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Pezzi M, Scapoli C, Bharti M, Faucheux MJ, Chicca M, Leis M, Marchetti MG, Mamolini E, Salvia R, Falabella P, Bonacci T. Fine Structure of Maxillary Palps in Adults of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). J Med Entomol 2021; 58:658-665. [PMID: 33200778 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A relevant species in waste management but also in forensic, medical, and veterinary sciences is the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus; Diptera: Stratiomyidae). An ultrastructural study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted for the first time on maxillary palps of both sexes, describing in detail the morphology and distribution of sensilla and microtrichia. The maxillary palps, composed of two segments, show sexual dimorphism in length and shape. In both sexes, the first segment is covered only by microtrichia, but the second one is divided into two parts: the proximal one, covered only by microtrichia, and the distal one containing both microtrichia and sensory structures. These structures include two types of sensory pits and one of chaetic sensilla. Due to sexual dimorphism in palp size, females have a higher number of sensory pits. The sexual dimorphism of palps and the presence and role of sensilla in H. illucens was discussed in comparison to other species of the family Stratiomyidae and of other Diptera. This study may represent a base for further investigations on mouthpart structures of this species, involved in key physiological activities, such as feeding, mating and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Bharti
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | | | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M G Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Mamolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - T Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Pezzi M, Scapoli C, Chicca M, Leis M, Marchetti MG, Del Zingaro CNF, Vicentini CB, Mamolini E, Giangaspero A, Bonacci T. Cutaneous myiasis in cats and dogs: Cases, predisposing conditions and risk factors. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:378-384. [PMID: 33336900 PMCID: PMC8025654 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of cutaneous myiasis diagnosed in 2018 in Emilia‐Romagna region (northern Italy) were reported. The first one, described in a domestic cat Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae) and caused by Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was the first one of this type ever reported in Italy in cats. The second one was described in a domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris L. (Carnivora: Canidae) and caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and was unusual because it occurred in absence of lesions. An extensive literature search on cutaneous myiasis in these two domestic animal species was performed in order to draw attention to predisposing conditions and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marilena Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Mamolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annunziata Giangaspero
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Teresa Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Pezzi M, Leis M, Marchetti MG, Mamolini E, Del Zingaro CNF, Zanardi A, Scapoli C, Giangaspero A, Bonacci T. Urogenital myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a domestic rabbit in Italy. Vet Ital 2020; 56:213-215. [PMID: 33543918 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2061.10978.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The report describes a case of urogenital myiasis in a domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen; Diptera: Calliphoridae) in region Emilia-Romagna (Northern Italy). The case, occurring in June 2018, is the first one involving L. sericata as an agent of myiasis in a domestic rabbit in Italy. Species identification was based on morphological investigations of males through identification keys. The rabbit developed the urogenital myiasis as a consequence of chronic enteritis causing an accumulation of faeces in the perianal and perineal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marilena Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mamolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | - Annagiulia Zanardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Annunziata Giangaspero
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Teresa Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria,Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Pezzi M, Bonacci T, Leis M, Mamolini E, Marchetti MG, Krčmar S, Chicca M, Del Zingaro CNF, Faucheux MJ, Scapoli C. Myiasis in domestic cats: a global review. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:372. [PMID: 31358036 PMCID: PMC6664729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myiasis is an infestation caused by larvae of Diptera in humans and other vertebrates. In domestic cats, Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae), four dipteran families have been reported as agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis: Oestridae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae. Among agents of obligatory myiasis, the most frequent genus is Cuterebra Clark (Oestridae) and the most frequent species is Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Calliphoridae). Among the agents of facultative myiasis, the most frequent species is Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Calliphoridae). A survey of myiasis in cats reported in literature shows that the cases are distributed worldwide and linked to the geographical range of the dipteran species. Factors favouring the occurrence of myiasis in cats are prowling in infested areas, poor hygiene conditions due to diseases and/or neglect, and wounds inflicted during territorial or reproductive competition. The aim of the review is to provide an extended survey of literature on myiasis in cats, as general information and possible development of guidelines for veterinarians, entomologists and other researchers interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marilena Leis
