1
|
Fisher JM, Williams ML, Palmer JR, Powers-Riggs NE, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Long-Lived Charge Separation in Single Crystals of an Electron Donor Covalently Linked to Four Acceptor Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9911-9919. [PMID: 38530990 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Crystalline donor-acceptor (D-A) systems serve as an excellent platform for studying CT exciton creation, migration, and dissociation into free charge carriers for solar energy conversion. Donor-acceptor cocrystals have been utilized to develop an understanding of CT exciton formation in ordered organic solids; however, the strong electronic coupling of the D and A units can sometimes limit charge separation lifetimes due to their close proximity. Covalent D-A systems that preorganize specific donor-acceptor structures can assist in engineering crystal morphologies that promote long-lived charge separation to overcome this limitation. Here we investigate photogenerated CT exciton formation in a single crystal of a 2,5,8,11-tetraphenylperylene (PerPh4) donor to which four identical naphthalene-(1,4:5,8)-bis(dicarboximide) (NDI) electron acceptors are covalently attached at the para positions of the PerPh4 phenyl groups to yield PerPh4-NDI4. X-ray crystallography shows that the four NDIs pack pairwise into two distinct motifs. Two NDI acceptors of one PerPh4-NDI4 are positioned over the PerPh4 donors of adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules with the donor and acceptor π-systems having a large dihedral angle between them, while the other two NDIs of PerPh4-NDI4 form xylene-NDI van der Waals π-stacks with the corresponding NDIs in adjacent PerPh4-NDI4 molecules. Upon selective photoexcitation of PerPh4 in the single crystal, CT exciton formation occurs in <300 fs yielding electron-hole pairs that live for more than ∼16 μs. This demonstrates the effectiveness of covalently linked D-A systems for engineering single crystal structures that promote efficient and long-lived charge separation for solar energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Natalia E Powers-Riggs
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen TL, Salij A, Parrish KA, Rasch JK, Zinna F, Brown PJ, Pescitelli G, Urraci F, Aronica LA, Dhavamani A, Arnold MS, Wasielewski MR, di Bari L, Tempelaar R, Goldsmith RH. A 2D chiral microcavity based on apparent circular dichroism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3072. [PMID: 38594293 PMCID: PMC11004002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineering asymmetric transmission between left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light in planar Fabry-Pérot (FP) microcavities would enable a variety of chiral light-matter phenomena, with applications in spintronics, polaritonics, and chiral lasing. Such symmetry breaking, however, generally requires Faraday rotators or nanofabricated polarization-preserving mirrors. We present a simple solution requiring no nanofabrication to induce asymmetric transmission in FP microcavities, preserving low mode volumes by embedding organic thin films exhibiting apparent circular dichroism (ACD); an optical phenomenon based on 2D chirality. Importantly, ACD interactions are opposite for counter-propagating light. Consequently, we demonstrated asymmetric transmission of cavity modes over an order of magnitude larger than that of the isolated thin film. Through circular dichroism spectroscopy, Mueller matrix ellipsometry, and simulation using theoretical scattering matrix methods, we characterize the spatial, spectral, and angular chiroptical responses of this 2D chiral microcavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ling Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Andrew Salij
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Katherine A Parrish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Julia K Rasch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, PI, 56124, Italy
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, PI, 56124, Italy
| | - Francesco Urraci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, PI, 56124, Italy
| | - Laura A Aronica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, PI, 56124, Italy
| | - Abitha Dhavamani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lorenzo di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13, Pisa, PI, 56124, Italy
| | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watkins NE, Diroll BT, Williams KR, Liu Y, Greene CL, Wasielewski MR, Schaller RD. Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Electron-Hole Quantum Droplets in Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9605-9612. [PMID: 38497777 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional cadmium selenide nanoplatelets (NPLs) exhibit large absorption cross sections and homogeneously broadened band-edge transitions that offer utility in wide-ranging optoelectronic applications. Here, we examine the temperature-dependence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in 4- and 5-monolayer thick NPLs and show that the threshold for close-packed (neat) films decreases with decreasing temperature by a factor of 2-10 relative to ambient temperature owing to extrinsic (trapping) and intrinsic (phonon-derived line width) factors. Interestingly, for pump intensities that exceed the ASE threshold, we find development of intense emission to lower energy in particular provided that the film temperature is ≤200 K. For NPLs diluted in an inert polymer, both biexcitonic ASE and low-energy emission are suppressed, suggesting that described neat-film observables rely upon high chromophore density and rapid, collective processes. Transient emission spectra reveal ultrafast red-shifting with the time of the lower energy emission. Taken together, these findings indicate a previously unreported process of amplified stimulated emission from polyexciton states that is consistent with quantum droplets and constitutes a form of exciton condensate. For studied samples, quantum droplets form provided that roughly 17 meV or less of thermal energy is available, which we hypothesize relates to polyexciton binding energy. Polyexciton ASE can produce pump-fluence-tunable red-shifted ASE even 120 meV lower in energy than biexciton ASE. Our findings convey the importance of biexciton and polyexciton populations in nanoplatelets and show that quantum droplets can exhibit light amplification at significantly lower photon energies than biexcitonic ASE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas E Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kali R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chelsie L Greene
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harvey SM, Olshansky JH, Li A, Panuganti S, Kanatzidis MG, Hupp JT, Wasielewski MR, Schaller RD. Ligand Desorption and Fragmentation in Oleate-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals under High-Intensity Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3732-3741. [PMID: 38301030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) offer prospective use as active optical elements in photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photocatalysts due to their tunable optical absorption and emission properties, high stability, and scalable solution processing, as well as compatibility with additive manufacturing routes. Over the course of experiments, during device fabrication, or while in use commercially, these materials are often subjected to intense or prolonged electronic excitation and high carrier densities. The influence of such conditions on ligand integrity and binding remains underexplored. Here, we expose CdSe NCs to laser excitation and monitor changes in oleate that is covalently attached to the NC surface using nuclear magnetic resonance as a function of time and laser intensity. Higher photon doses cause increased rates of ligand loss from the particles, with upward of 50% total ligand desorption measured for the longest, most intense excitation. Surprisingly, for a range of excitation intensities, fragmentation of the oleate is detected and occurs concomitantly with formation of aldehydes, terminal alkenes, H2, and water. After illumination, NC size, shape, and bandgap remain constant although low-energy absorption features (Urbach tails) develop in some samples, indicating formation of substantial trap states. The observed reaction chemistry, which here occurs with low photon to chemical conversion efficiency, suggests that ligand reactivity may require examination for improved NC dispersion stability but can also be manipulated to yield desired photocatalytically accessed chemical species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alice Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shobhana Panuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Panariti D, Conron SM, Zhang J, Wasielewski MR, Di Valentin M, Tait CE. Control of excitation selectivity in pulse EPR on spin-correlated radical pairs with shaped pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3842-3856. [PMID: 38221856 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Spin-correlated radical pairs generated by photoinduced electron transfer are characterised by a distinctive spin polarisation and a unique behaviour in pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Under non-selective excitation, an out-of-phase echo signal modulated by the dipolar and exchange coupling interactions characterising the radical pair is observed and allows extraction of geometric information in the two-pulse out-of-phase electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiment. The investigation of the role of spin-correlated radical pairs in a variety of biological processes and in the fundamental mechanisms underlying device function in optoelectronics, as well as their potential use in quantum information science, relies on the ability to precisely address and manipulate the spins using microwave pulses. Here, we explore the use of shaped pulses for controlled narrowband selective and broadband non-selective excitation of spin-correlated radical pairs in two model donor-bridge-acceptor triads, characterised by different spectral widths, at X- and Q-band frequencies. We demonstrate selective excitation with close to rectangular excitation profiles using BURP (band-selective, uniform response, pure-phase) pulses and complete non-selective excitation of both spins of the radical pair using frequency-swept chirp pulses. The use of frequency-swept pulses in out-of-phase ESEEM experiments enables increased modulation depths and, combined with echo transient detection and Fourier transformation, correlation of the dipolar frequencies with the EPR spectrum and therefore the potential to extract additional information on the donor-acceptor pair geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Panariti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sarah M Conron
