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Svane N, Pedersen ABV, Rodenberg A, Ozgür B, Saaby L, Bundgaard C, Kristensen M, Tfelt-Hansen P, Brodin B. The putative proton-coupled organic cation antiporter is involved in uptake of triptans into human brain capillary endothelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:39. [PMID: 38711118 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptans are anti-migraine drugs with a potential central site of action. However, it is not known to what extent triptans cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was therefore to determine if triptans pass the brain capillary endothelium and investigate the possible underlying mechanisms with focus on the involvement of the putative proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter. Additionally, we evaluated whether triptans interacted with the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). METHODS We investigated the cellular uptake characteristics of the prototypical H+/OC antiporter substrates, pyrilamine and oxycodone, and seven different triptans in the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3. Triptan interactions with P-gp were studied using the IPEC-J2 MDR1 cell line. Lastly, in vivo neuropharmacokinetic assessment of the unbound brain-to-plasma disposition of eletriptan was conducted in wild type and mdr1a/1b knockout mice. RESULTS We demonstrated that most triptans were able to inhibit uptake of the H+/OC antiporter substrate, pyrilamine, with eletriptan emerging as the strongest inhibitor. Eletriptan, almotriptan, and sumatriptan exhibited a pH-dependent uptake into hCMEC/D3 cells. Eletriptan demonstrated saturable uptake kinetics with an apparent Km of 89 ± 38 µM and a Jmax of 2.2 ± 0.7 nmol·min-1·mg protein-1 (n = 3). Bidirectional transport experiments across IPEC-J2 MDR1 monolayers showed that eletriptan is transported by P-gp, thus indicating that eletriptan is both a substrate of the H+/OC antiporter and P-gp. This was further confirmed in vivo, where the unbound brain-to-unbound plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu) was 0.04 in wild type mice while the ratio rose to 1.32 in mdr1a/1b knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that the triptan family of compounds possesses affinity for the H+/OC antiporter proposing that the putative H+/OC antiporter plays a role in the BBB transport of triptans, particularly eletriptan. Our in vivo studies indicate that eletriptan is subjected to simultaneous brain uptake and efflux, possibly facilitated by the putative H+/OC antiporter and P-gp, respectively. Our findings offer novel insights into the potential central site of action involved in migraine treatment with triptans and highlight the significance of potential transporter related drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Svane
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Rodenberg
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bioneer: FARMA, Bioneer A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ozgür B, Puris E, Brachner A, Appelt-Menzel A, Oerter S, Balzer V, Holst MR, Christiansen RF, Hyldig K, Buckley ST, Kristensen M, Auriola S, Jensen A, Fricker G, Nielsen MS, Neuhaus W, Brodin B. Characterization of an iPSC-based barrier model for blood-brain barrier investigations using the SBAD0201 stem cell line. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:96. [PMID: 38115090 PMCID: PMC10731806 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on primary murine, bovine, and porcine brain capillary endothelial cell cultures have long been regarded as robust models with appropriate properties to examine the functional transport of small molecules. However, species differences sometimes complicate translating results from these models to human settings. During the last decade, brain capillary endothelial-like cells (BCECs) have been generated from stem cell sources to model the human BBB in vitro. The aim of the present study was to establish and characterize a human BBB model using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived BCECs from the hIPSC line SBAD0201. METHODS The model was evaluated using transcriptomics, proteomics, immunocytochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, and, finally, transport assays to assess the functionality of selected transporters and receptor (GLUT-1, LAT-1, P-gp and LRP-1). RESULTS The resulting BBB model displayed an average TEER of 5474 ± 167 Ω·cm2 and cell monolayer formation with claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin expression in the tight junction zones. The cell monolayers expressed the typical BBB markers VE-cadherin, VWF, and PECAM-1. Transcriptomics and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics analyses revealed that solute carrier (SLC) transporters were found in high abundance, while the expression of efflux transporters was relatively low. Transport assays using GLUT-1, LAT-1, and LRP-1 substrates and inhibitors confirmed the functional activities of these transporters and receptors in the model. A transport assay suggested that P-gp was not functionally expressed in the model, albeit antibody staining revealed that P-gp was localized at the luminal membrane. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the novel SBAD0201-derived BBB model formed tight monolayers and was proven useful for studies investigating GLUT-1, LAT-1, and LRP-1 mediated transport across the BBB. However, the model did not express functional P-gp and thus is not suitable for the performance of drug efflux P-gp reletated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT) Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT) Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Balzer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrine Hyldig
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Stephen T Buckley
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, DK-2760, Denmark
| | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Allan Jensen
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
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Þorgeirsdóttir DÝ, Andersen JH, Perch-Nielsen M, Møller LH, Grønbæk-Thorsen F, Kolberg HG, Gammelgaard B, Kristensen M. Selenomethionine as alternative label to the fluorophore TAMRA when exploiting cell-penetrating peptides as blood-brain barrier shuttles to better mimic the physicochemical properties of the non-labelled peptides. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106400. [PMID: 36750148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) Tat and penetratin are frequently explored as shuttles for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CPPs are often labelled with fluorophores for analytical purposes, with 5(6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) being a popular choice. However, TAMRA labelling affects the physicochemical properties of the resulting fluorophore-CPP construct when compared to the CPP alone. Selenomethionine (MSe) may be introduced as alternative label, which, due to its small size and amino acid nature, likely results in minimal alterations of the peptide physicochemical properties. With this study we compared, head-to-head, the effect of MSe and TAMRA labelling of Tat and penetratin with respect to their physicochemical properties, and investigated effects hereof on brain capillary endothelial cell (BCEC) models. TAMRA labelling positively affected the ability of the peptides to adhere to the cell membranes as well being internalized into the BCECs when compared to MSe labelling. TAMRA labelling of penetratin added toxicity to the BCECs to a higher extent than TAMRA labelling of Tat, whereas MSe labelling did not affect the cellular viability. Both TAMRA and MSe labelling of penetratin decreased the barrier integrity of BCEC monolayers, but not to an extent that improved transport of the paracellular marker 14C-mannitol. In conclusion, MSe labelling of Tat and penetratin adds minimal alterations to the physicochemical properties of these CPPs and their resulting effects on BCECs, and thereby represents a preferred alternative to TAMRA for peptide quantification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Ýr Þorgeirsdóttir
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Hofman Andersen
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marcus Perch-Nielsen
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Laura Hyrup Møller
- Pharmaceutical Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Freja Grønbæk-Thorsen
- Pharmaceutical Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Hannah Grønbech Kolberg
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bente Gammelgaard
- Pharmaceutical Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mie Kristensen
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Abstract
This chapter describes the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as carriers for transepithelial delivery of therapeutic peptides. Assessment of transepithelial peptide permeation and the mechanisms of action that permeability enhancing drug carriers exert on the epithelium requires subtle sample preparation and analysis by orthogonal methods. Here, the preparation and use of CPP-insulin physical mixture samples including the quantification of insulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. In addition, effects of CPPs on the epithelium and its barrier properties immediately upon exposure and after a recovery period are evaluated by epithelial cell viability, transepithelial electrical resistance, immunostaining of the tight junction associated zonula occludens (ZO-1) protein, and actin cytoskeleton staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Anastasia Panou
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Drug Delivery and Biophysics of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragna Guldsmed Diedrichsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Drug Delivery and Biophysics of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie Kristensen
- CNS Drug Delivery & Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Drug Delivery and Biophysics of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Frøslev P, Franzyk H, Ozgür B, Brodin B, Kristensen M. Highly cationic cell-penetrating peptides affect the barrier integrity and facilitates mannitol permeation in a human stem cell-based blood-brain barrier model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106054. [PMID: 34728364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows passive permeation of only a limited number of, primarily lipophilic, low-molecular weight drugs that obey the so-called "rule of CNS likeness". Therefore, novel strategies to facilitate drug delivery across the BBB are needed. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) enable delivery of various therapeutic cargoes into cells and may potentially serve as shuttles for delivery of brain-specific drugs across the BBB. The CPPs Tat47-57 and penetratin are prototypical cationic CPPs, whereas apidaecin and oncocin belong to the group of proline-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides displaying CPP-like properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of Tat47-57, penetratin, apidaecin, and oncocin for interaction with and permeation of the BBB in vitro. We also studied whether the CPPs facilitated permeation of the paracellular flux marker mannitol as well as the transcellular flux marker propranolol. The peptides were labelled with the fluorophore 6-TAMRA (T) for visualization and quantification purposes. CPP membrane-adherence, membrane-embedding, and cellular uptake as well as barrier-permeation were evaluated in murine brain capillary endothelial cells (bEND3) and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (Bioni-010c) brain capillary endothelial-like monolayers. The cationic and the proline-rich cationic CPPs were taken up into the Bioni-010c monolayers. T-Tat47-57, T-apidaecin, and T-oncocin also permeated Bioni-010c monolayers, whereas T-penetratin did not. However, both T-Tat47-57 and T-penetratin affected the barrier integrity to a degree that facilitated permeation of 14C-mannitol. These results may therefore pave the way for future CPP-mediated brain delivery of small drugs that do not obey the "rule of CNS likeness".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frøslev
