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Bain LE, Mbouamba Yankam B, Kong JD, Claude Nkfusai N, Badru OA, Ebuenyi ID, Butali A, Adjei NK, Adeagbo O. Global Health Mentorship: Challenges and Opportunities for Equitable Partnership. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013751. [PMID: 37984896 PMCID: PMC10660828 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
- IDRC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Statistics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Malaria Consortium, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Publich Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwaseun Abdulganiyu Badru
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna Desmond Ebuenyi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas Kofi Adjei
- Department of Public Health, Policy, and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Oluwafemi Adeagbo
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Mbouamba Yankam B, Adeagbo O, Amu H, Dowou RK, Nyamen BGM, Ubechu SC, Félix PG, Nkfusai NC, Badru O, Bain LE. Task shifting and task sharing in the health sector in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence, success indicators, challenges, and opportunities. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 46:11. [PMID: 38035152 PMCID: PMC10683172 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.46.11.40984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores task shifting and task sharing in sub-Saharan African healthcare to address workforce shortages and cost-effectiveness. Task shifting allocates tasks logically, while task sharing involves more workers taking on specific duties. Challenges include supply chain issues, pay inadequacy, and weak supervision. Guidelines and success measures are lacking. Initiating these practices requires evaluating factors and ensuring sustainability. Task shifting saves costs but needs training and support. Task sharing boosts efficiency, enabling skilled clinicians to contribute effectively. To advance task shifting and sharing in the region, further research is needed to scale up effective initiatives. Clear success indicators, monitoring, evaluation, and learning plans, along with exploration of sustainability and appropriateness dimensions, are crucial elements to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Adeagbo
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Hubert Amu
- Department of Population and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Robert Kokou Dowou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Science, Hohoe, Ghana
| | | | - Samuel Chinonso Ubechu
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwaseun Badru
- Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
- International Development Research Centre, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada
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Bain LE, Tchuisseu-Kwangoua LA, Adeagbo O, Nkfusai NC, Amu H, Saah FI, Kombe F. Fostering research integrity in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:182. [PMID: 36923394 PMCID: PMC10008683 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.182.37804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrity and adherence to appropriate ethical standards are important elements of research. These standards are key to protecting research participants´ rights as well as ensuring the reliability and quality of research outputs. Although empirical evidence is scanty, several authors have alluded to the fact that violation of research integrity standards could be common in low- and middle-income countries including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Understanding the issues, challenges, and opportunities of research integrity and ethics in SSA is key to promoting the responsible conduct of research and the protection of research participants. This paper presents the authors´ critical views and recommendations on the current state of research integrity in SSA. We argue that understanding the current research integrity architecture in SSA has the potential to identify opportunities to promote responsible conduct of research in SSA. Such opportunities include, but are not limited to transparency, accountability, and reproducibility of research, which collectively lead to enhanced public trust in the research enterprise. We highlight the need to embrace equity, fairness, diversity, and inclusivity in the research cycle from conception (priority setting), funding, implementation, dissemination of findings, and scale up. We move on to provide a rationale for understanding the differences and similarities between research ethics and research integrity. Governments, research, and academic institutions must develop multifaceted approaches to promote compliance with principles of research integrity by developing and implementing clear research integrity policies and guidelines that foster responsible conduct of research and prioritize capacity building and empowerment of early career researchers, students, and other targeted key stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchuo Engelbert Bain
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Larissa Ange Tchuisseu-Kwangoua
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Research Department, Medical Mind Association, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Oluwafemi Adeagbo
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of lowa, lowa, United States.,Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Hubert Amu
- Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Farrukh Ishaque Saah
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Fred N. Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Francis Kombe