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physics Program, and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | - Claudia E Tait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin C, O'Connor JP, Phelan BT, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Ultrafast Charge Transfer Dynamics in a Slip-Stacked Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor System. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:244-250. [PMID: 38153126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of molecular electron donor and/or acceptor chromophore aggregates can greatly affect their charge-transfer dynamics. Excitonic coupling not only alters the energy landscape in the excited state but may also open new photophysical pathways, such as symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS). Here, we investigate the impact of excitonic coupling on a covalent donor-acceptor-acceptor system comprising a perylene donor (Per) and two perylenediimide (PDI) acceptor chromophores in which the three components are π-stacked in a geometry that is slipped along their long axes (Per-PDI2). Following selective photoexcitation of PDI, femtosecond transient absorption data for Per-PDI2 is compared to that for the single-donor, single-acceptor Per-PDI system, and the PDI2 dimer, which both have the same interchromophore geometry as Per-PDI2. The data show that electron transfer from Per to the lower exciton state of the PDI dimer is slower than that of the single PDI acceptor system. This is due to the lower free energy of the reaction for charge separation because of the electronic stabilization afforded by the excitonic coupling between the PDIs. While PDI2 was shown previously to undergo ultrafast SB-CS, the strong π-π electronic interaction of Per with the adjacent PDI in Per-PDI2 breaks the electronic symmetry of the PDI dimer, resulting in the oxidation of Per rather than SB-CS. These results show that the electronic coupling between molecules designed to accept charges produced by SB-CS in molecular dimers and the chromophores comprising the dimer must be balanced to favor SB-CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Palmer JR, Williams ML, Young RM, Peinkofer KR, Phelan BT, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Oriented Triplet Excitons as Long-Lived Electron Spin Qutrits in a Molecular Donor-Acceptor Single Cocrystal. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1089-1099. [PMID: 38156609 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The photogeneration of multiple unpaired electron spins within molecules is a promising route to applications in quantum information science because they can be initialized into well-defined, multilevel quantum states (S > 1/2) and reproducibly fabricated by chemical synthesis. However, coherent manipulation of these spin states is difficult to realize in typical molecular systems due to the lack of selective addressability and short coherence times of the spin transitions. Here, these challenges are addressed by using donor-acceptor single cocrystals composed of pyrene and naphthalene dianhydride to host spatially oriented triplet excitons, which exhibit promising photogenerated qutrit properties. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy demonstrates that spatially orienting triplet excitons in a single crystal platform imparts narrow, well-resolved, tunable resonances in the triplet EPR spectrum, allowing selective addressability of the spin sublevel transitions. Pulse-EPR spectroscopy reveals that at temperatures above 30 K, spin decoherence of these triplet excitons is driven by exciton diffusion. However, coherence is limited by electronic spin dipolar coupling below 30 K, where T2 varies nonlinearly with the optical excitation density due to exciton annihilation. Overall, an optimized coherence time of T2 = 7.1 μs at 20 K is achieved. These results provide important insights into designing solid-state molecular excitonic materials with improved spin qutrit properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kathryn R Peinkofer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu Y, Eckvahl HJ, Equbal A, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Enhancing Coherence Times of Chromophore-Radical Molecular Qubits and Qudits by Rational Design. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25903-25909. [PMID: 37963349 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
An important criterion for quantum operations is long qubit coherence times. To elucidate the influence of molecular structure on the coherence times of molecular spin qubits and qudits, a series of molecules featuring perylenediimide (PDI) chromophores covalently linked to stable nitroxide radicals were synthesized and investigated by pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Photoexcitation of PDI in these systems creates an excited quartet state (Q) followed by a spin-polarized doublet ground state (D0), which hold promise as spin qudits and qubits, respectively. By tailoring the molecular structure of these spin qudit/qubit candidates by selective deuteration and eliminating intramolecular motion, coherence times of Tm = 9.1 ± 0.3 and 4.2 ± 0.3 μs at 85 K for D0 and Q, respectively, are achieved. These coherence times represent a nearly 3-fold enhancement compared to those of the initial molecular design. This approach offers a rational structural design protocol for effectively extending coherence times in molecular spin qudits/qubits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Hannah J Eckvahl
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bradley JM, Coleman AF, Brown PJ, Huang Y, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Harvesting electrons and holes from photodriven symmetry-breaking charge separation within a perylenediimide photosynthetic model dimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313575120. [PMID: 37983509 PMCID: PMC10691211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313575120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to utilize symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) offers a path toward increasingly efficient light-harvesting technologies. This process plays a central role in the first step of photosynthesis, in which the dimeric "special pair" of the photosynthetic reaction center enters a coherent SB-CS state after photoexcitation. Previous research on SB-CS in both biological and synthetic chromophore dimers has focused on increasing the efficiency of light-driven processes. In a chromophore dimer undergoing SB-CS, the energy of the radical ion pair product is nearly isoenergetic with that of the lowest excited singlet (S1) state of the dimer. This means that very little energy is lost from the absorbed photon. In principle, the relatively high energy electron and hole generated by SB-CS within the chromophore dimer can each be transferred to adjacent charge acceptors to extend the lifetime of the electron-hole pair, which can increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion. To investigate this possibility, we have designed a bis-perylenediimide cyclophane (mPDI2) covalently linked to a secondary electron donor, peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) and a secondary electron acceptor, partially fluorinated naphthalenediimide (FNDI). Upon selective photoexcitation of mPDI2, transient absorption spectroscopy shows that mPDI2 undergoes SB-CS, followed by two secondary charge transfer reactions to generate a PXX•+-mPDI2-FNDI•- radical ion pair having a nearly 3 µs lifetime. This strategy has the potential to increase the efficiency of molecular systems for artificial photosynthesis and photovoltaics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M. Bradley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| | - Adam F. Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| | - Paige J. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
- Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208-3113
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eckvahl HJ, Tcyrulnikov NA, Chiesa A, Bradley JM, Young RM, Carretta S, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Direct observation of chirality-induced spin selectivity in electron donor-acceptor molecules. Science 2023; 382:197-201. [PMID: 37824648 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of chirality in determining the spin dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer in donor-acceptor molecules remains an open question. Although chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) has been demonstrated in molecules bound to substrates, experimental information about whether this process influences spin dynamics in the molecules themselves is lacking. Here we used time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to show that CISS strongly influences the spin dynamics of isolated covalent donor-chiral bridge-acceptor (D-Bχ-A) molecules in which selective photoexcitation of D is followed by two rapid, sequential electron-transfer events to yield D•+-Bχ-A•-. Exploiting this phenomenon affords the possibility of using chiral molecular building blocks to control electron spin states in quantum information applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Eckvahl
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Nikolai A Tcyrulnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Alessandro Chiesa
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jillian M Bradley
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Stefano Carretta
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Privitera A, Faccio D, Giuri D, Latawiec EI, Genovese D, Tassinari F, Mummolo L, Chiesa M, Fontanesi C, Salvadori E, Cornia A, Wasielewski MR, Tomasini C, Sessoli R. Challenges in the Direct Detection of Chirality-induced Spin Selectivity: Investigation of Foldamer-based Donor-acceptor Dyads. Chemistry 2023:e202301005. [PMID: 37677125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was reported in several experiments disclosing a unique connection between chirality and electron spin. Recent theoretical works highlighted time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (trEPR) as a powerful tool to directly detect the spin polarization resulting from CISS. Here, we report a first attempt to detect CISS at the molecular level by linking the pyrene electron donor to the fullerene acceptor with chiral peptide bridges of different length and electric dipole moment. The dyads are investigated by an array of techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, steady-state and transient optical spectroscopies, and trEPR. Despite the promising energy alignment of the electronic levels, our multi-technique analysis reveals no evidence of electron transfer (ET), highlighting the challenges of spectroscopic detection of CISS. However, the analysis allows the formulation of guidelines for the design of chiral organic model systems suitable to directly probe CISS-polarized ET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Privitera
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Faccio
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Demetra Giuri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabeth I Latawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and, INSTM Research Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Liviana Mummolo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Department of Engineering "E. Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Cornia
