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Schmassmann P, Roux J, Buck A, Tatari N, Hogan S, Wang J, Rodrigues Mantuano N, Wieboldt R, Lee S, Snijder B, Kaymak D, Martins TA, Ritz MF, Shekarian T, McDaid M, Weller M, Weiss T, Läubli H, Hutter G. Targeting the Siglec-sialic acid axis promotes antitumor immune responses in preclinical models of glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf5302. [PMID: 37467314 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumor, for which effective therapies are urgently needed. Cancer cells are capable of evading clearance by phagocytes such as microglia- and monocyte-derived cells through engaging tolerogenic programs. Here, we found that high expression of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 9 (Siglec-9) correlates with reduced survival in patients with GBM. Using microglia- and monocyte-derived cell-specific knockouts of Siglec-E, the murine functional homolog of Siglec-9, together with single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrated that Siglec-E inhibits phagocytosis by these cells, thereby promoting immune evasion. Loss of Siglec-E on monocyte-derived cells further enhanced antigen cross-presentation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which resulted in more efficient T cell priming. This bridging of innate and adaptive responses delayed tumor growth and resulted in prolonged survival in murine models of GBM. Furthermore, we showed the combinatorial activity of Siglec-E blockade and other immunotherapies demonstrating the potential for targeting Siglec-9 as a treatment for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schmassmann
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Buck
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Hogan
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Cancer Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano
- Cancer Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ronja Wieboldt
- Cancer Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sohyon Lee
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8049 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Kaymak
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomás A Martins
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tala Shekarian
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta McDaid
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Cancer Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Theragnostics, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Savage N, Zemp FJ, Mikolajewicz N, Han H, Venugopal C, Chokshi C, Tatari N, Kislinger T, Moffat J, Mahoney D, Singh SK. Abstract 1154: Investigating the functional role of GPNMB in glioblastoma and the tumor immune microenvironment and its targeted elimination using CAR-Ts. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is known to be active in the extracellular matrix of glioblastoma and has been identified as a promising immunotherapy target for both tumor cells and immunosuppressive macrophages.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on patient derived xenograft (PDX) brains and tissue samples of 16 patient matched primary/recurrent GBMs as well as 23 normal organ tissues. Whole cell proteomics was performed on 43 matched primary/recurrent GBM samples. Flow cytometry measured surface expression levels of GPNMB to confirm CAR-T accessibility. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to eliminate expression in GBM lines to measure proliferation and mouse survival times. GPNMB knockout clones were generated in GL261 and engrafted in immunocompetent mice to examine single cell transcriptomes using sciRNAseq at endpoint. A second-generation CAR-T was developed to target GPNMB-expressing populations, and efficacy was interrogated using standard in vitro assays and GBM PDX models.
Results: The absence of GPNMB throughout most normal tissues validates the rationale of administering CAR-Ts as a safe modality for patients. GPNMB detected in residual tumors of PDX models treated orthotopically with CD133 CAR-Ts revealed it as a targetable subpopulation of GBM cells and a rational co-target alongside CD133 in the heterogeneous tumor. Tissue microarrays and whole cell proteomics found GPNMB to be upregulated in recurrent GBMs compared to primary (p=0.0349 and p=0.0033 respectively) while being absent in normal tissues. Single cell sequencing data of patient GBMs revealed GPNMB was also highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages. Eliminating GPNMB in GBM cell lines decreased proliferation (P<0.001) and prolonged survival times in all mouse models (P<0.01) indicating its functional relevance. GPNMB knockout clones displayed downregulation of hallmark signalling pathways of GBM such as PDGFR, TGF-beta, Integrins and Stats, as well as decreased innate/adaptive immune activation. CAR-T cytotoxicity and activation was observed in vitro and in vivo resulting in decreased tumor burden (P<0.001) and increased survival times (P<0.001). Ultimately a CD133+ population was observed in residual tumors of GPNMB CAR-T treated mice at endpoint and surface expression of CD133 and GPNMB revealed co-expression and distinct populations.
Conclusions: We show GPNMB influences tumor-intrinsic biology of GBM and is also active in macrophages in the recurrent GBM immune microenvironment. By targeting GPNMB along with CD133, combinatorial therapeutic regimens could target both the cancer stem cell hierarchy and its supportive niche. Administration of both CAR-T cell therapies to humanized mice engrafted with patient-derived GBMs will provide better cytotoxic coverage and potentially provide more durable therapeutic efficacy for GBM patients.
Citation Format: Neil Savage, Franz J. Zemp, Nick Mikolajewicz, Hong Han, Chitra Venugopal, Chirayu Chokshi, Nazanin Tatari, Thomas Kislinger, Jason Moffat, Doug Mahoney, Sheila K. Singh. Investigating the functional role of GPNMB in glioblastoma and the tumor immune microenvironment and its targeted elimination using CAR-Ts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Savage
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Hong Han
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Moffat
- 3University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Mahoney
- 2University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bassey-Archibong BI, Rajendra Chokshi C, Aghaei N, Kieliszek AM, Tatari N, McKenna D, Singh M, Kalpana Subapanditha M, Parmar A, Mobilio D, Savage N, Lam F, Tokar T, Provias J, Lu Y, Chafe SC, Swanton C, Hynds RE, Venugopal C, Singh SK. An HLA-G/SPAG9/STAT3 axis promotes brain metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2205247120. [PMID: 36780531 PMCID: PMC9974476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain neoplasm in adults. Current BM therapies still offer limited efficacy and reduced survival outcomes, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the disease. Herein, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of brain metastasis initiating cells (BMICs) at two distinct stages of the brain metastatic cascade-the "premetastatic" or early stage when they first colonize the brain and the established macrometastatic stage. RNA sequencing was used to obtain the transcriptional profiles of premetastatic and macrometastatic (non-premetastatic) lung, breast, and melanoma BMICs. We identified that lung, breast, and melanoma premetastatic BMICs share a common transcriptomic signature that is distinct from their non-premetastatic counterparts. Importantly, we show that premetastatic BMICs exhibit increased expression of HLA-G, which we further demonstrate functions in an HLA-G/SPAG9/STAT3 axis to promote the establishment of brain metastatic lesions. Our findings suggest that unraveling the molecular landscape of premetastatic BMICs allows for the identification of clinically relevant targets that can possibly inform the development of preventive and/or more efficacious BM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chirayu Rajendra Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nikoo Aghaei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Agata Monika Kieliszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Arun Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Daniel Mobilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fred Lam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - John Provias
- Department of Anatomical Pathology (Neuropathology), Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Charles Swanton
- The Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Edward Hynds
- The Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sheila Kumari Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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4