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
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Meldgaard P, Andersen K, Kristensen M, Jovanovic A, Meldgaard E. P27.03 Increase in Overall Survival for Locally Advanced NSCLC Patients From 2010 to 2018 - A Registry Based Study in Denmark. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kristensen M, Guldsmed Diedrichsen R, Vetri V, Foderà V, Mørck Nielsen H. Increased Carrier Peptide Stability through pH Adjustment Improves Insulin and PTH(1-34) Delivery In Vitro and In Vivo Rather than by Enforced Carrier Peptide-Cargo Complexation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E993. [PMID: 33092079 PMCID: PMC7589992 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutic peptides is hampered by their large molecular size and labile nature, thus limiting their permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Promising approaches to overcome the latter include co-administration with carrier peptides. In this study, the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin was employed to investigate effects of co-administration with insulin and the pharmacologically active part of parathyroid hormone (PTH(1-34)) at pH 5, 6.5, and 7.4 with respect to complexation, enzymatic stability, and transepithelial permeation of the therapeutic peptide in vitro and in vivo. Complex formation between insulin or PTH(1-34) and penetratin was pH-dependent. Micron-sized complexes dominated in the samples prepared at pH-values at which penetratin interacts electrostatically with the therapeutic peptide. The association efficiency was more pronounced between insulin and penetratin than between PTH(1-34) and penetratin. Despite the high degree of complexation, penetratin retained its membrane activity when applied to liposomal structures. The enzymatic stability of penetratin during incubation on polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers was pH-dependent with a prolonged half-live determined at pH 5 when compared to pH 6.5 and 7.4. Also, the penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation of insulin and PTH(1-34) was increased in vitro and in vivo upon lowering the sample pH from 7.4 or 6.5 to 5. Thus, the formation of penetratin-cargo complexes with several molecular entities is not prerequisite for penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation a therapeutic peptide. Rather, a sample pH, which improves the penetratin stability, appears to optimize the penetratin-mediated transepithelial permeation of insulin and PTH(1-34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.G.D.); (V.F.)
| | - Ragna Guldsmed Diedrichsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.G.D.); (V.F.)
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed. 18, IT-90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Vito Foderà
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.G.D.); (V.F.)
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.G.D.); (V.F.)
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Milne N, Thomsen P, Mølgaard Knudsen N, Rubaszka P, Kristensen M, Borodina I. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives. Metab Eng 2020; 60:25-36. [PMID: 32224264 PMCID: PMC7232020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in so-called “magic mushrooms”. Although its notoriety originates from its psychotropic properties and popular use as a recreational drug, clinical trials have recently recognized psilocybin as a promising candidate for the treatment of various psychological and neurological afflictions. In this work, we demonstrate the de novo biosynthetic production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of a heterologous biosynthesis pathway sourced from Psilocybe cubensis. Additionally, we achieve improved product titers by supplementing the pathway with a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis. Further rational engineering resulted in a final production strain producing 627 ± 140 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 ± 276 mg/L of the dephosphorylated degradation product psilocin in triplicate controlled fed-batch fermentations in minimal synthetic media. Pathway intermediates baeocystin, nor norbaeocystin as well the dephosphorylated baeocystin degradation product norpsilocin were also detected in strains engineered for psilocybin production. We also demonstrate the biosynthetic production of natural tryptamine derivative aeruginascin as well as the production of a new-to-nature tryptamine derivative N-acetyl-4-hydroxytryptamine. These results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of psilocybin in a controlled environment for pharmaceutical applications, and provide a starting point for the biosynthetic production of other tryptamine derivatives of therapeutic relevance. De novo production of psilocybin in S. cerevisiae. Expression of a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis significantly boosts production. Rational metabolic engineering results in 627 mg/L psilocybin production. Production of natural and new-to-nature tryptamine derivatives demonstrated including norbaeocystin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milne
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Thomsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Mølgaard Knudsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Rubaszka
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Abstract
The brain capillary endothelium serves both as an exchange site for gases and solutes between blood and brain and as a protective fence against neurotoxic compounds from the blood. While this "blood-brain barrier" (BBB) function protects the fragile environment in the brain, it also poses a tremendous challenge for the delivery of drug compounds to the brain parenchyma. Paracellular brain uptake of drug compounds is limited by the physical tightness of the endothelium, which is tightly sealed with junction complexes. Transcellular uptake of lipophilic drug compounds is limited by the activity of active efflux pumps in the luminal membrane. As a result, the majority of registered CNS drug compounds are small lipophilic compounds which are not efflux transporter substrates. Small molecule CNS drug development therefore focuses on identifying compounds with CNS target affinity and modifies these in order to optimize lipophilicity and decrease efflux pump interactions. Since efflux pump activity is limiting drug uptake, it has been investigated whether coadministration of drug compounds with efflux pump inhibitors could increase drug uptake. While the concept works to some extent, a lot of challenges have been encountered in terms of obtaining efficient inhibition while avoiding adverse effects.Some CNS drug compounds enter the brain via nutrient transport proteins, an example is the levodopa, a prodrug of Dopamine, which crosses the BBB via the large neutral amino acid transporter LAT1. While carrier-mediated transport of drug compounds may seem attractive, the development of drugs targeting transporters is very challenging, since the compounds should have a good fit to the binding site, while still maintaining their CNS target affinity.Receptor-mediated transport of drug compounds, especially biotherapeutics, conjugated to a receptor-binding ligand has shown some promise, although the amounts transported are rather low. This also holds true for drug-conjugation to cell-penetrating peptides. Due to the low uptake of biotherapeutics, barrier-breaching approaches such as mannitol injections and focused ultrasound have been employed with some success to patient groups with no other treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Bioneer-Farma, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kristensen M. Health of older migrants - what do we know that may inform policy and practices. Eur J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky212.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Centre for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Lind MV, Lauritzen L, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Kristensen M, Ross AB. One-carbon metabolism markers are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:402-410. [PMID: 29499850 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alterations to one-carbon metabolism, especially elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy), have been suggested to be both a cause and a consequence of the metabolic syndrome (MS). A deeper understanding of the role of other one-carbon metabolites in MS, including s-adenosylmethionine (SAM), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and the methylation capacity index (SAM:SAH ratio) is required. METHODS AND RESULTS 118 men and women with MS-risk factors were included in this cross-sectional study and cardiometabolic outcomes along with markers of one-carbon metabolism, including fasting plasma SAM, SAH, Hcy and vitamin B12 concentrations, were analysed. Multiple linear regression models were also used to examine the association between plasma one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic health features. We found that fasting plasma concentrations of Hcy, SAM and SAH were all positively correlated with markers of adiposity, including BMI (increase in BMI per 1-SD increase in one-carbon metabolite: 0.92 kg/m2 95% CI (0.28; 1.56), p = 0.005; 0.81 (0.15; 1.47), p = 0.02; 0.67 (-0.01; 1.36), p = 0.05, respectively). Hcy, but not SAM, SAH or SAM:SAH ratio was associated with BMI and body fat percentage after mutual adjustments. SAM concentrations were associated with higher fasting insulin (9.5% 95% CI (0.3; 19.5) per SD increase in SAM, p = 0.04), HOMA-IR (10.8% (0.8; 21.9), p = 0.03) and TNF-α (11.8% (5.0; 19.0), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We found little evidence for associations between SAM:SAH ratio and cardiometabolic variables, but higher plasma concentrations of SAM, SAH and Hcy are related to an overall higher risk of metabolic dysfunctions. The studies were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01719913 &NCT01731366).
