1
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Revach OY, Cicerchia AM, Shorer O, Petrova B, Anderson S, Park J, Chen L, Mehta A, Wright SJ, McNamee N, Tal-Mason A, Cattaneo G, Tiwari P, Xie H, Sweere JM, Cheng LC, Sigal N, Enrico E, Miljkovic M, Evans SA, Nguyen N, Whidden ME, Srinivasan R, Spitzer MH, Sun Y, Sharova T, Lawless AR, Michaud WA, Rasmussen MQ, Fang J, Palin CA, Chen F, Wang X, Ferrone CR, Lawrence DP, Sullivan RJ, Liu D, Sachdeva UM, Sen DR, Flaherty KT, Manguso RT, Bod L, Kellis M, Boland GM, Yizhak K, Yang J, Kanarek N, Sade-Feldman M, Hacohen N, Jenkins RW. Disrupting CD38-driven T cell dysfunction restores sensitivity to cancer immunotherapy. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.12.579184. [PMID: 38405985 PMCID: PMC10888727 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A central problem in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is the development of resistance, which affects 50% of patients with metastatic melanoma1,2. T cell exhaustion, resulting from chronic antigen exposure in the tumour microenvironment, is a major driver of ICB resistance3. Here, we show that CD38, an ecto-enzyme involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) catabolism, is highly expressed in exhausted CD8+ T cells in melanoma and is associated with ICB resistance. Tumour-derived CD38hiCD8+ T cells are dysfunctional, characterised by impaired proliferative capacity, effector function, and dysregulated mitochondrial bioenergetics. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of CD38 in murine and patient-derived organotypic tumour models (MDOTS/PDOTS) enhanced tumour immunity and overcame ICB resistance. Mechanistically, disrupting CD38 activity in T cells restored cellular NAD+ pools, improved mitochondrial function, increased proliferation, augmented effector function, and restored ICB sensitivity. Taken together, these data demonstrate a role for the CD38-NAD+ axis in promoting T cell exhaustion and ICB resistance, and establish the efficacy of CD38 directed therapeutic strategies to overcome ICB resistance using clinically relevant, patient-derived 3D tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or-Yam Revach
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angelina M. Cicerchia
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofir Shorer
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee Chen
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arnav Mehta
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Niamh McNamee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aya Tal-Mason
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Payal Tiwari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Teiko Bio, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatyana Sharova
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleigha R. Lawless
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A. Michaud
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Q. Rasmussen
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacy Fang
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire A. Palin
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R. Ferrone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald P. Lawrence
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sullivan
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Liu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uma M. Sachdeva
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debattama R. Sen
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert T. Manguso
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd Bod
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve M. Boland
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keren Yizhak
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jiekun Yang
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Mass General Cancer Center, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Maynard AG, Pohl NK, Mueller AP, Petrova B, Wong AYL, Wang P, Culhane AJ, Brook JR, Hirsch LM, Hoang N, Kirkland O, Braun T, Ducamp S, Fleming MD, Li H, Kanarek N. Folate depletion induces erythroid differentiation through perturbation of de novo purine synthesis. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj9479. [PMID: 38295180 PMCID: PMC10830111 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Folate, an essential vitamin, is a one-carbon acceptor and donor in key metabolic reactions. Erythroid cells harbor a unique sensitivity to folate deprivation, as revealed by the primary pathological manifestation of nutritional folate deprivation: megaloblastic anemia. To study this metabolic sensitivity, we applied mild folate depletion to human and mouse erythroid cell lines and primary murine erythroid progenitors. We show that folate depletion induces early blockade of purine synthesis and accumulation of the purine synthesis intermediate and signaling molecule, 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), followed by enhanced heme metabolism, hemoglobin synthesis, and erythroid differentiation. This is phenocopied by inhibition of folate metabolism using the inhibitor SHIN1, and by AICAR supplementation. Mechanistically, the metabolically driven differentiation is independent of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and is instead mediated by protein kinase C. Our findings suggest that folate deprivation-induced premature differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells is a molecular etiology to folate deficiency-induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nancy K. Pohl
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health PhD Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annabel P. Mueller
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Y. L. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J. Culhane
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeannette R. Brook
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leah M. Hirsch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ngoc Hoang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Orville Kirkland
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tatum Braun
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Ducamp
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hojun Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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3
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Fame RM, Ali I, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N, Petrova B. Optimized Mass Spectrometry Detection of Thyroid Hormones and Polar Metabolites in Rodent Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2024; 14:79. [PMID: 38392972 PMCID: PMC10890085 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are required for brain development and function. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord, contains TH as free hormones or as bound to transthyretin (TTR). Tight TH level regulation in the central nervous system is essential for developmental gene expression, which governs neurogenesis, myelination, and synaptogenesis. This integrated function of TH highlights the importance of developing precise and reliable methods for assessing TH levels in CSF. We report an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method to measure TH in rodent CSF and serum, applicable to both fresh and frozen samples. Using this new method, we find distinct differences in CSF TH in pregnant dams vs. non-pregnant adults and in embryonic vs. adult CSF. Further, targeted LC-MS metabolic profiling uncovers distinct central carbon metabolism in the CSF of these populations. TH detection and metabolite profiling of related metabolic pathways open new avenues of rigorous research into CSF TH and will inform future studies on metabolic alterations in CSF during normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M. Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ilhan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria K. Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Petrova B, Lacey TE, Culhane AJ, Cui J, Raskin A, Misra A, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N. Metabolomics of Mouse Embryonic CSF Following Maternal Immune Activation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.06.570507. [PMID: 38105934 PMCID: PMC10723469 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves various roles in the developing central nervous system (CNS), from neurogenesis to lifelong cognitive functions. Changes in CSF composition due to inflammation can impact brain function. We recently identified an abnormal cytokine signature in embryonic CSF (eCSF) following maternal immune activation (MIA), a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We hypothesized that MIA leads to other alterations in eCSF composition and employed untargeted metabolomics to profile changes in the eCSF metabolome in mice after inducing MIA with polyI:C. We report these data here as a resource, include a comprehensive MS1 and MS2 reference dataset, and present additional datasets comparing two mouse strains (CD-1 and C57Bl/6) and two developmental time points (E12.5 and E14.5). Targeted metabolomics further validated changes upon MIA. We show a significant elevation of glucocorticoids and kynurenine pathway related metabolites. Both pathways are relevant for suppressing inflammation or could be informative as disease biomarkers. Our resource should inform future mechanistic studies regarding the etiology of MIA neuropathology and roles and contributions of eCSF metabolites to brain development.
