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Clark CJ, Al-Gharbi M, Baumeister RF, Bleske-Rechek A, Buss D, Ceci S, Forgas J, Frey K, Geary DC, Geher G, Del Giudice M, Jussim LS, Krylov AI, Martin C, Miller G, Paresky P, Salmon C, Stewart-Williams S, Wilson AE, Williams W, Winegard BM, von Hippel W. Reply to Darlow and Gray: Censorship is exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404156121. [PMID: 38739797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404156121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Clark
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104
| | - Musa Al-Gharbi
- School of Communication and Journalism, Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY 11794
| | - Roy F Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - April Bleske-Rechek
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702
| | - David Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731
| | - Stephen Ceci
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Joseph Forgas
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Komi Frey
- Research Department, Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, Philadelphia, PA 19106
| | - David C Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 56211
| | - Glenn Geher
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34128, Italy
| | - Lee S Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chris Martin
- Psychology Department, Oglethorpe University, Brookhaven, GA 30319
| | - Geoffrey Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Pamela Paresky
- Network Contagion Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Catherine Salmon
- Department of Psychology, University of Redlands, Redlands, CA 92373
| | - Steve Stewart-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Anne E Wilson
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Wendy Williams
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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2
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Pérez-Fernández BA, Calzadilla L, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Boggiano T, Mulet R. Sodium acetate increases the productivity of HEK293 cells expressing the ECD-Her1 protein in batch cultures: experimental results and metabolic flux analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1335898. [PMID: 38659646 PMCID: PMC11039900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1335898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293) are a popular host for recombinant protein expression and production in the biotechnological industry. This has driven within both, the scientific and the engineering communities, the search for strategies to increase their protein productivity. The present work is inserted into this search exploring the impact of adding sodium acetate (NaAc) into a batch culture of HEK293 cells. We monitored, as a function of time, the cell density, many external metabolites, and the supernatant concentration of the heterologous extra-cellular domain ECD-Her1 protein, a protein used to produce a candidate prostate cancer vaccine. We observed that by adding different concentrations of NaAc (0, 4, 6 and 8 mM), the production of ECD-Her1 protein increases consistently with increasing concentration, whereas the carrying capacity of the medium decreases. To understand these results we exploited a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA) was used to infer intracellular metabolic fluxes from the concentration of external metabolites. Moreover, we measured independently the extracellular acidification rate and oxygen consumption rate of the cells. Both approaches support the idea that the addition of NaAc to the culture has a significant impact on the metabolism of the HEK293 cells and that, if properly tuned, enhances the productivity of the heterologous ECD-Her1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ariane Pérez-Fernández
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Carla Bosia
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
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3
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Del Giudice M. Statistical indices of masculinity-femininity: A theoretical and practical framework. Behav Res Methods 2024:10.3758/s13428-024-02369-5. [PMID: 38438655 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Statistical indices of masculinity-femininity (M-F) summarize multivariate profiles of sex-related traits as positions on a single continuum of individual differences, from masculine to feminine. This approach goes back to the early days of sex differences research; however, a systematic discussion of alternative M-F indices (including their meaning, their mutual relations, and their psychometric properties) has been lacking. In this paper I present an integrative theoretical framework for the statistical assessment of masculinity-femininity, and provide practical guidance to researchers who wish to apply these methods to their data. I describe four basic types of M-F indices: sex-directionality, sex-typicality, sex-probability, and sex-centrality. I examine their similarities and differences in detail, and consider alternative ways of computing them. Next, I discuss the impact of measurement error on the validity of these indices, and outline some potential remedies. Finally, I illustrate the concepts presented in the paper with a selection of real-world datasets on body morphology, brain morphology, and personality. An R function is available to easily calculate multiple M-F indices from empirical data (with or without correction for measurement error) and draw summary plots of their individual and joint distributions.