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Tatari N, Khan S, Livingstone J, Zhai K, Mckenna D, Ignatchenko V, Chokshi C, Gwynne WD, Singh M, Revill S, Mikolajewicz N, Zhu C, Chan J, Hawkins C, Lu JQ, Provias JP, Ask K, Morrissy S, Brown S, Weiss T, Weller M, Han H, Greenspoon JN, Moffat J, Venugopal C, Boutros PC, Singh SK, Kislinger T. The proteomic landscape of glioblastoma recurrence reveals novel and targetable immunoregulatory drivers. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1127-1142. [PMID: 36178522 PMCID: PMC10187978 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by extensive cellular and genetic heterogeneity. Its initial presentation as primary disease (pGBM) has been subject to exhaustive molecular and cellular profiling. By contrast, our understanding of how GBM evolves to evade the selective pressure of therapy is starkly limited. The proteomic landscape of recurrent GBM (rGBM), which is refractory to most treatments used for pGBM, are poorly known. We, therefore, quantified the transcriptome and proteome of 134 patient-derived pGBM and rGBM samples, including 40 matched pGBM-rGBM pairs. GBM subtypes transition from pGBM to rGBM towards a preferentially mesenchymal state at recurrence, consistent with the increasingly invasive nature of rGBM. We identified immune regulatory/suppressive genes as important drivers of rGBM and in particular 2-5-oligoadenylate synthase 2 (OAS2) as an essential gene in recurrent disease. Our data identify a new class of therapeutic targets that emerge from the adaptive response of pGBM to therapy, emerging specifically in recurrent disease and may provide new therapeutic opportunities absent at pGBM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tatari
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Livingstone
- Department of Human Genetics and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kui Zhai
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dillon Mckenna
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - William D Gwynne
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manoj Singh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Spencer Revill
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chenghao Zhu
- Department of Human Genetics and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John P Provias
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sorana Morrissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samuel Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Greenspoon
- Juravinski Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Human Genetics and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Schmassmann P, Roux J, Tatari N, Martins TA, Ritz MF, Shekarian T, Laeubli H, Hutter G. EXTH-26. MICROGLIA-SPECIFIC DISRUPTION OF SIALIC ACID-SIGLEC-9/E INTERACTIONS: A NOVEL IMMUNOTHERAPY AGAINST GLIOBLASTOMA? Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, ‘don’t eat me’-signals like CD47 have emerged as novel innate immune checkpoints, enabling cancer cells to evade clearance by phagocytes such as microglia (MG) or monocyte-derived cells (MdCs). Here, we aim at defining the role of inhibitory Siglec-9 in human and its mouse homologue Siglec-E in innate-centered immunotherapy against GBM. TCGA RNA-sequencing data revealed a significant correlation between high expression of immunoinhibitory SIGLEC9 and poor survival in GBM patients (log-rank p = 0.02). Using a CT-2A orthotopic GBM mouse model with MG-specific spatio-temporal deletion of Siglece (Sall1CreERT2 x Sigleceflox) , we observed high MG-proliferation upon Siglece knockout (Ki-67+ MG 14.8% in Crenegvs. 34.9% in Creposp < 0.0001) accompanied by an enhanced microglial GBM-cell uptake (5.6% in Crenegvs. 12.3% in Crepos, p < 0.001). By extending the Siglece knockout to the MdC compartment (Cx3cr1CreERT2x Sigleceflox) we observed a significantly prolonged survival in the Crepospopulation (21d in Crenegvs. 27d post-tumor injection in Crepos, p = 0.018), which could be further promoted by combining Siglece knockout with CD47 blockade (11% long-term remission in Crepos+ anti-CD47). Proteomics analysis revealed increased antigen processing and presentation capabilities of SigleceKOMdCs which was confirmed by ex-vivo OT-1 cross-presentation assays. This increased T cell priming upon MdC SigleceKOwas further boosted by addition of anti-PD1 antibody to the SigleceKO+ anti-CD47 combination. Resulting in 23% of animals experiencing long-term remission in the triple treatment arm, even after tumor re-challenge. Genetic targeting of sialic acids, the ligand for Siglec receptors, on CT-2A cells (GNE-KO), resulted in increased GBM-cell phagocytosis by MG and MdCs and less exhausted tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells (14.8% in WT vs. 5.9% in GNE-KO, p = 0.003). In a translational approach, we are currently testing anti-Siglec-9 treatment regimens in patient GBM explants, cultured for 5 days in perfusion bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Roux
- University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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6
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Qazi MA, Salim SK, Brown KR, Mikolajewicz N, Savage N, Han H, Subapanditha MK, Bakhshinyan D, Nixon A, Vora P, Desmond K, Chokshi C, Singh M, Khoo A, Macklin A, Khan S, Tatari N, Winegarden N, Richards L, Pugh T, Bock N, Mansouri A, Venugopal C, Kislinger T, Goyal S, Moffat J, Singh SK. Characterization of the minimal residual disease state reveals distinct evolutionary trajectories of human glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111420. [PMID: 36170831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of solid tumors renders patients vulnerable to advanced, treatment-refractory disease state with mutational and oncogenic landscape distinctive from initial diagnosis. Improving outcomes for recurrent cancers requires a better understanding of cell populations that expand from the post-therapy, minimal residual disease (MRD) state. We profile barcoded tumor stem cell populations through therapy at tumor initiation, MRD, and recurrence in our therapy-adapted, patient-derived xenograft models of glioblastoma (GBM). Tumors show distinct patterns of recurrence in which clonal populations exhibit either a pre-existing fitness advantage or an equipotency fitness acquired through therapy. Characterization of the MRD state by single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveals a tumor-intrinsic immunomodulatory signature with prognostic significance at the transcriptomic level and in proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from patients with GBM. Our results provide insight into the innate and therapy-driven dynamics of human GBM and the prognostic value of interrogating the MRD state in solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeha A Qazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sabra K Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Minomi K Subapanditha
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Allison Nixon
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kimberly Desmond
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Amanda Khoo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew Macklin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | | | - Trevor Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bock
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alireza Mansouri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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7
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Martins TA, Tatari N, Ritz M, Shekarian T, Schmassmann P, Kaymak D, Hutter G. P06.03.A Combination of EGFRvIII CAR T cell therapy and paracrine GAM modulation for the treatment of GBM. Neuro Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac174.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The glioblastoma (GBM) immune microenvironment mainly consists of protumoral glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). Previously, we showed that blockade of the don't-eat-me signal CD47, overexpressed by GBM cells, rescued GAMs' phagocytic function in mice. However, CD47 blockade monotherapy has been ineffective in treating human solid tumors to date. Thus, we propose a combinatorial approach of local chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy with paracrine GAM modulation for a synergistic elimination of GBM.
Material and Methods
We lentivirally transduced healthy donor human T cells to generate humanized EGFRvIII-directed CAR T that constitutively secrete a SIRPγ-related protein (SGRP) with high affinity to CD47. Killing assays were performed with endogenous EGFRvIII-expressing BS153 or EGFRvIII-overexpressed U251 GBM cells and assessed by Incucyte time-lapse imaging analysis. CAR T cell activation was confirmed by flow cytometry (FC) and IFNγ was detected from co-culture supernatants or mouse plasma by ELISA. The CAR T cell secretome was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to confirm the secretion of SGRP. NSG mice were orthotopically implanted with either EGFRvIII+ BS153 or U251 cells and treated intratumorally with one or two CAR T cell infusions.
