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Abuter R, Allouche F, Amorim A, Bailet C, Berdeu A, Berger JP, Berio P, Bigioli A, Boebion O, Bolzer ML, Bonnet H, Bourdarot G, Bourget P, Brandner W, Cao Y, Conzelmann R, Comin M, Clénet Y, Courtney-Barrer B, Davies R, Defrère D, Delboulbé A, Delplancke-Ströbele F, Dembet R, Dexter J, de Zeeuw PT, Drescher A, Eckart A, Édouard C, Eisenhauer F, Fabricius M, Feuchtgruber H, Finger G, Förster Schreiber NM, Garcia P, Garcia Lopez R, Gao F, Gendron E, Genzel R, Gil JP, Gillessen S, Gomes T, Gonté F, Gouvret C, Guajardo P, Guieu S, Hackenberg W, Haddad N, Hartl M, Haubois X, Haußmann F, Heißel G, Henning T, Hippler S, Hönig SF, Horrobin M, Hubin N, Jacqmart E, Jocou L, Kaufer A, Kervella P, Kolb J, Korhonen H, Lacour S, Lagarde S, Lai O, Lapeyrère V, Laugier R, Le Bouquin JB, Leftley J, Léna P, Lewis S, Liu D, Lopez B, Lutz D, Magnard Y, Mang F, Marcotto A, Maurel D, Mérand A, Millour F, More N, Netzer H, Nowacki H, Nowak M, Oberti S, Ott T, Pallanca L, Paumard T, Perraut K, Perrin G, Petrov R, Pfuhl O, Pourré N, Rabien S, Rau C, Riquelme M, Robbe-Dubois S, Rochat S, Salman M, Sanchez-Bermudez J, Santos DJD, Scheithauer S, Schöller M, Schubert J, Schuhler N, Shangguan J, Shchekaturov P, Shimizu TT, Sevin A, Soulez F, Spang A, Stadler E, Sternberg A, Straubmeier C, Sturm E, Sykes C, Tacconi LJ, Tristram KRW, Vincent F, von Fellenberg S, Uysal S, Widmann F, Wieprecht E, Wiezorrek E, Woillez J, Zins G. A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago. Nature 2024; 627:281-285. [PMID: 38286342 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abuter
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Allouche
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Bailet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Berdeu
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J-P Berger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - P Berio
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Bigioli
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Boebion
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - M-L Bolzer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - H Bonnet
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Bourdarot
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - P Bourget
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - W Brandner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - R Conzelmann
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - M Comin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Clénet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - B Courtney-Barrer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - R Davies
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - D Defrère
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Delboulbé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | | | - R Dembet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Dexter
- Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - A Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - A Eckart
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Édouard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Eisenhauer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Fabricius
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Feuchtgruber
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Finger
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - P Garcia
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Garcia Lopez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Gendron
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Departments of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J P Gil
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Gillessen
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - T Gomes
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Gonté
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - C Gouvret
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Guajardo
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Guieu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - W Hackenberg
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Haddad
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hartl
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - X Haubois
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Haußmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Heißel
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, TEC-SF, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Th Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hippler
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S F Hönig
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Horrobin
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Hubin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - E Jacqmart
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - L Jocou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Kaufer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Kervella
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Kolb
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - H Korhonen
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Lacour
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lagarde
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Lai
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - V Lapeyrère
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Laugier
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Leftley
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Léna
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lewis
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - D Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - B Lopez
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Magnard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - F Mang
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - A Marcotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Mérand
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Millour
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - N More
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Netzer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Nowacki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Nowak
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Oberti
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - T Ott
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - L Pallanca
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Paumard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - K Perraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - G Perrin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Petrov
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Pfuhl
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Pourré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - S Rabien
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Rau
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Riquelme
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - S Robbe-Dubois
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - S Rochat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Salman
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Sanchez-Bermudez
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D J D Santos
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - S Scheithauer
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schöller
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schubert
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - N Schuhler
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Shangguan
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - T T Shimizu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany.
