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Maglio G, D'Agostino M, Caronte FP, Pezone L, Casamassimi A, Rienzo M, Di Zazzo E, Nappo C, Medici N, Molinari AM, Abbondanza C. Multiple Sclerosis: From the Application of Oligoclonal Bands to Novel Potential Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5412. [PMID: 38791450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system with a high heterogeneity among patients. In the clinical setting, one of the main challenges is a proper and early diagnosis for the prediction of disease activity. Current diagnosis is based on the integration of clinical, imaging, and laboratory results, with the latter based on the presence of intrathecal IgG oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid whose detection via isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting represents the gold standard. Intrathecal synthesis can also be evidenced by the measurement of kappa free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid, which has reached similar diagnostic accuracy compared to that of oligoclonal bands in the identification of patients with multiple sclerosis; moreover, recent studies have also highlighted its value for early disease activity prediction. This strategy has significant advantages as compared to using oligoclonal band detection, even though some issues remain open. Here, we discuss the current methods applied for cerebrospinal fluid analysis to achieve the most accurate diagnosis and for follow-up and prognosis evaluation. In addition, we describe new promising biomarkers, currently under investigation, that could contribute both to a better diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and to its monitoring of the therapeutic treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maglio
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina D'Agostino
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pio Caronte
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Pezone
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmela Nappo
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Medici
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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Di Donato M, Medici N, Migliaccio A, Castoria G, Giovannelli P. Exosomes: Emerging Modulators of Pancreatic Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4714. [PMID: 37835408 PMCID: PMC10571735 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is one of the most lethal tumors worldwide, difficult to diagnose, and with inadequate therapeutical chances. The most used therapy is gemcitabine, alone or in combination with nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), and the multidrug FOLFIRINOX. Unfortunately, PaC develops resistance early, thus reducing the already poor life expectancy of patients. The mechanisms responsible for drug resistance are not fully elucidated, and exosomes seem to be actively involved in this phenomenon, thanks to their ability to transfer molecules regulating this process from drug-resistant to drug-sensitive PaC cells. These extracellular vesicles are released by both normal and cancer cells and seem to be essential mediators of intercellular communications, especially in cancer, where they are secreted at very high numbers. This review illustrates the role of exosomes in PaC drug resistance. This manuscript first provides an overview of the pharmacological approaches used in PaC and, in the last part, focuses on the mechanisms exploited by the exosomes released by cancer cells to induce drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Di Zazzo E, Rienzo M, Casamassimi A, De Rosa C, Medici N, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Abbondanza C. Exploring the putative role of PRDM1 and PRDM2 transcripts as mediators of T lymphocyte activation. J Transl Med 2023; 21:217. [PMID: 36964555 PMCID: PMC10039509 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell activation and programming from their naïve/resting state, characterized by widespread modifications in chromatin accessibility triggering extensive changes in transcriptional programs, is orchestrated by several cytokines and transcription regulators. PRDM1 and PRDM2 encode for proteins with PR/SET and zinc finger domains that control several biological processes, including cell differentiation, through epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Different transcripts leading to main protein isoforms with (PR +) or without (PR-) the PR/SET domain have been described. Although many studies have established the critical PRDM1 role in hematopoietic cell differentiation, maintenance and/or function, the single transcript contribution has not been investigated before. Otherwise, very few evidence is currently available on PRDM2. Here, we aimed to analyze the role of PRDM1 and PRDM2 different transcripts as mediators of T lymphocyte activation. METHODS We analyzed the transcription signature of the main variants from PRDM1 (BLIMP1a and BLIMP1b) and PRDM2 (RIZ1 and RIZ2) genes, in human T lymphocytes and Jurkat cells overexpressing PRDM2 cDNAs following activation through different signals. RESULTS T lymphocyte activation induced an early increase of RIZ2 and RIZ1 followed by BLIMP1b increase and finally by BLIMP1a increase. The "first" and the "second" signals shifted the balance towards the PR- forms for both genes. Interestingly, the PI3K signaling pathway modulated the RIZ1/RIZ2 ratio in favor of RIZ1 while the balance versus RIZ2 was promoted by MAPK pathway. Cytokines mediating different Jak/Stat signaling pathways (third signal) early modulated the expression of PRDM1 and PRDM2 and the relationship of their different transcripts confirming the early increase of the PR- transcripts. Different responses of T cell subpopulations were also observed. Jurkat cells showed that the acute transient RIZ2 increase promoted the balancing of PRDM1 forms towards BLIMP1b. The stable forced expression of RIZ1 or RIZ2 induced a significant variation in the expression of key transcription factors involved in T lymphocyte differentiation. The BLIMP1a/b balance shifted in favor of BLIMP1a in RIZ1-overexpressing cells and of BLIMP1b in RIZ2-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first characterization of PRDM2 in T-lymphocyte activation/differentiation and novel insights on PRDM1 and PRDM2 transcription regulation during initial activation phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina De Rosa