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Clark CJ, Jussim L, Frey K, Stevens ST, al-Gharbi M, Aquino K, Bailey JM, Barbaro N, Baumeister RF, Bleske-Rechek A, Buss D, Ceci S, Del Giudice M, Ditto PH, Forgas JP, Geary DC, Geher G, Haider S, Honeycutt N, Joshi H, Krylov AI, Loftus E, Loury G, Lu L, Macy M, Martin CC, McWhorter J, Miller G, Paresky P, Pinker S, Reilly W, Salmon C, Stewart-Williams S, Tetlock PE, Williams WM, Wilson AE, Winegard BM, Yancey G, von Hippel W. Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A perspective and research agenda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301642120. [PMID: 37983511 PMCID: PMC10691350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301642120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Science is among humanity's greatest achievements, yet scientific censorship is rarely studied empirically. We explore the social, psychological, and institutional causes and consequences of scientific censorship (defined as actions aimed at obstructing particular scientific ideas from reaching an audience for reasons other than low scientific quality). Popular narratives suggest that scientific censorship is driven by authoritarian officials with dark motives, such as dogmatism and intolerance. Our analysis suggests that scientific censorship is often driven by scientists, who are primarily motivated by self-protection, benevolence toward peer scholars, and prosocial concerns for the well-being of human social groups. This perspective helps explain both recent findings on scientific censorship and recent changes to scientific institutions, such as the use of harm-based criteria to evaluate research. We discuss unknowns surrounding the consequences of censorship and provide recommendations for improving transparency and accountability in scientific decision-making to enable the exploration of these unknowns. The benefits of censorship may sometimes outweigh costs. However, until costs and benefits are examined empirically, scholars on opposing sides of ongoing debates are left to quarrel based on competing values, assumptions, and intuitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Clark
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA9104
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA9104
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - Komi Frey
- Research Department, Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, Philadelphia, PA19106
| | - Sean T. Stevens
- Research Department, Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, Philadelphia, PA19106
| | - Musa al-Gharbi
- School of Communication and Journalism, Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY11794
| | - Karl Aquino
- Marketing and Behavioral Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - J. Michael Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Nicole Barbaro
- Communications Department, Heterodox Academy, New York City, NY10038
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - April Bleske-Rechek
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI54702
| | - David Buss
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78731
| | - Stephen Ceci
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste34128, Italy
| | - Peter H. Ditto
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, California, CA92697
| | - Joseph P. Forgas
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW2052, Australia
| | - David C. Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO56211
| | - Glenn Geher
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY12561
| | | | - Nathan Honeycutt
- Research Department, Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, Philadelphia, PA19106
| | - Hrishikesh Joshi
- University of Arizona, Department of Philosophy, Tucson, AZ85721
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089
| | - Elizabeth Loftus
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, California, CA92697
| | - Glenn Loury
- Department of Economics, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - Louise Lu
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Michael Macy
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca14850, New York
- Department of Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca14850, New York
| | - Chris C. Martin
- Psychology Department, Oglethorpe University, Brookhaven, GA30319
| | - John McWhorter
- Center for American Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Geoffrey Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Pamela Paresky
- Network Contagion Research Institute, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Steven Pinker
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Wilfred Reilly
- School of Criminal Justice and Political Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY40601
| | - Catherine Salmon
- Department of Psychology, University of Redlands, Redlands, CA92373
| | - Steve Stewart-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Semenyih43500, Malaysia
| | - Philip E. Tetlock
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA9104
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA9104
| | | | - Anne E. Wilson
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ONN2L3C5, Canada
| | | | - George Yancey
- Department of Sociology, Baylor University, Waco, TX76798
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5
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Del Giudice M. Relative density clouds: Visualizing and exploring multivariate patterns of group differences. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287784. [PMID: 37368918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces relative density clouds, a simple but powerful method to visualize the relative density of two groups in multivariate space. Relative density clouds employ k-nearest neighbor density estimates to provide information about group differences throughout the entire distribution of the variables. The method can also be used to decompose overall group differences into the specific contributions of differences in location, scale, and covariation. Existing relative distribution methods offer a flexible toolkit for the analysis of univariate differences; relative density clouds bring some of the same advantages to fruition in the context of multivariate research. They can assist in the exploration of complex patterns of group differences, and help break them down into simpler, more interpretable effects. An easy-to-use R function is provided to make this visualization method widely accessible to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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6
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Del Giudice M. Arbitrary, inappropriate grading criteria distort the evaluation of evidence: A comment on Kim et al.'s (2022) umbrella review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105089. [PMID: 36781117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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7
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Del Giudice M. The S-index: Summarizing patterns of sex differences at the distribution extremes. Personality and Individual Differences 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Del Giudice M, Haltigan JD. A new look at the relations between attachment and intelligence. Developmental Review 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Del Giudice M. A general motivational architecture for human and animal personality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104967. [PMID: 36410556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To achieve integration in the study of personality, researchers need to model the motivational processes that give rise to stable individual differences in behavior, cognition, and emotion. The missing link in current approaches is a motivational architecture-a description of the core set of mechanisms that underlie motivation, plus a functional account of their operating logic and inter-relations. This paper presents the initial version of such an architecture, the General Architecture of Motivation (GAM). The GAM offers a common language for individual differences in humans and other animals, and a conceptual toolkit for building species-specific models of personality. The paper describes the main components of the GAM and their interplay, and examines the contribution of these components to the emergence of individual differences. The final section discusses how the GAM can be used to construct explicit functional models of personality, and presents a roadmap for future research.