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - L Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - T Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kristensen M, Nielsen LH, Zor K, Boisen A, Christensen MV, Berthelsen J, Mørck Nielsen H. Cellular Effects and Delivery Propensity of Penetratin Is Influenced by Conjugation to Parathyroid Hormone Fragment 1-34 in Synergy with pH. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:371-381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kinga Zor
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Berthelsen
- Department
of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health
and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kristensen M, Nierenberg AA, Østergaard SD. Face and predictive validity of the ClockΔ19 mouse as an animal model for bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:70-80. [PMID: 29112195 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying the circadian locomotor output cycles Kaput delta 19 N-ethyl-N-nitrosoure (ENU) mutation (ClockΔ19) are used as an animal model for bipolar disorder (BD). We aimed to systematically review the face validity (phenotypical and pathophysiological resemblance with BD) and predictive validity (responsiveness to treatments used in BD) of this model in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. We carried out a systematic search of the databases PubMed and Embase, combining search terms covering BD and ClockΔ19. The 22 studies included in the review (from a total of 1281 identified records) show that the behavioral phenotype of the ClockΔ19 mouse is characterized by hyperactivity, decreased anxiety-like behavior, decreased depression-like behavior and increased preference for rewarding stimuli. This is highly consistent with mania in humans. Moreover, the ClockΔ19 mouse exhibits rapid mood cycling (a manic-like phenotype during the day followed by euthymia at night), which is consistent with BD. Chronic administration of lithium, a drug with well established mood-stabilizing effect in humans with BD, reverses the majority of the bipolar-like traits and most of the neurobiological abnormalities observed in the ClockΔ19 mouse. In conclusion, the ClockΔ19 mouse has substantial face validity as an animal model for BD. The predictive validity of the ClockΔ19 mouse has primarily been investigated via studies using lithium challenge. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine how the ClockΔ19 mouse responds to other mood-stabilizing treatments of BD such as valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, antipsychotics, electroconvulsive therapy and various light interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A A Nierenberg
- Bipolar Clinic and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S D Østergaard
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Małecki A, Skipor-Lahuta J, Toborek M, Abbott NJ, Antonetti DA, Su EJ, Lawrence DA, Atış M, Akcan U, Yılmaz CU, Orhan N, Düzgün P, Ceylan UD, Arıcan N, Karahüseyinoğlu S, Şahin GN, Ahıshalı B, Kaya M, Aydin S, Klopstein A, Engelhardt B, Baumann J, Tsao CC, Huang SF, Ogunshola O, Boytsova EB, Morgun AV, Khilazheva ED, Pozhilenkova EA, Gorina YV, Martynova GP, Salmina AB, Bueno D, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Castro V, Skowronska M, Toborek M, Chupel MU, Minuzzi LG, Filaire E, Teixeira AM, Corsi M, Versele R, Fuso A, Sevin E, Di Lorenzo C, Businaro R, Fenart L, Gosselet F, Candela P, Deli MA, Delaney C, O’Keefe E, Farrell M, Doyle S, Campbell M, Drewes LR, Appelt-Menzel A, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Fischer R, Francisco DMF, Bruggmann R, Fries A, Blecharz KG, Wagner J, Winkler L, Schneider U, Vajkoczy P, Furuse M, Gabbert L, Dilling C, Sisario D, Soukhoroukov V, Burek M, Guérit S, Fidan E, Devraj K, Czupalla CJ, Macas J, Thom S, Plate KH, Gerhardt H, Liebner S, Harazin A, Bocsik A, Váradi J, Fenyvesi F, Tubak V, Vecsernyés M, Helms HC, Waagepetersen HS, Nielsen CU, Brodin B, Hoyk Z, Tóth ME, Lénárt N, Dukay B, Kittel Á, Vígh J, Veszelka S, Walter F, Zvara Á, Puskás L, Sántha M, Engelhardt S, Ogunshola OO, Huber A, Reitner A, Osmen S, Hahn K, Bounzina N, Gerhartl A, Schönegger A, Steinkellner H, Laccone F, Neuhaus W, Hudson N, Celkova L, Iltzsche A, Drndarski S, Begley DJ, Janiurek MM, Kucharz K, Christoffersen C, Nielsen LB, Lauritzen M, Johnson RH, Kho DT, O’Carroll SJ, Angel CE, Graham ES, Pereira J, Karali CS, Cheng V, Zarghami N, Soto MS, Couch Y, Anthony DC, Sibson NR, Kealy J, Keep RF, Routhe LJ, Xiang J, Ye H, Hua Y, Moos T, Xi G, Kristensen M, Bach A, Strømgaard K, Kutuzov N, Lopes-Pinheiro MA, Lim J, Kamermans A, van Horssen J, Unger WW, Fontijn R, de Vries HE, Majerova P, Garruto RM, Marchetti L, Francisco D, Gruber I, Lyck R, Mészáros M, Porkoláb G, Kiss L, Pilbat AM, Török Z, Bozsó Z, Fülöp L, Michalicova A, Galba J, Mihaljevic S, Novak M, Kovac A, Morofuji Y, Fujimoto T, Watanabe D, Nakagawa S, Ujifuku K, Horie N, Izumo T, Anda T, Matsuo T, Niu F, Buch S, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Kozma M, Nagyőszi P, Nagy K, Fazakas C, Haskó J, Molnár K, Farkas AE, Galajda P, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Kelly E, Wallace E, Greene C, Hughes S, Kealy J, Doyle N, Humphries MM, Grant GA, Friedman A, Veksler R, Molloy MG, Meaney JF, Pender N, Doherty CP, Park M, Liskiewicz A, Przybyla M, Kasprowska-Liśkiewicz D, Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Malecki A, Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Martinez-Morga M, Martinez S, Prager O, Solomon-Kamintsky L, Schoknecht K, Bar-Klein G, Milikovsky D, Vazana U, Rosenbach D, Kovács R, Friedman A, Radak Z, Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Bruggmann R, Kooij G, de Vries HE, Oxana SG, Denis B, Elena V, Anna A, Alla S, Vladimir S, Andrey M, Nataliya M, Elena K, Elizaveta B, Alexander S, Nikita N, Alla B, Yirong Y, Arkady A, Artem G, Mariya U, Anastasia S, Madina B, Artem S, Alexander K, Esmat SA, Valery P, Artem T, Jürgen K, de Abreu MS, Calpena AC, Espina M, García ML, Romero IA, Male D, Storck S, Hartz A, Pahnke J, Surma CU, Surma M, Giżejewski Z, Zieliński H, Szczepkowska A, Kowalewska M, Krawczynska A, Herman AP, Skipor J, Kachappilly N, Veenstra M, Rivera RL, Williams DW, Morgello S, Berman JW, Wyneken U, Batiz LF, Temizyürek A, Khodadust R, Küçük M, Gürses C, Emik S, Zielińska M, Obara-Michlewska M, Milewski K, Skonieczna E, Fręśko I, Neuwelt EA, Maria ARS, Bras AR, Lipka D, Valkai S, Kincses A, Dér A, Deli MA. Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017. [PMCID: PMC5667590 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kyrø C, Kristensen M, Jakobsen MU, Halkjær J, Landberg R, Bueno-de-Mesquita HA, Christensen J, Romieu I, Tjønneland A, Olsen A. Dietary intake of whole grains and plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations in relation to changes in anthropometry: the Danish diet, cancer and health cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:944-952. [PMID: 28176776 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Whole grain intake has been associated with a small but significant lower body weight gain in observational studies, but there is limited knowledge about the associations with specific whole grain types. The objective was to investigate the association between whole grains, different sources of whole grains and biomarkers of whole grain intake (alkylresorcinols) in relation to subsequent changes in waist circumference (WC) and body weight. SUBJECTS/METHODS Cohort study of 57 053 participants with baseline information on whole grain intake from questionnaires (FFQ) and biomarkers of whole grain rye and wheat intake, plasma alkylresorcinols, for a subset. WC and body weight were measured at baseline and again at follow-up. The associations were estimated using multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression. RESULTS For women, overall whole grain intake was not related to changes in WC or body weight. For men, total whole grain intake was associated with gains in WC (ΔWC per 25 g increment: 0.44 cm, 95% CI: 0.34 cm; 0.54 cm) and body weight (Δweight per 25 g increment: 150 g, 95% CI: 78 g; 222 g), but the results changed to null or changed direction when adjusting for baseline anthropometry. For the different sources of whole grains, rye (women) and crispbread was significantly associated with gains in WC and body weight. Plasma alkylresorcinol concentration was associated with reduced WC, but not body weight, for women (ΔWC per 50 nmol/l increment: -0.69 cm, 95% CI:-1.26 cm;-0.13 cm), but no association was found for men. CONCLUSIONS Overall, no strong relationship between whole grain intake, measured from questionnaires or using biomarkers was found in relation to changes in body weight and WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kyrø