| | - A Sevin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Soulez
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - A Spang
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - E Stadler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Sternberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Straubmeier
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Sykes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L J Tacconi
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - F Vincent
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | | | - S Uysal
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - F Widmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wieprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wiezorrek
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - J Woillez
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Zins
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
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Schmitt F, Aurlien H, Brøgger J, Hirsch L, Schomer D, Trinka E, Pressler R, Wennberg R, Visser G, Eisermann M, Diehl B, Lesser R, Kaplan P, The Tich S, Lee J, Martins-da-Silva A, Stefan H, Neufeld M, Rubboli G, Fabricius M, Gardella E, Terney D, Meritam P, Eichele T, Asano E, Cox F, van Emde Boas W, Mameniskiene R, Marusic P, Zárubová J, Rosén I, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Ikeda A, MacDonald D, Terada K, Ugawa Y, Zhou D, Herman S, Beniczky S. Standardisierter Computer-basiert-organisierter Report des EEG (SCORE) – Eine strukturierende Form der EEG-Befundung. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEine 2013 von der „International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology“ gegründete Taskforce hat eine international konsensfähige EEG-Terminologie entwickelt. Im Folgenden soll das Resultat – die 2. Version des Standardized Computer-based Organized Reporting of EEG (SCORE) - vorgestellt werden. Die Terminologie wurde im Rahmen eines Softwarepaketes (SCORE-EEG) in der klinischen Praxis an über 12.000 EEGs getestet. Die Auswahl der Begriffe ist kontextabhängig: die initiale Auswahl bestimmt, welche weiteren Auswahlmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung stehen. Im Verlauf wird automatisch ein Befund erstellt und dessen Einzelmerkmale in eine Datenbank eingespeist. SCORE verfügt über Module spezifisch für die Befundung epileptischer Anfälle, sowie charakteristischer neonataler und intensivmedizinische EEG-Merkmale. SCORE ist nicht nur ein nützliches Werkzeug im ambulanten, klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Setting, es erleichtert auch Qualitätssicherung, Datenaustausch und die EEG-Aus und Weiterbildung.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schmitt
- Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - H Aurlien
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norwegen
| | - J Brøgger
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norwegen
| | - L Hirsch
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Schomer
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Trinka
- Universitätskliniklinik für Neurologie, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medizinische Universität und Zentrum für Kognitive Neurowissenschaften Salzburg, Österreich und Institut für Public Health, Versorgungsforschung & HTA, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Österreich
| | - R Pressler
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital und Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, Großbritannien
| | - R Wennberg
- Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Kanada
| | - G Visser
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Niederlande
| | - M Eisermann
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, Frankreich und INSERM U1129, Paris, France, Paris Descartes University, CEA, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, Frankreich
| | - B Diehl
- University College London, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square, London, Großbritannien
| | - R Lesser
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Kaplan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - S The Tich
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, Frankreich
| | - J Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Martins-da-Silva
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hospital Santo António and UMIB/ICBAS – University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Stefan
- Abteilung für Neurologie und Biomagnetismus, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - M Neufeld
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - G Rubboli
- Department of Neurology, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund and University of Copenhagen, Kopenhagen, Dänemark
| | - M Fabricius
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Kopenhagen, Dänemark
| | - E Gardella
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Dänemark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Dänemark
| | - D Terney
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Dänemark
| | - P Meritam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Dänemark
| | - T Eichele
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norwegen
| | - E Asano
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, US
| | - F Cox
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Niederlande
| | - W van Emde Boas
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Niederlande
| | - R Mameniskiene
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Neurology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Litauen
| | - P Marusic
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Tschechische Republik
| | - J Zárubová
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Tschechische Republik
| | - I Rosén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Schweden
| | | | - A Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, Japan
| | - D MacDonald
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabien
| | - K Terada