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10
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Del Giudice M, Foster JG, Peirone S, Rissone A, Caizzi L, Gaudino F, Parlato C, Anselmi F, Arkell R, Guarrera S, Oliviero S, Basso G, Rajan P, Cereda M. FOXA1 regulates alternative splicing in prostate cancer. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111404. [PMID: 36170835 PMCID: PMC9532847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of alternative splicing in prostate cancer is linked to transcriptional programs activated by AR, ERG, FOXA1, and MYC. Here, we show that FOXA1 functions as the primary orchestrator of alternative splicing dysregulation across 500 primary and metastatic prostate cancer transcriptomes. We demonstrate that FOXA1 binds to the regulatory regions of splicing-related genes, including HNRNPK and SRSF1. By controlling trans-acting factor expression, FOXA1 exploits an "exon definition" mechanism calibrating alternative splicing toward dominant isoform production. This regulation especially impacts splicing factors themselves and leads to a reduction of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD)-targeted isoforms. Inclusion of the NMD-determinant FLNA exon 30 by FOXA1-controlled oncogene SRSF1 promotes cell growth in vitro and predicts disease recurrence. Overall, we report a role for FOXA1 in rewiring the alternative splicing landscape in prostate cancer through a cascade of events from chromatin access, to splicing factor regulation, and, finally, to alternative splicing of exons influencing patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - John G Foster
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Serena Peirone
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rissone
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Livia Caizzi
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Caterina Parlato
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Francesca Anselmi
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Rebecca Arkell
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 3 Road Floor, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TS, UK; The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, UK; Department of Urology, Barts Health NHS Trust, the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, London E1 1BB, UK; Department of Uro-oncology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, 47 Wimpole Street, London W1G 8SE, UK.
| | - Matteo Cereda
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Del Giudice M, Gangestad SW. Hormone ratios suffer from striking lack of robustness to measurement error. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 142:105802. [PMID: 35598493 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hormone ratios are often used to capture the joint effect (or "balance") of two hormones with opposing or mutually suppressive effects. Despite some statistical and interpretative problems, hormone ratios are being increasingly used to examine associations of testosterone/cortisol, estradiol/progesterone, testosterone/estradiol, and other hormone pairs. Here we discuss a methodological problem that has not been previously recognized, namely, the striking lack of robustness of raw hormone ratios in the face of measurement error. Hormone levels are measured with error, both due to inability of assays to perfectly assess concentrations "in the tube" and due to discrepancies between levels at the time of sample collection and effective levels that produce the physiological and/or behavioral effect of interest. Noise in measured hormone levels can be substantially exaggerated by ratios, especially when the distribution of the hormone at the denominator is positively skewed, as is frequently observed. To evaluate the extent of this problem and explore the conditions that exacerbate it, we present two sets of simulations, one using idealized distributions and one using empirically observed distributions from studies of estrogen and progesterone. Results show that the validity of raw hormone ratios-the correlation between measured levels and underlying effective levels-drops rapidly in the presence of realistic levels of measurement error. Log-ratios are much more robust to measurement error, and their validity is more stable across samples; under some conditions (e.g., moderate amounts of noise with positively correlated hormone levels), they may provide a more valid measurement of the underlying raw ratio than the measured raw ratio itself. These findings have important implications for research that uses hormone ratios as predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Steven W Gangestad
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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12
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Abstract
The topic of this tutorial is the effective dimensionality (ED) of a dataset, that is, the equivalent number of orthogonal dimensions that would produce the same overall pattern of covariation. The ED quantifies the total dimensionality of a set of variables, with no assumptions about their underlying structure. The ED of a dataset has important implications for the "curse of dimensionality"; it can be used to inform decisions about data analysis and answer meaningful empirical questions. The tutorial offers an accessible introduction to ED, distinguishes it from the related but distinct concept of intrinsic dimensionality, critically reviews various ED estimators, and gives indications for practical use with examples from personality research. An R function is provided to implement the techniques described in the tutorial.
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13
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Del Giudice M, Peirone S, Perrone S, Priante F, Varese F, Tirtei E, Fagioli F, Cereda M. Artificial Intelligence in Bulk and Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Data to Foster Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094563. [PMID: 33925407 PMCID: PMC8123853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence, or the discipline of developing computational algorithms able to perform tasks that requires human intelligence, offers the opportunity to improve our idea and delivery of precision medicine. Here, we provide an overview of artificial intelligence approaches for the analysis of large-scale RNA-sequencing datasets in cancer. We present the major solutions to disentangle inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of transcriptome profiles for an effective improvement of patient management. We outline the contributions of learning algorithms to the needs of cancer genomics, from identifying rare cancer subtypes to personalizing therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO—IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Serena Peirone
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Perrone
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Priante
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabiola Varese
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Tirtei
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.T.); (F.F.)