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and, INSTM Research Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Claudia Tomasini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Jones LO, Azad CS, Ovalle M, Brown PJ, Stern CL, Zhao X, Malaisrie L, Schatz GC, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Exciplex Emission and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Bischromophoric Cyclophanes and Homo[2]catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18391-18401. [PMID: 37565777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer and exciplex emission are not only crucial photophysical processes in many living organisms but also important for the development of smart photonic materials. We report, herein, the rationally designed synthesis and characterization of two highly charged bischromophoric homo[2]catenanes and one cyclophane incorporating a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., anthracene, pyrene, and perylene, which are intrinsically capable of supporting energy transfer and exciplex formation. The possible coconformations of the homo[2]catenanes, on account of their dynamic behavior, have been probed by Density Functional Theory calculations. The unique photophysical properties of these exotic molecules have been explored by steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The tetracationic pyrene-perylene cyclophane system exhibits emission emanating from a highly efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism which occurs in 48 ps, while the octacationic homo[2]catenane displays a weak exciplex photoluminescence following extremely fast (<0.3 ps) exciplex formation. The in-depth fundamental understanding of these photophysical processes involved in the fluorescence of bischromophoric cyclophanes and homo[2]catenanes paves the way for their use in future bioapplications and photonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chandra S Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luke Malaisrie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han H, Huang Y, Tang C, Liu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Song B, Li X, Wu G, Wu Y, Zhang R, Jiao Y, Zhao X, Chen XY, Wu H, Stern CL, Ma Y, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Spin-Frustrated Trisradical Trication of PrismCage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18402-18413. [PMID: 37578165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic trisradicals featuring threefold symmetry have attracted significant interest because of their unique magnetic properties associated with spin frustration. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a triangular prism-shaped organic cage for which we have coined the name PrismCage6+ and its trisradical trication─TR3(•+). PrismCage6+ is composed of three 4,4'-bipyridinium dications and two 1,3,5-phenylene units bridged by six methylene groups. In the solid state, PrismCage6+ adopts a highly twisted conformation with close to C3 symmetry as a result of encapsulating one PF6- anion as a guest. PrismCage6+ undergoes stepwise reduction to its mono-, di-, and trisradical cations in MeCN on account of strong electronic communication between its 4,4'-bipyridinium units. TR3(•+), which is obtained by the reduction of PrismCage6+ employing CoCp2, adopts a triangular prism-shaped conformation with close to C2v symmetry in the solid state. Temperature-dependent continuous-wave and nutation-frequency-selective electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of TR3(•+) in frozen N,N-dimethylformamide indicate its doublet ground state. The doublet-quartet energy gap of TR3(•+) is estimated to be -0.08 kcal mol-1, and the critical temperature of spin-state conversion is found to be ca. 50 K, suggesting that it displays pronounced spin frustration at the molecular level. To the best of our knowledge, this example is the first organic radical cage to exhibit spin frustration. The trisradical trication of PrismCage6+ opens up new possibilities for fundamental investigations and potential applications in the fields of both organic cages and spin chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moisanu CM, Jacobberger RM, Skala LP, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Dichtel WR. Crystalline Arrays of Copper Porphyrin Qubits Based on Ion-Paired Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18447-18454. [PMID: 37552123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronic spin qubits have great potential for use in quantum information science applications because their structure can be rationally tuned using synthetic chemistry. Their integration into a new class of materials, ion-paired frameworks, allows for the formation of ordered arrays of these molecular spin qubits. Three ion-paired frameworks with varying densities of paramagnetic Cu(II) porphyrins were isolated as micron-sized crystals suitable for characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Pulse-electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy probed the spin coherence of these materials at temperatures up to 140 K. The crystals with the longest Cu-Cu distances had a spin-spin relaxation time (Tm) of 207 ns and a spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of 1.8 ms at 5 K, which decreased at elevated temperature because of spin-phonon coupling. Crystals with shorter Cu-Cu distances also had lower T1 values because of enhanced cross-relaxation from qubit-qubit dipolar coupling. Frameworks with shorter Cu-Cu distances exhibited lower Tm values because of the increased interactions between qubits within the frameworks. Incorporating molecular electronic spin qubits in ion-paired frameworks enables control of composition, spacing, and interqubit interactions, providing a rational means to extend spin relaxation times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casandra M Moisanu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luke P Skala
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yun YJ, Lorenzo ER, Berl AJ, Sklar JH, Fuller EJ, Woods EF, Kantt LP, Eckdahl CT, Wasielewski MR, Haines BE, Kalow JA. Correction to "Light Directs Monomer Coordination in Catalyst-Free Grignard Photopolymerization". J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16285-16286. [PMID: 37462433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
|
16
|
Xie F, Mao H, Lin C, Feng Y, Stoddart JF, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Sensing of Electric Fields Using Spin-Correlated Radical Ion Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37364237 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing affords the possibility of using quantum entanglement to probe electromagnetic fields with exquisite sensitivity. In this work, we show that a photogenerated spin-correlated radical ion pair (SCRP) can be used to sense an electric field change created at one radical ion of the pair using molecular recognition. The SCRP is generated within a covalent donor-chromophore-acceptor system PXX-PMI-NDI, 1, where PXX = peri-xanthenoxanthene, PMI = 1,6-bis(p-t-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4-dicarboximide, and NDI = naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide). The electron-rich PXX donor in 1 acts as a guest molecule that can be encapsulated selectively by a tetracationic cyclophane ExBox4+ host to give a supramolecular complex 1 ⊂ ExBox4+. Selective photoexcitation of the PMI chromophore results in ultrafast generation of the PXX•+-PMI-NDI•- SCRP. When PXX is encapsulated by ExBox4+, the cyclophane generates an electric field that repels the positive charge on PXX•+ within PXX•+-PMI-NDI•-, reducing the SCRP distance, i.e., the distance between the centers-of-charge on the donor and acceptor. Pulse-EPR measurements are used to measure the coherent oscillations created primarily by the electron-electron dipolar coupling in the SCRP, which yields the distance between the two charges (spins) of PXX•+-PMI-NDI•-. The experimental results show that the distance between PXX•+ and NDI•- decreases when ExBox4+ encapsulates PXX•+, which demonstrates that the SCRP can function as a quantum sensor to detect electric field changes in the vicinity of the radical ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangbai Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pazera GJ, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Pulse sequences for manipulating the spin states of molecular radical-pair-based electron spin qubit systems for quantum information applications. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2893492. [PMID: 37254961 DOI: 10.1063/5.0145278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular qubits are an emerging platform in quantum information science due to the unmatched structural control that chemical design and synthesis provide compared to other leading qubit technologies. This theoretical study investigates pulse sequence protocols for spin-correlated radical pairs, which are important molecular spin qubit pair (SQP) candidates. Here, we introduce improved microwave pulse protocols for enhancing the execution times of quantum logic gates based on SQPs. Significantly, this study demonstrates that the proposed pulse sequences effectively remove certain contributions from nuclear spin effects on spin dynamics, which are a common source of decoherence. Additionally, we have analyzed the factors that control the fidelity of the SQP spin state, following the application of the controlled-NOT gate. It was found that higher magnetic fields introduce a high frequency oscillation in the fidelity. Thereupon, it is suggested that further research should be geared toward executing quantum gates at lower magnetic field values. In addition, an absolute bound of the fidelity outcome due to decoherence is determined, which clearly identifies the important factors that control gate execution. Finally, examples of the application of these pulse sequences to SQPs are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas J Pazera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Knapp JG, Wang X, Rosen AS, Wang X, Gong X, Schneider M, Elkin T, Kirlikovali KO, Fairley M, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Gianneschi NC, Snurr RQ, Farha OK. Evidence of a Uranium-Paddlewheel Node in a Catecholate-Based Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202305526. [PMID: 37208812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between uranium and non-innocent organic species are an essential component of fundamental uranium redox chemistry. However, they have seldom been explored in the context of multidimensional, porous materials. Uranium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a new angle to study these interactions, as these self-assembled species stabilize uranium species through immobilization by organic linkers within a crystalline framework, while potentially providing a method for adjusting metal oxidation state through coordination of non-innocent linkers. We report the synthesis of the MOF NU-1700, assembled from U4+-paddlewheel nodes and catecholate-based linkers. We propose this highly unusual structure, which contains two U4+ in a paddlewheel built from four linkers - a first among uranium materials - as a result of extensive characterization via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), sorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in addition to density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Knapp
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Xijun Wang
- Northwestern University, 2Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Andrew S Rosen
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Xinyi Gong
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Matthew Schneider
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, UNITED STATES
| | - Tatyana Elkin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Melissa Fairley
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | - Randall Q Snurr