Results
EGFRvIII and EGFRvIII-SGRP CAR T proliferated and killed tumor cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner within 72h with complete cytotoxicity at E:T 1:1 compared to CD19 CAR T. CAR T cells specifically co-expressed CD25 and CD107a and secreted IFNγ in the presence of tumor antigen (24h CD25/CD107a co-expression: EGFRvIII=59.3±3.00%, EGFRvIII-SGRP=52.6±1.42%, CD19=0.1±0.07%; 24h IFNγ secretion: EGFRvIII=173.6±2.50%, EGFRvIII-SGRP=113.8±6.42%, CD19=4.5±1.49%). Differential expression analysis of the CAR T cell secretome identified SGRP in EGFRvIII-SGRP CAR T supernatants (-Log10qValue/Log2fold-change=13.72/6.62). Consistent with studies of systemic EGFRvIII CAR T cell therapy, our data suggest that intratumoral EGFRvIII CAR T were insufficient to eliminate BS153 tumors with endogenous EGFRvIII (Overall survival; EGFRvIII: 20%, CD19: 0%, n=5/group).
Conclusion
Here, we show that EGFRvIII CAR T specifically targeted and killed EGFRvIII+ GBM cells in vitro, but failed to control tumor growth in vivo without GAM modulation. EGFRvIII-SGRP CAR T secretome analysis identified SGRP from the supernatants of unstimulated monocultures. SGRP impaired the binding of SIRPα-Fc to CD47-upregulated GBM cells in vitro, but did not elicit macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of GBM cells in our current in vitro experimental setup. Future work will focus on the functional characterization of SGRP and on further investigating the additive effect of CAR T cell therapy and GAM modulation using translational in vivo and ex vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Tatari
- University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - M Ritz
- University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
- University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | | | - D Kaymak
- University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - G Hutter
- University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
- University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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8
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Tatari N, Zhang X, Chafe SC, McKenna D, Lawson KA, Subapanditha M, Shaikh MV, Seyfrid M, Savage N, Venugopal C, Moffat J, Singh SK. Dual Antigen T Cell Engagers Targeting CA9 as an Effective Immunotherapeutic Modality for Targeting CA9 in Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905768. [PMID: 35874663 PMCID: PMC9296860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM), the most common malignant primary adult brain tumors, are uniformly lethal and are in need of improved therapeutic modalities. GBM contain extensive regions of hypoxia and are enriched in therapy resistant brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs). Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is a hypoxia-induced cell surface enzyme that plays an important role in maintenance of stem cell survival and therapeutic resistance. Here we demonstrate that CA9 is highly expressed in patient-derived BTICs. CA9+ GBM BTICs showed increased self-renewal and proliferative capacity. To target CA9, we developed dual antigen T cell engagers (DATEs) that were exquisitely specific for CA9-positive patient-derived clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) and GBM cells. Combined treatment of either ccRCC or GBM cells with the CA9 DATE and T cells resulted in T cell activation, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced cytotoxicity in a CA9-dependent manner. Treatment of ccRCC and GBM patient-derived xenografts markedly reduced tumor burden and extended survival. These data suggest that the CA9 DATE could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with solid tumors expressing CA9 to overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn C. Chafe
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Keith A. Lawson
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Vaseem Shaikh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Seyfrid
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sheila K. Singh,
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9
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Bassey-Archibong BI, Chokshi CR, Aghaei N, Kieliszek A, Tatari N, McKenna D, Singh M, Subapanditha M, Parmar A, Savage N, Lu Y, Venugopal C, Singh S. Abstract 3999: HLA-G, SPAG9 and STAT3 signalling: An alliance that promotes early-stage brain metastases. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain tumours in adults and a prominent cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Leading sources of BM are cancers of the lung, breast and melanoma, which together account for approximately 80% of all BM. Unfortunately, current clinical modalities for BM including surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy still offer limited efficacy and median survival times of 4 - 12 months in treated patients, emphasizing the need for more effective therapeutic strategies and generally a better understanding of the disease. We recently identified the presence of stem-like cells termed “brain metastasis-initiating cells” or BMICs in patient-derived BM from lung, breast and melanoma cancers that are able to recapitulate the complete brain metastatic cascade in pre-clinical models of BM. Through these models, we serendipitously captured lung, breast and melanoma BMICs at the “pre-metastatic” stage of BM - a stage where circulating metastatic cells have seeded the brain, but not yet formed full-blown (macro-metastatic) brain lesions. Transcriptomic analysis of pre-metastatic and macro-metastatic lung, breast and melanoma BMICs revealed a unique genetic profile in pre-metastatic BMICs that was distinct from their macro-metastatic counterparts. Further analysis identified several genes commonly up-regulated in all pre-metastatic BMIC cohorts irrespective of their primary tumour of origin. Intriguingly, we found that inhibition of the non-classical human leukocyte class I antigen-G or HLA-G gene (one of the top up-regulated genes in the pre-metastatic cohorts), reduced the ability of BMICs to form mature brain lesions. Correspondingly, HLA-G over-expression increased the capacity of BMICs to establish secondary brain tumours. Mechanistically, we discovered that over-expressing HLA-G levels in BMICs (to simulate the high levels that occurs in pre-metastatic BMICs), increased the activation of STAT3 signalling and this was mediated in part via a novel HLA-G binding partner - SPAG9. Our work thus uncovered a potential cooperative role between HLA-G, SPAG9 and STAT3 signalling during the early stages of BM. Indeed, attenuation of SPAG9 protein levels or STAT3 signalling in HLA-G over-expressing BMICs using CRISPR knockout and a STAT3 inhibitor respectively obstructed the ability of high HLA-G levels to promote mature brain lesions. This is the first study to reveal a role for an HLA-G-SPAG9-STAT3 axis in BM and highlights the potential of targeting this axis to inhibit BM, which will markedly extend patient survival.