- Department of Neurology, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Y Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - D Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Herman
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Dänemark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Dänemark
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Sharma P, Scherg M, Pinborg LH, Fabricius M, Rubboli G, Pedersen B, Leffers AM, Uldall P, Jespersen B, Brennum J, Henriksen OM, Beniczky S. Ictal and interictal electric source imaging in pre-surgical evaluation: a prospective study. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:1154-1160. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sharma
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund Denmark
- Department of Neurology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - M. Scherg
- Research Department; BESA GmbH; Gräfelfing Germany
| | - L. H. Pinborg
- Department of Neurology; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
- Neurobiology Research Unit; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - M. Fabricius
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - G. Rubboli
- Department of Neurology; Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund
| | - B. Pedersen
- Department of Neurology; Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund
| | - A.-M. Leffers
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology; Hvidovre Hospital; Hvidovre
| | - P. Uldall
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - B. Jespersen
- Department of Neurosurgery; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - J. Brennum
- Department of Neurosurgery; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - O. M. Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen
| | - S. Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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Fabricius M, Schiefecker A, Friberg C, Beer R, Pfausler B, Lackner P, Broessner G, Sohm F, Mulino M, Thome C, Schmutzhard E, Helbok R. Electrocorticographic(ECoG) monitoring in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH): Metabolic profile of cortical spreading depolarizations(CSD). Clin Neurophysiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fabricius M. Challenges with the implementation of new methods in clinical neurophysiology: What are the rate limiting steps? Clin Neurophysiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wisnioski E, Förster Schreiber NM, Wuyts S, Wuyts E, Bandara K, Wilman D, Genzel R, Bender R, Davies R, Fossati M, Lang P, Mendel JT, Beifiori A, Brammer G, Chan J, Fabricius M, Fudamoto Y, Kulkarni S, Kurk J, Lutz D, Nelson EJ, Momcheva I, Rosario D, Saglia R, Seitz S, Tacconi LJ, van Dokkum PG. THE KMOS3DSURVEY: DESIGN, FIRST RESULTS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY KINEMATICS FROM 0.7 ⩽z⩽ 2.7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schiefecker AJ, Beer R, Kofler M, Pfausler B, Unterberger I, Lackner P, Broessner G, Rhomberg P, Sohm F, Mulino M, Thome C, Fabricius M, Schmutzhard E, Helbok R. Cortical spreading depolarizations in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary data. Crit Care 2015. [PMCID: PMC4472272 DOI: 10.1186/cc14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Genzel R, Förster Schreiber NM, Rosario D, Lang P, Lutz D, Wisnioski E, Wuyts E, Wuyts S, Bandara K, Bender R, Berta S, Kurk J, Mendel JT, Tacconi LJ, Wilman D, Beifiori A, Brammer G, Burkert A, Buschkamp P, Chan J, Carollo CM, Davies R, Eisenhauer F, Fabricius M, Fossati M, Kriek M, Kulkarni S, Lilly SJ, Mancini C, Momcheva I, Naab T, Nelson EJ, Renzini A, Saglia R, Sharples RM, Sternberg A, Tacchella S, van Dokkum P. EVIDENCE FOR WIDE-SPREAD ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS-DRIVEN OUTFLOWS IN THE MOST MASSIVEz∼ 1-2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/796/1/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fabricius M, Sabers A, Hoegenhaven H, Brennum J, Moeller K, Hansen K, Kjaer T. P479: Continuous EEG monitoring in neurointensive care. Organisation and assessment of impact. Clin Neurophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wanscher B, Seehusen Kruchov van Deurs U, Smith T, Fabricius M. P51: The additional information of median nerve SSEP in anoxic brain injury compared to EEG findings. Clin Neurophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sueiras M, Sahuquillo J, García-López B, Sánchez-Guerrero Á, Poca MA, Santamarina E, Riveiro M, Fabricius M, Strong AJ. [Cortical spreading depolarization phenomena in patients with traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. Results of a pilot study]. Med Intensiva 2013; 38:413-21. [PMID: 24342071 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and duration of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) and CSD-like episodes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI) requiring craniotomy. DESIGN A descriptive observational study was carried out during 19 months. SETTING Neurocritical patients. PATIENTS Sixteen patients were included: 9 with MMCAI and 7 with moderate or severe TBI, requiring surgical treatment. INTERVENTIONS A 6-electrode subdural electrocorticographic (ECoG) strip was placed onto the perilesional cortex. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST An analysis was made of the time profile and the number and duration of CSD and CSD-like episodes recorded from the ECoGs. RESULTS Of the 16 patients enrolled, 9 presented episodes of CSD or CSD-like phenomena, of highly variable frequency and duration. CONCLUSIONS Episodes of CSD and CSD-like phenomena are frequently detected in the ischemic penumbra and/or traumatic cortical regions of patients with MMCAI who require decompressive craniectomy or of patients with contusional TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sueiras
- Servicio de Neurofisiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España; Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - J Sahuquillo
- Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España.