- African Research Integrity Network, Durban, South Africa.,EthiXPERT, Pretoria, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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Fomukong NH, Edwin N, Edgar MML, Nkfusai NC, Ijang YP, Bede F, Shirinde J, Cumber SN. Management of face presentation, face and lip edema in a primary healthcare facility case report, Mbengwi, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:292. [PMID: 31692903 PMCID: PMC6815474 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.292.18927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Face presentation is a rare obstetric event and most practitioners will go through their carriers without ever meeting one. Face presentation can be delivered vaginally only if the foetus is in the mentum anterior position. More than half of the cases of face presentation are delivered by caesarean section. Newborn infants with face presentation usually have severe facial oedema, facial bruising or ecchymosis. These syndromic facial features usually resolved within 24-48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzozone Henry Fomukong
- Microhealth Global Medical Centre, Mbengwi, Cameroon.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Mandeng Ma Linwa Edgar
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yunga Patience Ijang
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Box 1110, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fala Bede
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Shirinde
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Fomukong NH, Mefire AC, Beyiha G, Lawrence M, Edgar MML, Nkfusai NC, Cumber SN. Predictors of mortality of pediatric burn injury in the Douala General Hospital, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:189. [PMID: 31692788 PMCID: PMC6814335 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.189.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Burn injuries are a major cause of hospitalization and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in children aged four years or below. In Cameroon, the mortality rate of pediatric severe burns was estimated at 41.2%. There is need to determine the predictors of such mortality in order to guide appropriate management. Methods This study is aimed at assessing the predictors of mortality of pediatric patients who sustained a burn injury over a period of 11 years (between 1st of January 2006 and 31st of December 2016) in Douala General Hospital (DGH). The data for this study was entered in an electronic questionnaire and analyzed using Epi info version 7. All variables thought to be associated with mortality were entered in a multiple binary logistic regression model. The magnitude or risk was measured by odds ratio, and the 95% confidence interval was estimated. Results A total of 125 cases of pediatric burns were recorded over the study period. A total of 69 (55.65%) were males, giving a male to female ratio of 1.25:1. The median age was 4 years. Most pediatric burns resulted from accidents. Most patient 78 (69%) came before 8 hours following injury. Scalding was the predominant mechanism of injury in 56 (45.5%) of patients. Most patients had partial thickness burn and most burns involved 1-9.9% body surface areas (BSA). The mean length of hospital stay in this study was 7 days, more than half of the patients had no complications during admission. Among those that developed complications, 19 (35%) developed sepsis. Conclusion Mortality rate of pediatric burns obtained in this study was 29%, mostly due to cardiac arrest. Flame burns (p=0.03) and BSA >25% (p=0.001) were statistically significant predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzozone Henry Fomukong
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alain Chichom Mefire
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gerard Beyiha
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mbuagbaw Lawrence
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Mandeng Ma Linwa Edgar
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
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Nkwenti HE, Ngowe MN, Fokam P, Fonyuy JN, Atanga SN, Nkfusai NC, Yankam BM, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Cumber SN. The effect of subsidized malaria treatment among under-five children in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:152. [PMID: 31558949 PMCID: PMC6754831 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.152.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Access to free diagnoses and treatments has been shown to be a major determinant in malaria control. The Cameroon government launched in 2011 and 2014 the exemption of the under-fives' simple and severe malaria treatment policy to increase access to health care and reduce inequality, so as to reduce the mortality related to malaria among the under-fives. This study assessed the effect of providing free malaria treatment in the Buea health district. Methods This retrospective and cross sectional study was carried out in the Buea health district. Aggregated monthly data from (2008-2010) before and (2012-2014) after the implementation of free malaria treatment was compared, to assess the attributable outcomes of free treatment. A semi-structure questionnaire was also used to assess barriers faced in providing free malaria treatment services by health care workers. Data was collected using a semi-structure questionnaire and a data review summary sheet. The data was analysed using Epi-Info 7, Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20.0 for Windows. All statistical tests were performed at 95% confidence interval (significance level of 0.05). Results Increase utilisation of health care; as general and malaria related consultations (by 5.7% (p=0.001) witnessed an increase after the implementation of free malaria treatment services. Severe malaria hospitalisation also increased, indicating that most caregivers used the health facility when complications had already set in, which could have led to no significant reduction in mortality due to malaria among under-five children (4.4%, p=0.533). Conclusion Utilisation of health care increased; as consultation and morbidity rate increased after the implementation of free malaria treatment services. Communication strategy should therefore be strengthened so as to better disseminate information, so as to enhance the effectiveness of the program. There is the need to make a large-scale study to assess the impact of subsidized malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Eposi Nkwenti