Citation Format: Blessing I. Bassey-Archibong, Chirayu R. Chokshi, Nikoo Aghaei, Agata Kieliszek, Nazanin Tatari, Dillon McKenna, Mohini Singh, Minomi Subapanditha, Arun Parmar, Neil Savage, Yu Lu, Chitra Venugopal, Sheila Singh. HLA-G, SPAG9 and STAT3 signalling: An alliance that promotes early-stage brain metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3999.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arun Parmar
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Huynh V, Tatari N, Marple A, Savage N, McKenna D, Venugopal C, Singh SK, Wylie R. Real-time evaluation of a hydrogel delivery vehicle for cancer immunotherapeutics within embedded spheroid cultures. J Control Release 2022; 348:386-396. [PMID: 35644288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many protein immunotherapeutics are hindered by transport barriers that prevent the obtainment of minimum effective concentrations (MECs) in solid tumors. Local delivery vehicles with tunable release (infusion) rates for immunotherapeutics are being developed to achieve local and sustained release. To expedite their discovery and translation, in vitro models can identify promising delivery vehicles and immunotherapies that benefit from sustained release by evaluating cancer spheroid killing in real-time. Using displacement affinity release (DAR) within a hydrogel, we tuned the release of a CD133 targeting dual antigen T cell engager (DATE) without the need for further DATE or hydrogel modifications, yielding an injectable vehicle that acts as a tunable infusion pump. To quantify bioactivity benefits, a 3D embedded cancer spheroid model was developed for the evaluation of sustained protein release and combination therapies on T cell mediated spheroid killing. Using automated brightfield and fluorescent microscopy, the size of red fluorescent protein (iRFP670) expressing spheroids were tracked to quantify spheroid growth or killing over time as a function of controlled delivery. We demonstrate that sustained DATE release enhanced T cell mediated killing of embedded glioblastoma spheroids at longer timepoints, killing was further enhanced with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody (αPD1). The multi-cellular embedded spheroid model with automated microscopy demonstrated the benefit of extended bispecific release on T cell mediated killing, which will expedite the identification and translation of delivery vehicles such as DAR for immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - April Marple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ryan Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
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11
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Seyfrid M, Maich WT, Shaikh VM, Tatari N, Upreti D, Piyasena D, Subapanditha M, Savage N, McKenna D, Mikolajewicz N, Han H, Chokshi C, Kuhlmann L, Khoo A, Salim SK, Archibong-Bassey B, Gwynne W, Brown K, Murtaza N, Bakhshinyan D, Vora P, Venugopal C, Moffat J, Kislinger T, Singh S. CD70 as an actionable immunotherapeutic target in recurrent glioblastoma and its microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003289. [PMID: 35017149 PMCID: PMC8753449 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) patients suffer from a dismal prognosis, with standard of care therapy inevitably leading to therapy-resistant recurrent tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) drives the extensive heterogeneity seen in GBM, prompting the need for novel therapies specifically targeting this subset of tumor-driving cells. Here, we identify CD70 as a potential therapeutic target for recurrent GBM CSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, we identified the relevance and functional influence of CD70 on primary and recurrent GBM cells, and further define its function using established stem cell assays. We use CD70 knockdown studies, subsequent RNAseq pathway analysis, and in vivo xenotransplantation to validate CD70's role in GBM. Next, we developed and tested an anti-CD70 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy, which we validated in vitro and in vivo using our established preclinical model of human GBM. Lastly, we explored the importance of CD70 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by assessing the presence of its receptor, CD27, in immune infiltrates derived from freshly resected GBM tumor samples. RESULTS CD70 expression is elevated in recurrent GBM and CD70 knockdown reduces tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. CD70 CAR-T therapy significantly improves prognosis in vivo. We also found CD27 to be present on the cell surface of multiple relevant GBM TIME cell populations, notably putative M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION CD70 plays a key role in recurrent GBM cell aggressiveness and maintenance. Immunotherapeutic targeting of CD70 significantly improves survival in animal models and the CD70/CD27 axis may be a viable polytherapeutic avenue to co-target both GBM and its TIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seyfrid
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Thomas Maich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepak Upreti
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deween Piyasena
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Khoo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William Gwynne
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Bakhshinyan D, Adile AA, Liu J, Gwynne WD, Suk Y, Custers S, Burns I, Singh M, McFarlane N, Subapanditha MK, Qazi MA, Vora P, Kameda-Smith MM, Savage N, Desmond KL, Tatari N, Tran D, Seyfrid M, Hope K, Bock NA, Venugopal C, Bader GD, Singh SK. Temporal profiling of therapy resistance in human medulloblastoma identifies novel targetable drivers of recurrence. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabi5568. [PMID: 34878832 PMCID: PMC8654291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among children. The paucity of MB samples collected at relapse has hindered the functional understanding of molecular mechanisms driving therapy failure. New models capable of accurately recapitulating tumor progression in response to conventional therapeutic interventions are urgently needed. In this study, we developed a therapy-adapted PDX MB model that has a distinct advantage of generating human MB recurrence. The comparative gene expression analysis of MB cells collected throughout therapy led to identification of genes specifically up-regulated after therapy, including one previously undescribed in the setting of brain tumors, bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family B member 4 (BPIFB4). Subsequent functional validation resulted in a markedly diminished in vitro proliferation, self-renewal, and longevity of MB cells, translating into extended survival and reduced tumor burden in vivo. Targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase, a downstream substrate of BPIFB4, impeded growth of several patient-derived MB lines at low nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley A. Adile
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Liu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William D. Gwynne
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yujin Suk
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Custers
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Burns
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Minomi K. Subapanditha
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maleeha A. Qazi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle M. Kameda-Smith
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kim L. Desmond
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Damian Tran
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Seyfrid
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin Hope
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas A. Bock
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D. Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre at University Health Network, Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Computer Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Chokshi CR, Tieu D, Brown KR, Venugopal C, Liu L, Kuhlmann L, Rossotti MA, Chan K, Tong AHY, Savage N, McKenna D, Aghaei N, Subapanditha M, Vaseem Shaikh M, Tatari N, Brakel B, Nachmani O, Ignatchenko V, Salamoun JM, Wipf P, Sharlow E, Provias JP, Lu JQ, Murty NK, Lazo JS, Kislinger T, Henry KA, Lu Y, Moffat J, Singh SK. STEM-05. FUNCTIONAL MAPPING REVEALS WIDESPREAD REMODELLING AND UNRECOGNIZED PATHWAY DEPENDENCIES IN RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Resistance to genotoxic therapies and tumor recurrence are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor. Here, we explore the functional drivers of post-treatment recurrent GBM. By conducting genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens in patient-derived GBM models, we uncover distinct genetic dependencies in recurrent tumor cells that were absent in their patient-matched primary predecessors, accompanied by increased mutational burden and differential transcript and protein expression. These analyses support parallel tumor-intrinsic mechanisms of treatment resistance which rely on acquisition of immunosuppressive capacity, including a defective mismatch repair pathway, ablation of PTEN activity, and a novel combination of de novo mutations in SWI/SNF components. We map a multilayered genetic and functional response to resist chemoradiotherapy and drive tumor recurrence, identifying protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A2 (PTP4A2) as a novel driver of self-renewal, proliferation and tumorigenicity at GBM recurrence. Mechanistically, genetic perturbation and a small molecule inhibitor of PTP4A2 repress axon guidance activity through a dephosphorylation axis with roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) and exploit a genetic dependency on ROBO signaling. Importantly, engineered anti-ROBO1 single-domain antibodies also mimic the effects of PTP4A2 inhibition. We conclude that functional reprogramming drives tumorigenicity and present a dependence on a PTP4A2-ROBO1 signaling axis at GBM recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Tieu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Lina Liu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Wipf
