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Colak N, Kurt-Celebi A, Gruz J, Strnad M, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz S, Choung MG, Esatbeyoglu T, Ayaz FA. The Phenolics and Antioxidant Properties of Black and Purple versus White Eggplant Cultivars. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082410. [PMID: 35458607 PMCID: PMC9030419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The total phenolic content, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, antioxidant capacity and α-amylase inhibitory activity of black (Aydin Siyahi), purple (Kadife Kemer) and white (Trabzon Kadife) eggplants grown in Turkey were subjected to a comparative investigation. The black cultivar exhibited the highest total phenolic (17,193 and 6552 mg gallic acid equivalent/kg fw), flavonoid (3019 and 1160 quercetin equivalent/kg fw) and anthocyanin (1686 and 6167 g delphinidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent/kg fw) contents in crude extracts of the peel and pulp. The majority of the caffeic acid was identified in the ester (2830 mg/kg fw) and ester-bound (2594 mg/kg fw) forms in the peel of ‘Kadife Kemer’ and in the glycoside form (611.9 mg/kg fw) in ‘Aydin Siyahi’, as well as in the pulp of these two eggplants. ‘Kadife Kemer’ (purple eggplant) contained the majority of the chlorogenic acid in free form (27.55 mg/kg fw), compared to ‘Aydin Siyahi’ in the ester (7.82 mg/kg fw), glycoside (294.1 mg/kg dw) and ester-bound (2.41 mg/kg fw) forms. The eggplant cultivars (peel and pulp, mg/kg fw) exhibited a relatively high delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside concentration in the peel of ‘Aydin Siyahi’ (avg. 1162), followed by ‘Kadife Kemer’ (avg. 336.6), and ‘Trabzon Kadife’ (avg. 215.1). The crude phenolic extracts of the eggplants exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity values (peel and pulp, µmoL Trolox equivalent/kg fw) of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 8156 and 2335) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC, 37,887 and 17,648). The overall results indicate that black and purple eggplants are the cultivars with greater potential benefits in terms of their phenolics and antioxidant values than the white eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Colak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey; (N.C.); (A.K.-C.); (S.H.-A.)
| | - Aynur Kurt-Celebi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey; (N.C.); (A.K.-C.); (S.H.-A.)
| | - Jiri Gruz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Sema Hayirlioglu-Ayaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey; (N.C.); (A.K.-C.); (S.H.-A.)
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori 3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 25949, Korea;
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.E.); (F.A.A.); Tel.: +49-511-762-5589 (T.E.); +90-462-377-3712 (F.A.A.)
| | - Faik Ahmet Ayaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey; (N.C.); (A.K.-C.); (S.H.-A.)
- Correspondence: (T.E.); (F.A.A.); Tel.: +49-511-762-5589 (T.E.); +90-462-377-3712 (F.A.A.)
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Amanah HZ, Tunny SS, Masithoh RE, Choung MG, Kim KH, Kim MS, Baek I, Lee WH, Cho BK. Nondestructive Prediction of Isoflavones and Oligosaccharides in Intact Soybean Seed Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Techniques. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020232. [PMID: 35053964 PMCID: PMC8774574 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for rapid and nondestructive methods to determine chemical components in food and agricultural products is proliferating due to being beneficial for screening food quality. This research investigates the feasibility of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to predict total as well as an individual type of isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact soybean samples. A partial least square regression method was performed to develop models based on the spectral data of 310 soybean samples, which were synchronized to the reference values evaluated using a conventional assay. Furthermore, the obtained models were tested using soybean varieties not initially involved in the model construction. As a result, the best prediction models of FT-NIR were allowed to predict total isoflavones and oligosaccharides using intact seeds with acceptable performance (R2p: 0.80 and 0.72), which were slightly better than the model obtained based on FT-IR data (R2p: 0.73 and 0.70). The results also demonstrate the possibility of using FT-NIR to predict individual types of evaluated components, denoted by acceptable performance values of prediction model (R2p) of over 0.70. In addition, the result of the testing model proved the model’s performance by obtaining a similar R2 and error to the calibration model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanim Z. Amanah
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.Z.A.); (S.S.T.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Salma Sultana Tunny
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.Z.A.); (S.S.T.); (W.-H.L.)