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mamolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stjepan Krčmar
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Michel J. Faucheux
- Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie des Insectes Sociaux, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, B. P. 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Grandi G, Pezzi M, Marchetti MG, Chicca M. Immunocytochemical identification and ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in a cave fish, Phreatichthys andruzzii (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). J Fish Biol 2017; 90:1797-1822. [PMID: 28144938 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the pituitary gland and the chronological appearance of adenohypophyseal cells were investigated for the first time in the Somalian cave fish Phreatichthys andruzzii by immunocytochemistry. The adult adenohypophysis contained: a rostral pars distalis, with prolactin (PRL) cells arranged in follicles and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells, a proximal pars distalis with somatotropic (GH), β-thyrotropic (TSH), β-gonadotropic type I (FSH) and type II (LH) cells and a pars intermedia with α-somatolactin (SL), α-melanotropic (MSH) and β-endorphin (END) cells. All regions were deeply penetrated by neurohypophyseal branches. At hatching (24 h post-fertilization) the pituitary was an oval cell mass, close to the ventral margin of diencephalon. The first immunoreactive cells appeared as follows: PRL at 0·5 days after hatching (dah), GH and SL at 1·5 dah, END at 2 dah, TSH, ACTH and MSH at 2·5 dah, FSH at 28 dah and LH at 90 dah. The neurohypophysis appeared at 5 dah and branched extensively inside the adenohypophysis at 130 dah, but there was no boundary between rostral pars distalis and proximal pars distalis at this stage. The potential indices of prolactin and growth hormone production increased until 28 and 60 dah, respectively. The potential index of growth hormone production correlated positively with total length. Activity of PRL and GH cells, measured as ratio of cell area to nucleus area, was significantly higher in juveniles than in larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grandi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M G Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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Tamburini E, Costa S, Marchetti MG, Pedrini P. Optimized Production of Xylitol from Xylose Using a Hyper-Acidophilic Candida tropicalis. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1979-89. [PMID: 26295411 PMCID: PMC4598783 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida tropicalis DSM 7524 produces xylitol, a natural, low-calorie sweetener, by fermentation of xylose. In order to increase xylitol production rate during the submerged fermentation process, some parameters-substrate (xylose) concentration, pH, aeration rate, temperature and fermentation strategy-have been optimized. The maximum xylitol yield reached at 60-80 g/L initial xylose concentration, pH 5.5 at 37 °C was 83.66% (w/w) on consumed xylose in microaerophilic conditions (kLa = 2·h(-1)). Scaling up on 3 L fermenter, with a fed-batch strategy, the best xylitol yield was 86.84% (w/w), against a 90% of theoretical yield. The hyper-acidophilic behaviour of C. tropicalis makes this strain particularly promising for industrial application, due to the possibility to work in non-sterile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tamburini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Paola Pedrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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Tamburini E, Castaldelli G, Ferrari G, Marchetti MG, Pedrini P, Aschonitis VG. Onsite and online FT-NIR spectroscopy for the estimation of total nitrogen and moisture content in poultry manure. Environ Technol 2015; 36:2285-2294. [PMID: 25744206 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1026287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen and moisture of manure are highly variable parameters and depend on animal type, husbandry techniques, environmental conditions and storage time. The precision in manure dose estimation for crops fertilization depends on the total nitrogen and moisture content just before its incorporation in the field. The aim of the study is to develop a Fourier Transform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy method to determine the total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN%) and moisture (M%) of different types of poultry manure prior to land application. Samples covering a wide range of poultry types and different husbandry conditions were obtained from farms of North-Eastern Italy in order to develop the method. The method was calibrated (R(2) = 0.94 for TKN%, R(2) = 0.99 for M%) and validated (R(2) = 0.82 for TKN%, R(2) = 0.95 for M%) in the laboratory. An external validation was also performed in situ with independent samples, of similar origin to the previous data set, which were collected just before application in the field. Spectra acquisitions for these samples were carried out using the same instrumentation which was placed in a special vehicle for monitoring campaigns. The results showed satisfactory prediction accuracy (R(2) = 0.82 for TKN%, R(2) = 0.93 for M%). Finally, an additional analysis was performed to discriminate the different types of poultry effluents. The TKN and M measurements in the disposal areas indicated that current agronomic practices lead to more than double poultry manure oversupply. The proposed FT-NIR methodology aims to improve the current fertilization management and environmental protection by providing fast and precise estimations of poultry manure doses prior to land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tamburini