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John S Lazo
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | | | - Yu Lu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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14
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Chokshi CR, Brakel BA, Tatari N, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Advances in Immunotherapy for Adult Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143400. [PMID: 34298615 PMCID: PMC8305609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Therapy failure and disease recurrence are hallmarks of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal tumor in adults that originates in the brain. Despite aggressive standards of care, tumor recurrence is inevitable with no standardized second-line therapy. Recent clinical studies evaluating therapies that augment the anti-tumor immune response (i.e., immunotherapies) have yielded promising results in subsets of GBM patients. Here, we summarize clinical studies in the past decade that evaluate vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for treatment of GBM. Although immunotherapies have yet to return widespread efficacy for the majority of GBM patients, critical insights from completed and ongoing clinical trials are informing development of the next generation of therapies, with the goal to alleviate disease burden and extend patient survival. Abstract Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. With the advent of therapies that revitalize the anti-tumor immune response, several immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed for treatment of GBM. In this review, we summarize recent clinical and preclinical efforts to evaluate vaccination strategies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Although these modalities have shown long-term tumor regression in subsets of treated patients, the underlying biology that may predict efficacy and inform therapy development is being actively investigated. Common to all therapeutic modalities are fundamental mechanisms of therapy evasion by tumor cells, including immense intratumoral heterogeneity, suppression of the tumor immune microenvironment and low mutational burden. These insights have led efforts to design rational combinatorial therapies that can reignite the anti-tumor immune response, effectively and specifically target tumor cells and reliably decrease tumor burden for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu R. Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Benjamin A. Brakel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sabra K. Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (C.R.C.); (B.A.B.); (N.T.); (N.S.); (S.K.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Tatari N, Khan S, Livingstone J, Venugopal C, Chan J, Hawkins C, Provias J, Lu JQ, Ask K, Kislinger T, Singh S. Abstract PO052: Uncovering the evolution of Glioblastoma proteome landscape from primary to the recurrent stage for development of novel diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tme21-po052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by extensive cellular and genetic heterogeneity. A wealth of literature describes the biology of primary GBM (p-GBM), but we currently lack an understanding of how GBM evolves through therapy to become a very different tumor at recurrence, which may explain why therapies against p-GBM fail to work in recurrent GBM (r-GBM). Therefore, to understand the evolution of r-GBM, we aimed to characterize patient-matched p-GBM and r-GBM proteome and identify potential therapeutic targets for r-GBM. We collected one of the world’s largest patient-matched p-GBM and r-GBM samples from the Hamilton Health Sciences for gene expression profiling, proteomic analyses and tissue microarray (TMA) construction. Nano-String analysis was performed for GBM subtype identification. Furthermore, patient demographics was generated for survival analysis. The top potential therapeutic targets for r-GBM were identified by proteomic analysis and were validated on TMA using immunohistochemistry. The essentiality of each protein in r-GBM were assessed using CRISPR KO studies and the top hit were selected for pre-clinical testing. 6798 proteins were detected by shotgun, label-free proteomic analyses. Differential expression analysis on the surface proteins revealed a distinct set of proteins overexpressed in r-GBM among which 7 proteins were selected as top potential therapeutic targets for r-GBM. Besides, the patients were grouped based on survival rate and the differential expression analysis revealed significantly enriched proteins and pathways in short-term survivors which cause aggressive phenotypes in GBM. In addition, consensus clustering identified five protein clusters which show distinction between primary vs recurrent tumors. Our data also strongly supports a preponderance of immune regulatory/suppressive genes as important drivers of r-GBM. This study resulted in identification of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers which is extremely complementary and instructive for the development of new poly-therapeutic paradigms for GBM patients at the recurrent level and will lead to improvement of patient’s survival.
Citation Format: Nazanin Tatari, Shahbaz Khan, Julie Livingstone, Chitra Venugopal, Jennifer Chan, Cynthia Hawkins, John Provias, Jian-Qiang Lu, Kjetil Ask, Thomas Kislinger, Sheila Singh. Uncovering the evolution of Glioblastoma proteome landscape from primary to the recurrent stage for development of novel diagnostic and predictive biomarkers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities; in association with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Working Group; 2021 Jan 11-12. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PO052.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tatari
- 1Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- 2Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Julie Livingstone
- 2Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- 1Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Jennifer Chan
- 3Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- 4Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - John Provias
- 5Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- 5Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
| | - Kjetil Ask
- 6McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- 2Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Sheila Singh
- 1Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,
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Tatari N, Khan S, Livingstone J, Venugopal C, Chan J, Hawkins C, Provias J, Lu J, Ask K, Kislinger T, Singh S. 5P Uncovering the evolution of glioblastoma proteome landscape from primary to the recurrent stage for development of novel diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.10.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bassey-Archibong B, Aghaei N, Chokshi C, Kieliszek A, Tatari N, Mckenna D, Singh M, Subapanditha M, Tokar T, Jurisica I, Lam F, Lu Y, Venugopal C, Singh S. 47. UNCOVERING A NOVEL ROLE FOR HLA-G IN BRAIN METASTASES. Neurooncol Adv 2020. [PMCID: PMC7401410 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa073.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain tumour in adults and are ten times more likely to develop than primary brain tumours. More than 20% of patients with cancer will develop BM with the three most common sources being primary cancers of the lung, breast, and melanoma. Unfortunately, current treatment options for BM do not effectively eradicate BM, with a mere median overall survival time of 12 months in treated patients. This indicates the need for better and more effective therapies against BM. Using patient-derived cell lines established from surgically removed brain metastatic tumours of lung-, breast- and melanoma-BM patients, we generated patient-derived orthotopic murine xenograft (PDX) models of lung-, breast-, and melanoma-BM. From these PDX models, we isolated a rare population of stem-like brain metastasis initiating cells (BMICs) we termed “pre-metastatic”, that had traveled from their primary/orthotopic tumours and lodged in the brain but had not yet developed into mature BM. Transcriptomic analyses performed on pre-metastatic and non-pre-metastatic BMICs from lung, breast and melanoma PDX models of BM, identified a set of deregulated genes exclusive only to pre-metastatic BMICs. Further analysis revealed HLA-G as being commonly up-regulated only during the pre-metastatic stage of the lung-, breast-, and melanoma-BM cascade. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrated that HLA-G knock-down reduced the proliferation and survival of BMICs from all BM cohorts, and attenuated the establishment of mature brain metastatic tumours, implying a crucial role for HLA-G in the formation of BM. Developing a therapeutic strategy that targets HLA-G in BM may prove effective at completely eliminating brain metastatic cells at an early stage of the BM cascade, thereby turning a fatal disease into an eminently more treatable one.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fred Lam