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcelin Ngowe Ngowe
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pius Fokam
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Nkfusai Fonyuy
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sylvester Ndeso Atanga
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Yankam BM, Anye CS, Nkfusai NC, Shirinde J, Cumber SN. Knowledge and practice of pregnant women and health care workers on hepatitis B prevention in the Limbe and Muyuka health districts of the south west region of Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:310. [PMID: 31723373 PMCID: PMC6842447 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.310.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem worldwide owing to its high prevalence and significant morbidity and mortality. There are about 2 billion people living with HBV worldwide and over 360 million chronic carriers. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and practices of pregnant women and health care workers in the ANC and maternity units on HBV infection and its transmission. METHODS About 270 women attending ANC and 31 health care workers were selected by convenience sampling. They were evaluated using a structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge and practices on HBV prevention and transmission. RESULTS Pregnant women in the Limbe Health District demonstrated good knowledge but adopted poor practices whereas in the Muyuka Health District, pregnant women demonstrated poor knowledge and adopted poor practices regarding the mode of transmission and prevention of HBV infection. Health care workers in both the Limbe and Muyuka Health Districts however, demonstrated good knowledge and adopted good practices. CONCLUSION There was a significant relationship between the knowledge and practice of pregnant women and health care workers on Hepatitis B prevention in the Muyuka Health District (P = 0.0006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Cho Sebastine Anye
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Shirinde
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Bashir MBA, Abdalla SM, Nkfusai NC, Nsai FS, Cumber RY, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Cumber SN. Stigma on epileptic patients attending the outpatient clinic of Soba University Hospital and the National Center for Neurological Science (NCNS) Khartoum, Sudan. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:93. [PMID: 31223384 PMCID: PMC6560985 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.93.17511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological conditions for people of different age group, race, gender and socio-economic status in various nations, affecting 50 million people around the world; 80% of them living in developing countries. In Sudan, literature has well documented epilepsy stigma and it related elements of labelling, negative typecasting, isolation, devaluing and discrimination that are significantly affecting patients living standards and social life. This study focuses on understanding the prevailing, different types of stigma among people living with epilepsy (PWE) in Sudan and to determine its frequency in connection with demographic factors and patients coping ability of PWE. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 270 people between the ages of 16-70years who are affected by epilepsy in an outpatient clinic. Standardized questionnaires were used to interview the patients with assistance gotten from their relative where necessary. The data is analyzed using SPSS version 20. The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of The National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS), Ibrahim-Malik Teaching Hospital Sudan. Results The study realized that 16.6% of the patient had a positive self-stigma score, half of them having coaching stigma and 25% courtesy stigma. One third of people with epilepsy had poor coping score that was strongly determined by self- stigma and courtesy stigma score. Conclusion Parents and relatives related sigma is a major problem facing people of epilepsy in Sudan; thus, raising such group awareness and education about the disease can markedly improve the quality of life of people with epilepsy in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwada Bashir Awad Bashir
- Discipline of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Kkartoun, Sudan.,Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahd Mohammed Abdalla
- Discipline of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum, Kkartoun, Sudan
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,HIV Free Project, Center Region, Cameroon Baptist Convention with Funds from PEPFAR through CDC Atlanta, USA
| | - Frankline Sanyuy Nsai
- HIV Free Project, Center Region, Cameroon Baptist Convention with Funds from PEPFAR through CDC Atlanta, USA.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Tambe TA, Nkfusai NC, Nsai FS, Cumber SN. Challenges faced by nurses in implementing aseptic techniques at the surgical wards of the Bamenda Regional Hospital, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:105. [PMID: 31489083 PMCID: PMC6711692 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.105.16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tabe Armstrong Tambe