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Omar K Farha
- Northwestern University, Chemistry, 2145 sheridan rd, 60208, Evanston, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chiesa A, Privitera A, Macaluso E, Mannini M, Bittl R, Naaman R, Wasielewski MR, Sessoli R, Carretta S. Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity: An Enabling Technology for Quantum Applications. Adv Mater 2023:e2300472. [PMID: 37170702 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular spins are promising building blocks of future quantum technologies thanks to the unparalleled flexibility provided by chemistry, which allows the design of complex structures targeted for specific applications. However, their weak interaction with external stimuli makes it difficult to access their state at the single-molecule level, a fundamental tool for their use, for example, in quantum computing and sensing. Here, an innovative solution exploiting the interplay between chirality and magnetism using the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect on electron transfer processes is foreseen. It is envisioned to use a spin-to-charge conversion mechanism that can be realized by connecting a molecular spin qubit to a dyad where an electron donor and an electron acceptor are linked by a chiral bridge. By numerical simulations based on realistic parameters, it is shown that the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect could enable initialization, manipulation, and single-spin readout of molecular qubits and qudits even at relatively high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Chiesa
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, I-43124, Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alberto Privitera
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), University of Florence, I-50139, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emilio Macaluso
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, I-43124, Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Mannini
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Carretta
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, I-43124, Parma, Italy
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, gruppo collegato di Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), I-50121, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Roy I, Myong MS, Seale JSW, Cai K, Jiao Y, Liu W, Song B, Zhang L, Zhao X, Feng Y, Liu F, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in a Porphyrinic Molecular Container. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10061-10070. [PMID: 37098077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a photophysical phenomenon that can yield high-energy emitting photons from low-energy incident light. TTA-UC is believed to fuse two triplet excitons into a singlet exciton through several consecutive energy-conversion processes. When organic aromatic dyes─i.e., sensitizers and annihilators─are used in TTA-UC, intermolecular distances, as well as relative orientations between the two chromophores, are important in an attempt to attain high upconversion efficiencies. Herein, we demonstrate a host-guest strategy─e.g., a cage-like molecular container incorporating two porphyrinic sensitizers and encapsulating two perylene emitters inside its cavity─to harness photon upconversion. Central to this design is tailoring the cavity size (9.6-10.4 Å) of the molecular container so that it can host two annihilators with a suitable [π···π] distance (3.2-3.5 Å). The formation of a complex with a host:guest ratio of 1:2 between a porphyrinic molecular container and perylene was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as by DFT calculations. We have obtained TTA-UC yielding blue emission at 470 nm when the complex is excited with low-energy photons. This proof-of-concept demonstrates that TTA-UC can take place in one supermolecule by bringing together the sensitizers and annihilators. Our investigations open up some new opportunities for addressing several issues associated with supramolecular photon upconversion, such as sample concentrations, molecular aggregation, and penetration depths, which have relevance to biological imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michele S Myong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fangjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
David AHG, Garci A, Abid S, Li X, Young RM, Seale JSW, Hornick JE, Azad CS, Jiao Y, Roy I, Akpinar I, Kesharwani T, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Divinylanthracene-Containing Tetracationic Organic Cyclophane with Near-Infrared Photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9182-9190. [PMID: 37042705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) light is known to have outstanding optical penetration in biological tissues and to be non-invasive to cells compared with visible light. These characteristics make NIR-specific light optimal for numerous biological applications, such as the sensing of biomolecules or in theranostics. Over the years, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis of fluorescent cyclophanes for sensing, bioimaging, and making optoelectronic materials. The preparation of NIR-emissive porphyrin-free cyclophanes is, however, still challenging. In an attempt for fluorescence emissions to reach into the NIR spectral region, employing organic tetracationic cyclophanes, we have inserted two 9,10-divinylanthracene units between two of the pyridinium units in cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). Steady-state absorption, fluorescence, and transient-absorption spectroscopies reveal the deep-red and NIR photoluminescence of this cyclophane. This tetracationic cyclophane is highly soluble in water and has been employed successfully as a probe for live-cell imaging in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jessica E Hornick
- Chemistry for Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chandra S Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Isil Akpinar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tanay Kesharwani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, Florida 32514, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim T, Feng Y, O'Connor JP, Stoddart JF, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Coherent Vibronic Wavepackets Show Structure-Directed Charge Flow in Host-Guest Donor-Acceptor Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37018535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Designing and controlling charge transfer (CT) pathways in organic semiconductors are important for solar energy applications. To be useful, a photogenerated, Coulombically bound CT exciton must further separate into free charge carriers; direct observations of the detailed CT relaxation pathways, however, are lacking. Here, photoinduced CT and relaxation dynamics in three host-guest complexes, where a perylene (Per) electron donor guest is incorporated into two symmetric and one asymmetric extended viologen cyclophane acceptor hosts, are presented. The central ring in the extended viologen is either p-phenylene (ExV2+) or electron-rich 2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene (ExMeOV2+), resulting in two symmetric cyclophanes with unsubstituted or methoxy-substituted central rings, ExBox4+ and ExMeOBox4+, respectively, and an asymmetric cyclophane with one of the central viologen rings being methoxylated ExMeOVBox4+. Upon photoexcitation, the asymmetric host-guest ExMeOVBox4+ ⊃ Per complex exhibits directional CT toward the energetically unfavorable methoxylated side due to structural restrictions that facilitate strong interactions between the Per donor and the ExMeOV2+ side. The CT state relaxation pathways are probed using ultrafast optical spectroscopy by focusing on coherent vibronic wavepackets, which are used to identify CT relaxations along charge localization and vibronic decoherence coordinates. Specific low- and high-frequency nuclear motions are direct indicators of a delocalized CT state and the degree of CT character. Our results show that the CT pathway can be controlled by subtle chemical modifications of the acceptor host in addition to illustrating how coherent vibronic wavepackets can be used to probe the nature and time evolution of the CT states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leonard AA, Diroll BT, Flanders NC, Panuganti S, Brumberg A, Kirschner MS, Cuthriell SA, Harvey SM, Watkins NE, Yu J, Wasielewski MR, Kanatzidis MG, Dichtel WR, Zhang X, Chen LX, Schaller RD. Light-Induced Transient Lattice Dynamics and Metastable Phase Transition in CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2023; 17:5306-5315. [PMID: 36916650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) offer desirable optoelectronic properties with prospective utility in photovoltaics, lasers, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Structural rearrangements of MAPbI3 in response to photoexcitation, such as lattice distortions and phase transitions, are of particular interest, as these engender long carrier lifetime and bolster carrier diffusion. Here, we use variable temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and synchrotron-based transient X-ray diffraction (TRXRD) to investigate lattice response following ultrafast optical excitation. MAPbI3 NCs are found to slowly undergo a phase transition from the tetragonal to a pseudocubic phase over the course of 1 ns under 0.02-4.18 mJ/cm2 fluence photoexcitation, with apparent nonthermal lattice distortions attributed to polaron formation. Lattice recovery exceeds time scales expected for both carrier recombination and thermal dissipation, indicating meta-stability likely due to the proximal phase transition, with symmetry-breaking along equatorial and axial directions. These findings are relevant for fundamental understanding and applications of structure-function properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Leonard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shobhana Panuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexandra Brumberg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew S Kirschner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shelby A Cuthriell
