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Ade PAR, Aghanim N, Ahmed Z, Aikin RW, Alexander KD, Arnaud M, Aumont J, Baccigalupi C, Banday AJ, Barkats D, Barreiro RB, Bartlett JG, Bartolo N, Battaner E, Benabed K, Benoît A, Benoit-Lévy A, Benton SJ, Bernard JP, Bersanelli M, Bielewicz P, Bischoff CA, Bock JJ, Bonaldi A, Bonavera L, Bond JR, Borrill J, Bouchet FR, Boulanger F, Brevik JA, Bucher M, Buder I, Bullock E, Burigana C, Butler RC, Buza V, Calabrese E, Cardoso JF, Catalano A, Challinor A, Chary RR, Chiang HC, Christensen PR, Colombo LPL, Combet C, Connors J, Couchot F, Coulais A, Crill BP, Curto A, Cuttaia F, Danese L, Davies RD, Davis RJ, de Bernardis P, de Rosa A, de Zotti G, Delabrouille J, Delouis JM, Désert FX, Dickinson C, Diego JM, Dole H, Donzelli S, Doré O, Douspis M, Dowell CD, Duband L, Ducout A, Dunkley J, Dupac X, Dvorkin C, Efstathiou G, Elsner F, Enßlin TA, Eriksen HK, Falgarone E, Filippini JP, Finelli F, Fliescher S, Forni O, Frailis M, Fraisse AA, Franceschi E, Frejsel A, Galeotta S, Galli S, Ganga K, Ghosh T, Giard M, Gjerløw E, Golwala SR, González-Nuevo J, Górski KM, Gratton S, Gregorio A, Gruppuso A, Gudmundsson JE, Halpern M, Hansen FK, Hanson D, Harrison DL, Hasselfield M, Helou G, Henrot-Versillé S, Herranz D, Hildebrandt SR, Hilton GC, Hivon E, Hobson M, Holmes WA, Hovest W, Hristov VV, Huffenberger KM, Hui H, Hurier G, Irwin KD, Jaffe AH, Jaffe TR, Jewell J, Jones WC, Juvela M, Karakci A, Karkare KS, Kaufman JP, Keating BG, Kefeli S, Keihänen E, Kernasovskiy SA, Keskitalo R, Kisner TS, Kneissl R, Knoche J, Knox L, Kovac JM, Krachmalnicoff N, Kunz M, Kuo CL, Kurki-Suonio H, Lagache G, Lähteenmäki A, Lamarre JM, Lasenby A, Lattanzi M, Lawrence CR, Leitch EM, Leonardi R, Levrier F, Lewis A, Liguori M, Lilje PB, Linden-Vørnle M, López-Caniego M, Lubin PM, Lueker M, Macías-Pérez JF, Maffei B, Maino D, Mandolesi N, Mangilli A, Maris M, Martin PG, Martínez-González E, Masi S, Mason P, Matarrese S, Megerian KG, Meinhold PR, Melchiorri A, Mendes L, Mennella A, Migliaccio M, Mitra S, Miville-Deschênes MA, Moneti A, Montier L, Morgante G, Mortlock D, Moss A, Munshi D, Murphy JA, Naselsky P, Nati F, Natoli P, Netterfield CB, Nguyen HT, Nørgaard-Nielsen HU, Noviello F, Novikov D, Novikov I, O'Brient R, Ogburn RW, Orlando A, Pagano L, Pajot F, Paladini R, Paoletti D, Partridge B, Pasian F, Patanchon G, Pearson TJ, Perdereau O, Perotto L, Pettorino V, Piacentini F, Piat M, Pietrobon D, Plaszczynski S, Pointecouteau E, Polenta G, Ponthieu N, Pratt GW, Prunet S, Pryke C, Puget JL, Rachen JP, Reach WT, Rebolo R, Reinecke M, Remazeilles M, Renault C, Renzi A, Richter S, Ristorcelli I, Rocha G, Rossetti M, Roudier G, Rowan-Robinson M, Rubiño-Martín JA, Rusholme B, Sandri M, Santos D, Savelainen M, Savini G, Schwarz R, Scott D, Seiffert MD, Sheehy CD, Spencer LD, Staniszewski ZK, Stolyarov V, Sudiwala R, Sunyaev R, Sutton D, Suur-Uski AS, Sygnet JF, Tauber JA, Teply GP, Terenzi L, Thompson KL, Toffolatti L, Tolan JE, Tomasi M, Tristram M, Tucci M, Turner AD, Valenziano L, Valiviita J, Van Tent B, Vibert L, Vielva P, Vieregg AG, Villa F, Wade LA, Wandelt BD, Watson R, Weber AC, Wehus IK, White M, White SDM, Willmert J, Wong CL, Yoon KW, Yvon D, Zacchei A, Zonca A. Joint analysis of BICEP2/keck array and Planck Data. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:101301. [PMID: 25815919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400 deg^{2} patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. -57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2 μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150 GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r_{0.05}<0.12 at 95% confidence. Marginalizing over dust and r, lensing B modes are detected at 7.0σ significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A R Ade
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - N Aghanim
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - Z Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R W Aikin
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - K D Alexander
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Arnaud
- Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique-CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment 709, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Aumont
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - C Baccigalupi
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - A J Banday
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - D Barkats
- Joint ALMA Observatory, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - R B Barreiro
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - J G Bartlett
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - N Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - E Battaner
- University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
- University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Granada, Spain
| | - K Benabed
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - A Benoît
- Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - A Benoit-Lévy
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - S J Benton
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - J-P Bernard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Bersanelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - P Bielewicz
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - C A Bischoff
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J J Bock
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Bonaldi
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - L Bonavera
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - J R Bond
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - J Borrill
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - F R Bouchet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - F Boulanger
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - J A Brevik
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Bucher
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - I Buder
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Bullock
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C Burigana
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - R C Butler
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Buza
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E Calabrese
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J-F Cardoso
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault F-75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - A Catalano
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Challinor
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - R-R Chary
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - H C Chiang
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - P R Christensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L P L Colombo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - C Combet
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - J Connors
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - F Couchot
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - A Coulais
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - B P Crill
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - A Curto
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - F Cuttaia
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Danese
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - R D Davies
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R J Davis
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - P de Bernardis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - A de Rosa
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - G de Zotti
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
| | - J Delabrouille
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - J-M Delouis
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - F-X Désert
- IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Dickinson
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - J M Diego
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - H Dole
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005, Paris, France
| | - S Donzelli
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - O Doré
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Douspis
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - C D Dowell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - L Duband
- Service des Basses Températures, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - A Ducout
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J Dunkley
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - X Dupac
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Dvorkin
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G Efstathiou
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - F Elsner
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T A Enßlin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - H K Eriksen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Falgarone
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - J P Filippini
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F Finelli