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M U Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Halkjær
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Landberg
- Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hb As Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Christensen
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Romieu
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC), Lyon, France
| | - A Tjønneland
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Olsen
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abrahamsson AK, Kristensen M, Arvidsson LZ, Kvien TK, Larheim TA, Haugen IK. Frequency of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and related symptoms in a hand osteoarthritis cohort. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:654-657. [PMID: 28064031 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in hand OA patients is largely unknown. Our aims were to explore (1) The frequency of TMJ-related symptoms and clinical findings; (2) The TMJ OA frequency defined by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT); and (3) The relationship between TMJ-related symptoms/clinical findings and CBCT-defined TMJ OA, in a hand OA cohort. METHODS We calculated the frequencies of TMJ-related symptoms, clinical findings and diagnosis of TMJ OA by CBCT and clinical examination in 54 patients from the Oslo hand OA cohort (88% women, mean (range) age 71 (61-83) years). Participants with and without CBCT-defined TMJ OA were compared for differences in proportions (95% confidence interval (CI)) of symptoms and clinical findings. Sensitivity and specificity of the clinical TMJ OA diagnosis were calculated using CBCT as reference. RESULTS Self-reported symptoms and clinical findings were found in 24 (44%) and 50 (93%) individuals (93%), respectively, whereas 7 (13%) had sought healthcare. Individuals with CBCT-defined TMJ OA (n = 36, 67%) reported statistically significantly more pain at mouth opening (22%, 95% CI 4-40%), clicking (33%, 95% CI 14-52%) and crepitus (25%, 95% CI 4-46%). By clinical examination, only crepitus was more common in TMJ OA (33%, 95% CI 29-77%). Clinical diagnosis demonstrated low sensitivity (0.42) and high specificity (0.93). CONCLUSIONS CBCT-defined TMJ OA was common in hand OA patients, suggesting that TMJ OA may be part of generalized OA. Few had sought healthcare, despite high burden of TMJ-related symptoms/findings. Clinical examination underestimated TMJ OA frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Abrahamsson
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - L Z Arvidsson
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - T K Kvien
- Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - T A Larheim
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - I K Haugen
- Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Suhr J, Vuholm S, Iversen KN, Landberg R, Kristensen M. Wholegrain rye, but not wholegrain wheat, lowers body weight and fat mass compared with refined wheat: a 6-week randomized study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:959-967. [PMID: 28327566 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggest inverse associations between wholegrain intake and body weight gain. Only few controlled intervention studies have supported this association and few compare effects of different grain varieties. OBJECTIVE To investigate how wholegrain wheat (WGW) and rye compared with refined wheat (RW) affect body weight and composition and appetite sensation. DESIGN Seventy overweight/obese adults participated in this 6-week randomized parallel study, in which they replaced their habitual cereal foods with RW, WGW or wholegrain rye (WGR). Further, a 4 h postprandial test meal challenge was completed with meals corresponding to diet allocation in the beginning and after the intervention. Body weight and composition, fasted blood samples, compliance and 4-day dietary intake were obtained before and after the intervention period. Appetite and breath hydrogen excretion was assessed during the postprandial test meal challenge. RESULTS Diet allocation affected body weight significantly (P=0.013) and tended also to affect fat mass (P=0.065). Both body weight and fat mass decreased more in the WGR group (-1.06±1.60 and -0.75±1.29 kg, respectively) compared with the RW group (+0.15±1.28 and -0.04±0.82 kg, respectively; P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Further, the decrease in fat mass in the WGR group tended to exceed that in the WGW group (P=0.07). Overall, no effect of diet on appetite sensation was observed; however, energy intake from study products was ~200 kcal lower in the WGR group when compared with that in the RW group (P<0.05), although total energy intake did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a role for WGR foods in body weight regulation, when provided ad libitum. The effect may be mediated by satiation reflected in a reduction in energy intake, mainly from the wholegrain products without compensation in other parts of the diets, despite no difference in appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suhr
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K N Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Landberg
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Denmark.,Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eilers R, van Lier A, Suijkerbuik A, Lehmann BA, de Melker HE, Veldwijk J, Ferreira J, Mollema L, Kristensen M, Nielen MM, Kretzschmar ME, van der Maas N, Krabbe PFM, Mc Donald SA, van Essen T, van der Hoek W, Opstelten W. The willingness of older adults to receive vaccination against influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster and pertussis and the role of the general practitioners. Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw172.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kristensen M, Nielsen HM. Cell-penetrating peptides as tools to enhance non-injectable delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1178369. [PMID: 27358757 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1178369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-injectable delivery of peptide and protein drugs is hampered by their labile nature, hydrophilicity, and large molecular size; thus limiting their permeation across mucosae, which represent major biochemical and physical barriers to drugs administered via e.g. the oral, nasal, and pulmonary routes. However, in recent years cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have emerged as promising tools to enhance mucosal delivery of co-administered or conjugated peptide and protein cargo and more advanced CPP-cargo formulations are emerging. CPPs act as transepithelial delivery vectors, but the mechanism(s) by which CPPs mediate cargo translocation across an epithelium is so far poorly understood; both due to the fact that multiple factors influence the resulting uptake and trafficking mechanisms as well as to the complicated nature of sensitive studies of this. In addition to a proper mechanistic understanding, documentation of CPP-mediated delivery in higher animal species than rodent as well as extensive toxicological studies are necessary for CPP-containing non-injectable DDSs to reach the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Biologics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Biologics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bjerg AT, Sørensen MB, Krych L, Hansen LH, Astrup A, Kristensen M, Nielsen DS. The effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® on blood levels of triacylglycerol is independent of colonisation. Benef Microbes 2016; 6:263-9. [PMID: 25273547 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been linked to obesity and its metabolic complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). The risk of developing CVD increases with elevated concentration of serum triacylglycerol (TAG). In a blinded, randomised two-arm parallel human intervention study we have previously found that four weeks of supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® (L. casei W8) compared to placebo reduced the concentration of TAG in 64 young healthy adults, an effect, likely mediated by a decreased stearoyl- CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) activity. In the present study we analysed faecal samples obtained during the intervention study to investigate whether this effect was related to the ability of L. casei W8 to colonise the human gut after supplementation of L. casei W8 (1010 cfu daily) as determined by qPCR specific for L. paracasei and L. casei (L. casei group); whether L. casei W8 consumption affected GM composition as determined by 