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Cereda
- Cancer Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, IIGM—Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy; (M.D.G.); (S.P.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (F.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO—IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-993-3969
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14
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Abstract
In this special issue paper we reflect on the next generation of attachment research with a focus on disorganization, a central but still poorly understood topic in this area. We suggest that progress will be facilitated by a return to attachment theory's evolutionary roots, and to the emphasis on biological function that inspired Bowlby's original thinking. Increased interdisciplinary cross-fertilization and collaborations would enable novel and generative research on some of the long-standing questions surrounding attachment disorganization. Accordingly, we present an agenda for future research that encompasses contributions of modern ethology and neurobiology, novel hypotheses based on the concept of adaptive decanalization, connections with neurodevelopmental vulnerability and risk for mental disorders such as schizophrenia, and the possibility of sex differences in the behavioral manifestations of attachment disorganization. We believe that these avenues of theory and research offer exciting potential for innovative work in attachment disorganization in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Haltigan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Soha Khorsand
- Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Canada
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15
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Del Giudice M. Binary thinking about the sex binary: A comment on Joel (2021). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:144-145. [PMID: 33901499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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16
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Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Del Giudice M. Gender norms and the wellbeing of girls and boys. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e397. [PMID: 33740402 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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17
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Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Grob A, Gueudré T, Miotto M, Gialama D, Osella M, Turco E, Ceroni F, De Martino A, Bosia C. Initial cell density encodes proliferative potential in cancer cell populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6101. [PMID: 33731745 PMCID: PMC7969775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual cells exhibit specific proliferative responses to changes in microenvironmental conditions. Whether such potential is constrained by the cell density throughout the growth process is however unclear. Here, we identify a theoretical framework that captures how the information encoded in the initial density of cancer cell populations impacts their growth profile. By following the growth of hundreds of populations of cancer cells, we found that the time they need to adapt to the environment decreases as the initial cell density increases. Moreover, the population growth rate shows a maximum at intermediate initial densities. With the support of a mathematical model, we show that the observed interdependence of adaptation time and growth rate is significantly at odds both with standard logistic growth models and with the Monod-like function that governs the dependence of the growth rate on nutrient levels. Our results (i) uncover and quantify a previously unnoticed heterogeneity in the growth dynamics of cancer cell populations; (ii) unveil how population growth may be affected by single-cell adaptation times; (iii) contribute to our understanding of the clinically-observed dependence of the primary and metastatic tumor take rates on the initial density of implanted cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Enrico Bena
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alice Grob
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, London, UK
| | - Thomas Gueudré
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Mattia Miotto
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitra Gialama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Osella
- Physics Department and INFN, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Ceroni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, London, UK
| | - Andrea De Martino
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy.,Soft and Living Matter Lab, CNR-NANOTEC, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, Italy. .,Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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18
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Del Giudice M, Gangestad SW. A Traveler’s Guide to the Multiverse: Promises, Pitfalls, and a Framework for the Evaluation of Analytic Decisions. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245920954925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Decisions made by researchers while analyzing data (e.g., how to measure variables, how to handle outliers) are sometimes arbitrary, without an objective justification for choosing one alternative over another. Multiverse-style methods (e.g., specification curve, vibration of effects) estimate an effect across an entire set of possible specifications to expose the impact of hidden degrees of freedom and/or obtain robust, less biased estimates of the effect of interest. However, if specifications are not truly arbitrary, multiverse-style analyses can produce misleading results, potentially hiding meaningful effects within a mass of poorly justified alternatives. So far, a key question has received scant attention: How does one decide whether alternatives are arbitrary? We offer a framework and conceptual tools for doing so. We discuss three kinds of a priori nonequivalence among alternatives—measurement nonequivalence, effect nonequivalence, and power/precision nonequivalence. The criteria we review lead to three decision scenarios: Type E decisions (principled equivalence), Type N decisions (principled nonequivalence), and Type U decisions (uncertainty). In uncertain scenarios, multiverse-style analysis should be conducted in a deliberately exploratory fashion. The framework is discussed with reference to published examples and illustrated with the help of a simulated data set. Our framework will help researchers reap the benefits of multiverse-style methods while avoiding their pitfalls.
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19
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Villari G, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Gioelli N, Sandri C, Camillo C, Fiorio Pla A, Bosia C, Serini G. Distinct retrograde microtubule motor sets drive early and late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103661. [PMID: 33215754 PMCID: PMC7737607 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103661|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although subcellular positioning of endosomes significantly impacts on their functions, the molecular mechanisms governing the different steady-state distribution of early endosomes (EEs) and late endosomes (LEs)/lysosomes (LYs) in peripheral and perinuclear eukaryotic cell areas, respectively, are still unsolved. We unveil that such differences arise because, while LE retrograde transport depends on the dynein microtubule (MT) motor only, the one of EEs requires the cooperative antagonism of dynein and kinesin-14 KIFC1, a MT minus end-directed motor involved in cancer progression. Mechanistically, the Ser-x-Ile-Pro (SxIP) motif-mediated interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) with the MT plus end-binding protein 1 (EB1) promotes its association with the p150Glued subunit of the dynein activator complex dynactin and the distinct location of EEs and LEs/LYs. The peripheral distribution of EEs requires their p150Glued-mediated simultaneous engagement with dynein and SxIP motif-containing KIFC1, via HOOK1 and HOOK3 adaptors, respectively. In sum, we provide evidence that distinct minus end-directed MT motor systems drive the differential transport and subcellular distribution of EEs and LEs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Enrico Bena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly,IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly,Present address:
Sorbonne UniversitéCNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris‐SeineLaboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP)ParisFrance
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly,IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Sandri
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
| | | | - Carla Bosia
- IIGM ‐ Italian Institute for Genomic MedicineCandioloItaly,Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolytechnic of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino School of MedicineCandioloItaly,Candiolo Cancer Institute ‐ Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)TorinoItaly
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20
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Villari G, Enrico Bena C, Del Giudice M, Gioelli N, Sandri C, Camillo C, Fiorio Pla A, Bosia C, Serini G. Distinct retrograde microtubule motor sets drive early and late endosome transport. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103661. [PMID: 33215754 PMCID: PMC7737607 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although subcellular positioning of endosomes significantly impacts on their functions, the molecular mechanisms governing the different steady‐state distribution of early endosomes (EEs) and late endosomes (LEs)/lysosomes (LYs) in peripheral and perinuclear eukaryotic cell areas, respectively, are still unsolved. We unveil that such differences arise because, while LE retrograde transport depends on the dynein microtubule (MT) motor only, the one of EEs requires the cooperative antagonism of dynein and kinesin‐14 KIFC1, a MT minus end‐directed motor involved in cancer progression. Mechanistically, the Ser‐x‐Ile‐Pro (SxIP) motif‐mediated interaction of the endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) with the MT plus end‐binding protein 1 (EB1) promotes its association with the p150Glued subunit of the dynein activator complex dynactin and the distinct location of EEs and LEs/LYs. The peripheral distribution of EEs requires their p150Glued‐mediated simultaneous engagement with dynein and SxIP motif‐containing KIFC1, via HOOK1 and HOOK3 adaptors, respectively. In sum, we provide evidence that distinct minus end‐directed MT motor systems drive the differential transport and subcellular distribution of EEs and LEs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Enrico Bena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy.,IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Sandri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Torino, Italy
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21
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Del Giudice M. Åhs et al.'s (2018) Systematic review on biological preparedness and resistance to extinction: A commentary and reanalysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:13-15. [PMID: 33220348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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23
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Kaiser T, Del Giudice M, Booth T. Global sex differences in personality: Replication with an open online dataset. J Pers 2020; 88:415-429. [PMID: 31309560 PMCID: PMC7317516 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex differences in personality are a matter of continuing debate. In a study on the United States standardization sample of Cattell's 16PF (fifth edition), Del Giudice and colleagues (2012; PLoS ONE, 7, e29265) estimated global sex differences in personality with multigroup covariance and mean structure analysis. The study found a surprisingly large multivariate effect, D = 2.71. Here we replicated the original analysis with an open online dataset employing an equivalent version of the 16PF. METHOD We closely replicated the original MG-MCSA analysis on N = 21,567 U.S. participants (63% females, age 16-90); for robustness, we also analyzed N = 31,637 participants across English-speaking countries (61% females, age 16-90). RESULTS The size of global sex differences was D = 2.06 in the United States and D = 2.10 across English-speaking countries. Parcel-allocation variability analysis showed that results were robust to changes in parceling (U.S.: median D = 2.09, IQR [1.89, 2.37]; English-speaking countries: median D = 2.17, IQR [1.98, 2.47]). CONCLUSIONS Our results corroborate the original study (with a comparable if somewhat smaller effect size) and provide new information on the impact of parcel allocation. We discuss the implications of these and similar findings for the psychology of sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kaiser
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Tom Booth
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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24
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Lauria A, Peirone S, Giudice MD, Priante F, Rajan P, Caselle M, Oliviero S, Cereda M. Identification of altered biological processes in heterogeneous RNA-sequencing data by discretization of expression profiles. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1730-1747. [PMID: 31889184 PMCID: PMC7038995 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a fundamental feature of complex phenotypes. So far, genomic screenings have profiled thousands of samples providing insights into the transcriptome of the cell. However, disentangling the heterogeneity of these transcriptomic Big Data to identify defective biological processes remains challenging. Here we present GSECA, a method exploiting the bimodal behavior of RNA-sequencing gene expression profiles to identify altered gene sets in heterogeneous patient cohorts. Using simulated and experimental RNA-sequencing data sets, we show that GSECA provides higher performances than other available algorithms in detecting truly altered biological processes in large cohorts. Applied to 5941 samples from 14 different cancer types, GSECA correctly identified the alteration of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway driven by the somatic loss of PTEN and verified the emerging role of PTEN in modulating immune-related processes. In particular, we showed that, in prostate cancer, PTEN loss appears to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment through the activation of STAT3, and low PTEN expression levels have a detrimental impact on patient disease-free survival. GSECA is available at https://github.com/matteocereda/GSECA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauria
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
| | - Serena Peirone
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
| | - Francesca Priante
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Barts Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Michele Caselle
- Department of Physics and INFN, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P.Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Science and System Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
| | - Matteo Cereda
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Str. Prov.le 142, km 3.95, Candiolo (TO) 10060, Italy
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25
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Del Giudice M. How Well Do Bibliometric Indicators Correlate With Scientific Eminence? A Comment on Simonton (2016). Perspect Psychol Sci 2019; 15:202-203. [PMID: 31721655 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619872763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citing an earlier study on eminence in psychology, Simonton (2016) argued that associations between measures of scholars' reputation, scientific productivity, and citation counts are only small to moderate [Simonton, D. K. (2016). Giving credit where credit's due: Why it's so hard to do in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 888-892]. However, this reading is based on partial regression coefficients, which underestimate the joint explanatory power of correlated variables. A reanalysis of the original data showed that a composite bibliometric index was substantially associated with reputation (β = 0.70; 46% explained variance). Very similar results were obtained with a newly calculated h index (β = 0.67; 42% explained variance). Although both Simonton's original analysis and the current reanalysis are inherently limited, the data suggest that the reputation of psychologists tracks their scientific contribution more closely than has been acknowledged in the recent literature.