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Medici
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
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Capuano R, Altieri M, Conte M, Bisecco A, d'Ambrosio A, Donnarumma G, Grimaldi E, Coppola N, Medici N, Galdiero M, Tedeschi G, Gallo A. Humoral response and safety of the third booster dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab or fingolimod. J Neurol 2022; 269:6185-6192. [PMID: 35879563 PMCID: PMC9314242 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of the safety and the humoral response to a third booster dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is relevant in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) treated with Ocrelizumab (OCR) or Fingolimod (FNG). METHODS Serum samples were collected from Healthy controls (HCs) and pwMS treated with OCR or FNG at the following time-points: before the first of two vaccine doses (T0); 8 (T1), 16 (T2), 24 (T3) weeks after the first dose; within 8 weeks before (T0b) and after (T1b) the booster dose. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein (Anti-TSP IgG) were quantified and expressed as binding antibody units (BAU)/mL. RESULTS 40 HCs, 28 pwMS on OCR and 19 on FNG were included. At T0b 12 (42.9%) pwMS on OCR and 6 (31.6%) on FNG were still positive while, at T1b 16 (57.14%) pwMS on OCR and 16 (84.2%) on FNG, passed the threshold of positivity. The increase of Anti-TSP IgG levels at T1b was higher for: (i) HCs with respect to OCR (p < 0.001) and FNG (p = 0.032) groups; (ii) pwMS on FNG compared with pwMS on OCR (p < 0.001). No socio-demographic, clinical or laboratory variables were able to predict the anti-TSP IgG increase between T0b and T1b. Neither clinical relapses nor severe adverse events were reported in pwMS after each dose of vaccine. CONCLUSIONS The third booster dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to OCR- and FNG-treated pwMS revives the humoral response, independently of any clinical variable, and manifests a good safety and tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Capuano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, AOU San Giovanni and Ruggi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Manuela Altieri
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Miriana Conte
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alvino Bisecco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro d'Ambrosio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Grimaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Medici
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Galasso G, Di Zazzo E, Medici N, Bilancio A, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Breast cancer stem cells: The role of sex steroid receptors. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:594-603. [PMID: 31616537 PMCID: PMC6789191 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i9.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women, and current available therapies often have high success rates. Nevertheless, BC might acquire drug resistance and sometimes relapse. Current knowledge about the most aggressive forms of BC points to the role of specific cells with stem properties located within BC, the so-called “BC stem cells” (BCSCs). The role of BCSCs in cancer formation, growth, invasiveness, therapy resistance and tumor recurrence is becoming increasingly clear. The growth and metastatic properties of BCSCs are regulated by different pathways, which are only partially known. Sex steroid receptors (SSRs), which are involved in BC etiology and progression, promote BCSC proliferation, dedifferentiation and migration. However, in the literature, there is incomplete information about their roles. Particularly, there are contrasting conclusions about the expression and role of the classical BC hormonal biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), together with scant, albeit promising information concerning ER beta (ERβ) and androgen receptor (AR) properties that control different transduction pathways in BCSCs. In this review, we will discuss the role that SRs expressed in BCSCs play to BC progression and recurrence and how these findings have opened new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Nicola Medici
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples 80138, Italy