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5
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Fame RM, Ali I, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N, Petrova B. Optimized Mass Spectrometry Detection of Thyroid Hormones and Polar Metabolites in Rodent Cerebrospinal Fluid. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.07.570731. [PMID: 38116027 PMCID: PMC10729774 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) are required for brain development and function. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord, contains TH as free or transthyretin (TTR)-bound. Tight thyroid hormone level regulation in the central nervous system is essential for developmental gene expression that governs neurogenesis, myelination, and synaptogenesis. This integrated function of TH highlights the importance of developing precise and reliable methods for assessing TH levels in CSF. METHODS we report an optimized LC-MS based method to measure thyroid hormones in rodent CSF and serum, applicable to both fresh and frozen samples. RESULTS We find distinct differences in CSF thyroid hormone in pregnant dams vs. non-pregnant adults and in embryonic vs. adult CSF. Further, targeted LC-MS metabolic profiling uncovers distinct central carbon metabolism in the CSF of these populations. CONCLUSIONS TH detection and metabolite profiling of related metabolic pathways open new avenues of rigorous research into CSF thyroid hormone and will inform future studies on metabolic alterations in CSF during normal development.
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6
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Petrova B, Maynard AG, Wang P, Kanarek N. Regulatory mechanisms of one-carbon metabolism enzymes. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105457. [PMID: 37949226 PMCID: PMC10758965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism is a central metabolic pathway critical for the biosynthesis of several amino acids, methyl group donors, and nucleotides. The pathway mostly relies on the transfer of a carbon unit from the amino acid serine, through the cofactor folate (in its several forms), and to the ultimate carbon acceptors that include nucleotides and methyl groups used for methylation of proteins, RNA, and DNA. Nucleotides are required for DNA replication, DNA repair, gene expression, and protein translation, through ribosomal RNA. Therefore, the one-carbon metabolism pathway is essential for cell growth and function in all cells, but is specifically important for rapidly proliferating cells. The regulation of one-carbon metabolism is a critical aspect of the normal and pathological function of the pathway, such as in cancer, where hijacking these regulatory mechanisms feeds an increased need for nucleotides. One-carbon metabolism is regulated at several levels: via gene expression, posttranslational modification, subcellular compartmentalization, allosteric inhibition, and feedback regulation. In this review, we aim to inform the readers of relevant one-carbon metabolism regulation mechanisms and to bring forward the need to further study this aspect of one-carbon metabolism. The review aims to integrate two major aspects of cancer metabolism-signaling downstream of nutrient sensing and one-carbon metabolism, because while each of these is critical for the proliferation of cancerous cells, their integration is critical for comprehensive understating of cellular metabolism in transformed cells and can lead to clinically relevant insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam G Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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7
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Kramer NJ, Prakash G, Isaac RS, Choquet K, Soto I, Petrova B, Merens HE, Kanarek N, Churchman LS. Regulators of mitonuclear balance link mitochondrial metabolism to mtDNA expression. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1575-1589. [PMID: 37770567 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes are assembled from proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. These dual-origin enzymes pose a complex gene regulatory challenge for cells requiring coordinated gene expression across organelles. To identify genes involved in dual-origin protein complex synthesis, we performed fluorescence-activated cell-sorting-based genome-wide screens analysing mutant cells with unbalanced levels of mitochondrial- and nuclear-encoded subunits of Complex IV. We identified genes involved in OXPHOS biogenesis, including two uncharacterized genes: PREPL and NME6. We found that PREPL specifically impacts Complex IV biogenesis by acting at the intersection of mitochondrial lipid metabolism and protein synthesis, whereas NME6, an uncharacterized nucleoside diphosphate kinase, controls OXPHOS biogenesis through multiple mechanisms reliant on its NDPK domain. Firstly, NME6 forms a complex with RCC1L, which together perform nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity to maintain local mitochondrial pyrimidine triphosphate levels essential for mitochondrial RNA abundance. Secondly, NME6 modulates the activity of mitoribosome regulatory complexes, altering mitoribosome assembly and mitochondrial RNA pseudouridylation. Taken together, we propose that NME6 acts as a link between compartmentalized mitochondrial metabolites and mitochondrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kramer
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gyan Prakash
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Stefan Isaac
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karine Choquet
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iliana Soto
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hope E Merens
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Stirling Churchman
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Dreishpoon MB, Bick NR, Petrova B, Warui DM, Cameron A, Booker SJ, Kanarek N, Golub TR, Tsvetkov P. FDX1 regulates cellular protein lipoylation through direct binding to LIAS. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105046. [PMID: 37453661 PMCID: PMC10462841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxins are a family of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins that serve as essential electron donors in numerous cellular processes that are conserved through evolution. The promiscuous nature of ferredoxins as electron donors enables them to participate in many metabolic processes including steroid, heme, vitamin D, and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in different organisms. However, the unique natural function(s) of each of the two human ferredoxins (FDX1 and FDX2) are still poorly characterized. We recently reported that FDX1 is both a crucial regulator of copper ionophore-induced cell death and serves as an upstream regulator of cellular protein lipoylation, a mitochondrial lipid-based post-translational modification naturally occurring on four mitochondrial enzymes that are crucial for TCA cycle function. Here we show that FDX1 directly regulates protein lipoylation by binding the lipoyl synthase (LIAS) enzyme promoting its functional binding to the lipoyl carrier protein GCSH and not through indirect regulation of cellular Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling revealed that the predominant cellular metabolic outcome of FDX1 loss of function is manifested through the regulation of the four lipoylation-dependent enzymes ultimately resulting in loss of cellular respiration and sensitivity to mild glucose starvation. Transcriptional profiling established that FDX1 loss-of-function results in the induction of both compensatory metabolism-related genes and the integrated stress response, consistent with our findings that FDX1 loss-of-function is conditionally lethal. Together, our findings establish that FDX1 directly engages with LIAS, promoting its role in cellular protein lipoylation, a process essential in maintaining cell viability under low glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nolan R Bick
