies in wounds did not prevent the eradication of MRSA by either regimen. T/S plus rifampin was less effective in clearing both pressure and other wounds, whereas novobiocin plus rifampin was equally effective in clearing both pressure and other wounds. There were no significant differences in toxicity between the two regimens. Thus, the combination of novobiocin plus rifampin, in comparison with T/S plus rifampin, was more effective in preventing the emergence of resistance to rifampin and demonstrated a trend toward greater activity in clearing the MRSA carrier state. The response to either combination depended on host factors, particularly age and the site of MRSA colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Walsh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Maryland
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Shriner KA, Mathisen GE, Goetz MB. Comparison of mycobacterial lymphadenitis among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and seronegative controls. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:601-5. [PMID: 1420673 DOI: 10.1093/clind/15.4.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphadenitis is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of mycobacterial disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We compared the clinical, mycobacterial, and diagnostic characteristics of mycobacterial adenitis in 11 HIV-seropositive and 29 HIV-seronegative patients. Ninety-three percent of the HIV-seronegative patients and 54% of the HIV-seropositive patients were foreign-born. In contrast to the HIV-seronegative patients, seropositive patients were more likely to be febrile and have negative purified protein derivative skin tests and abnormal chest roentgenograms. Sputum samples were rarely diagnostic in either group. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most commonly isolated organism in both groups, although United States-born patients with HIV infection were more likely to be infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria. In contrast to results for seronegative patients, fine-needle aspiration was usually diagnostic in the HIV-seropositive population, especially in those at risk for M. tuberculosis infection. Similarly, the rate at which smears were positive for acid-fast bacilli was significantly higher in the HIV-seropositive group, a circumstance suggesting a higher burden of organisms in this population. Finally, although preceding opportunistic infections were uncommon in the HIV-seropositive group, both tuberculous and nontuberculous adenitis were associated with advanced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shriner
- Department of Medicine, UCLA/San Fernando Valley Program
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Abstract
We report the development of severe hepatotoxicity in a patient on zidovudine therapy who received 3.3 g of acetaminophen in less than 36 hours. Three days later, the patient's serum aspartate aminotransferase level was 5,724 U/L, alanine aminotransferase was 3,124 U/L, lactate dehydrogenase was 12,675 U/L, alkaline phosphatase was 84 U/L, and total bilirubin was 20 mumol/L. These values substantially improved over the ensuing 4 days. Serologic results for hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and cytomegalovirus were all negative. The pattern and time sequence of transaminase elevation in this patient are consistent with acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, especially since zidovudine-induced hepatotoxicity is described as producing cholestasis rather than acute hepatitis. We hypothesize that our patient's susceptibility to acetaminophen-dependent hepatotoxicity may have been augmented by competitive utilization of glucuronidation by other drugs such as zidovudine and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with subsequent increased cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of acetaminophen. Additionally, due to malnutrition and/or to human immunodeficiency virus infection per se, our patient may have had decreased hepatic reserves of glutathione with which to conjugate the toxic acetaminophen product of the P450 system. Although severe acetaminophen-associated hepatotoxicity has not previously been reported in patients receiving zidovudine, we suggest that clinicians be aware of this potential interaction and counsel malnourished patients, especially those with concomitant hepatic disease, to exercise caution when taking both these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shriner
- Department of Medicine, UCLA/San Fernando Valley Program
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Kennedy CA, Goetz MB. Atypical roentgenographic manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:1390-8. [PMID: 1627019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) usually presents with bilateral interstitial pulmonary infiltrates, many other roentgenographic presentations occur in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. To clarify the determinants of atypical presentations of PCP, we evaluated 65 English-language reports that related the roentgenographic manifestations of consecutive cases of PCP. The incidence of PCP-associated upper lobe disease, cysts, and spontaneous pneumothoraxes was increased in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. Normal chest roentgenograms were more common and nodular lesions were less common in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients than in uninfected patients. However, the roentgenographic manifestations of PCP could not be specifically predicted by a patient's underlying disease. Neither zidovudine therapy nor intravenous drug use apparently affected the roentgenographic presentation of PCP. Unusual pathologic responses to PCP, including granuloma formation, vascular invasion, and microscopic foci of calcification, were present in all patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, CA 91343
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Chang WJ, Goetz MB. Response to treatment of infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:1267-8. [PMID: 1623090 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/14.6.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE Following implementation of special measures to control a nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we used immunoblot typing in conjunction with antimicrobial susceptibility testing to investigate the epidemiology of this event and to determine whether this outbreak represented the failure of infection control measures to limit the spread of previously endemic MRSA strains or the introduction of a new strain of MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolates of MRSA recovered from hospitalized patients were initially categorized on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility results. Organisms susceptible to ciprofloxacin and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were recovered from patients at a relatively constant rate prior to December 1988 and were categorized as endemic isolates. Subsequently, there was an outbreak due to organisms resistant to both of these antibiotics; these were therefore categorized as outbreak isolates. Isolates were later characterized by immunoblot typing. Prior to this analysis, isolates were given code numbers so that clinical and epidemiologic data as well as resistance patterns were not known until this testing was complete. RESULTS Between January 1986 and November 1988, an average of 3.9 patients per month acquired nosocomial MRSA in the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center. In contrast, from December 1988 to October 1989, 369 MRSA isolates were collected from 125 patients (an average of 11.4 patients per month). Prior to December 1988, all tested nosocomial isolates of MRSA were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and/or to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, the outbreak was due to spread of MRSA isolates resistant to these antibiotics. Immunoblot typing of 204 isolates from 98 individuals identified five distinct immunoblot types of which types B and C were by far the most common. Type B was highly associated with outbreak isolates, whereas type C was associated with endemic isolates (p less than 0.001). All sequential isolates from single patients that belonged to different susceptibility categories demonstrated discordant immunoblot types. In contrast, concordant immunoblot types were observed for 25 of 27 sequential isolates that displayed minor variations in antimicrobial resistance. The institution of more stringent infection control measures was followed by the return of nosocomial MRSA acquisition rates to pre-outbreak levels. Although novobiocin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were extensively used to treat patients harboring outbreak and endemic isolates, respectively, in no instance was the initial MRSA isolate from any patient resistant to novobiocin and only 6% of initial endemic isolates displayed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. A modest, significant increase in the resistance of endemic isolates to various other antimicrobial agents was noted however. CONCLUSION Immunoblot analyses provided strong, corroborative evidence that at least two separate strains of MRSA were present during the outbreak and that a newly introduced strain with a distinctive antimicrobial resistance pattern was primarily responsible for the rapid spread of MRSA during the outbreak. The observation that previously effective infection control measures failed to prevent the nosocomial spread of a newly introduced community-acquired MRSA strain suggests that a single set of control measures may not be equally efficacious against all strains of MRSA. In this regard, previously reported variations in resistance to topical antimicrobials and/or antiseptics, and differences in virulence factors such as colonization potential, invasiveness, and survival on fomites, may warrant further study. Control of the outbreak strain of MRSA in our institution did occur after the implementation of more strenuous isolation procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, California 91343
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Kennedy CA, Goetz MB, Haake DA. Reply. Clin Infect Dis 1992. [DOI: 10.1093/clinids/14.6.1260-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haake
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine
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Goetz MB, Clough W, Meyer RD. Headache and transient blindness in a 53-year-old woman. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:999-1004. [PMID: 1962117 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/13.5.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California
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