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Lamberti M, Buonanno R, Ritonnaro C, Giovane G, Crispino V, Feola A, Medici N, Sannolo N, Di Carlo A, Di Domenico M. Molecular profile of sensitization in subjects with short occupational exposure to latex. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015. [DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Abbondanza C, De Rosa C, D'Arcangelo A, Pacifico M, Spizuoco C, Piluso G, Di Zazzo E, Gazzerro P, Medici N, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Identification of a functional estrogen-responsive enhancer element in the promoter 2 of PRDM2 gene in breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:964-75. [PMID: 21503890 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc-finger (RIZ) gene, also known as PRDM2, encodes two protein products, RIZ1 and RIZ2, differing for the presence of a 202 aa domain, called PR domain, at the N-terminus of the RIZ1 molecule. While the histone H3 K9 methyltransferase activity of RIZ1 is associated with the negative control of cell proliferation, no information is currently available on either expression regulation of the RIZ2 form or on its biological activity. RIZ proteins act as ER co-activators and promote optimal estrogen response in female reproductive tissues. In estrogen-responsive cells, 17-β estradiol modulates RIZ gene expression producing a shift in the balanced expression of the two forms. Here, we demonstrate that an estrogen-responsive element (ERE) within the RIZ promoter 2 is regulated in a ligand-specific manner by ERα, through both the AF1 and AF2 domains. The pattern of ERα binding, histone H4 acetylation, and histone H3 cyclical methylation of lysine 9 was comparable to other estrogen-regulated promoters. Association of topoisomerase IIβ with the RIZ promoter 2 confirmed the transcriptional activation induced by estrogen. We hypothesize that RIZ2, acting as a negative regulator of RIZ1 function, mediates the proliferative effect of estrogen through regulation of survival and differentiation gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Abbondanza
- Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Abbondanza C, De Rosa C, Ombra MN, Aceto F, Medici N, Altucci L, Moncharmont B, Puca GA, Porcellini A, Avvedimento EV, Perillo B. Highlighting chromosome loops in DNA-picked chromatin (DPC). Epigenetics 2011; 6:979-86. [PMID: 21725198 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.8.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the concept that dynamic intra- and inter-chromosomal links between specific loci contribute to the creation of cell-type specific gene expression profiles. Therefore, analysis of the establishment of peculiar functional correlations between sites, also distant on linear DNA, that govern the transcriptional process appears to be of fundamental relevance. We propose here an experimental approach showing that 17β-estradiol-induced transcription associates to formation of loops between the promoter and termination regions of hormone-responsive genes. This strategy reveals as a tool to be also suitably used, in conjunction with automated techniques, for an extensive analysis of sites shared by multiple genes for induced expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Abbondanza
- Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli; Naples, Italy
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Scafoglio C, Ambrosino C, Cicatiello L, Altucci L, Ardovino M, Bontempo P, Medici N, Molinari AM, Nebbioso A, Facchiano A, Calogero RA, Elkon R, Menini N, Ponzone R, Biglia N, Sismondi P, De Bortoli M, Weisz A. Comparative gene expression profiling reveals partially overlapping but distinct genomic actions of different antiestrogens in human breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1163-84. [PMID: 16514628 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogens used for breast cancer (BC) treatment differ among each other for the ability to affect estrogen receptor (ER) activity and thereby inhibit hormone-responsive cell functions and viability. We used high-density cDNA microarrays for a comprehensive definition of the gene pathways affected by 17beta-estradiol (E2), ICI 182,780 (ICI), 4OH-tamoxifen (Tamoxifen), and raloxifene (RAL) in ER-positive ZR-75.1 cells, a suitable model to investigate estrogen and antiestrogen actions in hormone-responsive BC. The expression of 601 genes was significantly affected by E2 in these cells; in silico analysis reveals that 86 among them include one or more potential ER binding site within or near the promoter and that the binding site signatures for E2F-1, NF-Y, and NRF-1 transcription factors are significantly enriched in the promoters of genes induced by estrogen treatment, while those for CAC-binding protein and LF-A1 in those repressed by the hormone, pointing to novel transcriptional effectors of secondary responses to estrogen in BC cells. Interestingly, expression of 176 E2-regulated mRNAs was unaffected by any of the antiestrogens tested, despite the fact that under the same conditions the transcriptional and cell cycle stimulatory activities of ER were inhibited. On the other hand, of 373 antiestrogen-responsive genes identified here, 52 were unresponsive to estrogen and 25% responded specifically to only one of the compounds tested, revealing non-overlapping and clearly distinguishable effects of the different antiestrogens in BC cells. As some of these differences reflect specificities of the mechanism of action of the antiestrogens tested, we propose to exploit this gene set for characterization of novel hormonal antagonists and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and as a tool for testing new associations of antiestrogens, more effective against BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Scafoglio
- Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Gazzerro P, Abbondanza C, D'Arcangelo A, Rossi M, Medici N, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Modulation of RIZ gene expression is associated to estradiol control of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2005; 312:340-9. [PMID: 16356493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc-finger (RIZ) gene, a member of the nuclear protein methyltransferase superfamily, is characterized by the presence of the N-terminal PR domain. The RIZ gene encodes for two proteins, RIZ1 and RIZ2. While RIZ1 contains the PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homologous) domain, RIZ2 lacks it. RIZ gene expression is altered in a variety of human cancers and RIZ1 is now considered to be a candidate tumor suppressor. Estradiol treatment of MCF-7 cells produced a selective decrease of RIZ1 transcript and an increase of total RIZ mRNA. Experiments of chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that RIZ2 protein expression was controlled by estrogen receptor and RIZ1 had a direct repressor function on c-myc gene expression. To investigate the role of RIZ gene products as regulators of the proliferation/differentiation transition, we analyzed the effects of forced suppression of RIZ1 induced in MCF-7 cells by siRNA of the PR domain-containing form. Silencing of RIZ1 expression stimulated cell proliferation, similar to the effect of estradiol on these cells, associated with a transient increase of c-myc expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gazzerro
- Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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Rossi M, Abbondanza C, D'Arcangelo A, Gazzerro P, Medici N, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. The Zn-finger domain of RIZ protein promotes MCF-7 cell proliferation. Cancer Lett 2004; 215:229-37. [PMID: 15488642 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the oncogenic properties of retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger (RIZ) gene products, we produced an MCF-7-derived cell line expressing a fusion protein containing the zinc-finger (aa 359-497) domain of RIZ protein (MCF-7/znf). The Zn-finger domain contains three of the eight putative Zn-finger motifs and is located in proximity of the E1A-like domain containing the Rb protein-binding motif. The MCF-7/znf cells showed a higher growth rate than the parental or the control cell lines, both in hormone-deprived conditions or upon estrogen stimulation. Furthermore, they were less sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of anti-estrogens and showed a higher level of expression of cyclin D1 and A. The expressed Zn-finger domain recombinant product was localized in the nucleus and in the nucleoli and its expression modified the pattern of actin staining in the cytoplasm. In conclusion the presented results indicated that the Zn-finger domain could be endowed with the putative oncogenic activity of RIZ2 gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rossi
- Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 7, Naples I-80138, Italy
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Venza I, Giordano L, Piraino G, Medici N, Ceci G, Teti D. Prostaglandin E2 signalling pathway in human T lymphocytes from healthy and conjunctiva basal cell carcinoma-bearing subjects. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:482-9. [PMID: 11564156 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E-induced signal transduction pathways in human T cells from healthy and uveal melanoma-bearing subjects were studied. Transfection experiments showed that PGE2 was able to phosphorylate and activate the fusion trans-activator of the cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). Phosphorylation was at least partially mediated by protein kinase A, as evidenced by the effects of specific kinase inhibitors. Western blotting experiments, which were performed to identify the CREB/ATF2 family members involved in the response to PGE2, revealed a modulation of proteins CREB1, CREB2 and ATF2 and phosphorylation of the 43 kDa form of CREB. Experiments of immunoprecipitation with CREB-binding protein (CBP) demonstrated that, after PGE2 treatment, all of the CREB/ATF isoforms studied, as well as the phosphorylated form of CREB (p-CREB), interacted with CBP. In basal conditions, T cells from patients with conjunctiva basal cell carcinoma showed the presence of p-CREB, which coimmunoprecipitated with CBP. CREB phosphorylation did not modify after PGE2 treatment whereas the p-CREB fraction bound to CBP increased in a delayed manner compared to normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Venza
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy
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Gazzerro P, Bontempo P, Schiavone EM, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Armetta I, Medici N, Simone MD, Nola E, Puca GA, Molinari AM. Differentiation of Myeloid Cell Lines Correlates with a Selective Expression of RIZ Protein. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Gazzerro P, Bontempo P, Schiavone EM, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Armetta I, Medici N, De Simone M, Nola E, Puca GA, Molinari AM. Differentiation of myeloid cell lines correlates with a selective expression of RIZ protein. Mol Med 2001; 7:552-60. [PMID: 11591891 PMCID: PMC1950061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger gene RIZ is expressed in two forms (RIZ1 and RIZ2) that differ for the presence near the N-terminus of RIZ1 of a conserved domain, defined PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ homology), homologous to a similar domain present in other proteins recognized as tumor suppressor gene products. The RIZ1 form is usually absent or expressed at low levels in tumor cells, whereas RIZ2 is frequently expressed. We investigated a possible involvement of RIZ1 in differentiation control using a myeloid cell maturation model that is easily modulated by retinoids and other agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS HL60 or NB4 cell lines or patients' leukemic promyelocytes were treated with all- trans -retinoic acid or other agents to induce differentiation. RIZ gene expression was determined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RNase protection assay. Immunocytochemistry was performed to assess variation of the intracellular distribution of RIZ protein on all- trans-retinoic acid treatment. Forced expression of RIZ1 protein was obtained with a recombinant adenovirus containing RIZ1 cDNA. RESULTS Treatment