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicolas E Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jin Yu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fisher JM, O'Connor JP, Brown PJ, Kim T, Lorenzo ER, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy Reveals Vibrational Modes Coupled to Charge Transfer in a Julolidine-BODIPY Dyad. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2946-2957. [PMID: 36961364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding charge transfer (CT) dynamics in molecular donor-acceptor (D-A) dyads can provide insight into developing efficient D-A molecules for capturing solar energy. Here, we characterize the excited-state evolution of a julolidine-BODIPY (Jul-BD) D-A system with an emissive CT state using time-resolved fluorescence, femtosecond transient absorption, and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopies. Comparison of these results with those from phenyl-BODIPY (Ph-BD) allows us to identify the dynamics at play during CT state formation and its subsequent conversion to either a fully charge-separated or triplet state. Photoexcitation of Jul-BD in tetrahydrofuran results in the formation of an initial emissive CT state that relaxes before fully charge-separating. In contrast, Jul-BD in toluene exhibits similar CT state dynamics, albeit at slower timescales, before decaying to a terminal triplet species. Quantum beat analysis at early times in both solvents shows several vibronic modes, which are corroborated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For Ph-BD, a single 220 cm-1 compression mode about the single bond linking the phenyl to BODIPY modulates their orbital overlap. Three active vibronic modes, 147, 174, and 214 cm-1, are found in Jul-BD, regardless of the dielectric constant of the medium. These motions correspond to compression and torsional motions along the single bond joining Jul to BD and are responsible for the evolution of the spontaneous and stimulated emission features in the time-resolved spectroscopic data, which is further supported by time-dependent DFT calculations of the steady-state absorption spectrum of the Jul-BD as a function of increasing D-A dihedral core angle. These findings show how torsional and compression motions can play a pivotal role in intramolecular CT between a D and an A linked by a single bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mao H, Pažėra GJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Quantum Gate Operations on a Spectrally Addressable Photogenerated Molecular Electron Spin-Qubit Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6585-6593. [PMID: 36913602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanosecond photodriven electron transfer from a molecular donor to an acceptor can be used to generate a radical pair (RP) having two entangled electron spins in a well-defined pure initial singlet quantum state to serve as a spin-qubit pair (SQP). Achieving good spin-qubit addressability is challenging because many organic radical ions have large hyperfine couplings (HFCs) in addition to significant g-anisotropy, which results in significant spectral overlap. Moreover, using radicals with g-factors that deviate significantly from that of the free electron results in difficulty generating microwave pulses with sufficiently large bandwidths to manipulate the two spins either simultaneously or selectively as is necessary to implement the controlled-NOT (CNOT) quantum gate essential for quantum algorithms. Here, we address these issues by using a covalently linked donor-acceptor(1)-acceptor(2) (D-A1-A2) molecule with significantly reduced HFCs that uses fully deuterated peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) as D, naphthalenemonoimide (NMI) as A1, and a C60 derivative as A2. Selective photoexcitation of PXX within PXX-d9-NMI-C60 results in sub-nanosecond, two-step electron transfer to generate the long-lived PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- SQP. Alignment of PXX•+-d9-NMI-C60•- in the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-(n-pentyl)biphenyl (5CB) at cryogenic temperatures results in well-resolved, narrow resonances for each electron spin. We demonstrate both single-qubit gate and two-qubit CNOT gate operations using both selective and nonselective Gaussian-shaped microwave pulses and broadband spectral detection of the spin states following the gate operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Gediminas J Pažėra
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin C, Qi Y, Brown PJ, Williams ML, Palmer JR, Myong M, Zhao X, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Singlet Fission in Perylene Monoimide Single Crystals and Polycrystalline Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2573-2579. [PMID: 36880847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process in which a photogenerated singlet exciton down-converts into two triplet excitons. Perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (PMI) has singlet and triplet state energies of 2.4 and 1.1 eV, respectively; thus making SF slightly exoergic and providing triplet excitons that have sufficient energy to raise the efficiency of single-junction solar cells by reducing thermalization losses from hot excitons formed when absorbed photons have energies higher than the semiconductor bandgap. However, PMI SF in the solid state has not been studied previously. Here, we show that 2,5-diphenyl-N-(2-ethylhexyl)perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (dp-PMI) crystallizes into a slip-stacked intermolecular morphology favorable for SF. Transient absorption microscopy and spectroscopy show that dp-PMI SF occurs in ≤50 ps in both single crystals and polycrystalline thin films with a triplet yield of 150 ± 20%. Ultrafast SF in the solid state, the high triplet yield, and its photostability make dp-PMI an attractive candidate for SF-enhanced solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Michele Myong
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113 United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu S, Morrow DJ, Li Z, Guo C, Yu X, Wang H, Schultz JD, O'Connor JP, Jin N, Fang F, Wang W, Cui R, Chen O, Su C, Wasielewski MR, Ma X, Li X. Encapsulating Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Supramolecular Cages Enables Ultrafast Guest-Host Electron and Vibrational Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5191-5202. [PMID: 36745391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the field of supramolecular chemistry, host-guest systems have been extensively explored to encapsulate a wide range of substrates, owing to emerging functionalities in nanoconfined space that cannot be achieved in dilute solutions. However, host-guest chemistry is still limited to encapsulation of small guests. Herein, we construct a water-soluble metallo-supramolecular hexagonal prism with a large hydrophobic cavity by anchoring multiple polyethylene glycol chains onto the building blocks. Then, assembled prisms are able to encapsulate quantum dots (QDs) with diameters of less than 5.0 nm. Furthermore, we find that the supramolecular cage around each QD strongly modifies the photophysics of the QD by universally increasing the rates of QD relaxation processes via ultrafast electron and vibrational energy transfer. Taken together, these efforts expand the scope of substrates in host-guest systems and provide a new approach to tune the optical properties of QDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Darien J Morrow
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ran Cui
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chenliang Su
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern-Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qiu Y, Equbal A, Lin C, Huang Y, Brown PJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Optical Spin Polarization of a Narrow-Linewidth Electron-Spin Qubit in a Chromophore/Stable-Radical System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214668. [PMID: 36469535 PMCID: PMC10107609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcited organic chromophores appended to stable radicals can serve as qubit and/or qudit candidates for quantum information applications. 1,6,7,12-Tetra-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)-perylene-3,4 : 9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (tpPDI) linked to a partially deuterated α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl radical (BDPA-d16 ) was synthesized and characterized by time-resolved optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Photoexcitation of tpPDI-BDPA-d16 results in ultrafast radical-enhanced intersystem crossing to produce a quartet state (Q) followed by formation of a spin-polarized doublet ground state (D0 ). Pulse-EPR experiments confirmed the spin multiplicity of Q and yielded coherence times of Tm =2.1±0.1 μs and 2.8±0.2 μs for Q and D0 , respectively. BDPA-d16 eliminates the dominant 1 H hyperfine couplings, resulting in a single narrow line for both the Q and D0 states, which enhances the spectral resolution needed for good qubit addressability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Asif Equbal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao W, Mao H, McCallum NC, Zhou X, Sun H, Sharpe C, Korpanty J, Hu Z, Ni QZ, Burkart MD, Shawkey MD, Wasielewski MR, Gianneschi NC. Biomimetic pheomelanin to unravel the electronic, molecular and supramolecular structure of the natural product. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4183-4192. [PMID: 37063797 PMCID: PMC10094096 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust route to synthetic pheomelanin gives insight into the electronic, molecular and supramolecular structure of the natural product, further advancing our understanding of this important subfamily of melanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Naneki C. McCallum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Christopher Sharpe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, The University of Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Garci A, David AHG, Le Bras L, Ovalle M, Abid S, Young RM, Liu W, Azad CS, Brown PJ, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Thermally Controlled Exciplex Fluorescence in a Dynamic Homo[2]catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23551-23559. [PMID: 36512436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Motion-induced change in emission (MICE) is a phenomenon that can be employed to develop various types of probes, including temperature and viscosity sensors. Although MICE, arising from the conformational motion in particular compounds, has been studied extensively, this phenomenon has not been investigated in depth in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) undergoing coconformational changes. Herein, we report the investigation of a thermoresponsive dynamic homo[2]catenane incorporating pyrene units and displaying relative circumrotational motions of its cyclophanes as evidenced by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and supported by its visualization through molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics calculations. The relative coconformational motions induce a significant change in the fluorescence emission of the homo[2]catenane upon changes in temperature compared with its component cyclophanes. This variation in the exciplex emission of the homo[2]catenane is reversible as demonstrated by four complete cooling and heating cycles. This research opens up possibilities of using the coconformational changes in MIMs-based chromophores for probing fluctuations in temperature which could lead to applications in biomedicine or materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laura Le Bras
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Chandra S Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jiao Y, Mao H, Qiu Y, Wu G, Chen H, Zhang L, Han H, Li X, Zhao X, Tang C, Chen XY, Feng Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Mechanical Bond-Assisted Full-Spectrum Investigation of Radical Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23168-23178. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Qiu Y, Equbal A, Lin C, Huang Y, Brown PJ, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Optical Spin Polarization of a Narrow Linewidth Electron Spin Qubit in a Chromophore/Stable‐Radical System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202214668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Qiu
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston, Illinois UNITED STATES
| | - Asif Equbal
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Paige J Brown