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas M Warui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Hogstrom JM, Cruz KA, Selfors LM, Ward MN, Mehta TS, Kanarek N, Philips J, Dialani V, Wulf G, Collins LC, Patel JM, Muranen T. Simultaneous isolation of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer organoids and fibroblasts reveals stroma-mediated resistance mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105021. [PMID: 37423299 PMCID: PMC10415704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer kills more than 600,000 women annually. Although HR+ breast cancers typically respond well to therapies, approximately 30% of patients relapse. At this stage, the tumors are usually metastatic and incurable. Resistance to therapy, particularly endocrine therapy is typically thought to be tumor intrinsic (e.g., estrogen receptor mutations). However, tumor-extrinsic factors also contribute to resistance. For example, stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), residing in the tumor microenvironment, are known to stimulate resistance and disease recurrence. Recurrence in HR+ disease has been difficult to study due to the prolonged clinical course, complex nature of resistance, and lack of appropriate model systems. Existing HR+ models are limited to HR+ cell lines, a few HR+ organoid models, and xenograft models that all lack components of the human stroma. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more clinically relevant models to study the complex nature of recurrent HR+ breast cancer, and the factors contributing to treatment relapse. Here, we present an optimized protocol that allows a high take-rate, and simultaneous propagation of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and matching CAFs, from primary and metastatic HR+ breast cancers. Our protocol allows for long-term culturing of HR+ PDOs that retain estrogen receptor expression and show responsiveness to hormone therapy. We further show the functional utility of this system by identifying CAF-secreted cytokines, such as growth-regulated oncogene α , as stroma-derived resistance drivers to endocrine therapy in HR+ PDOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Hogstrom
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kayla A Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madelyn N Ward
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tejas S Mehta
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jordana Philips
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vandana Dialani
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerburg Wulf
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaymin M Patel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taru Muranen
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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10
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Fame RM, Kalugin PN, Petrova B, Xu H, Soden PA, Shipley FB, Dani N, Grant B, Pragana A, Head JP, Gupta S, Shannon ML, Chifamba FF, Hawks-Mayer H, Vernon A, Gao F, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Heiman M, Andermann ML, Kanarek N, Lipton JO, Lehtinen MK. Defining diurnal fluctuations in mouse choroid plexus and CSF at high molecular, spatial, and temporal resolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3720. [PMID: 37349305 PMCID: PMC10287727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission and secretion of signals via the choroid plexus (ChP) brain barrier can modulate brain states via regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition. Here, we developed a platform to analyze diurnal variations in male mouse ChP and CSF. Ribosome profiling of ChP epithelial cells revealed diurnal translatome differences in metabolic machinery, secreted proteins, and barrier components. Using ChP and CSF metabolomics and blood-CSF barrier analyses, we observed diurnal changes in metabolites and cellular junctions. We then focused on transthyretin (TTR), a diurnally regulated thyroid hormone chaperone secreted by the ChP. Diurnal variation in ChP TTR depended on Bmal1 clock gene expression. We achieved real-time tracking of CSF-TTR in awake TtrmNeonGreen mice via multi-day intracerebroventricular fiber photometry. Diurnal changes in ChP and CSF TTR levels correlated with CSF thyroid hormone levels. These datasets highlight an integrated platform for investigating diurnal control of brain states by the ChP and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter N Kalugin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Soden
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bradford Grant
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suhasini Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Morgan L Shannon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hannah Hawks-Mayer
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Vernon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lyterian Therapeutics, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Maynard AG, Petrova B, Kanarek N. Correction: Maynard et al. Notes from the 2022 Folate, Vitamin B12, and One-Carbon Metabolism Conference. Metabolites 2023, 13, 486. Metabolites 2023; 13:752. [PMID: 37367931 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thanks to feedback from several speakers, text was amended, and citations updated, in the original article [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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12
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Maynard AG, Petrova B, Kanarek N. Notes from the 2022 Folate, Vitamin B12, and One-Carbon Metabolism Conference. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040486. [PMID: 37110145 PMCID: PMC10147059 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present notes from the Folate, Vitamin B12, and One-Carbon Metabolism Conference organized by The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), held in Asheville, North Carolina, USA, 14–19 August 2022. We aim to share the most recent findings in the field with members of our scientific community who did not attend the meeting and who are interested in the research that was presented. The research described includes discussions of one-carbon metabolism at the biochemical and physiological levels and studies of the role of folate and B12 in development and in the adult, and from bacteria to mammals. Furthermore, the summarized studies address the role of one-carbon metabolism in disease, including COVID-19, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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13
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Kramer NJ, Prakash G, Choquet K, Soto I, Petrova B, Merens HE, Kanarek N, Churchman LS. Genome-wide screens for mitonuclear co-regulators uncover links between compartmentalized metabolism and mitochondrial gene expression. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.11.528118. [PMID: 36798306 PMCID: PMC9934615 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.11.528118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes are assembled from proteins encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. These dual-origin enzymes pose a complex gene regulatory challenge for cells, in which gene expression must be coordinated across organelles using distinct pools of ribosomes. How cells produce and maintain the accurate subunit stoichiometries for these OXPHOS complexes remains largely unknown. To identify genes involved in dual-origin protein complex synthesis, we performed FACS-based genome-wide screens analyzing mutant cells with unbalanced levels of mitochondrial- and nuclear-encoded subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV). We identified novel genes involved in OXPHOS biogenesis, including two uncharacterized genes: PREPL and NME6 . We found that PREPL specifically regulates Complex IV biogenesis by interacting with mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery, while NME6, an uncharacterized nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), controls OXPHOS complex biogenesis through multiple mechanisms reliant on its NDPK domain. First, NME6 maintains local mitochondrial pyrimidine triphosphate levels essential for mitochondrial RNA abundance. Second, through stabilizing interactions with RCC1L, NME6 modulates the activity of mitoribosome regulatory complexes, leading to disruptions in mitoribosome assembly and mitochondrial RNA pseudouridylation. Taken together, we propose that NME6 acts as a link between compartmentalized mitochondrial metabolites and mitochondrial gene expression. Finally, we present these screens as a resource, providing a catalog of genes involved in mitonuclear gene regulation and OXPHOS biogenesis.