16S rRNA gene targeted 454/FLX amplicon sequencing; and whether these changes were associated with changes in TAG concentration and SCD1 activity. Faecal samples were collected at baseline, after four weeks supplementation and two weeks after the supplementation was ended, and fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks. Four weeks supplementation with L. casei W8 did not affect the overall composition of the GM; however, an increase in the relative abundance of the L. casei group from 8.48×10-6% of the total GM compared to 2.83×10-3% at baseline (P<0.001) was observed. Two weeks after supplementation ended, the relative abundance of the L. casei group was still increased 14 times compared to before the intervention (P<0.01). However, neither the increase in the abundance of the L. casei group nor overall GM composition correlated with changes in blood lipids or SCD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Bjerg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - M B Sørensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L H Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - D S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kristensen M, Birch D, Mørck Nielsen H. Applications and Challenges for Use of Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Delivery Vectors for Peptide and Protein Cargos. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E185. [PMID: 26840305 PMCID: PMC4783919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrophilic nature of peptides and proteins renders them impermeable to cell membranes. Thus, in order to successfully deliver peptide and protein-based therapeutics across the plasma membrane or epithelial and endothelial barriers, a permeation enhancing strategy must be employed. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) constitute a promising tool and have shown applications for peptide and protein delivery into cells as well as across various epithelia and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CPP-mediated delivery of peptides and proteins may be pursued via covalent conjugation of the CPP to the cargo peptide or protein or via physical complexation obtained by simple bulk-mixing of the CPP with its cargo. Both approaches have their pros and cons, and which is the better choice likely relates to the physicochemical properties of the CPP and its cargo as well as the route of administration, the specific barrier and the target cell. Besides the physical barrier, a metabolic barrier must be taken into consideration when applying peptide-based delivery vectors, such as the CPPs, and stability-enhancing strategies are commonly employed to prolong the CPP half-life. The mechanisms by which CPPs translocate cell membranes are believed to involve both endocytosis and direct translocation, but are still widely investigated and discussed. The fact that multiple factors influence the mechanisms responsible for cellular CPP internalization and the lack of sensitive methods for detection of the CPP, and in some cases the cargo, further complicates the design and conduction of conclusive mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ditlev Birch
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kristensen M, Nielsen HM. Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Carriers for Oral Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:99-106. [PMID: 26525297 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals, for example peptides and proteins, constitutes a great challenge in drug delivery due to their low chemical stability and poor permeation across the intestinal mucosa, to a large extent limiting the mode of administration to injections, which is not favouring patient compliance. Nevertheless, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have shown promising potential as carriers to overcome the epithelium, and this minireview highlights recent knowledge gained within the field of CPP-mediated transepithelial delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins from the intestine. Two approaches may be pursued: co-administration of the carrier and therapeutic peptide in the form of complexes obtained by simple bulk mixing, or administration of covalent conjugates demanding more advanced production methodologies. These formulation approaches have their pros and cons, and which is to be preferred depends on the physicochemical properties of both the specific CPP and the specific cargo. In addition to the physical epithelial barrier, a metabolic barrier must be overcome in order to obtain CPP-mediated delivery of a cargo drug from the intestine, and a number of strategies have been employed to delay enzymatic degradation of the CPP. The mechanisms by which CPPs translocate across membranes are not fully understood, but possibly involve endocytosis as well as direct translocation, and the CPP-mediated transepithelial delivery of cargo drugs thus likely involves similar mechanisms for the initial membrane interaction and translocation. However, the mechanisms responsible for transcytosis of the cargo drug, if taken up by an endocytic mechanism, or direct translocation across the epithelium are so far not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Section for Biologics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Section for Biologics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lind MV, Martino D, Harsløf LBS, Kyjovska ZO, Kristensen M, Lauritzen L. Genome-wide identification of mononuclear cell DNA methylation sites potentially affected by fish oil supplementation in young infants: A pilot study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 101:1-7. [PMID: 26254087 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the effects of n-3LCPUFA might be mediated through epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA-methylation, during pregnancy and early life. A randomized trial was conducted in 133 9-mo-old, infants who received 3.8g/day of fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil (SO) for 9 mo. In a subset of 12 children, buffy-coat DNA was extracted before and after intervention and analyzed on Illumina-Human-Methylation 450-arrays to explore genome-wide differences between the FO and SO groups. Genome-wide-methylation analysis did not reveal significant differences between groups after adjustment for multiple testing. However, analysis of the top-ranked CpG-sites revealed 43 CpG׳s that appear modified with an absolute difference in methylation of ≥10%. Methylation levels at these sites were associated with phenotypic changes mainly in blood pressure. In conclusion, our analyses suggest potential epigenome effects that might be associated with functional outcomes, yet the effect sizes were small and should be verified by additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D Martino
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children׳s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - L B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Z O Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - L Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Cioffi I, Santarpia L, Vaccaro A, Iacone R, Marra M, Contaldo F, Kristensen M, Pasanisi F. SUN-PP035: Appetite Sensation and Energy Expenditure: Comparison Among Four Different Meals Based on 'Pasta di Gragnano'. Clin Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(15)30186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The present review will give an update on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) imaging using CBCT. It will focus on diagnostic accuracy and the value of CBCT compared with other imaging modalities for the evaluation of TMJs in different categories of patients; osteoarthritis (OA), juvenile OA, rheumatoid arthritis and related joint diseases, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and other intra-articular conditions. Finally, sections on other aspects of CBCT research related to the TMJ, clinical decision-making and concluding remarks are added. CBCT has emerged as a cost- and dose-effective imaging modality for the diagnostic assessment of a variety of TMJ conditions. The imaging modality has been found to be superior to conventional radiographical examinations as well as MRI in assessment of the TMJ. However, it should be emphasized that the diagnostic information obtained is limited to the morphology of the osseous joint components, cortical bone integrity and subcortical bone destruction/production. For evaluation of soft-tissue abnormalities, MRI is mandatory. There is an obvious need for research on the impact of CBCT examinations on patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Larheim