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Fliescher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - O Forni
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Frailis
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - A A Fraisse
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - E Franceschi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Frejsel
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Galeotta
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Galli
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - K Ganga
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - T Ghosh
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - M Giard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - E Gjerløw
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - S R Golwala
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J González-Nuevo
- SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - K M Górski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
| | - S Gratton
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A Gregorio
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Alfonso Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
- INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gruppuso
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - J E Gudmundsson
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Halpern
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - F K Hansen
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Hanson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
- McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - D L Harrison
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - M Hasselfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Helou
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - D Herranz
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - S R Hildebrandt
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E Hivon
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - M Hobson
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - W A Holmes
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - W Hovest
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - V V Hristov
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - K M Huffenberger
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - H Hui
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - G Hurier
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - K D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A H Jaffe
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - T R Jaffe
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - J Jewell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - W C Jones
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - M Juvela
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Karakci
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - K S Karkare
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J P Kaufman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - B G Keating
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - S Kefeli
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - E Keihänen
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S A Kernasovskiy
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Keskitalo
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - T S Kisner
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - R Kneissl
- European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
- Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Knoche
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - L Knox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
| | - J M Kovac
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Krachmalnicoff
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
| | - M Kunz
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C L Kuo
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Kurki-Suonio
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Lagache
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
| | - A Lähteenmäki
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Department of Radio Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 13000, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - J-M Lamarre
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Lasenby
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - C R Lawrence
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - E M Leitch
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Leonardi
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Levrier
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - A Lewis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Liguori
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P B Lilje
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Linden-Vørnle
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M López-Caniego
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - P M Lubin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - M Lueker
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - J F Macías-Pérez
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - B Maffei
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Maino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - N Mandolesi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Mangilli
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - M Maris
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - P G Martin
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - E Martínez-González
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - S Masi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - P Mason
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - S Matarrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100L'Aquila, Italy
| | - K G Megerian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - P R Meinhold
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - A Melchiorri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - L Mendes
- European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Mennella
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - M Migliaccio
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - S Mitra
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
| | - M-A Miville-Deschênes
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - A Moneti
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - L Montier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Morgante
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Mortlock
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Moss
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D Munshi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - J A Murphy
- National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - P Naselsky
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Nati
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - P Natoli
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - C B Netterfield
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H T Nguyen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - H U Nørgaard-Nielsen
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Noviello
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Novikov
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
| | - I Novikov
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
| | - R O'Brient
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - R W Ogburn
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Orlando
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - L Pagano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Pajot
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - R Paladini
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D Paoletti
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Partridge
- Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Pasian
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Patanchon
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - T J Pearson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - O Perdereau
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - L Perotto
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - V Pettorino
- HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma, Italy
| | - M Piat
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - D Pietrobon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - E Pointecouteau
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Polenta
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Roma, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - N Ponthieu
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G W Pratt
- Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique-CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment 709, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Prunet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - C Pryke
- Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J-L Puget
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - J P Rachen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
- Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W T Reach
- Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - R Rebolo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Reinecke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - M Remazeilles
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C Renault
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A Renzi
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
| | - S Richter
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - I Ristorcelli
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - G Rocha
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M Rossetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - G Roudier
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - M Rowan-Robinson
- Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J A Rubiño-Martín
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - B Rusholme
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M Sandri
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Santos
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M Savelainen
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Savini
- Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Schwarz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Scott
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M D Seiffert
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - C D Sheehy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L D Spencer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Z K Staniszewski
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - V Stolyarov
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, 369167, Russia
| | - R Sudiwala
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - R Sunyaev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Street, 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - D Sutton
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, United Kingdom
| | - A-S Suur-Uski
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J-F Sygnet
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - J A Tauber
- European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - G P Teply
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - L Terenzi
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, Via Isimbardi 10, Novedrate (CO), 22060, Italy
| | - K L Thompson
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Toffolatti
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J E Tolan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
- INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
| | - M Tristram
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - M Tucci
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A D Turner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Valenziano
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Valiviita
- Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Van Tent
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Vibert
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
| | - P Vielva
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avenida de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
| | - A G Vieregg
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - F Villa
- INAF/IASF Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - L A Wade
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - B D Wandelt
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014, Paris, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - R Watson
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A C Weber
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - I K Wehus
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - M White
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - S D M White
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - J Willmert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - C L Wong
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street MS 42, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K W Yoon
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Yvon
- DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Zacchei
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Zonca
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Cannon A, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Costamante L, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Luca A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashi K, Hayashida M, Hays E, Horan D, Itoh R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Khangulyan D, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marelli M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Naumann-Godo M, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Romani RW, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Wang P, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ziegler M. Gamma-Ray Flares from the Crab Nebula. Science 2011; 331:739-42. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1199705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Allafort
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Bouvier
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Brandt
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Buson
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Cannon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF), I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. Costamante
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- IASF Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- INAF-IASF, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A. de Luca
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E. C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF–Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR), University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - K. Hayashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Itoh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - D. Khangulyan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S.-H. Lee
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Lubrano
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Marelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF), I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
| | - M. Naumann-Godo
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. Okumura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - M. Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Pierbattista
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - T. L. Schalk
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing, Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Takahashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
- INTEGRAL Science Data Centre, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Z. Yang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Corbel S, Corbet R, DeCesar ME, den Hartog PR, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel SW, Donato D, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dubus G, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fuhrmann L, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Healey SE, Hill AB, Horan D, Hughes RE, Itoh R, Jean P, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Koerding E, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Garde ML, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Naumann-Godo M, Nestoras I, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Romani RW, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schinzel FK, Sgrò C, Shaw MS, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Sokolovsky KV, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz Ł, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wolff MT, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ylinen T, Ziegler M, Maehara H, Nishiyama K, Kabashima F, Bach U, Bower GC, Falcone A, Forster JR, Henden A, Kawabata KS, Koubsky P, Mukai K, Nelson T, Oates SR, Sakimoto K, Sasada M, Shenavrin VI, Shore SN, Skinner GK, Sokoloski J, Stroh M, Tatarnikov AM, Uemura M, Wahlgren GM, Yamanaka M. Gamma-ray emission concurrent with the nova in the symbiotic binary V407 Cygni. Science 2010; 329:817-21. [PMID: 20705855 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Novae are thermonuclear explosions on a white dwarf surface fueled by mass accreted from a companion star. Current physical models posit that shocked expanding gas from the nova shell can produce x-ray emission, but emission at higher energies has not been widely expected. Here, we report the Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of variable gamma-ray emission (0.1 to 10 billion electron volts) from the recently detected optical nova of the symbiotic star V407 Cygni. We propose that the material of the nova shell interacts with the dense ambient medium of the red giant primary and that particles can be accelerated effectively to produce pi(0) decay gamma-rays from proton-proton interactions. Emission involving inverse Compton scattering of the red giant radiation is also considered and is not ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hughes RE, Itoh R, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Shaw MS, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Spectrum of the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission derived from first-year Fermi Large Area Telescope data. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:101101. [PMID: 20366411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) measurements of the so-called "extragalactic" diffuse gamma-ray emission (EGB). This component of the diffuse gamma-ray emission is generally considered to have an isotropic or nearly isotropic distribution on the sky with diverse contributions discussed in the literature. The derivation of the EGB is based on detailed modeling of the bright foreground diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission, the detected LAT sources, and the solar gamma-ray emission. We find the spectrum of the EGB is consistent with a power law with a differential spectral index gamma = 2.41 +/- 0.05 and intensity I(>100 MeV) = (1.03 +/- 0.17) x 10(-5) cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1), where the error is systematics dominated. Our EGB spectrum is featureless, less intense, and softer than that derived from EGRET data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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5