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14
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Dreishpoon MB, Bick NR, Petrova B, Warui DM, Cameron A, Booker SJ, Kanarek N, Golub TR, Tsvetkov P. FDX1 regulates cellular protein lipoylation through direct binding to LIAS. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.03.526472. [PMID: 36778498 PMCID: PMC9915701 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are a family of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins that serve as essential electron donors in numerous cellular processes that are conserved through evolution. The promiscuous nature of ferredoxins as electron donors enables them to participate in many metabolic processes including steroid, heme, vitamin D and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in different organisms. However, the unique natural function(s) of each of the two human ferredoxins (FDX1 and FDX2) are still poorly characterized. We recently reported that FDX1 is both a crucial regulator of copper ionophore induced cell death and serves as an upstream regulator of cellular protein lipoylation, a mitochondrial lipid-based post translational modification naturally occurring on four mitochondrial enzymes that are crucial for TCA cycle function. Here we show that FDX1 regulates protein lipoylation by directly binding to the lipoyl synthase (LIAS) enzyme and not through indirect regulation of cellular Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Metabolite profiling revealed that the predominant cellular metabolic outcome of FDX1 loss-of-function is manifested through the regulation of the four lipoylation-dependent enzymes ultimately resulting in loss of cellular respiration and sensitivity to mild glucose starvation. Transcriptional profiling of cells growing in either normal or low glucose conditions established that FDX1 loss-of-function results in the induction of both compensatory metabolism related genes and the integrated stress response, consistent with our findings that FDX1 loss-of-functions is conditionally lethal. Together, our findings establish that FDX1 directly engages with LIAS, promoting cellular protein lipoylation, a process essential in maintaining cell viability under low glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boryana Petrova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Douglas M. Warui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States
| | | | - Squire J. Booker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Todd R. Golub
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Brown JI, Wang P, Wong AYL, Petrova B, Persaud R, Soukhtehzari S, Lopez McDonald M, Hanke D, Christensen J, Iliev P, Wang W, Everton DK, Williams KC, Frank DA, Kanarek N, Page BDG. Cycloguanil and Analogues Potently Target DHFR in Cancer Cells to Elicit Anti-Cancer Activity. Metabolites 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36837770 PMCID: PMC9961069 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an established anti-cancer drug target whose inhibition disrupts folate metabolism and STAT3-dependent gene expression. Cycloguanil was proposed as a DHFR inhibitor in the 1950s and is the active metabolite of clinically approved plasmodium DHFR inhibitor Proguanil. The Cycloguanil scaffold was explored to generate potential cancer therapies in the 1970s. Herein, current computational and chemical biology techniques were employed to re-investigate the anti-cancer activity of Cycloguanil and related compounds. In silico modeling was employed to identify promising Cycloguanil analogues from NCI databases, which were cross-referenced with NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Screening data. Using target engagement assays, it was found that these compounds engage DHFR in cells at sub-nanomolar concentrations; however, growth impairments were not observed until higher concentrations. Folinic acid treatment rescues the viability impairments induced by some, but not all, Cycloguanil analogues, suggesting these compounds may have additional targets. Cycloguanil and its most promising analogue, NSC127159, induced similar metabolite profiles compared to established DHFR inhibitors Methotrexate and Pyrimethamine while also blocking downstream signaling, including STAT3 transcriptional activity. These data confirm that Cycloguanil and its analogues are potent inhibitors of human DHFR, and their anti-cancer activity may be worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I. Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Y. L. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rosanne Persaud
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sepideh Soukhtehzari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Hanke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Josephine Christensen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Petar Iliev
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weiyuan Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel K. Everton
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Karla C. Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David A. Frank
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brent D. G. Page
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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16
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Jang A, Petrova B, Cheong TC, Zawadzki ME, Jones JK, Culhane AJ, Shipley FB, Chiarle R, Wong ET, Kanarek N, Lehtinen MK. Choroid plexus-CSF-targeted antioxidant therapy protects the brain from toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. Neuron 2022; 110:3288-3301.e8. [PMID: 36070751 PMCID: PMC9588748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many cancer patients, chemotherapy produces untreatable life-long neurologic effects termed chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). We discovered that the chemotherapy methotrexate (MTX) adversely affects oxidative metabolism of non-cancerous choroid plexus (ChP) cells and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We used a ChP-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector approach in mice to augment CSF levels of the secreted antioxidant SOD3. AAV-SOD3 gene therapy increased oxidative defense capacity of the CSF and prevented MTX-induced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus. Furthermore, this gene therapy prevented anxiety and deficits in short-term learning and memory caused by MTX. MTX-induced oxidative damage to cultured human cortical neurons and analyses of CSF samples from MTX-treated lymphoma patients demonstrated that MTX diminishes antioxidant capacity of patient CSF. Collectively, our findings motivate the advancement of ChP- and CSF-targeted anti-oxidative prophylactic measures to relieve CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miriam E Zawadzki
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard, MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill K Jones
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard, MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Culhane
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Eric T Wong
- Brain Tumor Center & Neuro-Oncology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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17
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Tsvetkov P, Coy S, Petrova B, Dreishpoon M, Verma A, Abdusamad M, Rossen J, Joesch-Cohen L, Humeidi R, Spangler RD, Eaton JK, Frenkel E, Kocak M, Corsello SM, Lutsenko S, Kanarek N, Santagata S, Golub TR. Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins. Science 2022; 375:1254-1261. [PMID: 35298263 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1376] [Impact Index Per Article: 688.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential cofactor for all organisms, and yet it becomes toxic if concentrations exceed a threshold maintained by evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanisms. How excess copper induces cell death, however, is unknown. Here, we show in human cells that copper-dependent, regulated cell death is distinct from known death mechanisms and is dependent on mitochondrial respiration. We show that copper-dependent death occurs by means of direct binding of copper to lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This results in lipoylated protein aggregation and subsequent iron-sulfur cluster protein loss, which leads to proteotoxic stress and ultimately cell death. These findings may explain the need for ancient copper homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon Coy
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Ana Verma
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai Abdusamad
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Rossen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ranad Humeidi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John K Eaton
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evgeni Frenkel
- Whitehead Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Kocak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Corsello