| | - B García-López
- Servicio de Neurofisiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
| | - Á Sánchez-Guerrero
- Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - M A Poca
- Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
| | - E Santamarina
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
| | - M Riveiro
- Unidad de Investigación de Neurotraumatología y Neurocirugía (UNINN), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Institut Fundació de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Neurotraumatología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
| | - M Fabricius
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen, Dinamarca
| | - A J Strong
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College, London, Reino Unido
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12
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Pengelly S, Fabricius M, McMenamin D, Wu E, Metzner M, Lewis SJ, Hosie KB. Attendance at iron deficiency anaemia clinic: audit of outcomes 5 years on. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15:423-7. [PMID: 23020680 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the long-term outcomes of patients in whom no initial cause for their anaemia is established. METHOD Six hundred and thirty-nine patients presenting to an iron deficiency anaemia pathway were prospectively entered onto a database. Initial assessment included haematological review, coeliac screen, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonic imaging as per British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. A 5-year audit of outcomes was undertaken using patient medical records and hospital laboratory databases. RESULTS A diagnosis was found initially in 266 (42%) patients, with 124 (19%) having a gastrointestinal (GI) luminal neoplasm, 54 (8%) of which were malignant. Twelve patients had a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. Eighty-eight (14%) had benign upper GI bleeding and 23 (4%) had coeliac disease. One hundred and forty-three (22%) did not have confirmed iron deficiency anaemia on review of haematinics. Complete records were available for 595 (93%) patients at 5 years. Of the 373 patients in whom a cause was not initially diagnosed, 6 (2%) were ultimately diagnosed with a GI luminal malignancy and 18 (5%) with a nonluminal or non-GI malignancy. There was no difference in the incidence of malignancies between those with or without confirmed iron deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Most patients in whom no cause was found at initial investigation resolve on oral iron supplements. Patients with normal ferritin values had as high an incidence of GI malignancies as those with low values and should be investigated. In the over 50s if the anaemia remains after a course of iron further investigation is recommended as there is a significant incidence of both GI and non-GI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pengelly
- Department of Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
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13
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Beniczky S, Aurlien H, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Martinsda-Silva A, Trinka E, Visser G, Rubboli G, Hjalgrim H, Stefan H, Rosén I, Zarubova J, Dobesberger J, Alving J, Andersen K, Fabricius M, Atkins M, Neufeld M, Plouin P, Marusic P, Lees R, Pressler R, Hopfengärtner R, Brøgger J, Mameniskiene R, van Emde Boas W, Wolf P. W8.1 SCORE: ictal findings. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Fabricius M, Dreier J, Graf R, Hartings J, Lauritzen M, Strong A. W4.3 Long-term neuromonitoring of the electrocorticogram in malignant stroke, subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury: role of cortical spreading depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aurlien H, Beniczky S, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Martinsda-Silva A, Trinka E, Visser G, Rubboli G, Hjalgrim H, Stefan H, Rosén I, Zarubova J, Dobesberger J, Alving J, Andersen K, Fabricius M, Atkins M, Neufeld M, Plouin P, Marusic P, Lees R, Pressler R, Hopfengärtner R, Brøgger J, Mameniskiene R, van Emde Boas W, Wolf P. W8.2 SCORE: an overview of the software. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Beniczky S, Aurlien H, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Martins-da-Silva A, Trinka E, Visser G, Rubboli G, Hjalgrim H, Stefan H, Rosén I, Brøgger J, Zarubova J, Dobesberger J, Alving J, Andersen K, Atkins M, Neufeld M, Plouin P, Marusic P, Lees R, Pressler R, Mameniskiene R, Hopfengärtner R, van Emde Boas W, Wolf P, Fabricius M. W8.3 SCORE: background activity, sleep and non-ictal findings. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Fabricius M. S21-1 Cortical spreading depolarizations. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Eriksen N, Rostrup E, Andersen K, Lauritzen MJ, Fabricius M, Larsen VA, Dreier JP, Strong AJ, Hartings JA, Pakkenberg B. Application of stereological estimates in patients with severe head injuries using CT and MR scanning images. Br J Radiol 2010; 83:307-17. [PMID: 19690078 PMCID: PMC3473455 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/18575224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe brain damage is often followed by serious complications. Quantitative measurements, such as regional volume and surface area under various conditions, are essential for understanding functional changes in the brain and assessing prognosis. The affected brain tissue is variable, hence traditional imaging methods are not always applicable and automatic methods may not be able to match the individual observer. Stereological techniques are alternative tools in the quantitative description of biological structures, and have been increasingly applied to the human brain. In the present study, we applied stereological techniques to representative CT and MRI brain scans from five patients to describe how stereological methods, when applied to scans of trauma patients, can provide a useful supplement to the estimation of structural brain changes in head injuries. The reliability of the estimates was tested by obtaining repeated intra- and interobserver estimates of selected subdivisions of the brain in patients with acute head injury, as well as in an MR phantom. The estimates of different subdivisions showed a coefficient of variation (CV) below 12% in the patients and below 7% for phantom estimation. The validity of phantom estimates was tested by the average deviation from the true geometric values, and was below 10%. The stereological methods were compared with more traditional region-based methods performed on medical imaging, which showed a CV below 7% and bias below 14%. It is concluded that the stereological estimates may be useful tools in head injury quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Eriksen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg.