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Vora P, Venugopal C, Salim SK, Tatari N, Bakhshinyan D, Singh M, Seyfrid M, Upreti D, Rentas S, Wong N, Williams R, Qazi MA, Chokshi C, Ding A, Subapanditha M, Savage N, Mahendram S, Ford E, Adile AA, McKenna D, McFarlane N, Huynh V, Wylie RG, Pan J, Bramson J, Hope K, Moffat J, Singh S. The Rational Development of CD133-Targeting Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:832-844.e6. [PMID: 32464096 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD133 marks self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of solid tumors, and CD133+ tumor-initiating cells are known markers of chemo- and radio-resistance in multiple aggressive cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), that may drive intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Here, we report three immunotherapeutic modalities based on a human anti-CD133 antibody fragment that targets a unique epitope present in glycosylated and non-glycosylated CD133 and studied their effects on targeting CD133+ cells in patient-derived models of GBM. We generated an immunoglobulin G (IgG) (RW03-IgG), a dual-antigen T cell engager (DATE), and a CD133-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T): CART133. All three showed activity against patient-derived CD133+ GBM cells, and CART133 cells demonstrated superior efficacy in patient-derived GBM xenograft models without causing adverse effects on normal CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells in humanized CD34+ mice. Thus, CART133 cells may be a therapeutically tractable strategy to target CD133+ CSCs in human GBM or other treatment-resistant primary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Vora
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mathieu Seyfrid
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Deepak Upreti
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Stefan Rentas
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Nicholas Wong
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Rashida Williams
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Maleeha Ahmad Qazi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Avrilynn Ding
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sujeivan Mahendram
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Emily Ford
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ashley Ann Adile
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Vince Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Ryan Gavin Wylie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - James Pan
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kristin Hope
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Sheila Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Manoranjan B, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Subapanditha M, Savage N, Tatari N, Provias JP, Murty NK, Moffat J, Doble BW, Singh SK. A CD133-AKT-Wnt signaling axis drives glioblastoma brain tumor-initiating cells. Oncogene 2019; 39:1590-1599. [PMID: 31695152 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic insight into signaling pathways downstream of surface receptors has been revolutionized with integrated cancer genomics. This has fostered current treatment modalities, namely immunotherapy, to capitalize on targeting key oncogenic signaling nodes downstream of a limited number of surface markers. Unfortunately, rudimentary mechanistic understanding of most other cell surface proteins has reduced the clinical utility of these markers. CD133 has reproducibly been shown to correlate with disease progression, recurrence, and poor overall survivorship in the malignant adult brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM). Using several patient-derived CD133high and CD133low GBMs we describe intrinsic differences in determinants of stemness, which we owe to a CD133-AKT-Wnt signaling axis in which CD133 functions as a putative cell surface receptor for AKT-dependent Wnt activation. These findings may have implications for personalized oncology trials targeting PI3K/AKT or Wnt as both pathways may be activated independent of their canonical drivers, leading to treatment resistance and disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branavan Manoranjan
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - John P Provias
- Departments of Pathology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Naresh K Murty
- Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Bradley W Doble
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. .,Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Vora P, Venugopal C, Chokshi C, Qazi M, Tatari N, Brown K, Yelle N, Adams J, Tieu D, Seyfrid M, Singh M, Savage N, Subapanditha M, Bakhshinyan D, Kuhlmann L, Kislinger T, Sidhu S, Moffat J, Singh SK. Abstract 570: A glioblastoma translational pipeline: discovery of novel tumor antigens that drive GBM recurrence. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary adult brain tumor, characterized by extensive cellular and genetic heterogeneity. Even with surgery, temozolomide chemotherapy and radiation, tumor re-growth and patient relapse are inevitable, with a median survivorship of just 15 months. Genomic profiling studies have shown that clonal evolution within GBM may be driven by cancer treatment, such that the recurrence may no longer resemble the genetic landscape of the original primary tumor. Furthermore, intratumoral heterogeneity associated with clonal evolution complicates biomarker discovery and treatment personalization and underlies treatment failure. Thus, modeling clonal heterogeneity and evolution to understand cancer progression is critical for the development of effective therapeutic approaches. We aim to identify new therapeutic targets that drive clonal evolution in treatment-refractory GBM and develop novel and empirical therapeutic paradigms targeting recurrent GBM.
Experimental Procedure: We employed a transcriptomic, proteomic and functional genomics approach to discover and validate genes that drive GBM recurrence. Using a therapy-adapted patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of treatment-refractory GBM, we profiled the transcriptomic and proteomic landscape of treatment-naïve primary GBM through conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and into recurrence. To complement the transcriptomic data, we used an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening platform to identify genes essential for self-renewal in recurrent GBM, as well as to identify novel sensitizers and suppressors of conventional therapy. Furthermore, we coupled cellular DNA barcoding technology with our PDX model to profile the clonal evolution of tumor cells through therapy.
Results: Integrative analysis of deep sequencing and surface proteomics of tumor cells harvested at tumor formation, minimal residual disease after chemoradiotherapy, and tumor recurrence from the PDX model resulted in the identification of novel therapeutic targets in treatment-refractory GBM. Using CRISPR, potential targets were knocked out in patient-derived GBMs in order to characterize the effect on self-renewal and tumor formation. We report the successful barcoding of patient-derived primary, treatment-naïve GSCs at a single cell resolution that were expanded into clonal populations, intracranially engrafted in immunodeficient mice and treated with SoC therapy. Conclusion: We have generated a translational pipeline from initial target discovery, through target validation, to building new biotherapeutics against novel targets, and preclinical testing in our PDX model of treatment-resistant GBM. A promising lead panel of biotherapeutic modalities is being translated into early clinical development, generating targeted therapies and hope for future GBM patients.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Parvez Vora, Chitra Venugopal, Chirayu Chokshi, Maleeha Qazi, Nazanin Tatari, Kevin Brown, Nicholas Yelle, Jarrett Adams, David Tieu, Mathieu Seyfrid, Mohini Singh, Neil Savage, Minomi Subapanditha, David Bakhshinyan, Laura Kuhlmann, Thomas Kislinger, Sachdev Sidhu, Jason Moffat, Sheila Kumari Singh. A glioblastoma translational pipeline: discovery of novel tumor antigens that drive GBM recurrence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 570.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Vora
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Brown
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - David Tieu
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Neil Savage
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Moffat
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tatari N, Movassagh H, Shan L, Koussih L, Gounni AS. Semaphorin 3E Inhibits House Dust Mite-Induced Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma. Am J Pathol 2019; 189:762-772. [PMID: 30711489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased angiogenesis is a characteristic feature of remodeling in asthmatic airways and stems from the imbalance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Surprisingly, the factors regulating this process in allergic asthma are poorly defined. Previously, we showed an important role of semaphorins 3E (Sema3E) in growth factor-induced airway smooth muscle proliferation and migration in vitro, and in down-regulating airway inflammation, T helper 2/T helper 17 cytokine response, mucus cell hyperplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo. However, the role of Sema3E in airway angiogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the role of Sema3E in airway angiogenesis using a house dust mite (HDM) murine model of allergic asthma. Intranasal treatment with recombinant Sema3E significantly reduced the expression of angiogenesis markers within the airways of HDM-challenged mice compared with untreated mice. HDM-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 protein were diminished substantially on Sema3E treatment. Interestingly, Sema3E-treated mice showed an enhanced expression of the negative regulator of angiogenesis, soluble VEGF receptor 1, compared with the untreated mice. These events were reversed in Sema3E-deficient mice at baseline or on HDM challenge. Taken together, this study provides the first evidence that Sema3E modulates angiogenesis in allergic asthmatic airways via modulating pro- and anti-angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hesam Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Latifa Koussih