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Essig R, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi large area telescope search for photon lines from 30 to 200 GeV and dark matter implications. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:091302. [PMID: 20366979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dark matter (DM) particle annihilation or decay can produce monochromatic gamma rays readily distinguishable from astrophysical sources. gamma-ray line limits from 30 to 200 GeV obtained from 11 months of Fermi Large Area Space Telescope data from 20-300 GeV are presented using a selection based on requirements for a gamma-ray line analysis, and integrated over most of the sky. We obtain gamma-ray line flux upper limits in the range 0.6-4.5x10{-9} cm{-2} s{-1}, and give corresponding DM annihilation cross-section and decay lifetime limits. Theoretical implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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6
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Espinoza C, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giavitto G, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Katsuta J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Lyne AG, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Noutsos A, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stappers BW, Stecker FW, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Theureau G, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yamazaki R, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Gamma-Ray Emission from the Shell of Supernova Remnant W44 Revealed by the Fermi LAT. Science 2010; 327:1103-6. [PMID: 20056857 DOI: 10.1126/science.1182787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS–108, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B. M. Baughman
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - T. H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I–20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - C. Espinoza
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Giavitto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - S. Guiriec
- University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M. S. Jackson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - J. Katsuta
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - N. Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. L. Kocian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. G. Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Meurer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - A. Noutsos
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - L. S. Rochester
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Y. Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Sander
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Incorporated, Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F. W. Stecker
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Takahashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - O. Tibolla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D–69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I–10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - C. Venter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - N. Vilchez
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R. Yamazaki
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Ylinen
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE–391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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7
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Anderson B, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Dereli H, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stecker FW, Striani E, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi large area telescope measurements of the diffuse gamma-ray emission at intermediate galactic latitudes. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:251101. [PMID: 20366246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.251101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission is produced by cosmic rays (CRs) interacting with the interstellar gas and radiation field. Measurements by the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory indicated excess gamma-ray emission greater, > or approximately equal to 1 GeV relative to diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission models consistent with directly measured CR spectra (the so-called "EGRET GeV excess"). The Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope has measured the diffuse gamma-ray emission with improved sensitivity and resolution compared to EGRET. We report on LAT measurements for energies 100 MeV to 10 GeV and galactic latitudes 10 degrees < or = |b| < or = 20 degrees. The LAT spectrum for this region of the sky is well reproduced by a diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission model that is consistent with local CR spectra and inconsistent with the EGRET GeV excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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8
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman B, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Chaty S, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Corbel S, Corbet R, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel S, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dubus G, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giavitto G, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hill AB, Hjalmarsdotter L, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Koerding E, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marchand L, Marelli M, Moerbeck WM, Mazziotta MN, McColl N, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Migliari S, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Ong RA, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Rollins MP, Piron F, Pooley G, Porter TA, Pottschmidt K, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Rea N, Readhead A, Reimer A, Reimer O, Richards JL, Rochester LS, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stevenson M, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tomsick JA, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Wilms J, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Modulated High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-3. Science 2009; 326:1512-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Wang P, Webb N, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Detection of high-energy gamma-ray emission from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with Fermi. Science 2009; 325:845-8. [PMID: 19679807 DOI: 10.1126/science.1177023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection of gamma-ray emissions above 200 megaelectron volts at a significance level of 17sigma from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, using data obtained with the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Globular clusters are expected to emit gamma rays because of the large populations of millisecond pulsars that they contain. The spectral shape of 47 Tucanae is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60 millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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10