| | - Rudiati Evi Masithoh
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Gene Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Moon S. Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Insuck Baek
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Road, BARC-East, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.S.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Wang-Hee Lee
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.Z.A.); (S.S.T.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.Z.A.); (S.S.T.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-8216-715
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Lee J, Hwang YS, Kim ST, Yoon WB, Han WY, Kang IK, Choung MG. Seed coat color and seed weight contribute differential responses of targeted metabolites in soybean seeds. Food Chem 2017; 214:248-258. [PMID: 27507473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and variation of targeted metabolites in soybean seeds are affected by genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we used 192 soybean germplasm accessions collected from two provinces of Korea to elucidate the effects of seed coat color and seeds dry weight on the metabolic variation and responses of targeted metabolites. The effects of seed coat color and seeds dry weight were present in sucrose, total oligosaccharides, total carbohydrates and all measured fatty acids. The targeted metabolites were clustered within three groups. These metabolites were not only differently related to seeds dry weight, but also responded differentially to seed coat color. The inter-relationship between the targeted metabolites was highly present in the result of correlation analysis. Overall, results revealed that the targeted metabolites were diverged in relation to seed coat color and seeds dry weight within locally collected soybean seed germplasm accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hwang
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Byong Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Han
- Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Miryang 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Kang
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea.
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Lim S, Nam M, Kim KH, Lee SH, Moon JK, Lim HS, Choung MG, Kim SM, Moon JS. Development of a new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans. J Virol Methods 2016; 228:1-9. [PMID: 26569351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new vector using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) was constructed for gene function study or heterologous protein expression in soybeans. The in vitro transcript with a 5' cap analog m7GpppG from an SYCMV full-length infectious vector driven by a T7 promoter infected soybeans (pSYCMVT7-full). The symptoms observed in the soybeans infected with either the sap from SYCMV-infected leaves or pSYCMVT7-full were indistinguishable, suggesting that the vector exhibits equivalent biological activity as the virus itself. To utilize the vector further, a DNA-based vector driven by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was constructed. The complete sequence of the SYCMV genome was inserted into a binary vector flanked by a CaMV 35S promoter at the 5' terminus of the SYCMV genome and a cis-cleaving ribozyme sequence followed by a nopaline synthase terminator at the 3' terminus of the SYCMV genome (pSYCMV-full). The SYCMV-derived vector was tested for use as a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for the functional analysis of soybean genes. VIGS constructs containing either a fragment of the Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene (pSYCMV-PDS1) or a fragment of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RbcS) gene (pSYCMV-RbcS2) were constructed. Plants infiltrated with each vector using the Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation method exhibited distinct symptoms, such as photo-bleaching in plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-PDS1 and yellow or pale green coloring in plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-RbcS2. In addition, down-regulation of the transcripts of the two target genes was confirmed via northern blot analysis. Particle bombardment and direct plasmid DNA rubbing were also confirmed as alternative inoculation methods. To determine if the SYCMV vector can be used for the expression of heterologous proteins in soybean plants, the vector encoding amino acids 135-160 of VP1 of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O1 Campos (O1C) was constructed (pSYCMV-FMDV). Plants infiltrated with pSYCMV-FMDV were only detected via western blotting using the O1C antibody. Based on these results, we propose that the SYCMV-derived vector can be used for gene function study or expression of useful heterologous proteins in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmo Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Nam
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil Hyun Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-857, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Heon Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyung Moon
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-857, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 245-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Kim
