Nanoplastic toxicity induces metabolic shifts in Populus × euramericana cv. '74/76' revealed by multi-omics analysis

There is increasing global concern regarding the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. We investigated the response of Populus × euramericana cv. '74/76' to nanoplastic toxicity via phenotypic, microanatomical, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches. Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) were distributed throughout the test plants after the application of PS-NPs. Nanoplastics principally accumulated in the roots; minimal fractions were translocated to the leaves. In leaves, however, PS-NPs easily penetrated membranes and became concentrated in chloroplasts, causing thylakoid disintegration and chlorophyll degradation. Finally, oxidant damage from the influx of PS-NPs led to diminished photosynthesis, stunted growth, and etiolation and/or wilting. By integrating dual-omics data, we found that plants could counteract mild PS-NP-induced oxidative stress through the antioxidant enzyme system without initiating secondary metabolic defense mechanisms. In contrast, severe PS-NP treatments promoted a shift in metabolic pattern from primary metabolism to secondary metabolic defense mechanisms, an effect that was particularly pronounced during the upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide a useful framework from which to further clarify the roles of key biochemical pathways in plant responses to nanoplastic toxicity. Our work also supports the development of effective strategies to mitigate the environmental risks of nanoplastics by biologically immobilizing them in contaminated lands.

[A transcriptomic analysis of correlation between mitochondrial function and energy metabolism remodeling in mice with myocardial fibrosis following myocardial infarction]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the changes of mitochondrial respiratory function during myocardial fibrosis in mice with myocardial infarction (MI) and its correlation with the increase of glycolytic flux.

METHODS

Forty C57BL/6N mice were randomized into two equal groups to receive sham operation or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce acute MI. At 28 days after the operation, 5 mice from each group were euthanized and left ventricular tissue samples were collected for transcriptomic sequencing. FPKM method was used to calculate gene expression levels to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MI mice, which were analyzed using GO and KEGG databases to determine the pathways affecting the disease process. Heat maps were drawn to show the differential expressions of the pathways and the related genes in the enrichment analysis. In primary cultures of neonatal mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), the changes in mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis levels in response to treatment with the pro-fibrotic agonist TGF-β1 were analyzed using Seahorse experiment.

RESULTS

The mouse models of MI showed significantly increased diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter (P < 0.05) and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (P < 0.0001). A total of 124 up-regulated and 106 down-regulated DEGs were identified in the myocardial tissues of MI mice, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in fatty acid metabolism, organelles and other metabolic pathways and in the mitochondria. Heat maps revealed fatty acid beta oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased glycolysis levels in MI mice. In the primary culture of CFs, treatment with TGF-β1 significantly reduced the basal and maximum respiratory levels and increased the basal and maximum glycolysis levels (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

During myocardial fibrosis, energy metabolism remodeling occurs in the CFs, manifested by lowered mitochondrial function and increased energy generation through glycolysis.

Lipoprotein(a) is associated with recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes

PURPOSE

Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and diabetes mellitus (DM) are both associated with adverse events in high-risk patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). Currently, the association between Lp(a) levels and recurrent cardiovascular (CV) events (CVEs) remained undetermined in patients with different glucose status. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of Lp(a) levels for recurrent CVEs in high-risk CAD patients who suffered from first CVEs according to different glycemic metabolism.

METHODS

We recruited 5257 consecutive patients with prior CVEs and followed up for recurrent CVEs, including CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and non-fatal stroke. Patients were assigned to low, medium, and high groups according to Lp(a) levels and further stratified by glucose status.

RESULTS

During a median 37-month follow-up, 225 (4.28%) recurrent CVEs occurred. High Lp(a) was independently associated with recurrent CVEs [adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR), 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-2.19; P = 0.008]. When participants were classified according to Lp(a) levels and glycemic status, high Lp(a) levels were associated with an increased risk of recurrent CVEs in pre-DM (adjusted HR, 2.96; 95% CI 1.24-7.05; P = 0.014). Meanwhile, medium and high Lp(a) levels were both associated with an increased risk for recurrent CVEs in DM (adjusted HR, 3.09; 95% CI 1.30-7.34; P = 0.010 and adjusted HR, 3.13, 95% CI 1.30-7.53; P = 0.011, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that elevated Lp(a) levels were associated with an increased recurrent CVE risk in patients with CAD, particularly among those with pre-DM and DM, indicating that Lp(a) may provide incremental value in risk stratification in this population.

[A multicenter prospective study on early identification of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children]

Objective: To explore potential predictors of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in early stage. Methods: The prospective multicenter study was conducted in Zhejiang, China from May 1st, 2019 to January 31st, 2020. A total of 1 428 patients with fever >48 hours to <120 hours were studied. Their clinical data and oral pharyngeal swab samples were collected; Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in pharyngeal swab specimens was detected. Patients with positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA results underwent a series of tests, including chest X-ray, complete blood count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and procalcitonin. According to the occurrence of RMPP, the patients were divided into two groups, RMPP group and general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (GMPP) group. Measurement data between the 2 groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between clinical data and RMPP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the power of the markers for predicting RMPP. Results: A total of 1 428 patients finished the study, with 801 boys and 627 girls, aged 4.3 (2.7, 6.3) years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA was positive in 534 cases (37.4%), of whom 446 cases (83.5%) were diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, including 251 boys and 195 girls, aged 5.2 (3.3, 6.9) years. Macrolides-resistant variation was positive in 410 cases (91.9%). Fifty-five cases were with RMPP, 391 cases with GMPP. The peak body temperature before the first visit and LDH levels in RMPP patients were higher than that in GMPP patients (39.6 (39.1, 40.0) vs. 39.2 (38.9, 39.7) ℃, 333 (279, 392) vs. 311 (259, 359) U/L, both P<0.05). Logistic regression showed the prediction probability π=exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004×LDH (U/L))/(1+exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004 × LDH (U/L))), the cut-off value to predict RMPP was 0.12, with a consensus of probability forecast of 0.89, sensitivity of 0.89, and specificity of 0.67; and the area under ROC curve was 0.682 (95%CI 0.593-0.771, P<0.01). Conclusion: In MPP patients with fever over 48 to <120 hours, a prediction probability π of RMPP can be calculated based on the peak body temperature and LDH level before the first visit, which can facilitate early identification of RMPP.

Diagnostic value of dynamic contrast enhancement combined with conventional MRI in differentiating benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours

AIM

To establish the diagnostic value of the quantitative parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with conventional MRI in differentiating of benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of primary lacrimal gland epithelial tumours confirmed by histopathology was conducted. Conventional MRI features and DCE-MRI quantitative parameters were collected and subjected to analysis. The diagnostic value was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients were enrolled of which 29 had malignant, whereas 24 had benign tumours. Conventional MRI revealed statistically significant differences between benign and malignant tumours regarding maximum tumour diameter, posterior margin characteristic, bone destruction, and erosion. The Ktrans and Kep values obtained by DCE-MRI were higher in malignant than in benign tumours, with a statistically significant (p<0.001 and p=0.022). A type I time-signal intensity (TIC) curve was more frequent in benign tumours, whereas a type II TIC curve was prevalent in malignant tumours (p=0.001). ROC analysis showed that Ktrans had the best diagnostic value of the DCE-MRI parameters (area under the ROC curve [AUC] of 0.822, 75.9% sensitivity, and 83.3% specificity, p<0.001). The combination of conventional MRI and DCE-MRI factors had the best diagnostic value and balanced sensitivity and specificity (AUC of 0.948, 93.1% sensitivity, and 91.7% specificity, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The present findings indicate that the combination of quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI and image characteristics of conventional MRI have a high diagnostic value for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours.