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Morrison LC, Tatari N, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. Embryonic Stem Cell Models of Human Brain Tumors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1869:127-142. [PMID: 30324520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8805-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a model system to study highly malignant pediatric cancers has led to significant insight into the molecular mechanisms governing tumor progression and has revealed novel therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. Here, we describe a method for generating heterogeneous populations of neural precursors from both normal and neoplastic hESCs and the subsequent injection of neoplastic human embryonic neural cells (hENs) into intracerebellar or intracranial xenograft models. Histopathologically, neural tumors derived from neoplastic hENs exhibit features similar to more aggressive medulloblastoma, the most common malignant primary pediatric brain tumor. In this chapter, we will outline the detailed methods for culturing normal and neoplastic neural precursor cells in both adherent and tumorsphere format and the full characterization of the brain tumors generated from these cells in non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD SCID) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Coudière Morrison
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Abstract
Early development of human organisms relies on stem cells, a population of non-specialized cells that can divide symmetrically to give rise to two identical daughter cells, or divide asymmetrically to produce one identical daughter cell and another more specialized cell. The capacity to undergo cellular divisions while maintaining an undifferentiated state is termed self-renewal and is responsible for the maintenance of stem cell populations during development. In addition, self-renewal plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of developed organism through replacement of defective cells.Similar to their non-malignant counterparts, it has been postulated that tumor cells follow a differentiation hierarchy, with the least differentiated cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. These tumor stem cells possess the ability to self-renew, have a higher capacity to initiate tumor growth when xenografted into an animal model, and can recapitulate the cell heterogeneity of the tumor they originate from. Hence, further investigation of mechanisms governing the self-renewal in cancer can lead to development of novel therapies targeting CSCs.In this chapter, we described the soft agar assay and the limiting dilution assay (LDA) as two easy-to-implement and inexpensive assays to measure the stemness properties of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs). These techniques constitute useful tools for the preclinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting BTSCs clonogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seyfrid
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bobrowski
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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24
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Vora P, Adams J, Singh M, Venugopal C, Tatari N, Chokshi C, Qazi M, Salim S, Mahendram S, Bakhshinyan D, London M, Savage N, Subapanditha M, McFarlane N, Pan J, Bramson J, Sidhu S, Moffat J, Singh S. Abstract 1763: BiTEs vs CAR-Ts: Preclinical targeting of CD133+ brain tumor initiating cells using immunotherapy-based treatment strategies. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a uniformly fatal primary brain tumor, characterized by extensive cellular heterogeneity. Numerous studies have implicated CD133+ brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) as drivers of chemo- and radio-resistance in GBM. We have recently demonstrated that a CD133-driven gene signature is predictive of poor overall survival and targeting CD133+ treatment-refractory cells may be an effective strategy to block GBM recurrence.
Bispecific T-Cell engaging antibodies (BiTEs) and Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) present promising immunotherapeutic approaches that have not yet been validated for recurrent GBM. Using CellectSeq, a novel methodology that combines the use of phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries and DNA sequencing, we developed the CD133-specific monoclonal antibody ‘RW03'. We constructed CD133-specific BiTEs that consist of two arms; one recognizes the tumor antigen (CD133) and the second is specific to the CD3 antigen that binds to human GBMs and PBMC-derived T cells, respectively. We observed BiTEs redirecting T cells to kill GBMs, with greater efficiency observed in CD133high GBMs, validating BiTE target specificity. Incubating T-cells with BiTEs and the CD133high GBMs resulted in increased expression of T cell activation markers. In parallel, we derived the single chain variable fragment (scFv) from RW03 we engineered a second-generation CAR T cell. CD133-specific CAR-T cells were cytotoxic to CD133+ GBMs. Co-culturing CD133 CAR-T cells with GBMs triggered T cell activation and proliferation. Treatment of GBM tumor-bearing mice with CD133-specific CAR-T cells yielded extended survival in mice and significant reductions in brain tumor burden.
Furthermore, we uniquely adapted the existing chemoradiotherapy protocol for GBM patients for treatment of immunocompromised mice engrafted with human GBMs. Within this model, we have initiated treatment of recurrent GBM directed against CD133+ BTICs, to allow for a direct prospective comparison of toxicity and efficacy of BiTEs and CAR-T cell strategies.
Citation Format: Parvez Vora, Jarrett Adams, Mohini Singh, Chitra Venugopal, Nazanin Tatari, Chirayu Chokshi, Maleeha Qazi, Sabra Salim, Sujeivan Mahendram, David Bakhshinyan, Max London, Neil Savage, Minomi Subapanditha, Nicole McFarlane, James Pan, Jonathan Bramson, Sachdev Sidhu, Jason Moffat, Sheila Singh. BiTEs vs CAR-Ts: Preclinical targeting of CD133+ brain tumor initiating cells using immunotherapy-based treatment strategies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1763.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Vora
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sabra Salim
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Max London
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- 1McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - James Pan
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jason Moffat
- 2University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Liang L, Coudière-Morrison L, Tatari N, Stromecki M, Fresnoza A, Porter CJ, Del Bigio MR, Hawkins C, Chan JA, Ryken TC, Taylor MD, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. CD271 + Cells Are Diagnostic and Prognostic and Exhibit Elevated MAPK Activity in SHH Medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4745-4759. [PMID: 29930101 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extensive heterogeneity both between and within the medulloblastoma subgroups underscores a critical need for variant-specific biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. We previously identified a role for the CD271/p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in regulating stem/progenitor cells in the SHH medulloblastoma subgroup. Here, we demonstrate the utility of CD271 as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker for SHH medulloblastoma using IHC analysis and transcriptome data across 763 primary tumors. RNA sequencing of CD271+ and CD271- cells revealed molecularly distinct, coexisting cellular subsets, both in vitro and in vivo MAPK/ERK signaling was upregulated in the CD271+ population, and inhibiting this pathway reduced endogenous CD271 levels, stem/progenitor cell proliferation, and cell survival as well as cell migration in vitro Treatment with the MEK inhibitor selumetinib extended survival and reduced CD271 levels in vivo, whereas, treatment with vismodegib, a well-known smoothened (SMO) inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of recurrent SHH medulloblastoma, had no significant effect in our models. Our study demonstrates the clinical utility of CD271 as both a diagnostic and prognostic tool for SHH medulloblastoma tumors and reveals a novel role for MEK inhibitors in targeting CD271+ SHH medulloblastoma cells.Significance: This study identifies CD271 as a specific and novel biomarker of SHH-type medulloblastoma and that targeting CD271+ cells through MEK inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SHH medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4745-59. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ludivine Coudière-Morrison