- 1 Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Bjerg AT, Kristensen M, Ritz C, Stark KD, Holst JJ, Leser TD, Wellejus A, Astrup A. Four weeks supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® shows modest effect on triacylglycerol in young healthy adults. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:29-39. [PMID: 25245572 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota has been shown to have the potential to affect appetite and blood lipids positively in animal studies. We investigated if four weeks supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® (L. casei W8) had an effect on subjective appetite sensation, ad libitum energy intake, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin response in humans. Secondarily, we explored potential effects on blood lipids, fatty acids and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) activity in humans as well as SCD1 expression in piglets given L. casei W8 for two weeks. 64 healthy participants completed the double-blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel four weeks study with supplementation of L. casei W8 (1010 cfu) or placebo capsules. A meal test was conducted before and after the intervention, where subjective appetite, ad libitum energy intake, GLP-1, glucose and insulin response were measured. Additionally fasting blood lipids and fatty acids concentrations were measured. Sixteen piglets were randomised into two groups: L. casei W8 (1010 cfu/day) as top dressing on morning fed or no treatment. After two weeks piglets were sacrificed and tissue from ileum, jejunum and skeletal muscle were sampled for mRNA analyses of SCD1 expression. Compared to placebo, L. casei W8 did not affect appetite, ad libitum energy intake, GLP-1, glucose and insulin response and total, high-density or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after four weeks intervention. Triacylglycerol decreased in the L. casei W8 group compared to placebo at week 4 (P=0.03). The C16:1n-7/C16:0 ratio, reflecting SCD1 activity, tended to decrease when having L. casei W8 (P=0.06) compared to placebo. Muscle SCD1 expression decreased in piglets supplemented with L. casei W8 compared to control. In conclusion, supplementation with L. casei W8 did not affect appetite parameters, glucose or insulin responses; but appear to be able to lower triacylglycerol levels, possibly by reducing its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Bjerg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - C Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - K D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J J Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center of Basic Metabolism Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - T D Leser
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - A Wellejus
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - A Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Alle 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Kristensen M, Pötzelsberger B, Scheiber P, Bergdahl A, Hansen CN, Andersen JL, Narici M, Salvioli S, Conte M, Müller E, Dela F. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): metabolism, inflammation, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:40-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kristensen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. Pötzelsberger
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Scheiber
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Bergdahl
- Department of Exercise Science; Concordia University; Montreal Canada
| | - C. N. Hansen
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. L. Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen; Center for Healthy Ageing; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Narici
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - S. Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - F. Dela
- Xlab; Center for Healthy Ageing; Department of Biomedicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Kristensen M, Franzyk H, Klausen MT, Iversen A, Bahnsen JS, Skyggebjerg RB, Foderà V, Nielsen HM. Penetratin-Mediated Transepithelial Insulin Permeation: Importance of Cationic Residues and pH for Complexation and Permeation. AAPS J 2015; 17:1200-9. [PMID: 25990963 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Penetratin is a widely used carrier peptide showing promising potential for mucosal delivery of therapeutic proteins. In the present study, the importance of specific penetratin residues and pH was investigated with respect to complexation with insulin and subsequent transepithelial insulin permeation. Besides penetratin, three analogues were studied. The carrier peptide-insulin complexes were characterized in terms of size and morphology at pH 5, 6.5, and 7.4 by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. At pH 7.4 mainly very large complexes were present, while much smaller complexes dominated at pH 5. Presence of arginine residues in the carrier peptide proved to be a prerequisite for complexation with insulin as well as for enhanced transepithelial insulin permeation in vitro. Rearrangement of tryptophan residues resulted in significantly increased insulin permeation as compared to that of the parent penetratin. In general, pre-complexation with penetratin and its analogues at pH 5 gave rise to increased insulin permeation as compared to that observed at pH 7.4; this finding was further supported by a preliminary in vivo study using the parent penetratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kristensen M, de Groot AM, Berthelsen J, Franzyk H, Sijts A, Nielsen HM. Conjugation of cell-penetrating peptides to parathyroid hormone affects its structure, potency, and transepithelial permeation. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:477-88. [PMID: 25611217 DOI: 10.1021/bc5005763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins by the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as carriers has been suggested as a feasible strategy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of conjugating a series of well-known CPPs to the biologically active part of parathyroid hormone, i.e., PTH(1-34), and to evaluate the effect with regard to secondary structure, potency in Saos-2 cells, immunogenicity, safety, as well as the transepithelial permeation across monolayers by using the Caco-2 cell culture model. Further, co-administration of CPP and PTH(1-34) as an alternative to covalent conjugation was compared with regard to the transepithelial permeation. CPP-conjugated PTH(1-34) fusion peptides were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from inclusion bodies. No clear correlation between the degree of secondary structure of the CPP-conjugated PTH(1-34) fusion peptides and their potency was found, albeit a general decrease in permeation was observed for both N- and C-terminally CPP-conjugated PTH(1-34) as compared to native PTH(1-34). However, attachment of CPP to the N-terminus significantly increased permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers as compared to the corresponding C-terminally CPP-conjugated PTH(1-34). In addition, the nonaarginine sequence proved to be the only CPP capable of increasing permeation when conjugated to PTH(1-34) as compared to co-administration of CPP and PTH(1-34). This enhancement effect was, however, associated with an unacceptably low level of cell viability. In conclusion, covalent conjugation of CPPs to PTH(1-34) influenced the secondary structure, potency, and transepithelial permeation efficiency of the resulting conjugate, and hence this approach appears not to be favorable as compared to co-administration when optimizing CPP-mediated permeation of PTH(1-34) across an intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- †Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Marit de Groot
- §Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Berthelsen
- ‡Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- ∥Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Sijts
- §Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- †Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Glavind L, Buggy S, Canning J, Gao S, Cook K, Luo Y, Peng GD, Skipper BF, Kristensen M. Long-period gratings for selective monitoring of loads on a wind turbine blade. Appl Opt 2014; 53:3993-4001. [PMID: 24979432 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An optical fiber sensor based on long-period gratings (LPG) for selective measurements of flap- and edge-wise bending of a wind turbine blade is presented. Two consecutive LPGs separated by 40 mm interfere to improve resolution and reduce noise in a D-shaped fiber. The mode profile of the device was characterized experimentally to provide a model describing the mode couplings. The sensor was tested on a wind turbine blade.