GRP78 promotes bone metastasis of prostate cancer by regulating bone microenvironment through Sonic hedgehog signaling

Bone metastasis is the leading cause of tumor-related deaths in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The interactions between PCa and the bone microenvironment form a vicious cycle. However, the complex molecular mechanism by which PCa regulates the bone microenvironment remains unclear. To determine the role of glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in bone metastasis and growth, we established intracardiac injection and tibial injection models, and performed their histological staining. To assess the effect of GRP78 on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, we performed cell co-culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, alizarin red staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. We found that GRP78 is upregulated in PCa tissues and that its upregulation is associated with PCa progression in patients. Functional experiments showed that GRP78 overexpression in PCa cells considerably promotes bone metastasis and induces bone microstructure changes. Silencing GRP78 substantially inhibits the migration and invasion of PCa cells in vitro and bone metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, GRP78 promotes the migration and invasion of PCa cells via the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. Cell co-culture showed that GRP78 promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts through Shh signaling. Our findings suggest that tumor-bone matrix interactions owing to GRP78-activated paracrine Shh signaling by PCa cells regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This process promotes bone metastasis and the proliferation of PCa cells in the bone microenvironment. Targeting the GRP78/Shh axis can serve as a therapeutic strategy to prevent bone metastasis and improve the quality of life of patients with PCa.

Differentiation of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal tuberculosis by dual-layer spectral detector CT enterography

AIM

To investigate the value of radiological features and energy spectrum quantitative parameters in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) by dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography (CT) enterography (CTE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical and CTE data were collected from 182 patients with CD, 29 with UC, and 51 with ITB. CT images were obtained at the enteric phases and portal phases. The quantitative energy spectrum parameters were iodine density (ID), normalised ID (NID), virtual non-contrast (VNC) value, and effective atomic number (Z-eff). The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated.

RESULTS

The vascular comb sign (p=0.009) and enlarged lymph nodes (p=0.001) were more common in patients with CD than UC or ITB. In the differentiation of moderate-severe active CD from UC, enteric phase NID (AUC, 0.938; p<0.001) and portal phase Z-eff (AUC, 0.925; p<0.001) had the highest accuracy, which were compared separately. In the differentiation of moderate-severe active CD from ITB, enteric phase NID (AUC, 0.906; p<0.001) and portal phase Z-eff (AUC, 0.947; p<0.001) had the highest accuracy; however, the AUC value was highest when the four parameters are combined (AUC, 0.989; p<0.001; AUC, 0.986; p<0.001; AUC, 0.936; p<0.001; and AUC, 0.986; p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that the combined strategies of four parameters have higher sensitivity and specificity in differentiating CD, UC, and ITB, and may play a key role in guiding treatment.

Global burden and inequality of maternal and neonatal disorders: based on data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study

BACKGROUND

Maternal and neonatal disorders account for substantial health loss across the lifespan from early childhood. These problems may be related to health inequality.

AIM

To provide evidence for improvement in health policies regarding maternal and neonatal disorder inequity.

DESIGN

This was a population-based cross-sectional study based on 2019 Global Burden of Disease data.

METHODS

Annual cases and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2019 were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. Concentration curves and concentration indices were used to summarize the degree of socioeconomic-related inequality.

RESULTS

For maternal disorders, the global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, death and DALYs were 2889.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 2562.9-3251.9), 502.9 (95% UI 418.7-598.0), 5.0 (95% UI 4.4-5.8) and 324.9 (95% UI 284.0-369.1) per 100 000 women in 2019, respectively. The ASRs of maternal disorders were all obviously reduced and remained pro-poor from 1990 to 2019. In neonatal disorders, the global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, death and DALYs were 363.3 (95% UI 334.6-396.8), 1239.8 (95% UI 1142.1-1356.7), 29.1 (95% UI 24.8-34.5) and 2828.3 (95% UI 2441.6-3329.6) per 100 000 people in 2019, respectively. The global ASRs of incidence, death and DALYs in neonatal disorders have remained pro-poor. However, the socioeconomic-related fairness in the ASR of neonatal disorder prevalence is being levelled.

CONCLUSIONS

The global burden of maternal and neonatal disorders has remained high, and socioeconomic-related inequality (pro-poor) tended not to change between 1990 and 2019.

Genome-wide identification of the Pyrus R2R3-MYB gene family and PhMYB62 regulation analysis in Pyrus hopeiensis flowers at low temperature

The R2R3-MYB gene family play an important role in plant growth, development and stress responses. In this study, a total of 122 PcoR2R3-MYB genes were identified and grouped into 26 clades in pear. And these PcoMYBs were unevenly distributed among 17 chromosomes. The sequence characteristics, conversed motifs, exon/intron structures, classification, duplication events and cis-acting elements were also investigated. The gene duplication events showed that segmental duplication may play key roles in expansion of the PcoMYB gene family. Pyrus hopeiensis, which is a valuable wild resource, has strong cold resistance. An integrative analyses of miRNA and mRNA showed that PhMYB62 was involved in regulating low-temperature stress in P. hopeiensis flower organs. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PhMYB62 protein was specifically localized to the nucleus. The result of DAP-seq showed that PhMYB62 responded to low-temperature stress in P. hopeiensis by regulating TFs, which were associated with plant stress resistance, and POD, GAUT12, AUX28 and CHS genes. Subsequently, yeast one-hybrid verified that PhMYB62 could bind and activate the promoter of POD gene. The current study would provide a comprehensive information for further functional research on the stress-responsive R2R3-MYB gene candidates in pear, and may help to identify the genes associated with cold resistance for the cultivation of cold-resistant pear varieties.

Genome-wide molecular evolution analysis of the GRF and GIF gene families in Plantae (Archaeplastida)

BACKGROUND

Plant growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and GRF-interacting factors (GIFs) interact with each other and collectively have important regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the systematic evolution of GRF and GIF gene families. However, our knowledge and understanding of the role of GRF and GIF genes during plant evolution has been fragmentary.

RESULTS

In this study, a large number of genomic and transcriptomic datasets of algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms were used to systematically analyze the evolution of GRF and GIF genes during the evolution of plants. The results showed that GRF gene first appeared in the charophyte Klebsormidium nitens, whereas the GIF genes originated relatively early, and these two gene families were mainly expanded by segmental duplication events after plant terrestrialization. During the process of evolution, the protein sequences and functions of GRF and GIF family genes are relatively conservative. As cooperative partner, GRF and GIF genes contain the similar types of cis-acting elements in their promoter regions, which enables them to have similar transcriptional response patterns, and both show higher levels of expression in reproductive organs and tissues and organs with strong capacity for cell division. Based on protein-protein interaction analysis and verification, we found that the GRF-GIF protein partnership began to be established in pteridophytes and is highly conserved across different terrestrial plants.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provide a foundation for further exploration of the molecular evolution and biological functions of GRF and GIF genes.

Investigating the Impact of Tea Consumption on Cognitive Function and Exploring Tea-Genetic Interactions in Older Adults Aged 65-105 Years: Findings from the 2002-2018 CLHLS Data

BACKGROUND

As the global population ages, cognitive impairment (CI) becomes more prevalent. Tea has been one of the most popular drinks in the world. Several studies have demonstrated that tea consumption has an impact on cognitive function.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to examine the association between tea consumption and cognitive function and explore the potential effect of genetics on the relationship between tea consumption and CI risk in older adults.

DESIGN

This is a prospective longitudinal study using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).

SETTING

Six waves of data from CLHLS containing 76,270 subjects were analyzed. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) with a logit link function were adopted to estimate the effect of tea consumption on CI risk from a cross-sectional and longitudinal perspective.

PARTICIPANTS

A population-based cohort of adults aged 65-105 years.

MEASUREMENTS

The frequency and type of tea consumption were obtained by questionnaires. CI was measured based on MMSE. Polygenic risk was measured using the polygenic score approach described by the International Schizophrenia.

RESULTS

The results showed that drinking green tea had a better protective effect on cognitive function than other types of tea, the incidence of CI gradually decreased with the increase of tea consumption frequency, and men were more likely to benefit from tea consumption. Additionally, we also found a significant interaction between tea consumption and genetic risk, measured by polygenic risk score (PRS).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on current research evidence, tea consumption, may be a simple and important measure for CI prevention.

Estrogen as a guardian of auditory health: Tsp1-CD47 axis regulation and noise-induced hearing loss

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to analyze the role of estrogen in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and uncover underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

An ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat model (OVX) was constructed to investigate the hearing threshold and auditory latency before and after noise exposure using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. The morphological changes were assessed using immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Proteomics and bioinformatics were used to analyze the mechanism. The findings were further verified through western blot and Luminex liquid suspension chip technology.