- Yeongnam Regional Office, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Busan 600-016, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sun Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an anthocyanin-rich extract (AE) from black soybean coat on intestinal carcinogenesis. METHODS Apc (Min/+) mice were fed a diet of 0.2% or 0.5% AE for 7 weeks. We analyzed the number of intestinal tumors, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with β-catenin and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) signals. The number of intestinal tumors, and cellular expression of β-catenin were determined. RESULTS The number of intestinal tumors was significantly lower in mice fed a 0.5% AE diet compared to those of the other groups. Cytosolic β-catenin expression was significantly decreased in the AE supplemented groups compared to that of the control animals. In addition, mucosa expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cPLA2 were also significantly decreased in the 0.5% AE group, by 32% and 62%, respectively, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary AE reduced the development of intestinal tumors, possibly through the ability to suppress oxidative stresses, decreasing inflammatory responses mediated by β-catenin associated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Food and Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
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Kim YJ, Wang Y, Gupta R, Kim SW, Min CW, Kim YC, Park KH, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Choung MG, Kang KY, Kim ST. Protamine sulfate precipitation method depletes abundant plant seed-storage proteins: A case study on legume plants. Proteomics 2015; 15:1760-4. [PMID: 25641780 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of abundant proteins is one of the effective ways to improve detection and identification of low-abundance proteins. Our previous study showed that protamine sulfate precipitation (PSP) method can deplete abundant ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) from leaf proteins and is suitable for their in-depth proteome investigation. In this study, we provide evidence that the PSP method can also be effectively used for depletion of abundant seed-storage proteins (SSPs) from the total seed proteins of diverse legume plants including soybean, broad bean, pea, wild soybean, and peanut. The 0.05% protamine sulfate (PS) was sufficient to deplete major SSPs from all legumes tested except for peanut where 0.1% PS was required. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and 2DE analyses of PS-treated soybean and peanut seed proteins showed enriched spots in PS-supernatant than total proteins. Coefficient of variation percentage (%CV) and principal component analysis of 2DE spots support the reproducibility, suitability, and efficacy of the PSP method for quantitative and comparative seed proteome analysis. MALDI-TOF-TOF successfully identified some protein spots from soybean and peanut. Hence, this simple, reproducible, economical PSP method has a broader application in depleting plant abundant proteins including SSPs in addition to RuBisCO, allowing discussion for comprehensive proteome establishment and parallel comparative studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - So Wun Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Chul Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal
- GRADE Academy Private Limited, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal
- GRADE Academy Private Limited, Birgunj, Nepal
- Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy I, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, South Korea
| | - Kyu Young Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
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Kim GP, Lee J, Ahn KG, Hwang YS, Choi Y, Chun J, Chang WS, Choung MG. Differential responses of B vitamins in black soybean seeds. Food Chem 2014; 153:101-8. [PMID: 24491706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the contents and the association of B vitamins from seeds of 10 black and one yellow soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) varieties with either green or yellow cotyledon. Thiamine, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), riboflavin and total riboflavin were found highest in 'Chengjakong', while flavin mononucleotide (FMN) was greatest in 'Mirang'. Nicotinic acid and total vitamin B3 were highest in 'Shingi' as a yellow soybean variety but pantothenic acid and pyridoxine contents were greatest in 'Tawon' and 'Mirang', respectively. These content variations of B vitamins directly reflected the wide segregation of soybean varieties on the principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot, indicating that these 4 soybean varieties appeared to be least associated with other soybean varieties based on the different responses of B vitamins. The results of cluster and correlation analyses presented that the cotyledon colour of soybean seed contributed to a variation of B vitamin contents. Overall, the results suggest that a wide range of B vitamin contents would be affected by genotypic factors alongside the difference of cotyledon colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ppeum Kim
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Kyung-Geun Ahn
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hwang
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Functional Food and Nutrition Division, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-853, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Lee MS, Hwang YS, Lee J, Choung MG. The characterization of caffeine and nine individual catechins in the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Food Chem 2014; 158:351-7. [PMID: 24731354 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to determine the contents of caffeine and nine individual catechins in tea leaves. A total of 665 samples were scanned by NIRS, and also by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector to determine the contents of caffeine and nine individual catechins. The calibration models for caffeine, EGC, C, EGCG, EC, ECG, and total catechins had high r(2) (more than 0.90) and RSP (the ratio of standard deviation of reference data to SEP(C) in the external validation set) values (more than 4.1), indicating a good correlation between reference values and NIRS predicted values. In contrast, the calibration models of GC and EGCG-3Me had low r(2) and RSP values (below 0.8 and 2.0). Therefore, these results suggest that NIRS could be applied for the rapid determination of the contents of caffeine, EGC, C, EGCG, EC, ECG, and total catechins in tea leaves for breeding programs that develop high-quality tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seuk Lee