with retinoic acid induced a selective expression of RIZ1 in HL60 cell line. Retinoic acid effect was maximal at 7 days and correlated to the granulocytic differentiation of cells. A similar effect was obtained in retinoic acid-sensitive NB4 cell line or in patients' leukemic promyelocytes, but not in the retinoic acid-resistant cell line NB4.007/6 or in the U937 cell line. Selective expression of RIZ1 was also induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in the U937 and HL60 cell lines and by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) only in HL60 cells. In HL60 cells, RIZ1 was also induced by activation of a retinoid alpha receptor-independent maturation pathway based on retinoid X receptor agonist and protein kinase A synergism. In addition, retinoic acid produced a redistribution of the antigen within the nucleus in these cells. Forced expression of RIZ1 protein induced growth arrest and death of HL60 cells. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between the selective expression of RIZ1 induced by retinoic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and differentiation suggested that RIZ protein was involved in myeloid cell differentiation induced by these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gazzerro
- Istituto di Patologia generale ed Oncologia, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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15
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Molinari AM, Bontempo P, Schiavone EM, Tortora V, Verdicchio MA, Napolitano M, Nola E, Moncharmont B, Medici N, Nigro V, Armetta I, Abbondanza C, Puca GA. Estradiol induces functional inactivation of p53 by intracellular redistribution. Cancer Res 2000; 60:2594-7. [PMID: 10825127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment of MCF-7 cells grown in serum-free medium induced a modification of the intracellular distribution of p53 protein. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining showed that p53 was localized in the nucleus of untreated cell and that after 48 h of hormone treatment, it was mostly localized in the cytoplasm. This effect was blocked by the antiestrogen ICI182,780. Intracellular redistribution of p53 was correlated to a reduced expression of the WAF1/CIP1 gene product and to the presence of degradation fragments of p53 in the cytosol. Estradiol treatment prevented the growth inhibition induced by oligonucleotide transfection, simulating DNA damage. This observation indicated that the wild-type p53 gene product present in the MCF-7 cell could be inactivated by estradiol through nuclear exclusion to permit the cyclin-dependent phosphorylation events leading to the G1-S transition. In addition, the estradiol-induced inactivation of p53 could be involved in the tumorigenesis of estrogen-dependent neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Molinari
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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16
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Abbondanza C, Medici N, Nigro V, Rossi V, Gallo L, Piluso G, Belsito A, Roscigno A, Bontempo P, Puca AA, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. The retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger protein RIZ is a downstream effector of estrogen action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3130-5. [PMID: 10706618 PMCID: PMC16204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in cell extract from cultured cells or target tissues indicated that estrogen receptor was complexed with the retinoblastoma binding protein RIZ in a ligand-dependent manner. Mapping of interaction sites indicated that in both proteins the same regions and motifs responsible for the interaction of transcriptional co-activator and nuclear receptors were involved. In cultured cells, estradiol induced a redistribution of RIZ protein within the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. A similar effect was produced in vivo, in prepuberal rat endometrium, by administration of a physiological dose of estradiol. Therefore, RIZ protein could be a specific effector of estrogen action downstream of the hormone-receptor interaction, presumably involved in proliferation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbondanza
- Istituto di Patologia generale ed Oncologia, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Larghetto Sant'Aniello a Caponapoli 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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17
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Medici N, Abbondanza C, Nigro V, Rossi V, Piluso G, Belsito A, Gallo L, Roscigno A, Bontempo P, Puca AA, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Identification of a DNA binding protein cooperating with estrogen receptor as RIZ (retinoblastoma interacting zinc finger protein). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264:983-9. [PMID: 10544042 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA fragments were selected from a random pool by repeated cycles of estrogen receptor-specific immunoprecipitation in the presence of a nuclear extract and PCR amplification (cyclic amplification and selection of target, CAST, for multiple elements). Fragments were cloned and sequence analysis indicated the 5-nucleotide word TTGGC was the most recurrent sequence unrelated to the known estrogen responsive element. Screening a HeLa cell expression library with a probe designed with multiple repeats of this sequence resulted in the identification of a 1700-aa protein showing a complete homology with the product of the human retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger gene RIZ. In transfection experiments, RIZ protein was able to bestow estrogen inducibility to a promoter containing an incomplete estrogen responsive element and a TTGGC motif. RIZ protein present in MCF-7 cell nuclear extract retarded the TTGGC-containing probe in an EMSA. Estrogen receptor was co-immunoprecipitated from MCF-7 cell extract by antibodies to RIZ protein and vice versa, thus indicating an existing interaction between these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medici