RESULTS

After noise exposure, OVX rats exhibited substantially elevated hearing thresholds. A conspicuous delay in ABR wave I latency was observed, alongside increased loss of outer hair cells, severe collapse of stereocilia and pronounced deformation of the epidermal plate. Accordingly, OVX rats with estrogen supplementation exhibited tolerance to NIHL. Additionally, a remarkable upregulation of the thrombospondin 1 (Tsp1)-CD47 axis in OVX rats was discovered and verified.

CONCLUSIONS

OVX rats were more susceptible to NIHL, and the protective effect of estrogen was achieved through regulation of the Tsp1-CD47 axis. This study presents a novel mechanism through which estrogen regulates NIHL and offers a potential intervention strategy for the clinical treatment of NIHL.

Identification and adaptive evolution analysis of glutaredoxin genes in Populus spp

Glutaredoxin (GRX) is a class of small redox proteins widely involved in cellular redox homeostasis and the regulation of various cellular processes. The role of GRX gene in the differentiation of Populus spp. is rarely reported. We compared the similarities and differences of GRX genes among four sections of poplar using bioinformatics, corrected the annotations of some GRX genes, and focused on analysing their transcript profiling and adaptive evolution in Populus spp. A total of 219 GRX genes were identified in four sections of poplar, among which annotations for 13 genes were corrected. Differences in GRX genes were found between sect. Turanga, represented by P. euphratica, and other poplar sections. Most notably, P. euphratica had the smallest number of duplication events for GRX genes (n = 9) and no tandem duplications, whereas there were >25 duplication events for all other poplars. Furthermore, we detected 18 pairs of GRX genes under positive selection pressure in various sections of poplar, and identified two groups of GRX genes in the Salicaceae that potentially underwent positive selection. Expression profiling results showed that the PtrGRX34 and its orthologous genes were upregulated under stress treatments. In summary, the GRX gene family underwent expansion during poplar differentiation, and some genes underwent rapid evolution during this process, which may be beneficial for Populus spp. to adapt to environmental changes. This study may provide more insights into the molecular mechanisms of Populus spp. adaptation to environmental changes and the adaptive evolution of GRX genes.

Hypofractionated Radiotherapy with Prolonged Inter-Fraction Interval (Hypo-Slow RT) to Facilitate Immune Priming of Tumor

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Daily fractionated radiotherapy may pose constant stress for immune activation. A mouse model was built to explore whether hypofractionated radiotherapy with prolonged inter-fraction interval (Hypo-Slow Radiotherapy, HSRT) may enable better immune-priming of tumor than daily radiotherapy.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A subcutaneous MC38 murine colon cancer mouse model was irradiated at different radiation regimens. The impact of inter-fraction interval and dose per fraction on tumor control, immune mobilization, and synergistic effect with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was explored. Immune activation was assessed by analyzing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood, and intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry; both were sampled three days after the completion of scheduled irradiation.

RESULTS

In a fixed dose per fraction experiment, the 6×5Gy QOD and 6×5Gy QD irradiation schemes resulted in identical tumor control, while the 6×5Gy BIW scheme led to tumor progression; moreover, both QOD and BIW regimens showed ability to activate immune response whereas QD regimen did not. In a fixed biological equivalent dose (BED) experiment, the comparison of different regimens with increased dose per fraction and prolonged inter-fraction interval showed that 12×3Gy QD regimen, HSRT regimens, including 6×5Gy QOD, 4×7Gy BIW, and 2×11Gy QW, led to identical tumor control. Importantly, all HSRT regimens showed significant mobilization of host immunity whereas 12×3Gy QD did not. Both peripheral and intratumor CD4+ and CD8+ cell increase with increased inter-fraction interval and dose per fraction. Finally, all HSRT regimens combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy showed enhanced tumor growth delay than any single treatment while 12×3Gy QD regimen did not.

CONCLUSION

This pre-clinical model demonstrated that conventional daily fractionated radiotherapy is not beneficial for host immune activation against tumor. Preliminary results suggested that prolonged inter-fraction interval with increased dose per fraction may be an optional strategy to balance the tumor control and immune activation.

Establishing a Chinese older hip fracture registry for older patients: a Delphi study to define the focus and key variables for this registry

A national hip fracture registry does not yet exist in China. This is the first to recommend a core variable set for the establishment of a Chinese national hip fracture registry. Thousands of Chinese hospitals will build on this and improve the quality of management for older hip fracture patients. The rapidly ageing population of China already experiences over half a million hip fractures every year. Many countries have developed national hip fracture registries to improve the quality of hip fracture management, but such a registry does not exist in China. The study is aimed at determining the core variables of a national hip fracture registry for older hip fracture patients in China. A rapid literature review was conducted to develop a preliminary pool of variables from existing global hip fracture registries. Two rounds of an e-Delphi survey were conducted with experts. The e-Delphi survey used a Likert 5-point scale and boundary value analysis to filter the preliminary pool of variables. The list of core variables was finalised following an online consensus meeting with the experts. Thirty-one experts participated. Most of the experts have senior titles and have worked in a corresponding area for more than 15 years. The response rate of the e-Delphi was 100% for both rounds. The preliminary pool of 89 variables was established after reviewing 13 national hip fracture registries. With two rounds of the e-Delphi and the expert consensus meeting, 86 core variables were recommended for inclusion in the registry. This study is the first to recommend a core variable set for the establishment of a Chinese national hip fracture registry. The further development of a registry to routinely collect data from thousands of hospitals will build on this work and improve the quality of management for older hip fracture patients in China.

LINC00921 Diminishes Lung Cancer Radiosensitivity by Bestabilizing NUDT21 and Driving Aberrant MED23 Alternative Polyadenylation

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays a major role in controlling transcriptome diversity and therapeutic resistance of cancers. However, long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in pathological APA remain poorly defined. Here, we functionally identified a MED13L/P300-induced oncogenic lncRNA, LINC00921, diminished lung cancer radiosensitivity by destabilizing NUDT21 and driving aberrant MED23 alternative polyadenylation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

ChIP-seq screening, RNA-seq and real-time PCR were used to identified LINC00921 in NSCLC. We performed RNA pulldown, RIP-qPCR, western blotting and Co-immunoprecipitation to investigate the function of LINC00921, which induced destabilization of NUDT21 and promoted 3' UTR shortening of MED23 via APA.

RESULTS

Through H3K27ac ChIP-seq screening, we functionally characterize LINC00921, a MED13L/P300-induced oncogenic lncRNA, required for global regulation of APA in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). LINC00921 shows significant potential for reducing radiosensitivity of NSCLC and high LINC00921 levels were associated with poor prognosis for NSCLC patients treated with radiotherapy. Mechanistically, LINC00921 directly interacts withNUDT21 via binding to its RNA-binding motif-2. LINC00921 controls NUDT21 stability via facilitating binding of NUDT21 with its newly identified E3 ligase TRIP12. Intriguingly, 3'UTR APA profiles reveal that LINC00921-induced destabilization of NUDT21 decreases the percentage of distal polyadenylation sites (PAS) usage index, resulting in the 3' UTR shortening of MED23 mRNA, which, in turn, leads to elevated MED23 protein levels in cancer cells. MED23 further increases nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and, thereby, activates expression of multiple β-Catenin/TCF/LEF-regulated core oncogenes (c-Myc, CCND1, and BMP4).

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our data revealed a novel model that integrates a lncRNA into regulation of malignant APA, radiotherapy resistance and NSCLC progression. These findings highlight the importance of functionally annotating lncRNAs controlling APA and unlock the clinical potential of novel therapeutics for advanced NSCLC.