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Margaret Stromecki
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Agnes Fresnoza
- Central Animal Care Services, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher J Porter
- Ottawa Bioinformatics Core Facility, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba and the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy C Ryken
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Haematology/Oncology, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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26
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Stromecki M, Tatari N, Morrison LC, Kaur R, Zagozewski J, Palidwor G, Ramaswamy V, Skowron P, Wölfl M, Milde T, Del Bigio MR, Taylor MD, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. Characterization of a novel OTX2-driven stem cell program in Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:495-513. [PMID: 29377567 PMCID: PMC5891039 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant primary pediatric brain cancer. Among the most aggressive subtypes, Group 3 and Group 4 originate from stem/progenitor cells, frequently metastasize, and often display the worst prognosis, yet we know the least about the molecular mechanisms driving their progression. Here, we show that the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) promotes self-renewal while inhibiting differentiation in vitro and increases tumor initiation from MB stem/progenitor cells in vivo. To determine how OTX2 contributes to these processes, we employed complementary bioinformatic approaches to characterize the OTX2 regulatory network and identified novel relationships between OTX2 and genes associated with neuronal differentiation and axon guidance signaling in Group 3 and Group 4 MB stem/progenitor cells. In particular, OTX2 levels were negatively correlated with semaphorin (SEMA) signaling, as expression of 9 SEMA pathway genes is upregulated following OTX2 knockdown with some being potential direct OTX2 targets. Importantly, this negative correlation was also observed in patient samples, with lower expression of SEMA4D associated with poor outcome specifically in Group 4 tumors. Functional proof-of-principle studies demonstrated that increased levels of select SEMA pathway genes are associated with decreased self-renewal and growth in vitro and in vivo and that RHO signaling, known to mediate the effects of SEMA genes, is contributing to the OTX2 KD phenotype. Our study provides mechanistic insight into the networks controlled by OTX2 in MB stem/progenitor cells and reveals novel roles for axon guidance genes and their downstream effectors as putative tumor suppressors in MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stromecki
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ludivine Coudière Morrison
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jamie Zagozewski
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gareth Palidwor
- Ottawa Bioinformatics Core Facility, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health and Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Center for Individualized Pediatric Oncology (ZIPO) and Brain Tumors, Translational Program, Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Pediatric Oncology (G340), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba and The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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27
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Liang L, Morrison L, Tatari N, Ramaswamy V, Bigio MD, Taylor M, Hawkins C, Chan JA, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. PDTM-05. CD271 (p75NTR) AS A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR SHH MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Liang L, Coudiere-Morrison L, Tatari N, Ramaswamy V, Ryken T, Bigio MD, Hawkins C, Chan J, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. MEDU-12. CD271 (P75NTR) AS A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR SHH MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox083.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Stromecki M, Tatari N, Morrison L, Kaur R, Palidwor G, Porter C, Skowron P, Wölfl M, Taylor M, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. MEDU-14. OTX2 CONTROLS AN AXON GUIDANCE GENE EXPRESSION NETWORK TO REGULATE MEDULLOBLASTOMA SELF-RENEWAL. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox083.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Movassagh H, Saati A, Nandagopal S, Mohammed A, Tatari N, Shan L, Duke-Cohan JS, Fowke KR, Lin F, Gounni AS. Chemorepellent Semaphorin 3E Negatively Regulates Neutrophil Migration In Vitro and In Vivo. J Immunol 2016; 198:1023-1033. [PMID: 27913633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration is an essential step in leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory responses. Semaphorins, originally discovered as axon guidance cues in neural development, have been shown to regulate cell migration beyond the nervous system. However, the potential contribution of semaphorins in the regulation of neutrophil migration is not well understood. This study examines the possible role of a secreted chemorepellent, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), in neutrophil migration. In this study, we demonstrated that human neutrophils constitutively express Sema3E high-affinity receptor, PlexinD1. Sema3E displayed a potent ability to inhibit CXCL8/IL-8-induced neutrophil migration as determined using a microfluidic device coupled to real-time microscopy and a transwell system in vitro. The antimigratory effect of Sema3E on human neutrophil migration was associated with suppression of CXCL8/IL-8-mediated Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 GTPase activity and actin polymerization. We further addressed the regulatory role of Sema3E in the regulation of neutrophil migration in vivo. Allergen airway exposure induced higher neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of Sema3e-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. Administration of exogenous recombinant Sema3E markedly reduced allergen-induced neutrophil recruitment into the lungs, which was associated with alleviation of allergic airway inflammation and improvement of lung function. Our data suggest that Sema3E could be considered an essential regulatory mediator involved in modulation of neutrophil migration throughout the course of neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Abeer Saati
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Saravanan Nandagopal
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ashfaque Mohammed
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada;
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31
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Liang L, Coudiere-Morrision L, Tatari N, Remke M, Ramaswamy V, Issaivanan M, Ryken T, Bigio MD, Taylor M, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. PDTB-21. CD271 (p75NTR) AS A NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC MARKER AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR SHH MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Stromecki M, Kaur R, Tatari N, Morrison L, Skowron P, Taylor M, Werbowetski-Ogilvie T. CBIO-14. EXPLORING THE OTX2 REGULATORY NETWORK: TARGETING THE “GROW AND GO” ARMS OF THE MOST AGGRESSIVE MEDULLOBLASTOMAS. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Liang L, Aiken C, McClelland R, Morrison LC, Tatari N, Remke M, Ramaswamy V, Issaivanan M, Ryken T, Del Bigio MR, Taylor MD, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. Characterization of novel biomarkers in selecting for subtype specific medulloblastoma phenotypes. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38881-900. [PMID: 26497209 PMCID: PMC4770744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major research efforts have focused on defining cell surface marker profiles for characterization and selection of brain tumor stem/progenitor cells. Medulloblastoma is the most common primary malignant pediatric brain cancer and consists of 4 molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. Given the heterogeneity within and between medulloblastoma variants, surface marker profiles may be subtype-specific. Here, we employed a high throughput flow cytometry screen to identify differentially expressed cell surface markers in self-renewing vs. non-self-renewing SHH medulloblastoma cells. The top 25 markers were reduced to 4, CD271/p75NTR/NGFR, CD106/VCAM1, EGFR and CD171/NCAM-L1, by evaluating transcript levels in SHH tumors relative to samples representing the other variants. However, only CD271/p75NTR/NGFR and CD171/NCAM-L1 maintain differential expression between variants at the protein level. Functional characterization of CD271, a low affinity neurotrophin receptor, in cell lines and primary cultures suggested that CD271 selects for lower self-renewing progenitors or stem cells. Moreover, CD271 levels were negatively correlated with expression of SHH pathway genes. Our study reveals a novel role for CD271 in SHH medulloblastoma and suggests that targeting CD271 pathways could lead to the design of more selective therapies that lessen the broad impact of current treatments on developing nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robyn McClelland
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ludivine Coudière Morrison
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Timothy Ryken
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Marc R. Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamra E. Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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