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Frankline Sanyuy Nsai
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, South Africa
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Nkfusai NC, Cumber SN, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Nji KE, Shirinde J, Anong ND. Assessment of the current state of knowledge and risk factors of cervical cancer among women in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:38. [PMID: 31384353 PMCID: PMC6661163 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.38.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer is a malignant proliferation of the cells of the uterine cervix and can be treated if diagnosed earlier. It is the second most common gynecological malignancy worldwide and the leading cause of cancer associated mortality among women in Africa and Cameroon. This study sort to determine the current state of knowledge of cervical cancer and its risk factors in the Buea Health District of the South West Region of Cameroon. Methods This was a cross-sectional community based survey. We recruited 433 eligible women, in four (4) Health Areas (Molyko, Bolifamba, Muea and Buea Town) of the Buea Health District and used validated and pre-tested questionnaires to collect data. Collected data were keyed into Epi info version 7.2 statistical software and exported to SPSS Version 25 for analysis. Level of significance was set at P-value < 0.05. Results Fifty eight percent (58%) of the participants had good knowledge of cervical cancer. 58.99% (95%CI = 54.30-63.52) had good knowledge on the risk factors of cervical cancer. 40% knew at least one of the following risk factors; cigarette smoking, many sexual partners, family history of cervical cancer, being HIV/AIDS positive and giving birth 5 or more times. There was a significant association, OR = 7.5; 95%CI = 2.14-26.33; P = 0.001; X2 = 11.4 between having heard of cervical cancer and having “good” knowledge of cervical cancer among women in Buea. Conclusion Most of the women had heard of cervical cancer but the knowledge of the risk factors of cervical cancer among women aged 18-68 years in the Buea Health District is low. We found no association between awareness and knowledge of risk factors among the women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Judith K Anchang-Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kah Emmanuel Nji
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Shirinde
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nota Damian Anong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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11
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Nkfusai NC, Mubah TM, Yankam BM, Tambe TA, Cumber SN. Prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions in women attending Mezam Polyclinic Bamenda, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:174. [PMID: 31303943 PMCID: PMC6607283 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.174.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Precancerous cervical lesion is significantly a health problem globally. Thus, screening targeting women between the ages of 17-60 is being undertaken in developing countries, including Cameroon. Over 50% (7.8 per 100,000) women die of cervical cancer every year. This study was to determine the prevalence of precancerous cervical lesion, the age demography and access the risk factor. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 09th to October 17th 2017. A total of 60 women participated, and were screened for precancerous cervical lesion. Data were collected by using a questionnaire. Visual inspection with acetic acid and visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine was applied for the screening. SPSS version 16.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Logistic regression analysis was fitted and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-values were computed to identify factors associated with precancerous cervical cancer lesion. Results Out of 60 study participants, 2(3.33%) were found to be positive for precancerous cervical cancer lesion. Conclusion The prevalence of precancerous cervical lesion in women that consulted at the Mezam polyclinic is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tchakounte Minette Mubah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tabe Armstrong Tambe
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Health and Biomedical Science, Cameroon Christian University Bali, Bali, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Health Systems and Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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12
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Eyong EM, Yankam BM, Seraphine E, Ngwa CH, Nkfusai NC, Anye CS, Nfor GK, Cumber SN. The prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge and practice of hepatitis B prevention among pregnant women in the Limbe and Muyuka Health Districts of the South West region of Cameroon: a three-year retrospective study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:122. [PMID: 31312290 PMCID: PMC6607245 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.122.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is transmitted through sexual intercourse, by exchange of saliva during kissing and also to newborns of infected mothers. In the Global Burden of Diseases 2010, 786,000 deaths were attributed to HBV. Studies in Cameroon, reported the prevalence of HBV as high as 10.1% and 12% among blood donors in hospital blood banks. This study therefore, aims at determining the prevalence of HBsAg, knowledge and practices of pregnant women on HBV prevention and transmission in the Limbe Health District (LHD) and Muyuka Health District (MHD). Methods ANC registers were exploited from the health centers for a period of three years (2014-2016) in order to determine the prevalence of HBV infection. 