Bifunctional Role of Monocyte Subsets in Modulating Radiotherapy Combined Intra-Tumor αCD40 Agonist Induced Abscopal Effect

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Abscopal effect induced by radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade is a promising yet far from satisfactory strategy in clinical. The underlying immune mechanism, especially driven by monocytes remains poorly undefined. Monocytes consist of two phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets distinguished by expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1: classical inflammatory Ly6ChiCCR2hi monocytes and nonclassical patrolling Ly6CloCCR2loCX3CR1hi monocytes. Monocytes differentiate and transit to other myeloid cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages according to various environmental cues. Herein we investigated the roles of monocyte subsets in modulating tumor control consisting of combination RT and myeloid checkpoint agonist αCD40 to specifically ignite myeloid cell activation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

To establish abscopal model, contralateral tumors were implanted in each mouse, while only one side were treated with RT (8 Gy × 3) + αCD40 agonist (50 μg, intra-tumor). Tumor volume and mice survival were compared in each group (control, RT, αCD40 and RT + αCD40). Ccr2RFP/+ Cx3cr1GFP/+ (R2 × 3), Ccr2RFP/RFPCx3cr1+/+ (R2-KO) and Ccr2+/+Cx3cr1GFP/GFP (X3-KO) mice were used for cell tracking and to dissect chemokine receptor CCR2 and CX3CR1 on monocyte. Tumor infiltrating immune cells were analyzed by flowcytometry and RNA-seq.

RESULTS

RT combined with αCD40 significantly dampened tumor growth on both ipsilateral and contralateral sides in abscopal model (p< 0.01), accompanied by upregulation of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 on myeloid cells were both increased in tumor and peripheral blood. Chemokine ligands CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL12 and CX3CL1 were upregulated in tumor after RT and αCD40 treatment, recruiting CCR2 and CX3CR1 expressing monocytes in situ. To elucidate the roles of CCR2 and CX3CR1 in mediating local and systemic anti-tumor immunity, R2 × 3, R2-KO and X3-KO mice with combined treatment were used. Tumor size on ipsilateral leg were similar among groups. However, tumor growth was significantly delayed on contralateral side in X3-KO mice while accelerated in R2-KO mice compared with that in R2 × 3 mice. Mechanistically, remarkable decrease of antigen presenting dendritic cells (MHCII+Ly6ChiCD11c+) were observed in R2-KO mice. Moreover, phagocytosis was strengthened in macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+) of X3-KO mice.

CONCLUSION

CX3CR1 deletion ignite anti-tumor immunity elicited by RT and αCD40 through enhanced phagocytosis in macrophages, while CCR2 deletion renders inferior tumor control through reduction of dendritic cells. Preferential targeting nonclassical patrolling monocyte may lead to enhanced local and systemic tumor control.

[The consistency of skeletal muscle mass measured by CT at L1 and L3 levels and the correlation of skeletal muscle density at L1 level with prognosis in dialysis patients]

Objective: To investigate the consistency of skeletal muscle mass by CT at 1st lumbar vertebrae (L1) and 3rd lumbar vertebrae (L3) levels and the correlation of skeletal muscle density (SMD) at L1 level with prognosis in dialysis patients. Methods: A total of 1 020 patients who underwent initial dialysis and had CT examination data in four centers (Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University) from January 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively collected. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) and SMD at L1 and L3 CT images were measured and calculated in patients with both L1 and L3 level CT images. The consistency of SMI and SMD at L1 and L3 levels was analyzed, and the cut-off value of SMI and SMD at L1 level for predicting all-cause mortality and their correlation with the prognosis of dialysis patients were studied. Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors for all-cause death and cardiac death. Results: A total of 383 patients had both L1 and L3 level images, including 233 males and 150 females. The average SMD value of 16 samples (4.2%) exceeded the 95% consistency limit range (-8.71 to 7.75 HU), and the average SMI value of 15 samples (3.9%) exceeded the 95% consistency limit range (-20.45 to 9.53 HU). The optimal cut-off value of SMD at L1 level for predicting all-cause mortality was 36.46 HU and the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.658 (95%CI: 0.596-0.721, P<0.001), with the sensitivity and specificity of 83.8% and 57.5%, respectively. SMI at L1 level was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (P=0.299). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that low SMD at L1 level was associated with all-cause mortality (HR=2.861, 95%CI: 1.576-5.193, P=0.001) and cardiac death (HR=3.771, 95%CI:1.462-9.724, P=0.006). Conclusions: SMD at L1 levelis consistent with SMD at L3 level and can be used to evaluate muscle mass. Low SMD is a risk factor for mortality in dialysis patients.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of PtJAZ gene family in poplar (Populus trichocarpa)

BACKGROUND

The jasmonate ZIM domain (JAZ) protein is a key repressor of the jasmonate signal transduction pathway, which plays an important role in plant growth and development and defense responses. In this study, based on the published whole-genome data, we identified members of the JAZ gene family in Populus trichocarpa. Through a series of bioinformatic approaches, their expression patterns under various stress conditions have been analyzed to explore and excavate the endogenous resistance genes of poplar and provide a theoretical basis for breeding new varieties of poplar resistance.

RESULTS

A total of 13 PtJAZ genes have been identified in P. trichocarpa and designated as PtJAZ1-PtJAZ13. Those 13 PtJAZ genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes, and they could be divided into four subfamilies. The gene structures and motif composition of the members derived from the same subfamily were similar. Collinearity analysis demonstrated that, compared with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, the most collinear pairs (13) were found in P. trichocarpa and Eucalyptus robusta. Cis-acting element analysis suggested that the promoter regions of PtJAZs contained a large number of hormones and stress response elements, of which abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) hormone response elements were the most abundant. The PtJAZ genes not only had diverse expression patterns in different tissues, but they also responded to various abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The co-expression network and GO and KEGG analyses showed that JAZ genes were closely related to insect resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, applying bioinformatic methods, 13 PtJAZ gene family members from P. trichocarpa were identified and comprehensively analyzed. By further studying the function of the poplar JAZ gene family, the aim is to select genes with better insect resistance and stress resistance so as to lay a solid foundation for the subsequent breeding of new poplar varieties.

Identification of Differentially Expressed lncRNAs in Response to Blue Light and Expression Pattern Analysis of Populus tomentosa Hybrid Poplar 741

Poplar is an important shelterbelt, timber stand, and city tree species that has been the focus of forestry research. The regulatory role of the long non-coding RNA molecule (lncRNA; length > 200 nt) has been a research hotspot in plants. In this study, seedlings of 741 poplar were irradiated with LED blue and white light, and the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform was used to identify lncRNAs. |logFC| > 1 and p < 0.05 were considered to indicate differentially expressed lncRNAs, and nine differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened, the target genes of which were predicted, and three functionally annotated target genes were obtained. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified as miRNA targets. Six lncRNAs were determined to be target sites for twelve mRNAs in six miRNA families. LncRNAs and their target genes, including lncRNA MSTRG.20413.1-ptc-miR396e-5p-GRF9, were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the expression patterns were analyzed. The analysis showed that the ptc-miR396e-5p expression was downregulated, while lncRNA MSTRG.20413.1 and GRF9 expression was upregulated, after blue light exposure. These results indicate that lncRNAs interact with miRNAs to regulate gene expression and affect plant growth and development.

Risk factors for bloodstream infection in paediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), a standard treatment for paediatric haematological diseases, is highly associated with bloodstream infection (BSI), which may increase mortality.

AIM

To explore the risk factors for BSI in paediatric HSCT recipients.

METHODS

Three English databases and four Chinese databases were searched from inception to March 17th, 2022. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies that enrolled HSCT recipients aged ≤18 years and reported BSI risk factors. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), certainty of body of evidence was assessed.

FINDINGS

Fourteen studies involving 4602 persons were included. The incidences of BSI and associated mortality in paediatric HSCT recipients were approximately 10-50% and 5-15%, respectively. Meta-analysis of all studies revealed that previous BSI before HSCT (relative effect (RE): 2.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-4.34, moderate certainty) and receiving an umbilical cord blood transplant (RE: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.22-1.97, moderate certainty) were probably associated with an increased risk of BSI. Meta-analysis of studies with low risk of bias reassured that previous BSI before HSCT probably increased the risk of BSI (RE: 2.28; 95% CI: 1.19-4.34, moderate certainty), and revealed that steroid use (RE: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.31-5.64, moderate certainty) was likely a risk factor whereas autologous HSCT was probably a protective factor of BSI (RE: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45-0.94, moderate certainty).

CONCLUSION

These findings could inform the management of paediatric HSCT recipients, helping identify who may benefit from prophylactic antibiotics.