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Tamburini E, Ferrari G, Marchetti MG, Pedrini P, Ferro S. Development of FT-NIR models for the simultaneous estimation of chlorophyll and nitrogen content in fresh apple (Malus domestica) leaves. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:2662-79. [PMID: 25629703 PMCID: PMC4367326 DOI: 10.3390/s150202662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural practices determine the level of food production and, to great extent, the state of the global environment. During the last decades, the indiscriminate recourse to fertilizers as well as the nitrogen losses from land application have been recognized as serious issues of modern agriculture, globally contributing to nitrate pollution. The development of a reliable Near-Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS)-based method, for the simultaneous monitoring of nitrogen and chlorophyll in fresh apple (Malus domestica) leaves, was investigated on a set of 133 samples, with the aim of estimating the nutritional and physiological status of trees, in real time, cheaply and non-destructively. By means of a FT (Fourier Transform)-NIR instrument, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models were developed, spanning a concentration range of 0.577%–0.817% for the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content (R2 = 0.983; SEC = 0.012; SEP = 0.028), and of 1.534–2.372 mg/g for the total chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.941; SEC = 0.132; SEP = 0.162). Chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b contents were also evaluated (R2 = 0.913; SEC = 0.076; SEP = 0.101 and R2 = 0.899; SEC = 0.059; SEP = 0.101, respectively). All calibration models were validated by means of 47 independent samples. The NIR approach allows a rapid evaluation of the nitrogen and chlorophyll contents, and may represent a useful tool for determining nutritional and physiological status of plants, in order to allow a correction of nutrition programs during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tamburini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ferrari
- CHI Italia S.r.l., Via Galileo Galilei, 34, Cornaredo (MI) 20010, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Paola Pedrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Sergio Ferro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-27, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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Grandi G, Marchetti MG, Lanzoni M, Chicca M. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural identification of adenohypophyseal cells in Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) during gonadal differentiation. Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:1115-1139. [PMID: 24448717 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The adenohypophysis was studied by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from natural reproduction in Northern Italian rivers. The adenohypophysis included the rostral pars distalis (RPD), the proximal pars distalis (PPD) and the pars intermedia (PI), all deeply penetrated by branches of the neurohypophysis (Nh). The prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), somatotropic (GH), thyrotropic (TSH), gonadotropic type I (GtH I) and type II (GtH II), somatolactin (SL), melanotropic (MSH) and endorphin (END) cells were identified with antisera raised against piscine and human pituitary hormones. In juveniles of 51-69 mm of total body length (TL) with undifferentiated gonads, the PRL cells, arranged in thick strands, occupied most of the RPD. The ACTH and GH cells organized in cords bordering Nh were, respectively, confined to RPD and PPD. The TSH cells were scattered among ACTH cells in RPD and among GH cells in PPD. Cells simultaneously immunoreactive to anti-follicle stimulating hormone and to anti-croaker gonadotropin were intermingled among GH and TSH cells, which were mostly in the dorsal PPD. The SL cells were detected in PI layers bordering the Nh. The MSH and END cells were intermingled in PI and, unlike what observed in other teleosts, their respective antisera did not cross-react. In individuals of 78-112 mm TL with gonads at the beginning of differentiation, the GtH II cells were detected in PPD; all other cell types increased in number. These results, supported by ultrastructural investigations, suggest that SL and GtH II cells are directly involved in gonadal differentiation in C. idella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Grandi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy,
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Galeotti M, Romano N, Volpatti D, Bulfon C, Brunetti A, Tiscar PG, Mosca F, Bertoni F, Marchetti MG, Abelli L. Innovative vaccination protocol against vibriosis in Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) juveniles: Improvement of immune parameters and protection to challenge. Vaccine 2013; 31:1224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Decontaminating mats made of several layers of adhesive sheets (water-based acrylic 6 g/m2) supplemented with a bactericidal agent (3-1 benzoisothiazolin) at a concentration of 25% were placed in the passages providing access to the operating rooms of an orthopaedic service. Contact plates containing tryptone soy agar were used to assess bacterial concentration at specific points in front of and beyond the mats. For trolley passageways two areas were defined: central and lateral paths, corresponding to the areas walked upon by the personnel pushing the trolleys and to the paths covered by the trolley wheels, respectively. In order to exclude a simple mechanical effect, a comparison of bacterial loads at defined sites beyond the mats was carried out in the presence and in the absence of decontaminating mats. Bacterial colony counts in the presence of decontaminating mats were substantially and statistically significantly reduced compared with the absence of mats. The lower mean number of colony-forming units detected at points located beyond the mats parallels this finding; this difference is also statistically significant. We thus conclude that decontaminating mats are potentially useful in decreasing micro-organism carry-over due to personnel or the passage of trolleys into areas at high risk of infection such as operating rooms.