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Larghetto Sant' Aniello a Caponapoli, 2, Naples, I-80138, Italy
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18
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Abbondanza C, Rossi V, Roscigno A, Gallo L, Belsito A, Piluso G, Medici N, Nigro V, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Interaction of vault particles with estrogen receptor in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell. J Cell Biol 1998; 141:1301-10. [PMID: 9628887 PMCID: PMC2132791 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.141.6.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A 104-kD protein was coimmunoprecipitated with the estrogen receptor from the flowtrough of a phosphocellulose chromatography of MCF-7 cell nuclear extract. mAbs to this protein identified several cDNA clones coding for the human 104-kD major vault protein. Vaults are large ribonucleoprotein particles of unknown function present in all eukaryotic cells. They have a complex morphology, including several small molecules of RNA, but a single protein species, the major vault protein, accounts for >70% of their mass. Their shape is reminiscent of the nucleopore central plug, but no proteins of known function have been described to interact with them. Western blot analysis of vaults purified on sucrose gradient showed the presence of estrogen receptor co-migrating with the vault peak. The AER317 antibody to estrogen receptor coimmunoprecipitated the major vault protein and the vault RNA also in the 20,000 g supernatant fraction. Reconstitution experiments of estrogen receptor fragments with the major vault protein mapped the site of the interaction between amino acids 241 and 280 of human estrogen receptor, where the nuclear localization signal sequences are located. Estradiol treatment of cells increased the amount of major vault protein present in the nuclear extract and coimmunoprecipitated with estrogen receptor, whereas the anti-estrogen ICI182,780 had no effect. The hormone-dependent interaction of vaults with estrogen receptor was reproducible in vitro and was prevented by sodium molybdate. Antibodies to progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors were able to coimmunoprecipitate the major vault protein. The association of nuclear receptors with vaults could be related to their intracellular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbondanza
- Istituto di Patologia generale ed Oncologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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19
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Micali A, Medici N, Sottile A, Venza M, Venza I, Nigro V, Puca GA, Teti D. Prostaglandin E2 induction of binding activity to CRE and AP-2 elements in human T lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 1996; 174:99-105. [PMID: 8929459 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1996.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins of the E series are immunomodulatory agents which exert inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects on a variety of immune responses. Since it is known that PGE2 is able to increase cAMP levels, we investigated whether it can affect gene expression through the activation of the transcription factors which bind enhancer elements in the promoter regions of cAMP-regulated genes. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that a short treatment of human T lymphocytes with PGE2 induces specific binding activity to CRE and AP-2, but not AP-1, DNA elements. Since the okadaic acid, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor, prolongs the induction of the binding activity, phosphorylation events are likely to occur. This activity seems to be due to increased cAMP levels because forskolin and IBMX mimic the effects of PGE2. More interestingly, transfection experiments with CRE-CAT plasmide show that PGE2 activates the transcription of a CRE-containing promoter. These data support the positive role for PGE2 on some immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Micali
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Universita degli Studi di Messina, Italy
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20
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Nigro V, Piluso G, Belsito A, Politano L, Puca AA, Papparella S, Rossi E, Viglietto G, Esposito MG, Abbondanza C, Medici N, Molinari AM, Nigro G, Puca GA. Identification of a novel sarcoglycan gene at 5q33 encoding a sarcolemmal 35 kDa glycoprotein. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:1179-86. [PMID: 8842738 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.8.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in any of the genes encoding the alpha, beta or gamma-sarcoglycan components of dystrophin-associated glycoproteins result in both sporadic and familial cases of either limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy. The collective name 'sarcoglycanopathies' has been proposed for these forms. We report the identification of a fourth member of the human sarcoglycan family. We named this novel cDNA delta-sarcoglycan. Its mRNA expression is abundant in striated and smooth muscles, with a main 8 kb transcript, encoding a predicted basic transmembrane glycoprotein of 290 amino acids. Antibodies specifically raised against this protein recognized a single band at 35 kDa on western blots of human and mouse muscle. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a unique sarcolemmal localization. FISH, radiation hybrid and YAC mapping concordantly linked the delta-sarcoglycan gene to 5q33, close to D5S487 and D5S1439. The gene spans at least 100 kb and is composed of eight exons. The identification of a novel sarcoglycan component modifies the current model of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nigro