Integrated physiological and metabolomic analyses reveal changes during the natural senescence of Quercus mongolica leaves

Quercus mongolica is a common landscape, afforestation, and construction timber species in northern China with high ecological, economic, and ornamental value. Leaf senescence is a complex process that has important implications for plant growth and development. To explore changes of metabolites during the ageing of Quercus mongolica leaves, we investigated physiological responses and metabolite composition in ageing leaves harvested from 15-20-year-old Quercus mongolica. Leaf samples of Q. mongolica were collected when they were still green (at maturity) (stage 1), during early senescence (stage 2), and during late senescence (stage 3). These leaves were then subjected to physiological index and metabolome sequencing analyses. The physiological analysis showed that the leaves of Q. mongolica changed from green to yellow during senescence, which induced significant accumulation of soluble sugar and significant reductions in the concentration of soluble protein and chlorophyll. Peroxidase and catalase were the main antioxidant enzymes mitigating leaf senescence. Metabolomic analysis identified 797 metabolites during leaf senescence. Compared to stage 1, 70 differential metabolites were screened in stage 2 and 72 were screened in stage 3. Differential metabolites in the two senescent stages were principally enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The contents of N-oleoylethanolamine and N, N-dimethylglycine were significantly increased only in stage 2, while the contents of trifolin, astragalin, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and citric acid were significantly increased only in stage 3. Histidine, homoserine, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, norleucine, N-glycyl-L-leucine, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, gallic acid, 3-indoleacrylic acid, 3-amino-2-naphthoic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methylpentane-1,5-dioic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, trifolin, astragalin, DL-2-aminoadipic acid, pinoresinol dimethyl ether, dimethylmatairesinol, and lysophosphatidylcholine increased during both stage 2 and stage 3. Increasing contents of these metabolites may constitute the main mechanism by which Q. mongolica leaves adapt to senescence.

Analysis of the RNA Editing Sites and Orthologous Gene Function of Transcriptome and Chloroplast Genomes in the Evolution of Five Deutzia Species

In this study, the chloroplast genomes and transcriptomes of five Deutzia genus species were sequenced, characterized, combined, and analyzed. A phylogenetic tree was constructed, including 32 other chloroplast genome sequences of Hydrangeoideae species. The results showed that the five Deutzia chloroplast genomes were typical circular genomes 156,860-157,025 bp in length, with 37.58-37.6% GC content. Repeat analysis showed that the Deutzia species had 41-45 scattered repeats and 199-201 simple sequence repeats. Comparative genomic and pi analyses indicated that the genomes are conservative and that the gene structures are stable. According to the phylogenetic tree, Deutzia species appear to be closely related to Kirengeshoma palmata and Philadelphus. By combining chloroplast genomic and transcriptomic analyses, 29-31 RNA editing events and 163-194 orthologous genes were identified. The ndh, rpo, rps, and atp genes had the most editing sites, and all RNA editing events were of the C-to-U type. Most of the orthologous genes were annotated to the chloroplast, mitochondria, and nucleus, with functions including energy production and conversion, translation, and protein transport. Genes related to the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids and flavonoids were also identified from the transcriptome of Deutzia spp. Our results will contribute to further studies of the genomic information and potential uses of the Deutzia spp.

Effect of T-DNA Integration on Growth of Transgenic Populus × euramericana cv. Neva Underlying Field Stands

Multigene cotransformation has been widely used in the study of genetic improvement in crops and trees. However, little is known about the unintended effects and causes of multigene cotransformation in poplars. To gain insight into the unintended effects of T-DNA integration during multigene cotransformation in field stands, here, three lines (A1-A3) of Populus × euramericana cv. Neva (PEN) carrying Cry1Ac-Cry3A-BADH genes and three lines (B1-B3) of PEN carrying Cry1Ac-Cry3A-NTHK1 genes were used as research objects, with non-transgenic PEN as the control. Experimental stands were established at three common gardens in three locations and next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the insertion sites of exogenous genes in six transgenic lines. We compared the growth data of the transgenic and control lines for four consecutive years. The results demonstrated that the tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of transgenic lines were significantly lower than those of the control, and the adaptability of transgenic lines in different locations varied significantly. The genotype and the experimental environment showed an interaction effect. A total of seven insertion sites were detected in the six transgenic lines, with B3 having a double-site insertion and the other lines having single copies. There are four insertion sites in the gene region and three insertion sites in the intergenic region. Analysis of the bases near the insertion sites showed that AT content was higher than the average chromosome content in four of the seven insertion sites within 1000 bp. Transcriptome analysis suggested that the differential expression of genes related to plant hormone transduction and lignin synthesis might be responsible for the slow development of plant height and DBH in transgenic lines. This study provides an integrated analysis of the unintended effects of transgenic poplar, which will benefit the safety assessment and reasonable application of genetically modified trees.

Effect of emodin combined with cisplatin on the invasion and migration of HepG2 hepatoma cells

Cisplatin is the leading chemotherapy agent for advanced liver cancer. However, the resistance to cisplatin in liver cancer reduces its efficacy. A potential strategy to increase its effectiveness and reduce toxicity is to combine cisplatin with 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone (emodin). In this study, we examined the effects of emodin combined with cisplatin on the invasion and migration of HepG2 cells and analyzed the role of emodin. The effects of cisplatin, emodin and their combination were assessed in HepG2 cells. Proliferation, invasion and migration of HepG2 cells were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), scar and Transwell assays. The gelatinase spectrum and an ELISA detected the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). The expression of E-cadherin and vimentin was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blots. Emodin inhibited cell invasion and migration in HepG2 hepatoma cells, increased E-cadherin expression, decreased vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. The combination of emodin and cisplatin-induced a more significant effect in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we found that emodin inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis. Compared with either cisplatin or emodin alone, the combination of both showed a more significant synergistic effect. Emodin can enhance the sensitivity of HepG2 HCC cells to cisplatin by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and thus, play a role in preventing recurrence and metastasis in HCC.

[Quantification of brain developmental trajectories based on histogram parameters at slice of the anterior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricles on routine brain MRI in normal children aged 0 to 5 years]

Objective: To investigate the value of histogram parameters in quantifying brain development trajectory at slice of anterior and posterior horns of lateral ventricles on conventional brain MRI in normal children aged 0-5 years. Methods: Routine brain MRI data [apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map, T₁-weighted imaging (T₁WI), and T₂-weighted imaging (T₂WI)] were retrospectively collected from 300 children aged 0-5 years who underwent MRI at Children 's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from April 2014 to November 2021, 154 males and 146 females, aged [M (Q₁, Q₃) ] 35.57(17.98,50.66)months. According to the random sampling method, they were divided into training set (n=240) and validation set (n=60) in a ratio of 8∶2. The training set was divided into 6 groups according to age:≤0.5 years, 24 persons; >0.5-≤1 years,21 persons; >1-≤2 years,31 persons; >2-≤3 years,44 persons; >3-≤4 years,42 persons; >4-≤5 years,78 persons. MRIcron software was used to delineate the whole brain at the level of the anterior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the three MRI data as the region of interest. Then gray histograms and their parameters [including mean, maximum, minimum, skewness, kurtosis, mode, variance, and percentiles at 5% intervals from 10% to 95%(10th-95th) ]were obtained. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to assess consistency of intra-observer and inter-observer measurement. Representative parameters were selected by Spearman correlation analysis and curve fitting. The linear regression coefficient β represented development rates at different ages. The selected curve regression models were applied to the validation set, and the reliability of the model was evaluated with accuracy. Results: Intra-observer and inter-observer histogram measurement parameters were generally in good consistency (ICC>0.800, all P<0.001). Histogram parameters ADC 10th-65th, T₁WI 55th-80th and T₂WI 10th-45th were highly correlated with age (∣r∣≥0.700, 0.600 and 0.600 respectively; all P<0.001). ADC 30th and T₂WI 10th had the greatest goodness of fit (R²=0.871, 0.873; both P<0.001). Map of brain development trends showed that ADC 30th and T₂WI 10th decreased with age. ADC 30th changed rapidly before the age of 2 years, most significantly within 6 months, and the rate of decrease slowed down after 2 years old. T₂WI 10th decreased rapidly within 1 year, and moderately after 1 year old. The curve regression models of ADC 30th and T₂WI 10th had higher accuracy in validation set [93% (56/60) and 95% (57/60), respectively]. Conclusion: Histogram parameters can quantify brain developmental trajectories at slice of anterior and posterior horns of lateral ventricles on conventional MRI in normal children aged 0-5 years, and obtain the brain development curves reflecting this slice of this age group.