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Heppler LN, Attarha S, Persaud R, Brown JI, Wang P, Petrova B, Tošić I, Burton FB, Flamand Y, Walker SR, Yeh JE, Zubarev RA, Gaetani M, Kanarek N, Page BDG, Frank DA. The antimicrobial drug pyrimethamine inhibits STAT3 transcriptional activity by targeting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101531. [PMID: 34953855 PMCID: PMC8800111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is often characterized by aberrant gene expression patterns caused by the inappropriate activation of transcription factors. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key transcriptional regulator of many protumorigenic processes and is persistently activated in many types of human cancer. However, like many transcription factors, STAT3 has proven difficult to target clinically. To address this unmet clinical need, we previously developed a cell-based assay of STAT3 transcriptional activity and performed an unbiased and high-throughput screen of small molecules known to be biologically active in humans. We identified the antimicrobial drug pyrimethamine as a novel and specific inhibitor of STAT3 transcriptional activity. Here, we show that pyrimethamine does not significantly affect STAT3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, or DNA binding at concentrations sufficient to inhibit STAT3 transcriptional activity, suggesting a potentially novel mechanism of inhibition. To identify the direct molecular target of pyrimethamine and further elucidate the mechanism of action, we used a new quantitative proteome profiling approach called proteome integral solubility alteration coupled with a metabolomic analysis. We identified human dihydrofolate reductase as a target of pyrimethamine and demonstrated that the STAT3-inhibitory effects of pyrimethamine are the result of a deficiency in reduced folate downstream of dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, implicating folate metabolism in the regulation of STAT3 transcriptional activity. This study reveals a previously unknown regulatory node of the STAT3 pathway that may be important for the development of novel strategies to treat STAT3-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Heppler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanaz Attarha
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosanne Persaud
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer I Brown
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isidora Tošić
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Foster B Burton
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yael Flamand
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber-Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah R Walker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E Yeh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Chemical Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massimiliano Gaetani
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Chemical Proteomics, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brent D G Page
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Petrova B, Warren A, Vital NY, Culhane AJ, Maynard AG, Wong A, Kanarek N. Redox Metabolism Measurement in Mammalian Cells and Tissues by LC-MS. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050313. [PMID: 34068241 PMCID: PMC8153172 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular redox state is highly dynamic and delicately balanced between constant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neutralization by endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione. Physiologic ROS levels can function as signal transduction messengers, while high levels of ROS can react with and damage various molecules eliciting cellular toxicity. The redox state is reflective of the cell’s metabolic status and can inform on regulated cell-state transitions or various pathologies including aging and cancer. Therefore, methods that enable reliable, quantitative readout of the cellular redox state are imperative for scientists from multiple fields. Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) based methods to detect small molecules that reflect the redox balance in the cell such as glutathione, NADH, and NADPH, have been developed and applied successfully, but because redox metabolites are very labile, these methods are not easily standardized or consolidated. Here, we report a robust LC-MS method for the simultaneous detection of several redox-reactive metabolites that is compatible with parallel global metabolic profiling in mammalian cells. We performed a comprehensive comparison between three commercial hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns, and we describe the application of our method in mammalian cells and tissues. The presented method is easily applicable and will enable the study of ROS function and oxidative stress in mammalian cells by researchers from various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Warren
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Nuria Yulia Vital
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrew J. Culhane
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Adam G. Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Wong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (A.W.); (N.Y.V.); (A.J.C.); (A.G.M.); (A.W.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-919-7352
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20
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Diray-Arce J, Conti MG, Petrova B, Kanarek N, Angelidou A, Levy O. Integrative Metabolomics to Identify Molecular Signatures of Responses to Vaccines and Infections. Metabolites 2020; 10:E492. [PMID: 33266347 PMCID: PMC7760881 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to the identification of metabolites have progressed from early biochemical pathway evaluation to modern high-dimensional metabolomics, a powerful tool to identify and characterize biomarkers of health and disease. In addition to its relevance to classic metabolic diseases, metabolomics has been key to the emergence of immunometabolism, an important area of study, as leukocytes generate and are impacted by key metabolites important to innate and adaptive immunity. Herein, we discuss the metabolomic signatures and pathways perturbed by the activation of the human immune system during infection and vaccination. For example, infection induces changes in lipid (e.g., free fatty acids, sphingolipids, and lysophosphatidylcholines) and amino acid pathways (e.g., tryptophan, serine, and threonine), while vaccination can trigger changes in carbohydrate and bile acid pathways. Amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism is relevant to immunity and is perturbed by both infections and vaccinations. Metabolomics holds substantial promise to provide fresh insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the host immune response. Its integration with other systems biology platforms will enhance studies of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.G.C.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Maria Giulia Conti
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.G.C.); (A.A.)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (N.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (N.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asimenia Angelidou
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.G.C.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (N.K.)
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.G.C.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (B.P.); (N.K.)
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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21
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Petrova B, Kanarek N. Potential Benefits and Pitfalls of Histidine Supplementation for Cancer Therapy Enhancement. J Nutr 2020; 150:2580S-2587S. [PMID: 33000153 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of the amino acid histidine has demonstrable benefits in various clinical conditions. Recent work in a pediatric leukemia mouse model exposed a surprising potential application of histidine supplementation for cancer therapy enhancement. These findings demand a deeper reassessment of the physiological effects and potential drawbacks of histidine supplementation. As pertinent to this question, we discuss the safety of high doses of histidine and its relevant metabolic fates in the human body. We refrain from recommendations or final conclusions because comprehensive preclinical evidence for safety and efficacy of histidine supplementation is still lacking. However, we emphasize the incentive to study the safety of histidine supplementation and its potential to improve the clinical outcome of pediatric blood cancers through a simple dietary supplementation. The need for comprehensive preclinical testing of histidine supplementation in healthy and tumor-bearing mice is fundamental, and we hope that this review will facilitate such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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22
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Yang et al., 2020 report that serine is a source of mitochondrial NADH derived from one-carbon metabolism. Serine becomes a major source of NADH when cellular respiration is inhibited, and the un-utilized, accumulated NADH inhibits the TCA cycle and slows proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Maynard
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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23
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Kanarek N, Freinkman E, Cantor J, Abu-Remaileh M, Wang T, Sabatini DM. Abstract 4988: Genome-wide CRISPR screen and metabolite profiling reveal a new mechanism of methotrexate sensitivity. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX) inhibits nucleotide biosynthesis and causes cell death by blocking DNA and RNA production. While MTX has had tremendous success as an anti-cancer treatment and is the subject of nearly a thousand ongoing clinical trials, we do not fully understand why certain cancers are more sensitive to it and why resistance emerges. To study these questions, we used a CRISPR-based genetic screen to identify genes that confer sensitivity to MTX. We identified an enzyme that plays a key role in a metabolic pathway that was not known to be associated with MTX sensitivity. Inhibition of the pathway, either by genetic loss of several genes in the pathway or through nutritional modulations, causes dramatic resistance to MTX in cultured cancer cells. Our results improved our understanding of the cellular response to MTX, and suggest that expression levels of enzymes in the pathway may serve as clinical predictor for MTX response in patients.