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, Facoltà di Medicina, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Italy
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21
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Puca GA, Medici N, Abbondanza C, Armetta I, Nigro V, Moncharmont B, Molinari AM. Transcriptional control by estradiol receptor. J Mol Recognit 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Nigro V, Napolitano M, Abbondanza C, Medici N, Puca AA, Schiavulli M, Armetta I, Moncharmont B, Puca GA, Molinari AM. A novel p53 mutant in human breast cancer revealed by multiple SSCP analysis. Cancer Lett 1994; 79:73-5. [PMID: 8187056 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
DNA from tumor tissue and peripheral blood lymphocytes of primary breast cancer patients was screened for the presence of p53 mutations. In DNA from one tumor we found that the histidine codon 193 (CAT) was somatically converted to arginine (CGT). This amino acid residue is highly conserved in many species, thus suggesting that such mutation plays an important role in the loss of wt-p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nigro
- Istituto di Patologia Generale e Oncologia, Facoltà di Medicina, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Italy
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23
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Abbondanza C, de Falco A, Nigro V, Medici N, Armetta I, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Characterization and epitope mapping of a new panel of monoclonal antibodies to estradiol receptor. Steroids 1993; 58:4-12. [PMID: 7679226 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(93)90011-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new panel of monoclonal antibodies to the calf uterus estrogen receptor was prepared. Thirteen antibodies were characterized for their isotype and for the affinity for the antigen. These antibodies recognize the human receptor and can be used in Western blot analysis. The location of the epitopes was mapped on the antigen structure using synthetic fragments of estrogen receptor, and it was possible to group the antibodies in five groups. Many antibodies were useful for the purification of estrogen receptor from tissue extracts by immunoaffinity chromatography. The reciprocal inhibition of the antibodies for the antigen binding was measured with an immunoadsorption assay. This was maximal and symmetrical for antibody pairs within the same group, but was incomplete and, in some instances, asymmetrical between pairs of antibodies from different groups. One antibody was able to inhibit the estrogen receptor-DNA interaction, whereas two others were unable to recognize the receptor-DNA complexes. This new panel of antibodies is a useful addition to the existing tools for studying structure and function of the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abbondanza
- Istituto di Patologia Generale e Oncologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Secunda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Italy
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24
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Nigro V, Molinari AM, Armetta I, de Falco A, Abbondanza C, Medici N, Puca GA. Purified estrogen receptor enhances in vitro transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:803-10. [PMID: 1497666 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro transcription system was developed to investigate the mechanisms of gene regulation by the estrogen receptor (ER). ER purified from calf uterus was highly active in enhancing RNA transcription from a template DNA containing estrogen response elements (EREs) upstream from a minimal promoter. Under the conditions employed, no addition of tissue specific factors was required and both estrogen or antiestrogens were ineffective. The stimulation of transcription correlated with the copy number of EREs in the template. The addition of competitor ERE oligonucleotides specifically inhibited the ER-induced transcription. We suggest that the ER may be involved in the formation of the stable initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nigro
- Istituto di Patologia Generale e Oncologia I, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia S. Andrea delle Dame, Naples, Italy
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25
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Molinari AM, Abbondanza C, Armetta I, Medici N, Minucci S, Moncharmont B, Nigro V, Puca GA. Proteolytic activity of the purified hormone-binding subunit in the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:4463-7. [PMID: 1709742 PMCID: PMC51680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone-binding subunit of the calf uterus estradiol receptor was purified as a hormone-free molecule. Immunoaffinity chromatography with a specific monoclonal antibody was used as the final step. The purified subunit was specifically labeled by radioactive diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The diisopropyl fluorophosphate-labeled amino acid was serine. The purified receptor was able to release the fluorogenic or chromogenic group from synthetic peptides containing phenylalanine at the carboxyl terminus. This occurred only in the presence of estradiol and was hampered by aprotinin and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Estradiol-dependent hydrolytic activity was also found in the eluate from gel slices after SDS/PAGE of purified receptor. This activity comigrated with the renaturable estradiol-binding activity. The estradiol antagonists 4-hydroxytamoxifen and ICI 164,384 as well as other steroid hormones were unable to activate this hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Molinari