[Immunogenicity and safety of revaccination of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in people aged 60 years and above]

Objective: To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of revaccination of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in elderly people aged ≥60 years. Methods: The elderly aged ≥60 years with 1 dose of PPV23 vaccination were selected as revaccination group and those without history of pneumococcal vaccine immunization were selected as the first vaccination group. One dose of PPV23 was administered to both groups, and the first blood samples were collected before vaccination while the second blood samples were collected on day 28-40 after vaccination. ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of anti-specific serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae podocyte polysaccharide immunoglobulin G, and the safety of the vaccination was evaluated after 30 days. Results: The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of antibody to 23 serotypes before the vaccination (0.73-13.73 μg/ml) was higher in revaccination group than in the first vaccination group (0.39-7.53 μg/ml), the GMC after the vaccination (1.42-31.65 μg/ml) was higher than that before the vaccination (0.73-13.73 μg/ml) in the revaccination group, and the GMC after the vaccination (1.62-43.76 μg/ml) was higher than that before the vaccination (0.39-7.53 μg/ml) in the first vaccination group; the geometric mean growth multiple in revaccination group (2.16-3.60) was lower than that in the first vaccination group (3.86-16.13); The mean 2-fold antibody growth rate was lower in revaccination group (53.68%, 95%CI: 52.30%-55.06%) than in the first vaccination group (93.16%, 95%CI: 92.18%- 94.15%), all differences were significant (P<0.001). After the vaccination, 13 serotypes of GMC were higher in the first vaccination group than in revaccination group (P<0.001), the differences were not significant for 10 serotypes of GMC (P>0.05). The incidence of local adverse reaction was 19.20% and 13.27% in revaccination group and the first vaccination group, respectively (P=0.174). Conclusions: The antibody level in ≥60 years people who received one dose of PPV23 after a 5-year interval was still higher than that in unvaccinated people. The antibody level decreased after 5 years of the first vaccination, and the antibody level could be rapidly increased by one more dose vaccination, but the overall immune response was lower than that of the first vaccination; revaccination with PPV23 has a good safety.

[Cardiac amyloidosis: pathological classification and clinical analysis of 48 cases]

Objective: To investigate the histological features and clinical manifestations in different types of cardiac amyloidosis to improve diagnostic accuracy. Methods: The histopathological features and clinical manifestations of 48 patients diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis by Congo red stain and electron microscopy through endomyocardial biopsy were collected in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2018 to December 2021. Immunohistochemical stains for immunoglobulin light chains (κ and λ) and transthyretin protein were carried out, and a review of literature was made. Results: The patients age ranged from 42 to 79 years (mean 56 years) and the male to female ratio was 1.1 to 1.0. The positive rate of endomyocardial biopsy was 97.9% (47/48), which was significantly higher than that of the abdominal wall fat (7/17). Congo red staining and electron microscopy were positive in 97.9% (47/48) and 93.5% (43/46), respectively. Immunohistochemical stains showed 32 cases (68.1%) were light chain type (AL-CA), including 31 cases of AL-λ type and 1 case of AL-κ type; 9 cases (19.1%) were transthyretin protein type (ATTR-CA); and 6 cases (12.8%) were not classified. There was no significant difference in the deposition pattern of amyloid between different types (P>0.05). Clinical data showed that ATTR-CA patients had less involvement of 2 or more organs and lower N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) than the other type patients (P<0.05). The left ventricular stroke volume and right ventricular ejection fraction of ATTR-CA patients were better than the other patients (P<0.05). Follow-up data of 45 patients was obtained, and the overall mean survival time was 15.6±2.0 months. Univariate survival analysis showed that ATTR-CA patients had a better prognosis, while cardiac amyloidosis patients with higher cardiac function grade, NT-proBNP >6 000 ng/L, and troponin T >70 ng/L had a worse prognosis (P<0.05). Multivariate survival analysis showed that NT-proBNP and cardiac function grade were independent prognostic factors for cardiac amyloidosis patients. Conclusions: AL-λ is the most common type of cardiac amyloidosis in this group. Congo red staining combined with electron microscopy can significantly improve the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. The clinical manifestations and prognosis of each type are different and can be classified based on immunostaining profile. However, there are still a few cases that cannot be typed; hence mass spectrometry is recommended if feasible.

Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveals the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Embryos in Response to Shade Treatment

The walnut is an important nut that has numerous uses worldwide. However, due to dwarf and close plantation methods as well as continuous cloudy or rainy days that occur during periods of walnut oil accumulation, the walnut fruit exhibits varying degrees of stress under low-light conditions. However, the effects of shade on metabolites and genes in walnut embryos remain unclear in the literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the lipid biosynthesis process that occurs in walnut embryos under shade treatment via the use of metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses. The results indicate that the oil content decreases significantly under shaded conditions, while the protein content increases significantly. The expression levels of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and stearoyl-ACP-desaturase (SAD) involved in the lipid biosynthesis mechanism were significantly reduced in the shaded group, which resulted in reductions in oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and α-linolenic (C18:3) acids. The reduced oil content was consistent with the downregulation of genes associated with the lipid biosynthesis mechanism. In the amino acid biosynthesis process, the upregulated cysteine synthase (cscK) and anthranilate synthase beta subunit 2 (trpG) genes promoted the accumulation of L-aspartic acid and L-citrulline. The increase in protein content was consistent with the upregulation of genes related to amino acid biosynthesis. Thus, our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of shade underlying overall walnut fruit quality.

[Risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on the machine learning]

OBJECTIVE

To create risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on machine learning algorithms, so as to provide insights into early identification of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province.

METHODS

Case investigation, first symptoms and time of initial diagnosis of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were captured from Infectious Disease Report Information Management System and Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The risk predictive models of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients were created with the back propagation (BP) neural network model, logistic regression model, random forest model and Bayesian model using thirteen factors as independent variables, including occupation, species of malaria parasite, main clinical manifestations, presence of complications, severity of disease, age, duration of residing abroad, frequency of malaria parasite infections abroad, incubation period, level of institution at initial diagnosis, country of origin, number of individuals travelling with patients and way to go abroad, and time of healthcare-seeking delay as a dependent variable. Logistic regression model was visualized using a nomogram, and the nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves. In addition, the efficiency of the four models for prediction of risk of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The importance of each characteristic was quantified and attributed by using SHAP to examine the positive and negative effects of the value of each characteristic on the predictive efficiency.

RESULTS

A total of 244 imported malaria patients were enrolled, including 100 cases (40.98%) with the duration from onset of first symptoms to time of initial diagnosis that exceeded 24 hours. Logistic regression analysis identified a history of malaria parasite infection [odds ratio (OR) = 3.075, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.597, 5.923)], long incubation period [OR = 1.010, 95% CI: (1.001, 1.018)] and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical facilities [OR = 12.550, 95% CI: (1.158, 135.963)] as risk factors for delay in seeking healthcare among imported malaria cases. BP neural network modeling showed that duration of residing abroad, incubation period and age posed great impacts on delay in healthcare-seek among imported malaria patients. Random forest modeling showed that the top five factors with the greatest impact on healthcare-seeking delay included main clinical manifestations, the way to go abroad, incubation period, duration of residing abroad and age among imported malaria patients, and Bayesian modeling revealed that the top five factors affecting healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients included level of institutions at initial diagnosis, age, country of origin, history of malaria parasite infection and individuals travelling with imported malaria patients. ROC curve analysis showed higher overall performance of the BP neural network model and the logistic regression model for prediction of the risk of healthcare-seeking delay among imported malaria patients (Z = 2.700 to 4.641, all P values < 0.01), with no statistically significant difference in the AUC among four models (Z = 1.209, P > 0.05). The sensitivity (71.00%) and Youden index (43.92%) of the logistic regression model was higher than those of the BP neural network (63.00% and 36.61%, respectively), and the specificity of the BP neural network model (73.61%) was higher than that of the logistic regression model (72.92%).