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26
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Del Giudice M. Invisible Designers: Brain Evolution Through the Lens of Parasite Manipulation. The Quarterly Review of Biology 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/705038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Del Giudice M. Female Nonheterosexuality Is Associated with Both "Fast" and "Slow" Male-Typical Strategies: Implications for Evolutionary Scenarios. Arch Sex Behav 2019; 48:1321-1324. [PMID: 30291597 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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28
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Del Giudice M, Buck CL, Chaby LE, Gormally BM, Taff CC, Thawley CJ, Vitousek MN, Wada H. What Is Stress? A Systems Perspective. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1019-1032. [PMID: 30204874 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "stress" is used to describe important phenomena at multiple levels of biological organization, but finding a general and rigorous definition of the concept has proven challenging. Current models in the behavioral literature emphasize the cognitive aspects of stress, which is said to occur when threats to the organism are perceived as uncontrollable and/or unpredictable. Here we adopt the perspective of systems biology and take a step toward a general definition of stress by unpacking the concept in light of control theory. Our goal is to clarify the concept so as to facilitate integrative research and formal analysis. We argue that stress occurs when a biological control system detects a failure to control a fitness-critical variable, which may be either internal or external to the organism. Biological control systems typically include both feedback (reactive, compensatory) and feedforward (predictive, anticipatory) components; their interplay accounts for the complex phenomenology of stress in living organisms. The simple and abstract definition we propose applies to animals, plants, and single cells, highlighting connections across levels of organization. In the final section of the paper we explore some extensions of our approach and suggest directions for future research. Specifically, we discuss the classic concepts of conditioning and hormesis and review relevant work on cellular stress responses; show how control theory suggests the existence of fundamental trade-offs in the design of stress responses; and point to potential insights into the effects of novel environmental conditions, including those resulting from anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - C Loren Buck
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-0001, USA
| | - Lauren E Chaby
- Wayne State University, 42 W Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Conor C Taff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Maren N Vitousek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Grebe NM, Del Giudice M, Emery Thompson M, Nickels N, Ponzi D, Zilioli S, Maestripieri D, Gangestad SW. Testosterone, cortisol, and status-striving personality features: A review and empirical evaluation of the Dual Hormone hypothesis. Horm Behav 2019; 109:25-37. [PMID: 30685468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in behavioral endocrinology has implicated the gonadal hormone testosterone in the regulation of mating effort, often expressed in primates in the form of aggressive and/or status-striving behavior. Based on the idea that neuroendocrine axes influence each other, recent work among humans has proposed that links between testosterone and indices of status-striving are rendered conditional by the effects of glucocorticoids. The Dual Hormone hypothesis is one particular instance of this argument, predicting that cortisol blocks the effects of testosterone on dominance, aggression, and risk-taking in humans. Support for the Dual Hormone hypothesis is wide-ranging, but considerations of theoretical ambiguity, null findings, and low statistical power pose problems for interpreting the published literature. Here, we contribute to the development of the Dual Hormone hypothesis by (1) critically reviewing the extant literature-including p-curve analyses of published findings; and, (2) "opening the file drawer" and examining relationships between testosterone, cortisol, and status-striving personality features in seven previously published studies from our laboratories (total N = 718; median N per feature = 318) that examined unrelated predictions. Results from p-curve suggest that published studies have only 16% power to detect effects, while our own data show no robust interactions between testosterone and cortisol in predicting status-striving personality features. We discuss the implications of these results for the Dual Hormone hypothesis, limitations of our analyses, and the development of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Grebe
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Nora Nickels
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Davide Ponzi
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dario Maestripieri
- Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven W Gangestad
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Abstract
The assumption that early stress leads to dysregulation and impairment is widespread in developmental science and informs prevailing models (e.g., toxic stress). An alternative evolutionary–developmental approach, which complements the standard emphasis on dysregulation, proposes that early stress may prompt the development of costly but adaptive strategies that promote survival and reproduction under adverse conditions. In this review, we survey this growing theoretical and empirical literature, highlighting recent developments and outstanding questions. We review concepts of adaptive plasticity and conditional adaptation, introduce the life history framework and the adaptive calibration model, and consider how physiological stress response systems and related neuroendocrine processes may function as plasticity mechanisms. We then address the evolution of individual differences in susceptibility to the environment, which engenders systematic person–environment interactions in the effects of stress on development. Finally, we discuss stress-mediated regulation of pubertal development as a case study of how an evolutionary–developmental approach can foster theoretical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J. Ellis