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Beniczky S, Tfelt-Hansen P, Fabricius M, Andersen KV. Multiple mononeuropathy following cocaine abuse. Case Reports 2009; 2009:bcr07.2008.0446. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr.07.2008.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Dreier JP, Woitzik J, Fabricius M, Bhatia R, Major S, Drenckhahn C, Lehmann TN, Sarrafzadeh A, Sakowitz O, Seemann H, Lauritzen M, Strong AJ. Clusters of cortical spreading depression are the electrocorticographic correlate of delayed ischemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-939130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Dreier J, Woitzik J, Fabricius M, Bhatia R, Major S, Drenckhahn C, Lehmann T, Sarrafzadeh A, Willumsen L, Hartings J, Sakowitz O, Seemann J, Thieme A, Lauritzen M, Strong A. Ein Status repetitiver Cortical Spreading Depressions ist das electrocorticographische Korrelat verzögerter ischämischer neurologischer Defizite bei Patienten nach Subarachnoidalblutung. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-952999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Scanning laser-Doppler flowmetry (SLDF) generates two-dimensional images of blood flow. This study compared SLDF to conventional laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in the cerebral circulation. Test stimuli were episodes of cortical spreading depression (CSD) elicited in brains of halothane anaesthetised rats (n = 9). The LDF instrument used two wavelengths of laser light to record relative changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) up to an approximate depth of 250 microm (543 nm) and 500 microm (780 nm). Under resting conditions, SLDF images showed a heterogeneous pattern of flow in pial vessels with high flow rates in arterioles, and lower rates in venules and small vessels (<30 microm). Arterioles constituted about 6%, venules 12% and small vessels 2% of the image area, while approximately 80% were background with a laser-Doppler signal corresponding to zero calibration. During CSD, the relative increase of area was largest for small vessels and less for venules and arterioles. Similar changes were observed for blood flow in the three vessel structures. For both wavelengths of LDF, flow changes correlated with SLDF (r approximately 0.7). In conclusion, SLDF provides images of flow in pial vessels and capillaries at, or just beneath the cortical surface. SLDF and LDF are complementary, but cannot substitute for one another as they measure flow in different layers of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Nielsen
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a reliable method for estimation of relative changes of CBF. The measurement depth depends on wavelength of the laser light and the separation distance of transmitting and recording optical fibers. We designed an LDF probe using two wavelengths of laser light (543 nm and 780 nm), and three separation distances of optical fibers to measure CBF in four layers of the cerebral cortex at the same time. In vitro comparison with electromagnetic flow measurements showed linear relationship between LDF and blood flow velocity at four depths within the range relevant to physiologic measurements. Using artificial brain tissue slices we showed that the signal for each channel decreased in a theoretically predictable fashion as a function of slice thickness. Application of adenosine at various depths in neocortex of halothane-anesthetized rats showed a predominant CBF increase at the level of application. Electrical stimulation at the surface of the cerebellar cortex demonstrated superficial predominance of increased CBF as predicted from the distribution of neuronal activity. In the cerebellum, hypercapnia increased CBF in a heterogeneous fashion, the major increase being at apparent depths of approximately 300 and 600 microns, whereas in the cerebral cortex, hypercapnia induced a uniform increase. In contrast, the CBF response to cortical spreading depression in the cerebral cortex was markedly heterogeneous. Thus, real-time laminar analysis of CBF with spatial resolution of 200 to 300 microns may be achieved by LDF. The real-time in depth resolution may give insight into the functional organization of the cortical microcirculation and adaptive features of CBF regulation in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Department of Medical Physiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Barfod C, Akgören N, Fabricius M, Dirnagl U, Lauritzen M. Laser-Doppler measurements of concentration and velocity of moving blood cells in rat cerebral circulation. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 160:123-32. [PMID: 9208038 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1997.00130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In brain cortex all capillaries are perfused with plasma at anyone time while the flow of blood cells is heterogeneous. Increased blood flow is associated with increased number of moving erythrocytes in the microcirculation, while capillary recruitment in its classical anatomical sense appears not to exist in the brain. Modulation of the concentration of flowing erythrocytes may influence the oxygen supply to the tissue. Therefore, we examined the possibility that laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) could be used to quantify changes in the microvascular concentration of moving blood cells (CMBC) and blood cell velocity (< v >) by comparing LDF measurements with electromagnetic flow measurements in vitro, and confocal laser-scanning microscopy in vivo in the brain of anaesthetized male Wistar rats. In vitro measurements showed that CMBC was affected by changes in haematocrit, while < v > correlated almost linearly with blood cell velocity measured electromagnetically within a relevant physiological range. In vivo studies during hypercapnia (PaCO2 from 39 +/- 4 to 66 +/- 5 mmHg) with confocal laser scanning microscopy disclosed a 39 +/- 10% increase of cortical capillary erythrocytes, while CMBC measured with LDF increased by 37 +/- 5%. Erythrocyte flow velocity in brain cortex capillaries increased by 65 +/- 17% with confocal microscopy as compared to 72 +/- 8% with LDF. Local electrical stimulation of cerebellar cortex, and application of adenosine or sodium-nitroprusside, increased CMBC and < v > simultaneously, while during hypercapnia the < v > increase preceded the CMBC increase by 30 s. The CMBC rise rapidly reached a steady state in response to all types of stimulation, while < v > continued to increase during the major part, or the entire stimulation period. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that LDF may be useful for haemodynamic studies of brain microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barfod
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Fabricius M, Rubin I, Bundgaard M, Lauritzen M. NOS activity in brain and endothelium: relation to hypercapnic rise of cerebral blood flow in rats. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:H2035-44. [PMID: 8945923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.5.h2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether attenuation of the hypercapnic increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) associated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition is related to local neuronal or aortic endothelial NOS activity or local endothelial/neuronal NOS-dependent vasodilation. Halothane-anesthetized rats were ventilated, and CBF was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry over the parietal and cerebellar cortex. Intravenous N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 30 mg/kg) inhibited brain and aortic NOS activity by 67-70%. Topical L-NNA (1 mM) inhibited brain NOS activity by 91-94%, whereas aortic NOS activity remained constant. In contrast, intravenous L-NNA attenuated the hypercapnic CBF rise much more efficiently than topical L-NNA. 7-Nitroindazole, another NOS inhibitor, attenuated endothelial and neuronal NOS activity equally well and inhibited the hypercapnic CBF increase as effectively as L-NNA. Topical L-NNA and 7-nitroindazole abolished local endothelial NOS-dependent vasodilation after 15 min, whereas hypercapnic CBF was only slightly reduced. L-NNA injected into the tissue abolished neuronal NOS-dependent vasodilation, whereas hypercapnic CBF was unchanged. The findings suggest that local NOS activity, whether neuronal or endothelial, is unimportant for the hypercapnic rise of CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Laser-Doppler evaluation of rat brain microcirculation: comparison with the [14C]-iodoantipyrine method suggests discordance during cerebral blood flow increases. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:156-61. [PMID: 8530548 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199601000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is very popular for measurements of dynamic changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF). We studied whether changes of CBF measured by LDF correlate with CBF measured by the [14C]iodoantipyrine (IAP) technique in the range relevant for most physiological experiments (-30-(+)130%). LDF was recorded biparietally by two laser-Doppler probes in halothane-anesthetized rats. Absolute CBF was measured in tissue samples of both parietal cortices after [14C]iodoantipyrine was given i.v. CBF of one hemisphere was reduced by an episode of cortical spreading depression (CSD), which markedly reduces the responsiveness of the ipsilateral cortical CBF to vasoactive stimuli for up to 30 min, while CBF regulation of the contralateral cortex remains intact. CBF was measured under normoventilated, hypercapnic, and hypoxic conditions. The relative changes of CBF measured by the LDF technique were independent of the preceding baseline LDF value. Absolute CBFIAP values correlated poorly to the