CONCLUSIONS

Imported malaria cases with long duration of residing abroad, a history of malaria parasite infection, long incubation period, advanced age and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical institutions have a high likelihood of delay in healthcare-seeking in Jiangsu Province. The models created based on the logistic regression and BP neural network show a high efficiency for prediction of the risk of healthcare-seeking among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, which may provide insights into health management of imported malaria patients.

Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells Protects against Acute Kidney Injury by Enhancing Kim-1-dependent Efferocytosis

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling is essential for mammalian kidney development, but in the adult kidney is restricted to occasional collecting duct epithelial cells. We now show there is widespread reactivation of RAR signaling in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) in human sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and in mouse models of AKI. Genetic inhibition of RAR signaling in PTECs protects against experimental AKI but is associated with increased expression of the PTEC injury marker, Kim-1. However, Kim-1 is also expressed by de-differentiated, proliferating PTECs, and protects against injury by increasing apoptotic cell clearance, or efferocytosis. We show that the protective effect of inhibiting PTEC RAR signaling is mediated by increased Kim-1 dependent efferocytosis, and that this is associated with de-differentiation, proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming of PTECs. These data demonstrate a novel functional role that reactivation of RAR signaling plays in regulating PTEC differentiation and function in human and experimental AKI.

Graphical abstract

[Research on the establishment of standard limits for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）"in China]

Perfluorinated compounds, especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are widely detected in water environments in China. Considering the potential health risks of drinking water exposure routes, PFOA and PFOS have been added to the water quality reference index of the newly issued "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022)", with limit values of 40 and 80 ng/L, respectively. This study analyzed and discussed the relevant technical contents for determining the limits of the hygiene standard, including the environmental existence level and exposure status of PFOA and PFOS, health effects, derivation of safety reference values, and determination of hygiene standard limits. It also proposed prospects for the future direction of formulating drinking water standards.

[Research on the determination of the limit value of perchlorate in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）" in China]

Perchlorate is an environmental pollutant that has been a focus of attention in recent years. It has been detected in many environmental water bodies and drinking water in China, with a high level of presence in some areas of the Yangtze River Basin. The human body may ingest perchlorate through exposure pathways such as drinking water and food, and its main health effect is to affect the thyroid's absorption of iodine. The "Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (GB5749-2022) includes perchlorate as an expanded indicator of water quality, with a limit value of 0.07 mg/L. This article analyzes the technical content related to the determination of hygiene standard limits for perchlorate in drinking water, including the environmental presence level and exposure status of perchlorate, main health effects, derivation of safety reference values, and determination of hygiene standard limits.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis during induction chemotherapy in children with acute leukaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Bacterial infections are common during induction therapy in children and adolescents with acute leukaemia and may cause infection-related mortality.

AIM

To determine the efficacy and safety of prophylactic antibiotics in paediatric patients with acute leukaemia receiving induction chemotherapy.

METHODS

From three English databases and four Chinese databases, we searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that compared prophylactic antibiotics to placebo, no prophylaxis, or that compared one antibiotic versus another in paediatric patients with acute leukaemia undergoing induction chemotherapy. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

FINDINGS

Two RCTs and ten cohort studies were finally included. For children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, antibiotic prophylaxis, including levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, or other antibiotics, probably reduced bacteraemia (risk ratio (RR): 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33-0.60; moderate certainty) without significantly increasing Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) or invasive fungal infection. Levofloxacin reduced the CDI rate (RR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.62; high certainty). Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis probably reduced infection-related mortality (RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01-0.97; moderate certainty). In children with acute myeloid leukaemia, ciprofloxacin plus vancomycin may reduce febrile neutropenia (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66-0.94; low certainty). Individual studies indicated that prophylaxis increased antibiotic exposure but reduced non-preventive antibiotic exposure.

CONCLUSION

In children with acute leukaemia undergoing induction therapy, antibiotic prophylaxis may improve the bacterial infection and mortality.

Progress in the understanding of WRKY transcription factors in woody plants

The WRKY transcription factor (TF) family, named for its iconic WRKY domain, is among the largest and most functionally diverse TF families in higher plants. WRKY TFs typically interact with the W-box of the target gene promoter to activate or inhibit the expression of downstream genes; these TFs are involved in the regulation of various physiological responses. Analyses of WRKY TFs in numerous woody plant species have revealed that WRKY family members are broadly involved in plant growth and development, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we review the origin, distribution, structure, and classification of WRKY TFs, along with their mechanisms of action, the regulatory networks in which they are involved, and their biological functions in woody plants. We consider methods currently used to investigate WRKY TFs in woody plants, discuss outstanding problems, and propose several new research directions. Our objective is to understand the current progress in this field and provide new perspectives to accelerate the pace of research that enable greater exploration of the biological functions of WRKY TFs.

[CD5L is elevated in the serum of patients with candidemia and promotes disease progression in mouse models]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the changes of CD5L levels in patients with candidemia and explore the role of CD5L in progression of candidemia.

METHODS

Twenty healthy control individuals, 27 patients with bacteremia and 35 patients with candidemia were examined for serum CD5L levels using ELISA, and the correlations of CD5L level with other serological indicators were analyzed. A C57BL/6 mouse model of candidemia induced by intravenous injection of Candida albicans were treated with intraperitoneal injection of recombinant CD5L protein, and renal histopathological and serological changes were analyzed to assess renal injures. The effects of CD5L treatment on general condition, fungal burden, of survival of the mice were observed, and the changes in serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels of the mice were detected using ELISA.

RESULTS

CD5L levels were significantly elevated in patients with candidemia and positively correlated with WBC, BDG, Scr and PCT levels. The mouse model of candidemia also showed significantly increased serum and renal CD5L levels, and CD5L treatment significantly increased fungal burden in the renal tissue, elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the serum and kidney, aggravated renal tissue damage, and reduced survival rate of candidemia mice.

CONCLUSION

Serum CD5L levels are increased in patients with candidemia, and treatment with CD5L aggravates candidemia in mouse models.

Conjoint Analysis of Genome-Wide lncRNA and mRNA Expression during the Salicylic Acid Response in Populus × euramericana

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in a wide range of biological processes, but lncRNAs in plants remain largely unknown; in particular, we lack a systematic identification of plant lncRNAs involved in hormone responses. To explore the molecular mechanism of the response of poplar to salicylic acid (SA), the changes in protective enzymes, which are closely related to plant resistance induced by exogenous SA, were studied, and the expression of mRNA and lncRNA were determined by high-throughput RNA sequencing. The results showed that the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), in the leaves of Populus × euramericana, were significantly increased by exogenous SA application. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that 26,366 genes and 5690 lncRNAs were detected under the different treatment conditions: SA and H₂O application. Among these, 606 genes and 49 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. According to target prediction, lncRNAs and target genes involved in light response, stress response, plant disease resistance, and growth and development, were differentially expressed in SA-treated leaves. Interaction analysis showed that lncRNA-mRNA interactions, following exogenous SA, were involved in the response of poplar leaves to the external environment. Our study provides a comprehensive view of Populus × euramericana lncRNAs and offers insights into the potential functions and regulatory interactions of SA-responsive lncRNAs, thus forming the foundation for future functional analysis of SA-responsive lncRNAs in Populus × euramericana.

[Predictive value of CONUT score and dialysis age for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis]

Objective: To explore the predictive value of controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and dialysis age for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP). Methods: This study was a follow-up study. Patients with end-stage renal disease who received peritoneal dialysis (PD) for the first time in the Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University from January 2010 to December 2020 were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into non-peritonitis group, mono group (only once PDAP occurred in one year) and frequent group (twice or more PDAP occurred in one year) according to the occurrence and frequency of PDAP during follow-up. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data of patients were collected, and the body mass index and CONUT score were recorded after half a year. Cox regression analysis was used to screen the relevant factors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of CONUT score and dialysis age for PDAP. Results: A total of 324 PD patients were included, with 188 males (58.0%) and 136 females (42.0%), and aged［M（Q₁，Q₃）］48 (37, 60) years old. The follow-up time was 33 (19, 56) months. PDAP occurred in 112 patients (34.6%), including 63 patients (19.4%) in mono group and 49 patients (15.1%) in frequent group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that half-year CONUT score (HR=1.159, 95%CI: 1.047-1.283, P=0.004) was a risk factor for PDAP, and the baseline CONUT score (HR=1.194, 95%CI: 1.012-1.408, P=0.036) was a risk factor for frequent peritonitis. The area under ROC curve of baseline CONUT score combined with dialysis age in predicting PDAP and frequent peritonitis was 0.682 (95%CI: 0.628-0.733) and 0.676 (95%CI: 0.622-0.727), respectively. Conclusion: CONUT score and dialysis age have certain predictive value for PDAP, and the predictive value of combined diagnosis is higher, which may be used as a potential predictor for PDAP in PD patients.