270 women attending ANC were selected by exhaustive sampling. Knowledge and practices of participants on HBV prevention and transmission was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Results the prevalence of HBV in the LHD and MHD were 5.7% and 7.5% respectively. Pregnant women in the LHD demonstrated good knowledge but adopted poor practices whereas in the MHD, pregnant women demonstrated poor knowledge and adopted poor practices regarding the mode of transmission and prevention of HBV infection. There was a significant association between the prevalence of HBsAg and marital status (p = 0.000) in the LHD and age (p = 0.022) in the MHD. Conclusion this study indicated a high prevalence of HBV among pregnant women in the LHD and MHD, knowledge and practices were identified as potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esum Mathias Eyong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Esemu Seraphine
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Che Henry Ngwa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cho Sebastine Anye
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gilbert Karngong Nfor
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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13
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Nkfusai NC, Cumber SN, Williams T, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Yankam BM, Anye CS, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, George Enow EO, Anong DN. Cervical cancer in the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Region of Cameroon: a retrospective study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:90. [PMID: 31223381 PMCID: PMC6560966 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.90.18217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer is ranked the 7th most common cancer in the world. Cancer of the cervix is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer after breast cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths among females in less developed countries. Incidence rates are highest in countries with low income. Nearly 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur in developing parts of the world. The study researchers therefore, carried out a retrospective study to determine the proportion of cervical cancer among other types of cancer in the cancer registry of the Bamenda Regional Hospital. Methods The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of cervical cancer among other types of cancers in the cancer registry of the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Region of Cameroon from past records. We reviewed all records from the registry of patients who attended the Bamenda Regional Hospital to screen and/or be operated upon for cervical cancer and other types of cancer. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of cases were captured using a data collection sheet: age, type of cancer, stage of cancer, type of surgery carried out and date of surgery. Data were entered and analysed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software. Results 59 cancer cases were received in the center between 2012 and 2017. Of these, 31 (52%) had cervical cancer. Most patients who screened positive for cancer of the cervix were of the 50-54 age groups. Most of these patients (47.5%), were received at late stages (stages 3 and 4). Conclusion Over half (52%) of the patients receiving cancer care in this center have cervical cancer and generally turn up late for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Health Systems and Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Takang Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Judith K Anchang-Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Brenda Mbouamba Yankam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Statistics, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Cho Sabastine Anye
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Damian Nota Anong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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14
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Ngunde PJ, Akongnwi ACN, Mefire CA, Puis F, Gounou E, Nkfusai NC, Nwarie UG, Cumber SN. Prevalence and pattern of lower extremity injuries due to road traffic crashes in Fako Division, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32:53. [PMID: 31143358 PMCID: PMC6522147 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.53.17514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low and middle income countries are disproportionately affected with road traffic injuries and the lower extremity is one of the most affected anatomical body parts. There exist very limited data on the pattern of lower extremity injuries in the Cameroon especially in the South West Region. We therefore, hypothesized that lower limb injuries are common in road traffic crashes and motorized two wheelers are the commonest cause. Methods This was a hospital based prospective, cross sectional study. It involved four hospitals (Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals, Baptist hospital Mutengene and Tiko District Hospital) in the Fako Division. It was carried out for three months. Victims of road traffic crashes received at emergency department of these hospitals during this period were assessed. Crash characteristics and injury characteristics were assessed and recorded. Results We analyzed 411 crash victims, 197(47.93%) had lower extremity injuries. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Majority of crash victims were in their 3rd and 4th decades of life. The mean age of patients who had lower limb injuries was 33.30(±16.04). The most vulnerable road users were pedestrians (26.52%) and passengers on motor bikes (38.44%) and the commonest mechanism by which crash victims sustained injuries were: bike-car collisions (22.84%), and bike-pedestrian collisions (19.29%). Commercial motor bikes (62.77%) and taxis (22.38%) were the road users most involved in road traffic collisions. The leg 98(49.75%), thigh 23(11.68%), and knee 20(10.15%) were the most injured anatomical parts of the lower extremity. Fractures 68 (34.52%), lacerations 53(26.90%), and bruises 49(24.87%) were the most recurrent pattern of lower extremity injuries. Conclusion In view of our findings we conclude therefore as follows: The prevalence of lower extremity injuries from Road Traffic Crashes in our study area was 47.93%. Associated risk factors to the road traffic crashes as identified by the victims were bad roads (10.15%) and bad weather (5.05%). The safety gargets were not adequately utilized by our victims, with 87.72% confirming that they did not wear the helmet and 87.50% affirming that they did not wear the seat belt at the time of the crash. The occupations mostly affected in our series were pupils and students (20.3%) and business people (19.2%), then the bike riders (15.23%). We thus recommend that the laws on the use of road safety gargets, especially helmets and seatbelts, be enforced, with riding and driving speeds reduced to below 60km/hour. Road usage should be avoided in bad weather and pedestrians lanes and zebra crossings be provided to minimize pedestrian-car or -bike collision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle John Ngunde
- Department of Medicine and surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea Cameroon
| | | | - Chichom Alain Mefire
- Department of Medicine and surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea Cameroon
| | - Fokam Puis
- Department of Medicine and surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea Cameroon
| | - Eleanor Gounou
- Department of Medicine and surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea Cameroon
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Udoamaka Glory Nwarie
- Department of Medicine and surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea Cameroon
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Nkfusai NC, Cumber SN, Williams T, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Yankam BM, Anye CS, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Enow EOG, Anong DN. Cervical cancer in the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Region of Cameroon: a retrospective study. Pan Afr Med J 2019. [DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.32.90.18217
https:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31223381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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16
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Nsai FS, Cumber SN, Nkfusai NC, Viyoff VZ, Afutendem NB, Cumber RY, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Akoachere JFTK. Knowledge and practices of health practitioners on treatment of Buruli ulcer in the Mbonge, Ekondo Titi and Muyuka Health Districts, South West Region, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 31:228. [PMID: 31452829 PMCID: PMC6693786 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.31.228.17420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After tuberculosis and leprosy, Buruli ulcer (BU) is the third most common mycobacterial infection. Buruli ulcer begins as a localized skin lesion that progresses to extensive ulceration thus leading to functional disability, loss of economic productivity and social stigma. This study is aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices among health practitioners on the treatment of BU in the Mbonge, Ekondo Titi and Muyuka Health Districts of the South West Region of Cameroon. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that investigates participants' knowledge and practices on the treatment of BU. The study uses a qualitative method of structured questionnaires in the process of data collection. RESULTS Seventy percent (70%) of the participants acknowledged they encounter cases of BU in their respective Hospitals or Health centers. Among these, 48% agreed they managed BU in their facilities and up to 91.7% noted that their community members are aware that BU is managed in their facility while seventy percent of the medical practitioners indicated they cannot identify the various stages of BU. Eighty-one percent of the practitioners from Muyuka HD indicated they could not identify the various stages of BU. More than 63% of the practitioners regarded BU patients as normal people in their communities however, practitioners that practiced for less than 5 years were likely not to admit BU patients in the same room with other patients. Beliefs such as being cursed (47.06%) and being possessed (29.41%) were reported by practitioners that acknowledged the existence of traditional beliefs in the community. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that a majority of the health practitioners knew what BU is, most of them demonstrated lack of knowledge on the identification of the various stages and management of the illness. Practitioners demonstrated positive attitude towards patients although they would not admit them in the same room with other patients. Considering the poor knowledge on identification and management demonstrated by most of the practitioners, management of the disease would be inadequate and may even aggravate the patient's situation. Training and onsite mentorship on screening, identification and management of BU is therefore highly recommended amongst health personnel practicing in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ngwayu Claude Nkfusai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vecheusi Zennobia Viyoff
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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