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Marchetti MG, Kampf G, Finzi G, Salvatorelli G. Evaluation of the bactericidal effect of five products for surgical hand disinfection according to prEN 12054 and prEN 12791. J Hosp Infect 2003; 54:63-7. [PMID: 12767849 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surgical hand disinfection (with an alcohol-based hand rub) and surgical handwash (with an antiseptic-based liquid soap) are accepted measures to reduce the risk for surgical site infections. The new European Standards allow a comparison of their antimicrobial efficacy. The bactericidal activity of surgical hand rubs [Sterillium and Softaman, (active ingredient=alcohols)] and handwashes [Derman plus (triclosan), Hibiscrub (chlorhexidine) and Betadine (PVP-iodine)] was tested according to the prEN 12054 suspension test using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus hirae, and to prEN 12791 for the effect on resident skin flora in comparison with 1-propanol, 60% (v/v). All five products achieved a reduction of test bacteria within 3 min of >10(5)-fold so fulfilling prEN 12054. However, only Hibiscrub, Sterillium and Softa Man met the requirements of prEN 12791, giving a mean reduction of resident micro-organisms (immediate and sustained effect) which was not significantly lower than the reference alcohol (P>0.1; Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). Sterillium was significantly more effective than the reference alcohol (immediate and sustained affect). Products for surgical hand disinfection may have equal antimicrobial activity in suspension tests but show large differences under practical conditions. Healthcare workers should not rely on results from suspension tests when deciding on a product for surgical hand disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marchetti
- Cattedra di Citologia ed Istologia, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Marchetti MG, Salvatorelli G, Finzi G, Cugini P. Endoscope washers--a protocol for their use. J Hosp Infect 2000; 46:210-5. [PMID: 11073730 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the disinfection of gastroduodenoscopes, retrograde cholangiopancreatography endoscopes and colonoscopes using endoscope washers is described. The process recommends initial manual washing with a disinfectant containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride, surfactants and enzymes, a second washing in the endoscope washer using a detergent associated with a bacteriostatic, fungistatic substance (benzoisothiazolone) and finally the use of a 2% glutaraldehyde product buffered at pH6. After treatment with 2% Steranios added to the washer, less than 1 micro-organism/ml liquid was found in the following units: 83% of the colonoscopes, 83% of the oesophagogastroduodenoscopes, 83% of the main channels of the retrograde cholangiopancreatography endoscopes and 75% of the auxiliary channels of the latter instruments. In 14% of the colonoscopes, 42% of the gastroduodenoscopes, 42% of the main and 50% of auxiliary channels in the retrograde cholangiopancreatography endoscopes there were no signs of microbial growth in the wash liquid. The results obtained indicated that this protocol allowed adequate disinfection of the endoscope channels, structurally the most difficult part of the instrument to disinfect. Emphasis is given to the degree by which instrument contamination can increase during overnight storage, suggesting that endoscopes need to be submitted to further disinfection after overnight storage. Moreover, the water flowing into the washers can also cause instrument recontamination, particularly during the final rinses. Therefore, to better safeguard the health of patients undergoing endoscopy, special care must be taken to maintain the filters and disinfect the washers themselves, no matter how effective the disinfection protocol used may be.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marchetti
- Cattedra di Citologia ed Istologia, Università di, Ferrara, Italy
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Rosaspina S, Salvatorelli G, Marchetti MG, Callegarini CA. [Effect of Ara-C on chick embryo erythropoiesis: hemoglobin pattern]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1993; 69:173-7. [PMID: 8129896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present work studies the ability of cytoarabine (Ara C) to modify temporal regulation of hemoglobin synthesis in chicken embryos. Thus different concentrations of Ara C were injected into fertilized chicken eggs after 94 hours of incubation. Blood samples were taken from both treated and control embryos on the 7th and 8th day of incubation. 1) Ara C 4.1 x 10(-3) M: embryo mortality is total and takes place upon injection. 2) Ara C 4.1 x 10(-5) M: no significant difference was seen between hemoglobin patterns in the treated and control embryos. 3) Ara C 4.1 x 10(-4) M: a delay of at least 24 hours in hemoglobin switch-over is seen in the treated embryos. In fact, at the 7th day adult hemoglobin fractions A and D have not yet appeared while, on the 8th day, embryonic fraction P is still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rosaspina
- Istituto di Anatomia Comparata, Università di Ferrara
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