- Sulloc Cha R&D Center, Jangwon Co., LTD, Seogwipo, Jeju 699-920, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hwang
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Dogye Campus, Kangwon National University, Hwangjori #3, Dogye-up, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Choung MG, Hwang YS, Lee MS, Lee J, Kang ST, Jun TH. Comparison of extraction and isolation efficiency of catechins and caffeine from green tea leaves using different solvent systems. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource; Dogye Campus; Kangwon National University; Hwangjori #3 Dogye-up Samcheok 245-907 Korea
| | - Young-Sun Hwang
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource; Dogye Campus; Kangwon National University; Hwangjori #3 Dogye-up Samcheok 245-907 Korea
| | - Min-Seuk Lee
- Sulloc Cha R&D Center; Jangwon Co. Ltd; Seogwipo Jeju 699-920 Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS; Tree Fruit Research Laboratory; 1104 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Sung-Taeg Kang
- Department of Crop Science & Biotechnology; Dankook University; Cheonan 330-714 Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Korea
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Lee J, Hwang YS, Chang WS, Moon JK, Choung MG. Seed maturity differentially mediates metabolic responses in black soybean. Food Chem 2013; 141:2052-9. [PMID: 23870927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The soybean seed is placed in the middle of the morphological and developmental alterations, such as changes in seed size, weight, and colour, and alteration of the composition and contents of metabolites during maturation. In this study, we used black soybean seeds to investigate the effect of maturity on metabolite levels at different maturity stages. Seeds were sorted into five maturity categories, from M1 to M5, based on seed size and external pigmentation. Maturity stages M1, M3, and M5 are equivalent to R6, R7, and R8 on the soybean reproductive growth stage scale, indicating full seed, beginning maturity, and full maturity, respectively. As seed maturation progressed, the seed size decreased and the water soluble extract changed, indicating that a change of seed pigmentation occurred. At the same time, numerous metabolites responded differentially to seed maturation. The partial least squares (PLS) scores plot indicated that the metabolic alteration during maturation was clearly visible. Furthermore, isoflavones were highly associated with seed maturity on the PLS loading plot while fatty acids, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were less linked with seed maturity, indicating that those metabolites responded less to seed maturation. Overall, the results indicate that each category of metabolites is mediated differentially during maturation in black soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
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Lee J, Hwang YS, Lee JD, Chang WS, Choung MG. Metabolic alterations of lutein, β-carotene and chlorophyll a during germination of two soybean sprout varieties. Food Chem 2013; 141:3177-82. [PMID: 23871075 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic changes of lutein, β-carotene and chlorophyll a during germination of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) sprout varieties, 'Pungsannamulkong' and 'Bosug', have been studied. Seeds were germinated at 20 °C with 80% humidity in the darkness and sampled at 2 day intervals for 10 days. Partial least squares (PLS) scores plot showed that the responses of three metabolites during germination were linearly linked with each other except for day 2 in both varieties. PLS loading plots indicated that lutein content in whole sprout and cotyledon was closely associated with germination in 'Pungsannamulkong' while the chlorophyll a content in whole sprouts was highly linked with germination in 'Bosug'. Heatmap analyses revealed that lutein and β-carotene levels, but not those of chlorophyll a, accumulated in whole soybean sprouts and cotyledon. While hypocotyls did not accumulate lipophilic pigments during germination, the accumulation of lutein and β-carotene in the cotyledons was greater in 'Pungsannamulkong' than in 'Bosug' sprouts. In addition, the contents of lutein, β-carotene and chlorophyll a increased from those in the seeds. Overall, the metabolic changes of lutein, β-carotene and chlorophyll a during germination are affected not only by variety but also by organ type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Lee
- USDA-ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, 1104 N. Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
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Jung SK, Lim TG, Seo SG, Lee HJ, Hwang YS, Choung MG, Lee KW. Cyanidin-3-O-(2″-xylosyl)-glucoside, an anthocyanin from Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) fruits, inhibits UVB-induced COX-2 expression and AP-1 transactivation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Lee JH, Lim JD, Choung MG. Studies on the anthocyanin profile and biological properties from the fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian Ginseng). J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Choung MG, Lim JD. Antioxidant, Anticancer and Immune Activation of Anthocyanin Fraction from Rubus coreanus Miquel fruits (Bokbunja). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7783/kjmcs.2012.20.4.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kim YJ, Kang SC, NamKoong S, Choung MG, Sohn EH. Anti-inflammatory Effects by Arctium lappa L. Root Extracts through the Regulation of ICAM-1 and Nitric Oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7732/kjpr.2012.25.