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan M Young
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Northwestern University Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd 60208 Evanston UNITED STATES
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry 2145 N. Sheridan Rd. 60208-3113 Evanston UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mao H, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Optical Initialization of Molecular Qubit Spin States Using Weak Exchange Coupling to Photogenerated Fullerene Triplet States. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10519-10527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Codesal MD, Đorđević L, Young RM, Sai H, Le Bras L, Perrier A, Ovalle M, Brown PJ, Stern CL, Campaña AG, Stupp SI, Wasielewski MR, Blanco V, Stoddart JF. Aggregation-Induced Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Duality in Tetracationic Binaphthyl-Based Cyclophanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208679. [PMID: 35904930 PMCID: PMC9804443 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an approach to the synthesis of highly charged enantiopure cyclophanes by the insertion of axially chiral enantiomeric binaphthyl fluorophores into the constitutions of pyridinium-based macrocycles. Remarkably, these fluorescent tetracationic cyclophanes exhibit a significant AIE compared to their neutral optically active binaphthyl precursors. A combination of theoretical calculations and time-resolved spectroscopy reveal that the AIE originates from limited torsional vibrations associated with the axes of chirality present in the chiral enantiomeric binaphthyl units and the fine-tuning of their electronic landscape when incorporated within the cyclophane structure. Furthermore, these highly charged enantiopure cyclophanes display CPL responses both in solution and in the aggregated state. This unique duality of AIE and CPL in these tetracationic cyclophanes is destined to be of major importance in future development of photonic devices and bio-applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Arthur H. G. David
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Marcos D. Codesal
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Center for Bio-inspired Energy ScienceNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Hiroaki Sai
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern University303 E. Superior StreetChicagoIL 60611USA,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Laura Le Bras
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249)Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté16 route de Gray25030BesançonFrance
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie Paris TechPSL Research UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS)UMR 806075005ParisFrance,Université Paris Cité75006ParisFrance
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Paige J. Brown
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Center for Bio-inspired Energy ScienceNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnologyNorthwestern University303 E. Superior StreetChicagoIL 60611USA,Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern University2220 Campus DriveEvanstonIL 60208USA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Department of MedicineNorthwestern University676N St. Clair StreetChicagoIL 60611USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at NorthwesternNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUnidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ)Universidad de Granada (UGR)Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N18071GranadaSpain
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIL 60208USA,School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia,Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Williams ML, Schlesinger I, Jacobberger RM, Wasielewski MR. Mechanism of Ultrafast Triplet Exciton Formation in Single Cocrystals of π-Stacked Electron Donors and Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18607-18618. [PMID: 36178390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast triplet formation in donor-acceptor (D-A) systems typically occurs by spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), which requires a significant orbital angular momentum change and is thus usually observed when the adjacent π systems of D and A are orthogonal; however, the results presented here show that subnanosecond triplet formation occurs in a series of D-A cocrystals that form one-dimensional cofacial π stacks. Using ultrafast transient absorption microscopy, photoexcitation of D-A single cocrystals, where D is coronene (Cor) or pyrene (Pyr) and A is N,N-bis(3'-pentyl)-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (C5PDI) or naphthalene-1,4:5,8-tetracarboxydianhydride (NDA), results in formation of the charge transfer (CT) excitons Cor•+-C5PDI•-, Pyr•+-C5PDI•-, Cor•+-NDA•-, and Pyr•+-NDA•- in <300 fs, while triplet exciton formation occurs in τ = 125, 106, 484, and 958 ps, respectively. TDDFT calculations show that the SOCT-ISC rates correlate with charge delocalization in the CT exciton state. In addition, time-resolved EPR spectroscopy shows that Cor•+-C5PDI•- and Pyr•+-C5PDI•- recombine to form localized 3*C5PDI excitons with zero-field splittings of |D| = 1170 and 1250 MHz, respectively. In contrast, Cor•+-NDA•- and Pyr•+-NDA•- give triplet excitons in which |D| is only 1240 and 690 MHz, respectively, compared to that of NDA (2091 MHz), which is the lowest energy localized triplet exciton, indicating that the Cor-NDA and Pyr-NDA triplet excitons have significant CT character. These results show that charge delocalization in CT excitons impacts both ultrafast triplet formation as well as the CT character of the resultant triplet states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Itai Schlesinger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Feng Y, Das PJ, Young RM, Brown PJ, Hornick JE, Weber JA, Seale JSW, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Alkoxy-Substituted Quadrupolar Fluorescent Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16841-16854. [PMID: 36083184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polar and polarizable π-conjugated organic molecules containing push-pull chromophores have been investigated extensively in the past. Identifying unique backbones and building blocks for fluorescent dyes is a timely exercise. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorescent dyes containing quadrupolar A-D-A constitutions (where A = acceptor and D = donor), which exhibit fluorescence emission at a variety of different wavelengths. We have investigated the effects of different electron-withdrawing groups, located at both termini of a para-terphenylene backbone, by steady-state UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Pyridine and substituted pyridinium units are also introduced during the construction of the quadrupolar backbones. Depending on the quadrupolarity, fluorescence emission wavelengths cover from 380 to 557 nm. Time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy reveal that the photophysical properties of those quadrupolar dyes result from intramolecular charge transfer. One of the dyes we have investigated is a symmetrical box-like tetracationic cyclophane. Its water-soluble tetrachloride, which is non-cytotoxic to cells up to a loading concentration of 1 μM, has been employed in live-cell imaging. When taken up by cells, the tetrachloride emits a green fluorescence emission without any hint of photobleaching or disruption of normal cell behavior. We envision that our design strategy of modifying molecules through the functionalization of the quadrupolar building blocks as chromophores will lead to future generations of fluorescent dyes in which these A-D-A constitutional fragments are incorporated into more complex molecules and polymers for broader photophysical and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paige J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jessica E Hornick
- Chemistry for Life Processes Institutes, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob A Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Parker KA, Schultz JD, Singh N, Wasielewski MR, Beratan DN. Mapping Simulated Two-Dimensional Spectra to Molecular Models Using Machine Learning. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7454-7461. [PMID: 35930790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy encodes molecular properties and dynamics into expansive spectral data sets. Translating these data into meaningful chemical insights is challenging because of the many ways chemical properties can influence the spectra. To address the task of extracting chemical information from 2D spectroscopy, we study the capacity of simple feedforward neural networks (NNs) to map simulated 2D electronic spectra to underlying physical Hamiltonians. We examined hundreds of simulated 2D spectra corresponding to monomers and dimers with varied Franck-Condon active vibrations and monomer-monomer electronic couplings. We find the NNs are able to correctly characterize most Hamiltonian parameters in this study with an accuracy above 90%. Our results demonstrate that NNs can aid in interpreting 2D spectra, leading from spectroscopic features to underlying effective Hamiltonians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Niven Singh
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Garci A, Abid S, David AHG, Codesal MD, Đorđević L, Young RM, sai H, le_bras L, pineau AP, ovalle M, brown P, Stern CL, Campaña AG, Stupp SI, Wasielewski MR, blancos V, Stoddart F. Aggregation Induced Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence Duality in Tetracationic Binaphthyl‐Based Cyclophanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Garci
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Seifallah Abid
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Arthur H. G. David
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Marcos D Codesal
- Universidad de Granada Departamento de Química Orgánica Avda. Fuente Nueva S/N 18071 Granada SPAIN
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ryan M Young
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - hiroaki sai
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - laura le_bras
- Université de Franche-Comté: Universite de Franche-Comte Department of Chemistry 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon FRANCE
| | - aurelie perrier pineau
- Chimie ParisTech - PSL: Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris Department of Chemistry FRANCE
| | - marco ovalle
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - paige brown
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Samuel I Stupp
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - victor blancos
- Universidad de Granada Departamento de Química Orgánica SPAIN
| | - Fraser Stoddart