Citation Format: Naama Kanarek, Elizaveta Freinkman, Jason Cantor, Monther Abu-Remaileh, Tim Wang, David M. Sabatini. Genome-wide CRISPR screen and metabolite profiling reveal a new mechanism of methotrexate sensitivity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4988. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4988
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kanarek
- MIT Whitehead Inst. for Biomed. Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Jason Cantor
- MIT Whitehead Inst. for Biomed. Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Tim Wang
- MIT Whitehead Inst. for Biomed. Research, Cambridge, MA
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24
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Arthur R, Rohrmann S, Møller H, Selvin E, Dobs AS, Kanarek N, Nelson W, Platz EA, Van Hemelrijck M. Pre-diabetes and serum sex steroid hormones among US men. Andrology 2016; 5:49-57. [PMID: 27792861 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate a link between diabetes and sex steroid hormones, but the link with pre-diabetes remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesize that pre-diabetes, which is characterised by having impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired HbA1C, may influence circulating sex steroid hormone concentrations in men. Thus, we investigated whether serum sex steroid hormone concentrations differ between men with and without pre-diabetes. We analyzed data for 1139 men who were aged 20+ years when they participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated adjusted geometric mean serum concentrations of total and estimated free testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, total and estimated free estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in men with and without pre-diabetes. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) of lower concentrations of androgens and SHBG, and higher concentrations of estradiol by prediabetes status. Adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, total testosterone concentration was lower among men with (geometric mean: 4.68 ng/mL) than without (5.36 ng/mL, p = 0.01) pre-diabetes. SHBG concentration was also lower in men with (31.67 nmol/L) than without (36.16 nmol/L; p = 0.01) pre-diabetes. Concentrations of the other hormones did not differ between men with and without pre-diabetes. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, pre-diabetic men had a higher odds of lower testosterone (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.54-4.29), higher free estradiol level (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14-2.22), and lower SHBG level (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.32-3.92) compared to men without pre-diabetes. These associations were attenuated after adjusting for adiposity (testosterone OR: 1.76; 95% CI 0.95-3.27, free estradiol OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.88-1.88, SHBG OR: 1.71; 95% CI 0.88-3.30). Our findings suggest that men with pre-diabetes have lower circulating total testosterone and SHBG and higher free estradiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arthur
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK
| | - S Rohrmann
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Møller
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK
| | - E Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A S Dobs
- Department of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Kanarek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Group, London, UK.,Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Shaul YD, Freinkman E, Comb WC, Cantor JR, Tam WL, Thiru P, Kim D, Kanarek N, Pacold ME, Chen WW, Bierie B, Possemato R, Reinhardt F, Weinberg RA, Yaffe MB, Sabatini DM. Dihydropyrimidine accumulation is required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell 2015; 158:1094-1109. [PMID: 25171410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism to facilitate cell proliferation, but less is known about the metabolic changes that promote cancer cell aggressiveness. Here, we analyzed metabolic gene expression in cancer cell lines and found that a set of high-grade carcinoma lines expressing mesenchymal markers share a unique 44 gene signature, designated the "mesenchymal metabolic signature" (MMS). A FACS-based shRNA screen identified several MMS genes as essential for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not for cell proliferation. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), a pyrimidine-degrading enzyme, was highly expressed upon EMT induction and was necessary for cells to acquire mesenchymal characteristics in vitro and for tumorigenic cells to extravasate into the mouse lung. This role of DPYD was mediated through its catalytic activity and enzymatic products, the dihydropyrimidines. Thus, we identify metabolic processes essential for the EMT, a program associated with the acquisition of metastatic and aggressive cancer cell traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav D Shaul
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William C Comb
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason R Cantor
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Prathapan Thiru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael E Pacold
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Walter W Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian Bierie
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; MIT Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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26
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Wulaningsih W, Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Ix JH, Platz EA, Rohrmann S. Association of serum inorganic phosphate with sex steroid hormones and vitamin D in a nationally representative sample of men. Andrology 2014; 2:967-76. [PMID: 25270590 PMCID: PMC4324600 DOI: 10.1111/andr.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in bone regulatory pathways have been linked to chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. In men, a link between bone metabolism and gonadal hormones has been suggested. However, to date, there is lack of evidence on the association between serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) and sex steroid hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between Pi, sex steroid hormones and a known Pi metabolic regulator, vitamin D, in men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). From NHANES III, we selected 1412 men aged 20+ who participated in the morning session of Phase I (1988-1991) with serum measurements of Pi, sex hormones, and vitamin D. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate crude and geometric mean Pi by total and estimated free testosterone and estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (AAG), and vitamin D. Similar analyses were performed while stratifying by race/ethnicity and vitamin D levels. We found a lack of statistically significant difference in geometric means of Pi across quintiles of concentrations of sex hormones, indicating a tight regulation of Pi. However, Pi levels were inversely associated with calculated free testosterone in non-Hispanic black men, with geometric mean levels of Pi of 1.16 and 1.02 ng/mL for those in the lowest and highest quintiles of free testosterone, respectively (p-trend < 0.05). A similar but weaker pattern was seen between total testosterone and Pi. An inverse association was also seen between AAG and Pi in men with vitamin D concentration below the median (<24.2 ng/mL). No associations were observed among men with vitamin D levels at or above the median. Our findings suggest a weak link among sex hormones, vitamin D, and Pi in men. The observed effects of race/ethnicity and vitamin D indicate a complex association involving various regulators of Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wulaningsih
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, School of Medicine, London, UK
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Agbahiwe H, Kanarek N, Jeter S, Lansey D, Stearns V, Wolff A, Zellars R. Increased African-American Enrollment in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials: A Single-Institution Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Horwitz E, Stein I, Andreozzi M, Nemeth J, Shoham A, Pappo O, Schweitzer N, Tornillo L, Kanarek N, Quagliata L, Zreik F, Porat RM, Finkelstein R, Reuter H, Koschny R, Ganten T, Mogler C, Shibolet O, Hess J, Breuhahn K, Grunewald M, Schirmacher P, Vogel A, Terracciano L, Angel P, Ben-Neriah Y, Pikarsky E. Human and mouse VEGFA-amplified hepatocellular carcinomas are highly sensitive to sorafenib treatment. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:730-43. [PMID: 24687604 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Death rates from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are steadily increasing, yet therapeutic options for advanced HCC are limited. We identify a subset of mouse and human HCCs harboring VEGFA genomic amplification, displaying distinct biologic characteristics. Unlike common tumor amplifications, this one seems to work via heterotypic paracrine interactions; stromal VEGF receptors (VEGFR), responding to tumor VEGF-A, produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that reciprocally affects tumor cells. VEGF-A inhibition results in HGF downregulation and reduced proliferation, specifically in amplicon-positive mouse HCCs. Sorafenib-the first-line drug in advanced HCC-targets multiple kinases, including VEGFRs, but has only an overall mild beneficial effect. We found that VEGFA amplification specifies mouse and human HCCs that are distinctly sensitive to sorafenib. FISH analysis of a retrospective patient cohort showed markedly improved survival of sorafenib-treated patients with VEGFA-amplified HCCs, suggesting that VEGFA amplification is a potential biomarker for HCC response to VEGF-A-blocking drugs. SIGNIFICANCE Using a mouse model of inflammation-driven cancer, we identified a subclass of HCC carrying VEGFA amplification, which is particularly sensitive to VEGF-A inhibition. We found that a similar amplification in human HCC identifies patients who favorably responded to sorafenib-the first-line treatment of advanced HCC-which has an overall moderate therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Horwitz