- Department of Psychology and Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Del Giudice M, Crespi BJ. Basic functional trade-offs in cognition: An integrative framework. Cognition 2018; 179:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Del Giudice M, Bosia C, Grigolon S, Bo S. Stochastic sequestration dynamics: a minimal model with extrinsic noise for bimodal distributions and competitors correlation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10387. [PMID: 29991682 PMCID: PMC6039506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes are known to be based on molecular sequestration. This kind of dynamics involves two types of molecular species, namely targets and sequestrants, that bind to form a complex. In the simple framework of mass-action law, key features of these systems appear to be threshold-like profiles of the amounts of free molecules as a function of the parameters determining their possible maximum abundance. However, biochemical processes are probabilistic and take place in stochastically fluctuating environments. How these different sources of noise affect the final outcome of the network is not completely characterised yet. In this paper we specifically investigate the effects induced by a source of extrinsic noise onto a minimal stochastic model of molecular sequestration. We analytically show how bimodal distributions of the targets can appear and characterise them as a result of noise filtering mediated by the threshold response. We then address the correlations between target species induced by the sequestrant and discuss how extrinsic noise can turn the negative correlation caused by competition into a positive one. Finally, we consider the more complex scenario of competitive inhibition for enzymatic kinetics and discuss the relevance of our findings with respect to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, IT-10129, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, via Nizza 52, I-10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Bo
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
In a previous paper (Del Giudice, 2017 [Heterogeneity coefficients for Mahalanobis' D as a multivariate effect size. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 52, 216-221]), I proposed two heterogeneity coefficients for Mahalanobis' D based on the Gini coefficient, labeled H and EPV. In this addendum I discuss the limitations of the original approach and note that the proposed indices may overestimate heterogeneity under certain conditions. I then describe two revised indices H2 and EPV2, and illustrate the difference between the original and revised indices with some real-world data sets.
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Del Giudice M, Gangestad SW. Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:61-75. [PMID: 29499302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral researchers have increasingly become interested in the idea that chronic, low-grade inflammation is a pathway through which social and behavioral variables exert long-term effects on health. Much research in the area employs putative inflammatory biomarkers to infer an underlying state of inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP, whose production is stimulated by IL-6) are arguably the two most commonly assayed biomarkers. Yet, in contrast with near-universal assumptions in the field, discoveries in immunology over the past two decades show that neither IL-6 nor CRP are unambiguous inflammatory markers. IL-6 operates through two distinct signaling pathways, only one of which is specifically upregulated during inflammation; both pathways have a complex range of effects and influence multiple physiological processes even in absence of inflammation. Similarly, CRP has two isoforms, one of which is produced locally in inflamed or damaged tissues. The other isoform is routinely produced in absence of inflammation and may have net anti-inflammatory effects. We propose a functional framework to account for the multiple actions of IL-6 and CRP. Specifically, we argue that both molecules participate in somatic maintenance efforts; hence elevated levels indicate that an organism is investing in protection, preservation, and/or repair of somatic tissue. Depending on the state of the organism, maintenance may be channeled into resistance against pathogens (including inflammation), pathogen tolerance and harm reduction, or tissue repair. The findings and framework we present have a range of potential implications for the interpretation of empirical findings in this area-a point we illustrate with alternative interpretations of research on socioeconomic status, stress, and depression.
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Del Giudice M, Bo S, Grigolon S, Bosia C. On the role of extrinsic noise in microRNA-mediated bimodal gene expression. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006063. [PMID: 29664903 PMCID: PMC5922620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies highlighted the relevance of extrinsic noise in shaping cell decision making and differentiation in molecular networks. Bimodal distributions of gene expression levels provide experimental evidence of phenotypic differentiation, where the modes of the distribution often correspond to different physiological states of the system. We theoretically address the presence of bimodal phenotypes in the context of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation. MiRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that downregulate the expression of their target mRNAs. The nature of this interaction is titrative and induces a threshold effect: below a given target transcription rate almost no mRNAs are free and available for translation. We investigate the effect of extrinsic noise on the system by introducing a fluctuating miRNA-transcription rate. We find that the presence of extrinsic noise favours the presence of bimodal target distributions which can be observed for a wider range of parameters compared to the case with intrinsic noise only and for lower miRNA-target interaction strength. Our results suggest that combining threshold-inducing interactions with extrinsic noise provides a simple and robust mechanism for obtaining bimodal populations without requiring fine tuning. Furthermore, we characterise the protein distribution's dependence on protein half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Bo
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carla Bosia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Torino, Italy
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Del Giudice M, Barrett ES, Belsky J, Hartman S, Martel MM, Sangenstedt S, Kuzawa CW. Individual differences in developmental plasticity: A role for early androgens? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:165-173. [PMID: 29500952 PMCID: PMC5864561 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity is a widespread property of living organisms, but different individuals in the same species can vary greatly in how susceptible they are to environmental influences. In humans, research has sought to link variation in plasticity to physiological traits such as stress reactivity, exposure to prenatal stress-related hormones such as cortisol, and specific genes involved in major neurobiological pathways. However, the determinants of individual differences in plasticity are still poorly understood. Here we present the novel hypothesis that, in both sexes, higher exposure to androgens during prenatal and early postnatal life should lead to increased plasticity in traits that display greater male variability (i.e., a majority of physical and behavioral traits). First, we review evidence of greater phenotypic variation and higher susceptibility to environmental factors in males; we then consider evolutionary models that explain greater male variability and plasticity as a result of sexual selection. These empirical and theoretical strands converge on the hypothesis that androgens may promote developmental plasticity, at least for traits that show greater male variability. We discuss a number of potential mechanisms that may mediate this effect (including upregulation of neural plasticity), and address the question of whether androgen-induced plasticity is likely to be adaptive or maladaptive. We conclude by offering suggestions for future studies in this area, and considering some research designs that could be used to empirically test our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Emily S Barrett