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Road 60208-3113 EVANSTON UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang X, Ma K, Goh T, Mian MR, Xie H, Mao H, Duan J, Kirlikovali KO, Stone AEBS, Ray D, Wasielewski MR, Gagliardi L, Farha OK. Photocatalytic Biocidal Coatings Featuring Zr 6Ti 4-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12192-12201. [PMID: 35786901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The world is currently suffering socially, economically, and politically from the recent pandemic outbreak due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and those in hospitals, schools, and elderly nursing homes face enhanced threats. Healthcare textiles, such as masks and medical staff gowns, are susceptible to contamination of various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can potentially address these challenges due to their tunable reactivity and ability to be incorporated as porous coatings on textile materials. Here, we report how incorporating titanium into the zirconium-pyrene-based MOF NU-1000, denoted as NU-1012, generates a highly reactive biocidal photocatalyst. This MOF features a rare ligand migration phenomenon, and both the Ti/Zr center and the pyrene linker act synergistically as dual active centers and widen the absorption band for this material, which results in enhanced reactive oxygen species generation upon visible light irradiation. Additionally, we found that the ligand migration process is generally applicable to other csq topology Zr-MOFs. Importantly, NU-1012 can be easily incorporated onto cotton textile cloths as a coating, and the resulting composite material demonstrates fast and potent biocidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis), and T7 bacteriophage virus with up to a 7-log(99.99999%) reduction within 1 h under simulated daylight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Wang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaikai Ma
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teffanie Goh
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mohammad Rasel Mian
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E B S Stone
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang X, Xie H, Knapp JG, Wasson MC, Wu Y, Ma K, Stone AEBS, Krzyaniak MD, Chen Y, Zhang X, Notestein JM, Wasielewski MR, Farha OK. Mechanistic Investigation of Enhanced Catalytic Selectivity toward Alcohol Oxidation with Ce Oxysulfate Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12092-12101. [PMID: 35786950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceria-based materials have been highly desired in photocatalytic reactions due to their redox properties and strong oxygen storage and transfer ability. Herein, we report the structures of one CeCe70 oxysulfate cluster and four MCe70 clusters (M = Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe) with the same Ce70 core. As noted, single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the structures of CeCe70 and the MCe70 series, while Raman spectroscopy indicated an increase in oxygen defects upon the introduction of Cu and Fe ions. The clusters catalyzed the oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol under ultraviolet light. CuCe70 and FeCe70 exhibited enhanced reactivity compared to CeCe70 and improved aldehyde selectivity compared to control experiments. In comparison with their homogeneous congeners, the CeCe70/MCe70 clusters altered the location of radical generation from the bulk solution to the clusters' surfaces. Mechanistic studies highlight the role of oxygen defects and specific transition metal introduction for efficient photocatalysis. The mechanistic pathway in this study provides insight into how to select or design a highly selective catalyst for photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Wang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia G Knapp
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Megan C Wasson
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yufang Wu
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaikai Ma
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E B S Stone
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yijing Chen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Justin M Notestein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim T, Lin C, Schultz JD, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. π-Stacking-Dependent Vibronic Couplings Drive Excited-State Dynamics in Perylenediimide Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11386-11396. [PMID: 35699940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibronic coupling, the interplay of electronic and nuclear vibrational motion, is considered a critical mechanism in photoinduced reactions such as energy transfer, charge transfer, and singlet fission. However, our understanding of how particular vibronic couplings impact excited-state dynamics is lacking due to the limited number of experimental studies of model molecular systems. Herein, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to launch and interrogate a range of vibronic coherences in two distinct types of perylenediimide slip stacks─along the short and long molecular axes, which form either an excimer or a mixed state between the Frenkel exciton (FE) and charge transfer states. We explore the functionality of these vibronic coherences using quantum beatmaps, which display the Fourier amplitude signal oscillations as a function of pump and probe frequencies, along with knowledge of the characteristic signatures of the FE, ionic, and excimer species. We find that a low-frequency vibrational mode of the short-axis slip stack appears concomitantly with the formation of the excimer state, survives 2-fold longer than in the FE state in the reference monomer, and shows a phase shift compared to other modes. For the long-axis slip stacks, a pair of low-frequency modes coupled to a high-frequency coordinate of the FE state were found to play a critical role in mixed-state generation. Our findings thus experimentally reveal the complex and varying roles of vibronic couplings in tightly packed multimers undergoing a range of photoinduced processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chenjian Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Garci A, Weber JA, Young RM, Kazem-Rostami M, Ovalle M, Beldjoudi Y, Atilgan A, Bae YJ, Liu W, Jones LO, Stern CL, Schatz GC, Farha OK, Wasielewski MR, Fraser Stoddart J. Mechanically interlocked pyrene-based photocatalysts. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
43
|
Mayländer M, Nolden O, Franz M, Chen S, Bancroft L, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Gilch P, Richert S. Accessing the triplet state of perylenediimide by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6732-6743. [PMID: 35756510 PMCID: PMC9172295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their exceptional photophysical properties and high photostability, perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores have found various applications as building blocks of materials for organic electronics. In many light-induced processes in PDI derivatives, chromophore excited states with high spin multiplicities, such as triplet or quintet states, have been revealed as key intermediates. The exploration of their properties and formation conditions is thus expected to provide invaluable insight into their underlying photophysics and promises to reveal strategies for increasing the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, accessing these high-multiplicity excited states of PDI to increase our mechanistic understanding remains a difficult task, due to the fact that the lowest excited singlet state of PDI decays with near-unity quantum yield to its ground state. Here we make use of radical-enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) to generate the PDI triplet state in high yield. One or two 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) stable radicals were covalently attached to the imide position of PDI chromophores with and without p-tert-butylphenoxy core substituents. By combining femtosecond UV-vis transient absorption and transient electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, we demonstrate strong magnetic exchange coupling between the PDI triplet state and TEMPO, resulting in the formation of excited quartet or quintet states. Important differences in the S1 state deactivation rate constants and triplet yields are observed for compounds bearing PDI moieties with different core substitution patterns. We show that these differences can be rationalized by considering the varying importance of competitive excited state decay processes, such as electron and excitation energy transfer. The comparison of the results obtained for different PDI–TEMPO derivatives leads us to propose design guidelines for optimizing the efficiency of triplet sensitization in molecular assemblies by EISC. The triplet state of PDI can be sensitized efficiently by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. A detailed study of several related structures allows us to propose new strategies to optimize triplet formation in materials for optoelectronic devices.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Nolden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Aiello CD, Abendroth JM, Abbas M, Afanasev A, Agarwal S, Banerjee AS, Beratan DN, Belling JN, Berche B, Botana A, Caram JR, Celardo GL, Cuniberti G, Garcia-Etxarri A, Dianat A, Diez-Perez I, Guo Y, Gutierrez R, Herrmann C, Hihath J, Kale S, Kurian P, Lai YC, Liu T, Lopez A, Medina E, Mujica V, Naaman R, Noormandipour M, Palma JL, Paltiel Y, Petuskey W, Ribeiro-Silva JC, Saenz JJ, Santos EJG, Solyanik-Gorgone M, Sorger VJ, Stemer DM, Ugalde JM, Valdes-Curiel A, Varela S, Waldeck DH, Wasielewski MR, Weiss PS, Zacharias H, Wang QH. A Chirality-Based Quantum Leap. ACS Nano 2022; 16:4989-5035. [PMID: 35318848 PMCID: PMC9278663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the study of chiral degrees of freedom occurring in matter and in electromagnetic fields. Opportunities in quantum sciences will likely exploit two main areas that are the focus of this Review: (1) recent observations of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in chiral molecules and engineered nanomaterials and (2) rapidly evolving nanophotonic strategies designed to amplify chiral light-matter interactions. On the one hand, the CISS effect underpins the observation that charge transport through nanoscopic chiral structures favors a particular electronic spin orientation, resulting in large room-temperature spin polarizations. Observations of the CISS effect suggest opportunities for spin control and for the design and fabrication of room-temperature quantum devices from the bottom up, with atomic-scale precision and molecular modularity. On the other hand, chiral-optical effects that depend on both spin- and orbital-angular momentum of photons could offer key advantages in all-optical and quantum information technologies. In particular, amplification of these chiral light-matter interactions using rationally designed plasmonic and dielectric nanomaterials provide approaches to manipulate light intensity, polarization, and phase in confined nanoscale geometries. Any technology that relies on optimal charge transport, or optical control and readout, including quantum devices for logic, sensing, and storage, may benefit from chiral quantum properties. These properties can be theoretically and experimentally investigated from a quantum information perspective, which has not yet been fully developed. There are uncharted implications for the quantum sciences once chiral couplings can be engineered to control the storage, transduction, and manipulation of quantum information. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the experimental and theoretical fundamentals of chiral-influenced quantum effects and presents a vision for their possible future roles in enabling room-temperature quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarice D. Aiello