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Glintborg B, Østergaard M, Krogh N, Tarp U, Loft A, Hansen A, Schlemmer A, Fana V, Kristensen M, Lindegaard H, Nordin H, Rasmussen C, Ejstrup L, Petersen P, Manilo N, Jensen D, Hetland M. OP0168 Clinical response, drug survival and predictors thereof in 432 patients with ankylosing spondylitis switching anti tumor necrosis factor α therapy: Results from the danish nationwide danbio registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Christensen EG, Licht TR, Kristensen M, Bahl MI. Bifidogenic effect of whole-grain wheat during a 12-week energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1316-21. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Georg Jensen M, Pedersen C, Kristensen M, Frost G, Astrup A. Review: efficacy of alginate supplementation in relation to appetite regulation and metabolic risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14:129-44. [PMID: 23145880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a critical update on human and animal studies investigating the effect of alginate supplementation on appetite regulation, glycaemic and insulinemic responses, and lipid metabolism with discussion of the evidence on potential mechanisms, efficacy and tolerability. Dependent on vehicle applied for alginate supplementation, the majority of animal and human studies suggest that alginate consumption does suppress satiety and to some extent energy intake. Only one long-term intervention trial found effects on weight loss. In addition, alginates seem to exhibit beneficial influence on postprandial glucose absorption and insulin response in animals and humans. However, alginate supplementation was only found to have cholesterol-lowering properties in animals. Several mechanisms have been suggested for the positive effect observed, which involve delayed gastric emptying, increased viscosity of digesta and slowed nutrient absorption in the small intestine upon alginate gel formation. Despite reasonable efficacy and tolerability from the acute or short-term studies, we still realize there is a critical need for development of optimal alginate types and vehicles as well as studies on further long-term investigation on alginate supplementation in humans before inferring that it could be useful in the management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Georg Jensen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Kristensen M, Savorani F, Christensen S, Engelsen SB, Bügel S, Toubro S, Tetens I, Astrup A. Flaxseed dietary fibers suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite sensation in young men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:136-143. [PMID: 21802266 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dietary fibers (DF) are linked to a reduced risk of life-style diseases, which relate to their physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim was to examine whether flaxseed DF-enriched meals suppress postprandial lipemia and reduce appetite. METHODS AND RESULTS Four different iso-caloric meals were tested in 18 young men in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Test meals were served after an overnight fast. DF content and source were: control (C): 1.4 g/MJ; whole flaxseed (WF): 2.4 g/MJ from whole flaxseeds; low-mucilage dose (LM): 2.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF; high-mucilage dose (HM): 3.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF. During the 7 h test day, subjective appetite sensation was assessed using visual analogue scales and appetite-regulating hormones, and lipemia and glycemia were measured, after which ad libitum energy intake was recorded. There was a significant time × meal effect on triacylglycerols (TG) (p = 0.02) and an 18% smaller area under the curve (AUC) for TG after meal HM compared to meal C was observed (p < 0.01). AUC for insulin was smaller after both LM and HM meals compared to C and WF meals. Higher mean ratings of satiety (p < 0.01) and fullness (p = 0.03) was seen following the HM meal compared to meal C. AUC for ghrelin, CCK and GLP-1 and ad libitum energy intake did not differ between meals, but ghrelin response exhibited a different response pattern after the mucilage-containing meals. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that flaxseed DF may suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite although subsequent energy intake was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Georg Jensen M, Knudsen J, Viereck N, Kristensen M, Astrup A. Functionality of alginate based supplements for application in human appetite regulation. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Georg Jensen M, Kristensen M, Astrup A. Can alginate-based preloads increase weight loss beyond calorie restriction? A pilot study in obese individuals. Appetite 2011; 57:601-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lassen SB, Nielsen SA, Skovgård H, Kristensen M. Molecular differentiation of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the subgenus Culicoides Latreille in Denmark. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1765-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Wanders AJ, van den Borne JJGC, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jonathan MC, Kristensen M, Mars M, Schols HA, Feskens EJM. Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2011; 12:724-39. [PMID: 21676152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibres are believed to reduce subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight. However, different types of dietary fibre may affect these outcomes differently. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate the available literature on the relationship between dietary fibre types, appetite, acute and long-term energy intake, and body weight. Fibres were grouped according to chemical structure and physicochemical properties (viscosity, solubility and fermentability). Effect rates were calculated as the proportion of all fibre-control comparisons that reduced appetite (n = 58 comparisons), acute energy intake (n = 26), long-term energy intake (n = 38) or body weight (n = 66). For appetite, acute energy intake, long-term energy intake and body weight, there were clear differences in effect rates depending on chemical structure. Interestingly, fibres characterized as being more viscous (e.g. pectins, β-glucans and guar gum) reduced appetite more often than those less viscous fibres (59% vs. 14%), which also applied to acute energy intake (69% vs. 30%). Overall, effects on energy intake and body weight were relatively small, and distinct dose-response relationships were not observed. Short- and long-term effects of dietary fibres appear to differ and multiple mechanisms relating to their different physicochemical properties seem to interplay. This warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wanders
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
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Waldemar G, Bruhn P, Schmidt E, Kristensen M, Lassen N, Paulson O. Cognitive profiles and regional cerebral blood flow patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur J Neurol 2011; 1:81-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1994.tb00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lyngaa R, Nørregaard K, Kristensen M, Kubale V, Rosenkilde MM, Kledal TN. Cell transformation mediated by the Epstein-Barr virus G protein-coupled receptor BILF1 is dependent on constitutive signaling. Oncogene 2010; 29:4388-98. [PMID: 20543866 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) open reading frame BILF1 encodes a seven trans-membrane (TM) G protein-coupled receptor that signals with high constitutive activity through Galpha(i) (Beisser et al., 2005; Paulsen et al., 2005). In this paper, the transforming potential of BILF1 is investigated in vitro in a foci formation assay using retrovirally transduced NIH3T3 cells, as well as in vivo by using nude mice. BILF1 revealed a substantial transforming potential that was dependent on constitutive signaling, as a signaling-deficient mutant completely lost its ability to transform cells in vitro, and an intermediately active triple-mutated receptor possessed an intermediate transforming potential. Furthermore, BILF1 expression induced vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in a constitutively active manner. In nude mice, BILF1 promoted tumor formation in 90% of cases, ORF74 (from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus) in 100% of cases, whereas the signaling-deficient receptor resulted in tumor establishment in 40% of cases. These data suggest that BILF1, when expressed during EBV infection, could indeed be involved in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated diseases and malignancies. Furthermore, the correlation between receptor activity and the ability to mediate cell transformation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo supports the idea that inverse agonists for BILF1 could inhibit cell transformation and be relevant therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lyngaa
- Laboratory for Cell biology and Virology, Department of Micro and Nano-technology, the Danish Technical University, DTU-Nanotech, Roskilde, Denmark
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Krüger AC, Raarup MK, Nielsen MM, Kristensen M, Besenbacher F, Kjems J, Birkedal V. Interaction of hnRNP A1 with telomere DNA G-quadruplex structures studied at the single molecule level. Eur Biophys J 2010; 39:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract Potassium (K(+)) displacement in skeletal muscle may be an important factor in the development of muscle fatigue during intense exercise. It has been shown in vitro that an increase in the extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](e)) to values higher than approx. 10 mm significantly reduce force development in unfatigued skeletal muscle. Several in vivo studies have shown that [K(+)](e) increases progressively with increasing work intensity, reaching values higher than 10 mm. This increase in [K(+)](e) is expected to be even higher in the transverse (T)-tubules than the concentration reached in the interstitium. Besides the voltage-sensitive K(+) (K(v)) channels that generate the action potential (AP) it is suggested that the big-conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) (K(Ca)1.1) channel contributes significantly to the K(+) release into the T-tubules. Also the ATP-dependent K(+) (K(ATP)) channel participates, but is suggested primarily to participate in K(+) release to the interstitium. Because there is restricted diffusion of K(+) to the interstitium, K(+) released to the T-tubules during AP propagation will be removed primarily by reuptake mediated by transport proteins located in the T-tubule membrane. The most important protein that mediates K(+) reuptake in the T-tubules is the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha(2) dimers, but a significant contribution of the strong inward rectifier K(+) (Kir2.1) channel is also suggested. The Na(+), K(+), 2Cl(-) 1 (NKCC1) cotransporter also participates in K(+) reuptake but probably mainly from the interstitium. The relative content of the different K(+)-transporting proteins differs in oxidative and glycolytic muscles, and might explain the different [K(+)](e) tolerance observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Abstract
A patient with symptomatic epilepsy receiving only phenytoin developed choreoathetosis and orofacial dyskinesias. These movement disorders disappeared when the drug was stopped and reappeared when the patient was challenged. Throughout the period of treatment, concentrations of phenytoin in serum were consistently low within the therapeutic range. Interfering symptoms from the cardiovascular system and the absence of some classic symptoms of phenytoin intoxication (nystagmus and dysarthria) contributed to delay the diagnosis. The patient died in hospital and autopsy of the brain showed rather localized encephalomalacies of corpus striatum. The pathogenic action of phenytoin and the role of preexisting brain lesions are discussed. Phenytoin must be suspected as the cause, when patients on this drug present with uncontrolllable epilepsy or neurological or mental deterioration.