simultaneously recorded arbitrary LDF values (r = 0.44). In contrast, the ratio of CBFIAP values correlated with the ratio of the relative LDF changes between the two hemispheres (p < 0.001). At reduced CBF, no significant difference was found between methods. At increased CBF, however, LDF was greater than CBFIAP, as indicated by a slope of correlation of 1.45 (p < 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Nerve cells release nitric oxide (NO) in response to activation of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype. We explored the hypothesis that NO influences the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is known to be associated with NMDA receptor activation. CBF was monitored in parietal cortex by laser-Doppler flowmetry in halothane-anesthetized rats. Under control conditions, CSD induced regular changes of CBF, which consisted of four phases: a brief hypoperfusion before the direct current (DC) shift; a marked CBF rise during the DC shift; followed by a smaller, but protracted increase of CBF; and a prolonged CBF reduction (the oligemia). NO synthase inhibition by intravenous and/or topical application of NG-nitro-L-arginine enhanced the brief initial hypoperfusion, but the CBF increases and the oligemia were unchanged. L-Arginine prevented the development of the prolonged oligemia after CSD but had no influence on the marked rise of CBF during CSD. Animals treated with L-arginine recovered the reduced vascular reactivity to hypercapnia after CSD much faster than control rats. Functional denervation of cortical and pial arterioles by tetrodotoxin accentuated the pre-CSD hypoperfusion and the oligemia but did not affect the CBF increases. The results suggest that NO is important for the changes of cerebrovascular regulation following CSD. The observations may have clinical importance, since CBF changes during migraine may be triggered by CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Laser-Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is a new technique which provides recordings of blood flow in rapid sequence. In this study we applied LDPI to the brain for the first time to demonstrate propagating waves of cortical spreading depression (CSD) elicited by a needle stab in the frontal cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Under resting conditions, LDPI recordings of the superficial cortex showed a heterogeneous pattern, partly due to the high flow rate in pial arteries compared with cortical tissue. Within 1 min after elicitation of the CSD a zone of increased signal intensity (96 +/- 5%) up to 6 mm across appeared in the exposed cortex. The rate of propagation away from the site of elicitation for 16 such waves was 2.8 +/- 0.1 mm min-1. The increased signal intensity was partly due to dilatation of pial arterioles and veins, partly to increased blood flow in the microvascular bed. The data are consistent with previous studies of CSD using other techniques for measurement of cortical blood flow. LDPI gives real time images of cerebral blood flow, and may be applied to demonstrate CSD or CSD-like phenomena during neurosurgical operations in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lauritzen
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Akgören N, Fabricius M, Lauritzen M. Importance of nitric oxide for local increases of blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex during electrical stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:5903-7. [PMID: 7517038 PMCID: PMC44105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium-derived relaxing factor, probably nitric oxide (NO), is a potent vasodilator that regulates the vascular tone in several vascular beds, including the brain. We explored the possibility that NO might be of importance for the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) associated with activity of the well-defined neuronal circuits of the rat cerebellar cortex. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to measure increases of cerebellar blood flow evoked by trains of electrical stimulations of the dorsal surface. The evoked increases of CBF were frequency-dependent, being larger on than off the parallel fiber tracts, suggesting that conduction along parallel fibers and synaptic activation of target cells were important for the increase of CBF. This was verified experimentally since the evoked CBF increases were abolished by tetrodotoxin and reduced by 10 mM Mg2+ and selective antagonists for non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. The cerebellar cortex contains high levels of NO synthase. This raised the possibility that NO was involved in the increase of CBF associated with neuronal activation. NO synthase inhibition by topical application of NG-nitro-L-arginine attenuated the evoked CBF increase by about 50%. This effect was partially reversed by pretreatment with L-arginine, the natural substrate for the enzyme, while NG-nitro-D-arginine, the inactive enantiomer, had no effect on the evoked CBF increases. Simultaneous blockade of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and NO synthase had no further suppressing effect on the blood flow increase than either substance alone, suggesting that the NO-dependent flow rise was dependent on postsynaptic mechanisms. These findings are consistent with the idea that local synthesis of NO is involved in the transduction mechanism between neuronal activity and increased CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Akgören