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John M. Abendroth
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Muneer Abbas
- Department
of Microbiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Andrei Afanasev
- Department
of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Shivang Agarwal
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amartya S. Banerjee
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Departments
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bertrand Berche
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR Université de Lorraine-CNRS, 7019 54506 Vandœuvre les
Nancy, France
| | - Antia Botana
- Department
of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Justin R. Caram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Giuseppe Luca Celardo
- Institute
of Physics, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma
de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570, Mexico
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aitzol Garcia-Etxarri
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ismael Diez-Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute
for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Suneet Kale
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Philip Kurian
- Quantum
Biology Laboratory, Graduate School, Howard
University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- School
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Tianhan Liu
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander Lopez
- Escuela
Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, PO Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil 090902, Ecuador
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento
de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Av. Diego de Robles
y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mohammadreza Noormandipour
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- TCM Group,
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Julio L. Palma
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Lemont Furnace, Pennsylvania 15456, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - William Petuskey
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - João Carlos Ribeiro-Silva
- Laboratory
of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, 05508-900 São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan José Saenz
- Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Solyanik-Gorgone
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Volker J. Sorger
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jesus M. Ugalde
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Ana Valdes-Curiel
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Solmar Varela
- School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay
Tech University, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute
for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center
for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Westmoreland DE, López-Arteaga R, Kantt LP, Wasielewski MR, Weiss EA. Dynamic Tuning of the Bandgap of CdSe Quantum Dots through Redox-Active Exciton-Delocalizing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4300-4304. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Leanna Page Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen X, Xie H, Lorenzo ER, Zeman CJ, Qi Y, Syed ZH, Stone AEBS, Wang Y, Goswami S, Li P, Islamoglu T, Weiss EA, Hupp JT, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR, Farha OK. Direct Observation of Modulated Radical Spin States in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Controlled Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2685-2693. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emmaline R. Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles J. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E. B. S. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jacobberger RM, Qiu Y, Williams ML, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Using Molecular Design to Enhance the Coherence Time of Quintet Multiexcitons Generated by Singlet Fission in Single Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2276-2283. [PMID: 35099963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiexciton quintet states, 5(TT), photogenerated in organic semiconductors using singlet fission (SF), consist of four quantum entangled spins, promising to enable new applications in quantum information science. However, the factors that determine the spin coherence of these states remain underexplored. Here, we engineer the packing of tetracene molecules within single crystals of 5,12-bis(tricyclohexylsilylethynyl)tetracene (TCHS-tetracene) to demonstrate a 5(TT) state that exhibits promising spin qubit properties, including a coherence time, T2, = 3 μs at 10 K, a population lifetime, Tpop, = 130 μs at 5 K, and stability even at room temperature. The single-crystal platform also enables global alignment of the spins and, consequently, individual addressability of the spin-sublevel transitions. Decoherence mechanisms, including exciton diffusion, electronic dipolar coupling, and nuclear hyperfine interactions, are elucidated, providing design principles for increasing T2 and the operational temperature of 5(TT). By dynamically decoupling 5(TT) from the surrounding spin bath, T2 = 10 μs is achieved. These results demonstrate the viability of harnessing singlet fission to initiate multiple electron spins in a well-defined quantum state for next-generation molecular-based quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Jacobberger
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Malik L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3313, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bancroft L, Qiu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Effect of the Time Delay between Spin State Preparation and Measurement on Electron Spin Teleportation in a Covalent Donor-Acceptor-Radical System. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:156-160. [PMID: 34962822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated photodriven quantum teleportation of an electron spin state in a covalent donor-acceptor-radical (D-A-R•) system. Following specific spin state preparation on R• with a microwave pulse, photoexcitation of A results in two-step electron transfer producing D•+-A-R-, where the spin state on R• is teleported to D•+. This study examines the effects of varying the time (τD) between spin state preparation and photoinitiated teleportation. Using pulse electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the spin echo of D•+ resulting from teleportation shows a damped oscillation as a function of τD that is simulated using a density matrix model, which provides a fundamental understanding of the echo behavior. Teleportation fidelity calculations also show oscillatory behavior as a function of τD due to the accumulation of a phase factor between ⟨Sx⟩ and ⟨Sy⟩. Understanding experimental parameters intrinsic to quantum teleportation in molecular systems is crucial to leveraging this phenomenon for quantum information applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Harvey SM, Houck DW, Liu W, Liu Y, Gosztola DJ, Korgel BA, Wasielewski MR, Schaller RD. Synthetic Ligand Selection Affects Stoichiometry, Carrier Dynamics, and Trapping in CuInSe 2 Nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2021; 15:19588-19599. [PMID: 34806353 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CuInSe2 nanocrystals exhibit tunable near-infrared bandgaps that bolster utility in photovoltaic applications as well as offer potential as substitutes for more toxic Cd- and Pb-based semiconductor compositions. However, they can present a variety of defect states and unusual photophysics. Here, we examine the effects of ligand composition (oleylamine, diphenylphosphine, and tributylphosphine) on carrier dynamics in these materials. Via spectroscopic measurements such as photoluminescence and transient absorption, we find that ligands present during the synthesis of CuInSe2 nanocrystals impart nonradiative electronic states which compete with radiative recombination and give rise to low photoluminescence quantum yields. We characterize the nature of these defect states (hole vs electron traps) and investigate whether they exist at the surface or interior of the nanocrystals. Carrier lifetimes are highly dependent on ligand identity where oleylamine-capped nanocrystals exhibit rapid trapping (<20 ps) followed by diphenylphosphine (<500 ps) and finally tributylphosphine (>2 ns). A majority of carrier population localizes at indium copper antisites (electrons), copper vacancies (holes), or surface traps (electrons and/or holes), all of which are nonemissive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel W Houck
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David J Gosztola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Torma AJ, Li W, Zhang H, Tu Q, Klepov VV, Brennan MC, McCleese CL, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Katan C, Even J, Holt MV, Grusenmeyer TA, Jiang J, Pachter R, Kanatzidis MG, Blancon JC, Mohite AD. Interstitial Nature of Mn 2+ Doping in 2D Perovskites. ACS Nano 2021; 15:20550-20561. [PMID: 34882393 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites doped with magnetic impurities (such as the transition metals Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+) are being explored for a wide range of applications beyond photovoltaics, such as spintronic devices, stable light-emitting diodes, single-photon emitters, and magneto-optical devices. However, despite several recent studies, there is no consensus on whether the doped magnetic ions will predominantly replace the octahedral B-site metal via substitution or reside at interstitial defect sites. Here, by performing correlated nanoscale X-ray microscopy, spatially and temporally resolved photoluminescence measurements, and magnetic force microscopy on the inorganic 2D perovskite Cs2PbI2Cl2, we show that doping Mn2+ into the structure results in a lattice expansion. The observed lattice expansion contrasts with the predicted contraction expected to arise from the B-site metal substitution, thus implying that Mn2+ does not replace the Pb2+ sites. Photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements confirm the presence of Mn2+ in the lattice, while correlated nano-XRD and X-ray fluorescence track the local strain and chemical composition. Density functional theory calculations predict that Mn2+ atoms reside at the interstitial sites between two octahedra in the triangle formed by one Cl- and two I- atoms, which results in a locally expanded structure. These measurements show the fate of the transition metal dopants, the local structure, and optical emission when they are doped at dilute concentrations into a wide band gap semiconductor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Torma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Vladislav V Klepov
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael C Brennan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher L McCleese
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- General Dynamics Information Technology, 5000 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claudine Katan
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Martin V Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Blancon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|