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Abdo A, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood W, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring M, Bastieri D, Baughman B, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bignami G, Blandford R, Bloom E, Bonamente E, Borgland A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett T, Caliandro G, Cameron R, Camilo F, Caraveo P, Carlson P, Casandjian J, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung C, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky L, Conrad J, Corbet R, Cutini S, Dermer C, Desvignes G, de Angelis A, de Luca A, de Palma F, Digel S, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell P, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan S, Focke W, Frailis M, Freire P, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier I, Grondin MH, Grove J, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hobbs G, Hughes R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson A, Johnson R, Johnson T, Johnson W, Johnston S, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian M, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette M, Lubrano P, Madejski G, Makeev A, Manchester R, Marelli M, Mazziotta M, McConville W, McEnery J, McLaughlin M, Meurer C, Michelson P, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev A, Monte C, Monzani M, Morselli A, Moskalenko I, Murgia S, Nolan P, Norris J, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes J, Paneque D, Panetta J, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter T, Rainò S, Rando R, Ransom S, Ray P, Razzano M, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester L, Rodriguez A, Romani R, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson P, Scargle J, Schalk T, Sgrò C, Siskind E, Smith D, Smith P, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stappers B, Starck JL, Striani E, Strickman M, Suson D, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer J, Thayer J, Theureau G, Thompson D, Thorsett S, Tibaldo L, Torres D, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher T, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite A, Wallace E, Wang P, Watters K, Webb N, Weltevrede P, Winer B, Wood K, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. A Population of Gamma-Ray Millisecond Pulsars Seen with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Science 2009; 325:848-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Axelsson
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B. M. Baughman
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. F. Bignami
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - T. H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Camilo
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - P. Carlson
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Corbet
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - G. Desvignes
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A. de Luca
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Dormody
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Y. Edmonds
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. H. Grondin
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Guiriec
- University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - G. Hobbs
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. P. Johnson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. Johnston
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Waseda University, 1104 Totsukamachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 1698050, Japan
| | - N. Kawai
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. L. Kocian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Lott
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - R. N. Manchester
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - M. Marelli
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W. McConville
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. A. McLaughlin
- Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C. Meurer
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. H. Panetta
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. M. Ransom
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - N. Rea
- Sterrenkundig Institut “Anton Pannekoek,” 1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. S. Rochester
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Y. Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. F. W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Sander
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - T. L. Schalk
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB RealTime Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. L. Starck
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E. Striani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, USA
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. E. Thorsett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale, I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Van Etten
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Venter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Unit for Space Physics, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - N. Vilchez
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. Watters
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - N. Webb
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - P. Weltevrede
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Ylinen
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Battelino M, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogaert G, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carlson P, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grasso D, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hartman RC, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Massai MM, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pohl M, Porter TA, Profumo S, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stephens TE, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Measurement of the cosmic ray e+ +e- spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:181101. [PMID: 19518855 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.181101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Designed as a high-sensitivity gamma-ray observatory, the Fermi Large Area Telescope is also an electron detector with a large acceptance exceeding 2 m;{2} sr at 300 GeV. Building on the gamma-ray analysis, we have developed an efficient electron detection strategy which provides sufficient background rejection for measurement of the steeply falling electron spectrum up to 1 TeV. Our high precision data show that the electron spectrum falls with energy as E-3.0 and does not exhibit prominent spectral features. Interpretations in terms of a conventional diffusive model as well as a potential local extra component are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- National Research Council Research Associate and Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Arimoto M, Asano K, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Band DL, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Battelino M, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellardi F, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bhat PN, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogaert G, Bogart JR, Bonamente E, Bonnell J, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Briggs MS, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Burrows D, Busetto G, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Ceccanti M, Cecchi C, Celotti A, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Connaughton V, Conrad J, Costamante L, Cutini S, DeKlotz M, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dingus BL, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Evans PA, Fabiani D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Finke J, Fishman G, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Goldstein A, Granot J, Greiner J, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Haller G, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hernando Morat JA, Hoover A, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kavelaars A, Kawai N, Kelly H, Kennea J, Kerr M, Kippen RM, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kocian ML, Komin N, Kouveliotou C, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Landriu D, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lavalley C, Lee B, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Lichti GG, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marangelli B, Mazziotta MN, McBreen S, McEnery JE, McGlynn S, Meegan C, Mészáros P, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Minuti M, Mirizzi N, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nelson D, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paciesas WS, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Pinchera M, Piron F, Porter TA, Preece R, Rainò S, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Rando R, Rapposelli E, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Reyes LC, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Segal KN, Sgrò C, Shimokawabe T, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stamatikos M, Starck JL, Stecker FW, Steinle H, Stephens TE, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tagliaferri G, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Tenze A, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Turri M, Tuvi S, Usher TL, van der Horst AJ, Vigiani L, Vilchez N, Vitale V, von Kienlin A, Waite AP, Williams DA, Wilson-Hodge C, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wu XF, Yamazaki R, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C. Science 2009; 323:1688-93. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1169101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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