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jeon AJ, Lim TG, Jung SK, Lee EJ, Yeom MH, Park JS, Choung MG, Lee HJ, Lim Y, Lee KW. Black soybean (Glycine max cv. Heugmi) seed coat extract suppresses TPA or UVB-induced COX-2 expression by blocking mitogen activated protein kinases pathway in mouse skin epithelial cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lee JH, Lee HJ, Choung MG. Anthocyanin compositions and biological activities from the red petals of Korean edible rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Noblered). Food Chem 2011; 129:272-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee JH, Choung MG. Determination of optimal acid hydrolysis time of soybean isoflavones using drying oven and microwave assisted methods. Food Chem 2011; 129:577-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee JH, Choung MG. Identification and characterisation of anthocyanins in the antioxidant activity-containing fraction of Liriope platyphylla fruits. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee JH, Choung MG. Nondestructive determination of herbicide-resistant genetically modified soybean seeds using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cho SS, Lee HK, Yu CY, Kim MJ, Seong ES, Ghimire BK, Son EH, Choung MG, Lim JD. Isolation and Charaterization of Bioactive Peptides from Hwangtae (yellowish dried Alaska pollack) Protein Hydrolysate. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2008.13.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cho SS, Lee HK, Han CW, Seong ES, Yu CY, Kim MJ, Kim NY, Kang WS, Ko SH, Son EH, Choung MG, Lim JD. Physicochemical Properties of Isolated Peptides from Hwangtae (yellowish dried pollack) Protein Hydrolysate. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2008.13.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kim JM, Kim JS, Yoo H, Choung MG, Sung MK. Effects of black soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed coats and its anthocyanidins on colonic inflammation and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:8427-33. [PMID: 18710248 DOI: 10.1021/jf801342p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of anthocyanidins and anthocyanin-rich black soybean seed coats were studied in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells and carcinogen-treated F344 rats, respectively. Cyanidin and delphinidin significantly inhibited cell growth at concentrations of >or=1 microM. Anthocyanidins suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNAs in TPA-stimulated HT-29 cells. Both yellow and black soybean seed coat supplementation (10%, w/w) did not significantly reduce the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), although a modest decrease in the number of ACF was observed in animals fed soybean seed coats. The colonic COX-2 mRNA level was suppressed in rats fed both soybean seed coat diet. The plasma prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) level was reduced only in rats fed black soybean seed coats. No difference was observed in either colonic iNOS mRNA or plasma nitric oxide level. These results indicate that anthocyanidins are possible anti-inflammatory agents; however, further studies are required to determine required intake levels in vivo to exert antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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Park JS, Kim JB, Cho KJ, Cheon CI, Sung MK, Choung MG, Roh KH. Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factor AtMYB60 functions as a transcriptional repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Cell Rep 2008; 27:985-94. [PMID: 18317777 PMCID: PMC2413084 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The MYB transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of many secondary metabolites at the transcriptional level. We evaluated the possible roles of the Arabidopsis R2R3-MYB transcription factors in flavonoid biosynthesis because they are induced by UV-B irradiation but their associated phenotypes are largely unexplored. We isolated their genes by RACE-PCR, and performed transgenic approach and metabolite analyses in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). We found that one member of this protein family, AtMYB60, inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis in the lettuce plant. Wild-type lettuce normally accumulates anthocyanin, predominantly cyanidin and traces of delphinidin, and develops a red pigmentation. However, the production and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in AtMYB60-overexpressing lettuce was inhibited. Using RT-PCR analysis, we also identified the complete absence or reduction of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) transcripts in AtMYB60- overexpressing lettuce (AtMYB60-117 and AtMYB60-112 lines). The correlation between the overexpression of AtMYB60 and the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation suggests that the transcription factorAtMYB60 controls anthocyanin biosynthesis in the lettuce leaf. Clarification of the roles of the AtMYB60 transcription factor will facilitate further studies and provide genetic tools to better understand the regulation in plants of the genes controlled by the MYB-type transcription factors. Furthermore, the characterization of AtMYB60 has implications for the development of new varieties of lettuce and other commercially important plants with metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sug Park
- Molecular Physiology and Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, 441-707 South Korea
| | - Jung-Bong Kim
- Molecular Physiology and Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, 441-707 South Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Cho
- Molecular Physiology and Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, 441-707 South Korea
| | - Choong-Ill Cheon