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
We examined the effect of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition and tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in parietal (CoBF) and cerebellar cortex (CeBF) in response to hypercapnia. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and artificially ventilated. Hypercapnia was induced by adding 5% CO2 to the inhalation mixture. CoBF and CeBF were measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. NOS inhibition was achieved by intravenous (30 mg/kg) and/or topical application (1 mM) of NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). Activity in perivascular nerves around pial and cortical vessels was inhibited by topical application of TTX (20 microM). Under control conditions, hypercapnia (66 +/- 1 mmHg) increased CoBF by 70 +/- 4% and CeBF by 96 +/- 5%. Systemic L-NNA decreased the baseline level of CoBF and CeBF by 11 +/- 3%, but topical L-NNA did not affect baseline flow. Intravenous L-NNA attenuated the hypercapnic increase of CoBF by 77 +/- 5% and CeBF by 63 +/- 4% within 10-20 min. Topical L-NNA attenuated the hypercapnic increase of CoBF by 52 +/- 6% and CeBF by 29 +/- 5% after 45-min exposure. Both CoBF and CeBF decreased rapidly when L-NNA was infused during sustained hypercapnia, but not when L-NNA was applied topically. Effect of intravenous L-NNA was partially prevented by pretreatment with intravenous L-arginine. Intravenous or topical L-NNA enhanced the rise of CBF elicited by cortical spreading depression, adenosine (1 mM), or sodium nitroprusside (300 microM), except in the cerebellum where topical L-NNA attenuated the rise of CBF elicited by adenosine by 53%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
We have examined the effect of cortical spreading depression (SD) and anoxic depolarization (AD) on the interstitial concentration changes of amino acids (AA) in the neocortex of anesthetized rats using microdialysis and HPLC. Accompanying SD alanine increased to 126 +/- 11%, arginine to 116 +/- 3%, aspartate to 160 +/- 17%, glutamate to 163 +/- 9%, glycine to 158 +/- 21%, serine to 125 +/- 9%, and taurine to 172 +/- 15% (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.). The increases lasted for about 1 min. Histidine decreased to 74% +/- 4% at 1 min following SD, and returned to normal 4 min later. Cardiac arrest triggered AD after approximately 2 min, immediately followed by changes of interstitial AAs. At 5 min after AD alanine had increased to 183 +/- 13%, aspartate to 3,458 +/- 656%, GABA to 338 +/- 35%, glutamate to 1,696 +/- 546%, glycine to 297 +/- 37%, serine to 153 +/- 12%, and taurine to 1721 +/- 98% as compared to control values (mean +/- 1 S.E.M.). Histidine decreased to 78 +/- 2% at 3 min following AD while arginine exhibited insignificant variations around the baseline. The increase of glutamate during SD is consistent with activation of NMDA-receptors as an essential requirement for this reaction. The increase of AAs may also contribute to the sequence of events leading to AD, though the exact mechanism remains unknown. SD is an important pathophysiological mechanism of the ischemic penumbra associated with focal cerebral ischemia, while AD reflects the electrophysiological status of the infarct core.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was examined following single episodes of cortical spreading depression (CSD) in rat brain after an intravenous bolus injection of [14C]iodoantipyrine. Cortical rCBF decreased to approximately 75% of control values during the first 60 min after CSD. This change was succeeded at 90-105 min by a small, transient flow increase. rCBF returned to normal at 120 min after CSD, and remained normal for the following 2 h. The same sequence of rCBF changes has been recorded in patients during migraine attacks. This study therefore supports the notion that CSD may serve as an animal model of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabricius
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brittinger WD, Schwarzbeck A, Wittenmeier KW, Twittenhoff WD, Stegaru B, Huber W, Ewald RW, von Henning GE, Fabricius M, Strauch M. [Clinical experimental studies on the blood pressure reducing effect of verapamil]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1970; 95:1871-7. [PMID: 5453613 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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