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hartman
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Sex differences in attachment styles have been found in adulthood, emerge as early as middle childhood, and can be sizable when described at the appropriate level of analysis. However, they have received relatively little attention in mainstream attachment research. Here I review the evidence of sex differences in attachment, including what is currently known about developmental patterns and cross-cultural variation. I summarize existing evolutionary models of sex differences, and discuss evidence for a role of prenatal and postnatal sex hormones. I highlight current theoretical and empirical gaps in the literature, and call for more integrative research on this fascinating topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The Mahalanobis distance D is the multivariate generalization of Cohen's d and can be used as a standardized effect size for multivariate differences between groups. An important issue in the interpretation of D is heterogeneity, that is, the extent to which contributions to the overall effect size are concentrated in a small subset of variables rather than evenly distributed across the whole set. Here I present two heterogeneity coefficients for D based on the Gini coefficient, a well-known index of inequality among values of a distribution. I discuss the properties and limitations of the two coefficients and illustrate their use by reanalyzing some published findings from studies of gender differences.
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Abstract
Expectations about the shape of statistical interactions play a crucial role in the study of differential susceptibility and other types of person-environment interplay. These expectations shape methodological guidelines and inform the interpretation of empirical findings; however, their logic has never been explicitly examined. This study is the first systematic exploration of the evolution of interaction shape in differential susceptibility. The model introduced here yields a number of novel insights; for example, interactions in differential susceptibility should usually be asymmetric and likely to be biased toward the prototypical shape of diathesis-stress models. This article also presents an exploratory analysis of interaction shape in recent empirical studies and ends with a discussion of the theoretical and methodological implications of the present findings.
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Del Giudice M. Differential susceptibility to the environment: Are developmental models compatible with the evidence from twin studies? Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1330-9. [PMID: 27455408 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to models of differential susceptibility, the same neurobiological and temperamental traits that determine increased sensitivity to stress and adversity also confer enhanced responsivity to the positive aspects of the environment. Differential susceptibility models have expanded to include complex developmental processes in which genetic variation interacts with exposure to early environmental factors, such as prenatal stress hormones and family conflict. In this study I employed a simulation approach to explore whether, and under what conditions, developmental models of differential susceptibility are compatible with the cumulative findings from twin studies of personality and behavior, which consistently show sizable effects of genetic and nonshared environmental factors and small to negligible effects of the shared environment. Simulation results showed that, to a first approximation, current alternative models of differential susceptibility are all equally compatible with the evidence from twin research; that sizable interaction effects involving individual differences in plasticity are plausible, but only if direct environmental effects are correspondingly weak; and that a major role of shared environmental factors is plausible in early development (consistent with the developmental mechanisms postulated in the differential susceptibility literature) but not in later development. These results support the general plausibility of differential susceptibility models and suggest some realistic constraints on their assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abstract
Individual differences in plasticity have been classically framed as genotype-by-environment interactions, with different genotypes showing different reaction norms in response to environmental conditions. However, research has shown that early experience can be a critical factor in shaping an individual's plasticity to later environmental factors. In other words, plasticity itself can be investigated as a developing trait that reflects the combined action of an individual's genes and previous interactions with the environment. In this paper I explore some implications of the idea that the early environment modulates long-term plasticity, with an emphasis on plasticity in behavioral traits. I begin by focusing on the mechanisms that mediate plasticity at the proximate level, and discussing the possibility that some traits may work as generalized mediators of plasticity by affecting the sensitivity of multiple phenol types across developmental contexts. I then tackle the complex problem of the evolution of reaction norms for plasticity. Next, I consider a number of potential implications for research on parental effects and phenotypic matching, and conclude by discussing how plasticity may become a target of evolutionary conflict between parents and offspring. In total, I aim to show how the idea of plasticity as a developing trait offers a rich source of questions and insights that may inform future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico. Logan Hall, 2001 Redondo Dr. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Del Giudice M, Klimczuk AC, Traficonte DM, Maestripieri D. Autistic-like and schizotypal traits in a life history perspective: diametrical associations with impulsivity, sensation seeking, and sociosexual behavior. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Del Giudice M. Life history plasticity in humans: the predictive value of early cues depends on the temporal structure of the environment. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132222. [PMID: 24523263 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, , Via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy
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