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilan Stein
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyAuthors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariacarla Andreozzi
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Nemeth
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Avivit Shoham
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Orit Pappo
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Schweitzer
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luigi Tornillo
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Quagliata
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Farid Zreik
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rinnat M Porat
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rutie Finkelstein
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hendrik Reuter
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tom Ganten
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyAuthors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyAuthors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Myriam Grunewald
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Authors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, GermanyAuthors' Affiliations:The Lautenberg Center for Immunology; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University;Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; Liver Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), and Junior Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors (A102), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg; Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Richard A, Rohrmann S, Zhang L, Eichholzer M, Basaria S, Selvin E, Dobs AS, Kanarek N, Menke A, Nelson WG, Platz EA. Racial variation in sex steroid hormone concentration in black and white men: a meta-analysis. Andrology 2014; 2:428-35. [PMID: 24648111 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are associated with chronic diseases and mortality with risk associations that differ between racial and ethnic groups. However, it is currently unclear whether sex steroid hormone levels differ between black and white men. The aim of this study was to assess racial variation in circulating testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and estradiol levels in men. We searched PubMed for articles comparing circulating hormones in black and white men. A meta-analysis was performed using weighted mean differences (WMD) to compare hormones levels between black and white men. Fifteen eligible studies were identified; three did not report adjusted means. After age adjustment, free testosterone levels were significantly higher in black than in white men (WMD = 4.07 pg/mL, 95% CI 1.26, 6.88). Depending on the free testosterone concentration in white men, this WMD translates into a racial difference ranging from 2.5 to 4.9%. Total testosterone (WMD = 0.10 ng/mL, 95% CI -0.02, 0.22), estradiol (WMD = 0.67 pg/mL, 95% CI -0.04, 1.38) and SHBG (WMD = -0.45 nmol/L, 95% CI -1.75, 0.85) concentrations did not differ comparing blacks with whites. After adjustment for age, black men have a modestly but significantly 2.5 to 4.9% higher free testosterone level than white men. Based on previous studies on effects of sex steroid hormones on risk of chronic diseases or mortality, this modest difference is unlikely to explain racial differences in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tsilidis KK, Rohrmann S, McGlynn KA, Nyante SJ, Lopez DS, Bradwin G, Feinleib M, Joshu CE, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Selvin E, Platz EA. Association between endogenous sex steroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers in US men. Andrology 2013; 1:919-28. [PMID: 24124163 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones and inflammatory biomarkers are both associated with the development and progression of chronic diseases, but their interrelationship is relatively uncharacterized. We examined the association of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with biomarkers of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count. The study included data from 809 adult men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were estimated separately for CRP and WBC concentrations by sex steroid hormones and SHBG using weighted linear regression models. Higher concentrations of total (slope per one quintile in concentration, -0.18; p-trend, 0.001) and calculated free (slope, -0.13; p-trend, 0.03) testosterone were statistically significantly associated with lower concentrations of CRP, but not with WBC count. Men in the bottom quintile of total testosterone (≤3.3 ng/mL), who might be considered to have clinically low testosterone, were more likely to have elevated CRP (≥3 mg/L) compared with men in the top four quintiles (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.00-2.61). Total and calculated free estradiol (E2) were positively associated with both CRP (Total E2: slope, 0.14; p-trend, <0.001; Free E2: slope, 0.15; p-trend, <0.001) and WBC (Total E2: slope, 0.02; p-trend, 0.08; Free E2: slope, 0.02; p-trend, 0.02) concentrations. SHBG concentrations were inversely associated with WBC count (slope, -0.03; p-trend, 0.04), but not with CRP. These cross-sectional findings are consistent with the hypothesis that higher androgen and lower oestrogen concentrations may have an anti-inflammatory effect in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is a busy ground for the action of the ubiquitin-proteasome system; many of the signaling steps are coordinated by protein ubiquitination. The end point of this pathway is to induce transcription, and to this end, there is a need to overcome a major obstacle, a set of inhibitors (IκBs) that bind NF-κB and prohibit either the nuclear entry or the DNA binding of the transcription factor. Two major signaling steps are required for the elimination of the inhibitors: activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) and degradation of the phosphorylated inhibitors. IKK activation and IκB degradation involve different ubiquitination modes; the latter is mediated by a specific E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF(β-TrCP) . The F-box component of this E3, β-TrCP, recognizes the IκB degron formed following phosphorylation by IKK and thus couples IκB phosphorylation to ubiquitination. SCF(β-TrCP) -mediated IκB ubiquitination and degradation is a very efficient process, often resulting in complete degradation of the key inhibitor IκBα within a few minutes of cell stimulation. In vivo ablation of β-TrCP results in accumulation of all the IκBs and complete NF-κB inhibition. As many details of IκB-β-TrCP interaction have been worked out, the development of β-TrCP inhibitors might be a feasible therapeutic approach for NF-κB-associated human disease. However, we may still need to advance our understanding of the mechanism of IκB degradation as well as of the diverse functions of β-TrCP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kanarek
- Lautenberg Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Duan S, Skaar JR, Kuchay S, Toschi A, Kanarek N, Ben-Neriah Y, Pagano M. mTOR generates an auto-amplification loop by triggering the βTrCP- and CK1α-dependent degradation of DEPTOR. Mol Cell 2011; 44:317-24. [PMID: 22017877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DEPTOR is a recently identified inhibitor of the mTOR kinase that is highly regulated at the posttranslational level. In response to mitogens, we found that DEPTOR was rapidly phosphorylated on three serines in a conserved degron, facilitating binding and ubiquitylation by the F box protein βTrCP, with consequent proteasomal degradation of DEPTOR. Phosphorylation of the βTrCP degron in DEPTOR is executed by CK1α after a priming phosphorylation event mediated by either the mTORC1 or mTORC2 complexes. Blocking the βTrCP-dependent degradation of DEPTOR via βTrCP knockdown or expression of a stable DEPTOR mutant that is unable to bind βTrCP results in mTOR inhibition. Our findings reveal that mTOR cooperates with CK1α and βTrCP to generate an auto-amplification loop to promote its own full activation. Moreover, our results suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of CK1 may be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of cancers characterized by activation of mTOR-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Duan
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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33
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Abstract