Stabilization of labile active ingredients in an oil-water emulsion cosmetics by freeze-drying

BACKGROUND

Due to the instability in oil/water emulsion, certain labile active ingredients were often not used in cosmetics.

OBJECTIVE

The present study has tested the effect of freeze-drying to stabilize an oil/water cosmetic emulsion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A preliminary freeze-drying process was established at the basis of calorimetric and freeze-drying microscope studies. The stability of labile molecules in the cosmetic emulsion was evaluated at 48 degree C after freeze-drying.

RESULTS

The accelerated stability experiment showed that the freeze-dried emulsion retained 90.1% vitamin C after 28 days at 48 degree C, whereas the oil-water emulsion retained only 28.3% vitamin C. The freeze-dried emulsion had significantly less oil oxidation than did the oil-water emulsion.

CONCLUSION

Freeze-drying improved the stability of vitamin C and oily active ingredients in cosmetic emulsions. DOI: 10.54680/fr23210110312.

[Depressive symptoms are not associated with risks of rapid renal function decline or chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly with normal kidney function: a longitudinal investigation]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between depressive symptoms and the risks of rapid decline in renal function and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and elderly with normal kidney function.

METHODS

The residents aged 40- 75 years with eGFR≥60 mL·min^-1·1.73 m^-2 without proteinuria in Lanzhou region, who participated in the "REACTION" study carried out in 2011, were selected and followed up in 2014. A total of 4961 individuals with complete and qualified data from the two surveys were included in the subsequent analysis. Based on PHQ-9 questionnaire scores, the baseline population was divided into two groups with and without depressive symptoms. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to compare the incidences of rapid renal function decline and CKD between the two groups and study the association of depressive symptoms with the risk of these renal conditions.

RESULTS

PHQ-9 questionnaire scores were not found to correlate with baseline SCr, ALB, UACR or eGFR levels among the participarts (P>0.05). After a mean follow-up time of 3.4±0.6 years, 33.9% of the participants with depressive symptoms at baseline experienced a rapid decline in renal function and 3.6% progressed to CKD. During the follow-up, the incidence of rapid decline in renal function and the risk of developing CKD were not found to correlate with depressive symptoms in these participants (P>0.05) regardless of the type of the depressive syndromes.

CONCLUSION

Depressive symptoms are not associated with the risks of rapid renal function decline or progression to CKD in middle-aged and elderly with normal kidney function.

[Levofloxacin combined with cellulase can eradicate bacille Calmette-Guerin biofilm infection]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the inhibitory effects of levofloxacin (LEV) combined with cellulase against bacille CalmetteGuerin (BCG) biofilms in vitro.

METHODS

The mature growth cycle of BCG biofilms was determined using the XTT method and crystal violet staining. BCG planktonic bacteria and BCG biofilms were treated with different concentrations of LEV and cellulose alone or jointly, and the changes in biofilm biomass were quantified with crystal violet staining. The mature BCG biofilm was then treated with cellulase alone for 24 h, and after staining with SYTO 9 and Calcofluor White Stain, the number of viable bacteria and the change in cellulose content in the biofilm were observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The structural changes of the treated biofilm were observed under scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

The MIC, MBC and MBEC values of LEV determined by broth microdilution method were 4 μg/mL, 8 μg/mL and 1024 μg/mL, respectively. The combined treatment with 1/4×MIC LEV and 2.56, 5.12 or 10.24 U/mL cellulase resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm biomass (P < 0.001). Cellulase treatments at the concentrations of 10.24, 5.12 and 2.56 U/mL all produced significant dispersion effects on mature BCG biofilms (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

LEV combined with cellulose can effectively eradicate BCG biofilm infections, suggesting the potential of glycoside hydrolase therapy for improving the efficacy of antibiotics against biofilmassociated infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Genome-Wide Characterization of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene Family and Their Expression Patterns in Response to Drought and Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides in Walnut (Juglans regia)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr (serine/threonine) protein kinases that play very important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, the MAPK gene family in the important crop walnut (Juglans regia L.) has been less well studied compared with other species. We discovered 25 JrMAPK members in the Juglans genome in this study. The JrMAPK gene family was separated into four subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis, and members of the same subgroup had similar motifs and exons/introns. A variety of cis-acting elements, mainly related to the light response, growth and development, stress response, and hormone responses, were detected in the JrMAPK gene promoters. Collinearity analysis showed that purification selection was the main driving force in JrMAPK gene evolution, and segmental and tandem duplications played key roles in the expansion of the JrMAPK gene family. The RNA-Seq (RNA Sequencing) results indicated that many of the JrMAPK genes were expressed in response to different levels of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection. JrMAPK1, JrMAPK3, JrMAPK4, JrMAPK5, JrMAPK6, JrMAPK7, JrMAPK9, JrMAPK11, JrMAPK12, JrMAPK13, JrMAPK17, JrMAPK19, JrMAPK20, and JrMAPK21 were upregulated at the transcriptional level in response to the drought stress treatment. The results of this study will help in further investigations of the evolutionary history and biological functions of the MAPK gene family in walnut.

Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights into Lipid Biosynthesis in the Embryos of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important woody oilseed tree species due to its commercial value. However, the regulation mechanism of walnut oil accumulation is still poorly understood, which restricted the breeding and genetic improvement of high-quality oil-bearing walnuts. In order to explore the metabolic mechanism that regulates the synthesis of walnut oil, we used transcriptome sequencing technology and metabolome technology to comprehensively analyze the key genes and metabolites involved in oil synthesis of the walnut embryo at 60, 90, and 120 days after pollination (DAP). The results showed that the oil and protein contents increased gradually during fruit development, comprising 69.61% and 18.32% of the fruit, respectively, during ripening. Conversely, the contents of soluble sugar and starch decreased gradually during fruit development, comprising 2.14% and 0.84%, respectively, during ripening. Transcriptome sequencing generated 40,631 unigenes across 9 cDNA libraries. We identified 51 and 25 candidate unigenes related to the biosynthesis of fatty acid and the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG), respectively. The expression levels of the genes encoding Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACS), 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII), and glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transfer (GPAT) were upregulated at 60 DAP relative to the levels at 90 and 120 DAP, while the stearoyl-ACP-desaturase (SAD) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) genes were highly abundantly expressed during all walnut developmental periods. We found that ABSCISIC ACID INSENSEITIVE3 (ABI3), WRINKLEDl (WRI1), LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), and FUSCA3 (FUS3) may be key transcription factors involved in lipid synthesis. Additionally, the metabolomics analysis detected 706 metabolites derived from 18 samples, among which, 4 are implicated in the TAG synthesis, 2 in the glycolysis pathway, and 5 in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) pathway. The combined analysis of the related genes and metabolites in TAG synthesis showed that phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) genes were highly abundantly expressed across walnut fruit developmental periods, and their downstream metabolite TAG gradually accumulated with the progression of fruit development. The FAD2 gene showed consistently higher expression during fruit development, and its downstream metabolites 18:2-PC and 18:3-PC gradually accumulated. The ACCase, LACS, SAD, FAD2, and PDAT genes may be crucial genes required for walnut oil synthesis. Our data will enrich public databases and provide new insights into functional genes related to lipid metabolism in walnut.

[Imaging findings of supratentorial embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes in children]

We analyzed and summarized the imaging characteristics and clinical data of seven pediatric supratentorial embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMR). There were four boys and three girls aged from two to six years old. Pediatric supratentorial ETMR often presented large cystic and solid mass, calcification, significant mass effect and mild peritumoral edema. The solid part often showed heterogeneous mild enhancement. In combination with the location of tumor and age of onset, the typical imaging manifestations of supratentorial ETMR in children are valuable for accurate diagnosis.