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Krunkosky M, Krunkosky TM, Meliopoulos V, Kyriakis CS, Schultz-Cherry S, Tompkins SM. Establishment of Swine Primary Nasal, Tracheal, and Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Models for the Study of Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114943. [PMID: 38679164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We established primary porcine nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelial cells that recapitulate the physical and functional properties of the respiratory tract and have the ability to fully differentiate. Trans-well cultures demonstrated increased transepithelial electrical resistance over time the presence of tight junctions as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelial cells developed cilia, secreted mucus, and expressed sialic acids on surface glycoproteins, the latter which are required for influenza A virus infection. Swine influenza viruses were shown to replicate efficiently in the primary epithelial cell cultures, supporting the use of these culture models to assess swine influenza and other virus infection. Primary porcine nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelial cell culture models enable assessment of emerging and novel influenza viruses for pandemic potential as well as mechanistic studies to understand mechanisms of infection, reassortment, and generation of novel virus. As swine are susceptible to infection with multiple viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens, these primary airway cell models may enable study of the cellular response to infection by pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Krunkosky
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Thomas M Krunkosky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Constantinos S Kyriakis
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA, United States.
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Padykula I, Damodaran L, Young KT, Krunkosky M, Griffin EF, North JF, Neasham PJ, Pliasas VC, Siepker CL, Stanton JB, Howerth EW, Bahl J, Kyriakis CS, Tompkins SM. Pandemic Risk Assessment for Swine Influenza A Virus in Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Viruses 2024; 16:548. [PMID: 38675891 PMCID: PMC11053818 DOI: 10.3390/v16040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses pose a public health concern as novel and circulating strains occasionally spill over into human hosts, with the potential to cause disease. Crucial to preempting these events is the use of a threat assessment framework for human populations. However, established guidelines do not specify which animal models or in vitro substrates should be used. We completed an assessment of a contemporary swine influenza isolate, A/swine/GA/A27480/2019 (H1N2), using animal models and human cell substrates. Infection studies in vivo revealed high replicative ability and a pathogenic phenotype in the swine host, with replication corresponding to a complementary study performed in swine primary respiratory epithelial cells. However, replication was limited in human primary cell substrates. This contrasted with our findings in the Calu-3 cell line, which demonstrated a replication profile on par with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. These data suggest that the selection of models is important for meaningful risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Padykula
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lambodhar Damodaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey T. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Madelyn Krunkosky
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily F. Griffin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James F. North
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chris L. Siepker
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Justin Bahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stephen Mark Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hosseini Z, Groves CJ, Anders P, Cave K, Krunkosky M, Chappell B, Pattyn S, Davis D, Janetzki S, Reap E. Performance and Stability of New Class of Fetal Bovine Sera (FBS) and Its Lyophilized Form in ELISpot and FluoroSpot Assays: Applications for Monitoring the Immune Response in Vaccine, and Cell and Gene Immunotherapy in Clinical Trials. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2768:305-316. [PMID: 38502401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3690-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) ELISpot and FluoroSpot are widely used assays to detect functional cell responses in immunotherapy clinical studies. Recognized for their importance in vaccine development studies to quantitate immune responses, these assays have more recently risen to the forefront in cell and gene therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy fields where responses against cancer neoantigens are not easily detectable above assay background. Here, we test a new class of fetal bovine serum (FBS), CultraPure FBS, in ex vivo ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays and cultured FluoroSpot assays following in vitro expansion. Several CultraPure FBS lots that have been specially formulated through the process of lyophilization (lyo-FBS) were compared to liquid CultraPure FBS. We stimulated human PBMCs with antigen-specific peptide pools diluted in media supplemented with liquid CultraPure FBS or lyo-FBS and found equivalent cytokine production with negligible to no assay background with both liquid and lyo-FBS formats. Moreover, the lyo-FBS showed lot-to-lot consistency and 90-day refrigerated (4 °C) stability in both ex vivo direct and in vitro cultured assays. In addition, we present here a method using lyo-FBS for the expansion of low-frequency antigen-specific T cells, mimicking the low frequency seen with cancer neoantigens by utilizing a cultured FluoroSpot assay. Our results demonstrate the presence of Granzyme B, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by antigen-specific polyfunctional T cells following a 9-day culture using media supplemented with lyo-FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinous Hosseini
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Penny Anders
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristen Cave
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Madelyn Krunkosky
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brandi Chappell
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sofie Pattyn
- ImmunXperts, a Q Solutions Company, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Reap
- Translational Science and Innovation Laboratory (TSAIL), Q Solutions, Durham, NC, USA.
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Krunkosky M, García M, Beltran G, Williams SM, Hurley DJ, Gogal RM. Ocular exposure to infectious laryngotracheitis virus alters leukocyte subsets in the head-associated lymphoid tissues and trachea of 6-week-old White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:404-417. [PMID: 32301627 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1757036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes acute respiratory disease primarily infecting the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva. Administration of live attenuated ILTV vaccines via eye drop, drinking water, or by coarse spray elicits protective mucosal immunity in the head-associated lymphoid tissues (HALT), of which conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and the Harderian gland (HG) are important tissue components. The trachea, a non-lymphoid tissue, also receives significant influx of inflammatory cells that dictate the outcome of ILTV infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate leukocyte cellular and phenotypic changes in the CALT, HG and trachea following ocular infection with a virulent ILTV strain. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-infection, CALT, HG, and trachea of 6-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens ocularly-exposed to vehicle or virulent ILTV strain 63140 were dissociated, the cells enumerated and then phenotyped using flow cytometry. The CALT had the highest viral genomic load, which peaked on day 3. In ILTV-infected birds, the CALT had a decreased percentage of leukocytes. This was reflected by decreased numbers of MHCI+MHCII-, MHCI+MHCIIlow+, and CD4+ cells, while IgM+ and MHCI+MHCIIHigh+ expressing cell populations increased. In the HG, the most notable change in cells from ILTV-infected birds was a decrease in IgM expressing cells and histologically, an increase in Mott cells. In summary, an acute, ocular exposure to ILTV strain 63140 in young birds shifts subsets of lymphocyte populations in the CALT and HG with minimal impact on the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krunkosky
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G Beltran
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Krunkosky M, García M, Beltran Garza LG, Karpuzoglu-Belgin E, Levin J, Williams RJ, Gogal RM. Seeding of the mucosal leukocytes in the HALT and trachea of White Leghorn chickens. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:43-57. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1393435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Krunkosky
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | | | - Ebru Karpuzoglu-Belgin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Jaclyn Levin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Robert J. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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