The key step in NF-kappaB activation is the release of the NF-kappaB dimers from their inhibitory proteins, achieved via proteolysis of the IkappaBs. This irreversible signaling step constitutes a commitment to transcriptional activation. The signal is eventually terminated through nuclear expulsion of NF-kappaB, the outcome of a negative feedback loop based on IkappaBalpha transcription, synthesis, and IkappaBalpha-dependent nuclear export of NF-kappaB (Karin and Ben-Neriah 2000). Here, we review the process of signal-induced IkappaB ubiquitination and degradation by comparing the degradation of several IkappaBs and discussing the characteristics of IkappaBs' ubiquitin machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kanarek
- Department of Immunology and Genetics and Biotechnology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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Kanarek N, Horwitz E, Mayan I, Leshets M, Cojocaru G, Davis M, Tsuberi BZ, Pikarsky E, Pagano M, Ben-Neriah Y. Spermatogenesis rescue in a mouse deficient for the ubiquitin ligase SCF{beta}-TrCP by single substrate depletion. Genes Dev 2010; 24:470-7. [PMID: 20194439 DOI: 10.1101/gad.551610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
beta-TrCP, the substrate recognition subunit of a Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase, is ubiquitously expressed from two distinct paralogs, targeting many regulatory proteins for proteasomal degradation. We generated inducible beta-TrCP hypomorphic mice and found that they are surprisingly healthy, yet have a severe testicular defect. We show that the two beta-TrCP paralogs have a nonredundant role in spermatogenesis. The testicular defect is tightly associated with cell adhesion failure within the seminiferous tubules and is fully reversible upon beta-TrCP restoration. Remarkably, testicular depletion of a single beta-TrCP substrate, Snail1, rescued the adhesion defect and restored spermatogenesis. Our studies highlight an unexpected functional reserve of this central E3, as well as a bottleneck in a specific tissue: a single substrate whose stabilization is incompatible with testicular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kanarek
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology, Jerusalem, Israel
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Su SC, Kanarek N, Fox MG, Guseynova A, Crow S, Piantadosi S. Spatial Analyses Identify the Geographic Source of Patients at a National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1065-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that learning first involves generating new memories and then consolidating them into long-term memory. Thus learning is generally viewed as a single continuous process with two sequential stages; acquisition and consolidation. Here, we tested an alternative hypothesis proposing that acquisition and consolidation take place, at least partly, in parallel. Human subjects learned two visuomotor tasks. One task required moving a cursor under visuomotor rotation and the other required arbitrary association of colour to direction of movement. Subjects learned the two tasks in sequence, and were tested for acquisition of the second immediately after learning the first, and for retention of the first on the following day. The results show that learning one task led to proactive interference to acquisition of the second. However, this interference was not accompanied by retroactive interference to consolidation of the first task, indicating that acquisition and consolidation can be uncoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Zach
- ICNC, Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kanarek N. Global Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance. Am J Epidemiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
This article describes one effort to develop management tools that will help public health administrators and policy makers implement comprehensive public health strategies. It recounts the ongoing development of a methodology through which the Essential Public Health Services can be related to public health budgets, appropriations, and expenditures. Through three pilot projects involving: (1) nine state health agencies, (2) three local health agencies, and (3) all local jurisdictions and the state health agency in one state, a workable methodology for identifying public expenditures for comprehensive public health programming has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Atchison
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, USA
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Fredman L, Sexton M, Cui Y, Althuis M, Wehren L, Hornbeck P, Kanarek N. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and screening mammography among women ages 50 and older. Prev Med 1999; 28:407-17. [PMID: 10090870 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations among cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with recent screening mammograms were evaluated among women ages 50 years and older. METHODS The sample included 946 white and African-American women ages 50 years and older from the 1995 Maryland Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between current cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the past month (none, 1-7 drinks, >7 drinks) with obtaining a screening mammogram in the past 2 years (recent mammogram), controlling for sociodemographic and health variables. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of respondents had recent mammograms, 15% smoked cigarettes, 18% reported 1-7 drinks, and 12% reported >7 drinks in the past month. Smokers had lower mammography rates than nonsmokers (odds ratio (OR) = 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.75). Women who drank alcoholic beverages had higher mammography rates than nondrinkers (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.03-1.83). Smokers had the lowest mammography rates, regardless of their consumption of alcohol. An interaction was observed among white but not African-American women: nonsmokers who consumed moderate amounts of alcohol (1-7 drinks) had the highest mammography rates in this subgroup. CONCLUSIONS To reduce breast cancer mortality, it is important to increase screening mammography among all women over age 50 and especially among smokers and the oldest women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fredman
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Astone NM, Alexander C, Joffe A, Kanarek N. The social and demographic correlates of smoking among young adults in Maryland. Am J Prev Med 1997; 13:25-9. [PMID: 9455590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examine the utility of pooling data from the 1987 through 1994 Maryland Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance system (BRFSS) surveys in order to increase sample size, and we investigate the social and demographic correlates of smoking in Maryland among 18-24-year-olds. METHODS The data are from 1,714 subjects who were between 18 and 24 years of age and the principle method was multiple logistic regression. RESULTS African Americans are less likely to smoke than Caucasians, and people with some college or more are less likely to smoke than those with a high school diploma/GED or less. Men who are in an informal sexual union (cohabitation) are more likely to smoke than men who are not. There is a negative association between being a student and smoking among all young women, which does not exist for men enrolled in postsecondary schools. There is no gender difference in the level of smoking, despite the fact that the predictors of smoking are somewhat different for men and women. CONCLUSIONS Pooling data from several BRFSS studies is a useful way to increase sample size. Analyses of the correlates of smoking among people from a narrow age range is a useful way of highlighting the unique correlates of smoking across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Astone
- Department of Population Dynamics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine the effects of early newborn hospital discharge policy on hospital readmission for Medicaid infants. It is a multiple year, retrospective study in which early hospital discharges were followed using Medicaid claims data to determine the rate of readmissions for newborns during 1989-1992, the years in which this policy became widespread in Maryland. Analysis compares early discharges, using chi 2 tests, and calculates odds ratios to estimate the risk of readmissions. Our results found significant increases in early discharges for Medicaid newborns over time among sick newborns. The odds of readmissions for normal babies discharged early were about the same as for those kept longer, but for sick babies discharged early they were significantly greater, especially during the early study years. Findings from this natural experiment indicate that early discharge of Medicaid newborns with physical problems increases their likelihood of readmissions. Careful attention to the needs of these higher risk infants must be a part of any hospital or managed care program implementing early discharge policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fox
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, USA
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Kanarek N. Lifestyle and chronic disease. Md Med J 1994; 43:103-106. [PMID: 8183078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kanarek
- Office of Planning, Evaluation and Program Development, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
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