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Skovsted L, Kristensen M, Hansen M, Siersbaek-Nielsen K. The effect of different oral anticoagulants on diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and tolbutamide metabolism. Acta Med Scand 2009; 199:513-5. [PMID: 59517 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb06772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of bishydroxycoumarin, phenprocoumon, warfarin and phenindione on the metabolism of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and tolbutamide has been studied in 54 patients. The half-lives of DPH and tolbutamide in blood following i.v. injections were studied in 33 patients before and after one week of anticoagulant treatment. Bishydroxycoumarin increased the mean half-life values of DPH from 8.8 to 37.4 hours and of tolbutamide from 4.9 to 17.5. Phenprocoumon prolonged DPH half-life from a mean value of 9.9 to 14.0 hours but did not change the tolbutamide half-life. Warfarin and phenindione did not affect DPH or tolbutamide half-lives. Steady state concentration studies in 21 patients showed a rise in serum DPH during bishydroxycoumarin and phenprocoumon treatment but not during treatment with warfarin and phenindione. A rise in serum tolbutamide was noted during treatment with bishydroxycoumarin. These findings suggest that bishydroxycoumarin inhibits the betabolism of DPH and tolbutamide and that phenprocoumon inhibits DPH metabolism. No effect on DPH and tolbutamide metabolism could be demonstrated following administration of warfarin and phenindione.
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Kristensen M. The effect of glycopyrrolate on mucus in gastric juice determined by a potentiometric procedure. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 2009; 25:Suppl 4:58. [PMID: 5630951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1967.tb03045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
House flies are carriers of >100 devastating diseases that have severe consequences for human and animal health. Despite the fact that it is a passive vector, a key bottleneck to progress in controlling the human diseases transmitted by house flies is lack of knowledge of the basic molecular biology of this species. Sequencing of the house fly genome will provide important inroads to the discovery of novel target sites for house fly control, understanding of the house fly immune response, rapid elucidation of insecticide resistance genes, and understanding of numerous aspects of the basic biology of this insect pest. The ability of the house fly to prosper in a remarkably septic environment motivates analysis of its innate immune system. Its polymorphic sex determination system, with male-determining factors on either the autosomes or the Y chromosome, is ripe for a genomic analysis. Sequencing of the house fly genome would allow the first opportunity to study the interactions between a pest insect and its parasitoid (Nasonia vitripennis) at the whole genome level. In addition, the house fly is well placed phylogenetically to leverage analysis of the multiple Dipteran genomes that have been sequenced (including several mosquito and Drosophila species). The community of researchers investigating Musca domestica are well prepared and highly motivated to apply genomic analyses to their widely varied research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Wharton DA, Pow B, Kristensen M, Ramløv H, Marshall CJ. Ice-active proteins and cryoprotectants from the New Zealand alpine cockroach, Celatoblatta quinquemaculata. J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:27-31. [PMID: 18955061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Celatoblatta quinquemaculata is moderately freezing tolerant. We have investigated low and high molecular weight compounds that may be associated with its survival. Glycerol and trehalose were identified as potential cryoprotectants, with trehalose at the higher concentration. Trehalose was at its highest concentration in late autumn, during the periods sampled. Water contents declined with time and were significantly lower in late autumn than in late summer. No thermal hysteresis activity was detected in haemolymph or in extracts of the head, muscles and the fat body. Extracts of the Malpighian tubules showed an hexagonal crystal growth form, as did those of the gut tissue and gut contents. The gut tissue had high levels of thermal hysteresis (approximately 2 degrees C) and the gut contents somewhat lower levels (approximately 0.6 degrees C). Recrystallization inhibition activity mirrored that of thermal hysteresis, with activity absent in the haemolymph or fat body cells but present in the gut tissues and contents. Activity was reduced by heating and was associated with a molecule >14kDa in size. These findings suggest an antifreeze protein is involved. In fed animals, ice nucleation is likely to start in the gut. Gut cells have a much greater resistance to freezing than do fat body or Malpighian tubule cells. The antifreeze protein may enable this tissue to survive freezing stress by inhibiting recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wharton
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Rasmussen MK, Kristensen M, Juel C. Exercise-induced regulation of phospholemman (FXYD1) in rat skeletal muscle: implications for Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 194:67-79. [PMID: 18373741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity is upregulated during muscle exercise to maintain ionic homeostasis. One mechanism may involve movement of alpha-subunits to the outer membrane (translocation). AIM We investigated the existence of exercise-induced translocation and phosphorylation of phospholemman (PLM, FXYD1) protein in rat skeletal muscle and exercise-induced changes in V(max) and K(m) for Na(+) of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. METHODS Two membrane fractionation methods and immunoprecipitation were used. RESULTS Both fractionation methods revealed a 200-350% increase in PLM in the sarcolemma after 30 min of treadmill running, while the phosphorylation of Ser-68 of PLM appeared to be unchanged. Exercise did not change V(max) or K(m) for Na(+) of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in muscle homogenate, but induced a 67% increase in V(max) in the sarcolemmal giant vesicle preparation; K(m) for Na(+) remained constant. The main part of the increase in V(max) is related to a 36-53% increase in the level of alpha-subunits; the remainder may be related to increased PLM content. Similar results were obtained with another membrane purification method. In resting muscle, 29% and 32% of alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-subunits, respectively, were co-immunoprecipitated by PLM antibodies. In muscle homogenate prepared after exercise, immunoprecipitation of alpha(1)-subunits was increased to 227%, whereas the fraction of precipitated alpha(2) remained constant. CONCLUSION Exercise translocates PLM to the muscle outer membrane and increases its association with mainly the alpha(1)-subunit, which may contribute to the increased V(max) of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kristensen M, Damgaard TW, Sørensen AD, Raben A, Lindeløv TS, Thomsen AD, Bjergegaard C, Sørensen H, Astrup A, Tetens I. Whole flaxseeds but not sunflower seeds in rye bread reduce apparent digestibility of fat in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:961-7. [PMID: 17522599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure the apparent digestibility of fat and the transit time upon addition of whole sunflower seeds (SU) or flaxseeds (FL) to rye breads consumed as part of a whole diet. METHOD In a randomized crossover study, gross intake and faecal excretion of fat and energy were measured in 11 young healthy men aged 24.6+/-2.7 years. During each 7 days intervention periods, the subjects received a basal diet plus 300 g of one of four rye breads: (1) rye bread; (2) rye bread with SU; (3) rye bread with FL; (4) low extraction rate rye bread with SU and FL. Fat binding properties of rye breads (1) and (3) were determined by in vitro digestion. RESULTS Addition of whole SU or FL to breads increased daily gross intake of fat and energy (P<0.001). The amounts of apparently digested fat (g/day) and energy were lowered when subjects consumed the SU or FL rye bread (P<0.001). The effect on energy digestibility of FL was more pronounced than that of SU. The in vitro fat digestibility of rye breads and whole diets show fat-binding properties of FL when compared to the rye bread diet (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Enrichment of bread with whole FL does not appear to result in increased fat and energy intake when added to breads, but the results rather indicate an impairment of nutrient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristensen
- Department of Human Nutrition/Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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