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Youngsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742 South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Youngsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742 South Korea
| | - Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Pharmacognosy Material Development, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, 245-711 South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Roh
- Molecular Physiology and Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, 441-707 South Korea
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Park JS, Choung MG, Kim JB, Hahn BS, Kim JB, Bae SC, Roh KH, Kim YH, Cheon CI, Sung MK, Cho KJ. Genes up-regulated during red coloration in UV-B irradiated lettuce leaves. Plant Cell Rep 2007; 26:507-16. [PMID: 17086420 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of gene expression differences between green and red lettuce leaves was performed using the SSH method. BlastX comparisons of subtractive expressed sequence tags (ESTs) indicated that 7.6% of clones encoded enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Such clones had a particularly high abundance of flavonoid-metabolism proteins (6.5%). Following SSH, 566 clones were rescreened for differential gene expression using dot-blot hybridization. Of these, 53 were found to overexpressed during red coloration. The up-regulated expression of six genes was confirmed by Northern blot analyses. The expression of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) genes showed a positive correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in UV-B-irradiated lettuce leaves; flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3',5'H) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were expressed continuously in both samples. These results indicated that the genes CHS, F3H, and DFR coincided with increases in anthocyanin accumulation during the red coloration of lettuce leaves. This study show a relationship between red coloration and the expression of up-regulated genes in lettuce. The subtractive cDNA library and EST database described in this study represent a valuable resource for further research for secondary metabolism in the vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sug Park
- Research Planning & Information Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, Korea.
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Park CS, Baik BK, Kang MS, Park JC, Park JG, Yu CY, Choung MG, Lim JD. Flour Characteristics and End-Use Quality of Korean Wheats with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 Subunits in High Molecular Weight Glutenin. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2006.11.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Choung MG, Choi BR, An YN, Chu YH, Cho YS. Anthocyanin profile of Korean cultivated kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:7040-3. [PMID: 14611168 DOI: 10.1021/jf0304021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to determine the structures and amounts of anthocyanins obtained from seed coats of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivated in Korea. Anthocyanins in the seed coat of kidney bean were extracted with 1% HCl/20% CH(3)OH, and the crude anthocyanin extracts were purified by semipreparative HPLC. Five major anthocyanins were isolated, and their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, LC/ES-MS, and 1H and 13C NMR). The structures of these five anthocyanins were elucidated as cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside. Using RP-HPLC with photodiode array detection, each of the five anthocyanins was separated within 12 min by using a gradient elution. It was proved that the application of RP-HPLC could be an excellent method for determining the composition and contents of anthocyanins in kidney bean. The preponderance of pelargonidin 3-glucoside and delphinidin 3-glucoside are observed in red and black kidney beans, respectively. However, in this study, it is reported for the first time that the contents and composition of anthocyanins in speckled seed depend on the classes of speckle color. The contents of cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and total anthocyanins in seed coats of 16 kidney beans cultivated in Korea were in the ranges of 0-0.04, 0-2.61, 0-0.12, 0-0.17, 0-0.59 and 0-2.78 mg/g of dried seed coats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Gun Choung
- Department of Pharmacognosy Material Development, Samcheok National University, Samcheok 245-711, Korea.
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Choung MG, Baek IY, Kang ST, Han WY, Shin DC, Moon HP, Kang KH. Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:5848-51. [PMID: 11743773 DOI: 10.1021/jf010550w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were extracted with 1% HCl-CH(3)OH, and the crude anthocyanin extract was purified by Shepadex LH-20 and Lichroprep RP-18 open-column chromatography. Three major anthocyanins were isolated, and their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic methods (UV-visible, FABMS, (1)H and (13)C NMR, and by TLC). The complete structures of these anthocyanins were elucidated as delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and petunidin-3-glucoside. Among them, petunidin-3-glucoside was identified as a new anthocyanin in black soybeans. On the basis of RP-HPLC with a UV-vis detector, the contents of delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, and total anthocyanins in seed coats of 10 black soybeans were found in the ranges of 0-3.71, 0.94-15.98, 0-1.41, and 1.58-20.18 mg/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study imply that the seed coats of black soybean can be used as a good source for cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Choung
- National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station, Rural Development Administration, 1085, Naidong, Milyang, 627-803, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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