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, III Cattedra, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Naples, Italy
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26
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Medici N, Nigro V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Molinari AM, Puca GA. In vitro binding of the purified hormone-binding subunit of the estrogen receptor to oligonucleotides containing natural or modified sequences of an estrogen-responsive element. Mol Endocrinol 1991; 5:555-63. [PMID: 1922088 DOI: 10.1210/mend-5-4-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) was purified from calf uterus by immunoaffinity chromatography in the absence of the ligand. The purified ER consists of a mixture of monomer and homodimer forms of 67-kDa hormone-binding subunit (no 90-kDa heat shock protein is present). The purified ER was incubated with a 32P-labeled 61-basepair oligonucleotide containing the sequence of the estrogen response element (ERE) of the Xenopus laevis A2 vitellogenin gene. DNA mobility shift assays showed formation of specific complexes of the ERE containing oligonucleotide with ER, formation which did not require and was not affected by estradiol or antiestrogenic molecules. Both the monomer and the dimer were equally able to interact with the ERE-containing oligonucleotide. Sucrose gradient experiments showed that only the ER monomer is able to interact with an oligonucleotide in which a single mutation destroyed the dyad symmetry of ERE. Multiple symmetric mutations which did not alter the dyad symmetry of ERE nevertheless totally destroyed the ability of the oligonucleotide to form complexes with either the monomeric or dimeric form of ER. These results suggest that ER is able to bind to ERE independently of the presence of estradiol or other proteins and, therefore, that estradiol does not act by modulating the ability of ER to bind to ERE on DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medici
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli, Italy
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27
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Nigro V, Medici N, Abbondanza C, Minucci S, Moncharmont B, Molinari AM, Puca GA. An aprotinin binding site localized in the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor from calf uterus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170:930-6. [PMID: 1696480 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)92180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the estrogen receptor bears proteolytic activity responsible for its own transformation. This activity was inhibited by aprotinin. Incubation of transformed ER with aprotinin modified the proteolytic digestion of the hormone binding subunit by proteinase K. The smallest hormone-binding fragment of the ER, obtained by tryptic digestion, was still able to bind to aprotinin. These results suggest that aprotinin interacts with ER and the hormone-binding domain of ER is endowed with a specific aprotinin-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nigro
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, III Cattedra I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli, Italy
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Nigro V, Medici N, Abbondanza C, Minucci S, Molinari AM, Puca GA. Aprotinin inhibits the hormone binding of the estrogen receptor from calf uterus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:1206-11. [PMID: 2480113 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Micromolar concentrations of the proteinase inhibitor, aprotinin, produced a dose-dependent inhibition in the binding capacity of the estrogen receptor from calf uterus. Aprotinin inhibition was greater at 28 degrees C than at 4 degrees C and only occurred when conditions allowed the receptor transformation. When aprotinin was tested in the presence of transformation inhibitors, its effect was no longer seen. The binding capacity of the highly purified estrogen-binding subunit was similarly inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nigro
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Napoli, Italy
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29
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Medici N, Minucci S, Nigro V, Abbondanza C, Armetta I, Molinari AM, Puca GA. Metal binding sites of the estradiol receptor from calf uterus and their possible role in the regulation of receptor function. Biochemistry 1989; 28:212-9. [PMID: 2706244 DOI: 10.1021/bi00427a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The existence of putative metal binding sites on the estradiol receptor (ER) molecule from calf uterus was evaluated by immobilizing various divalent metals to iminodiacetate-Sepharose. ER from both crude and highly purified preparations binds to metal-containing adsorbents complexed with Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cu(II), but not to those complexed with Fe(II) and Cd(II). Elution of ER was obtained by chelating agents or by imidazole, thus indicating that histidine residues on the ER molecule are involved in the interaction with the metal. Analysis of affinity-labeled ER by [3H]tamoxifen aziridine after elution from a column of Zn(II)-charged iminodiacetate-Sepharose showed that ER fragments obtained by extensive trypsinization were also bound. Zn(II) and the same other metals able to bind ER, when immobilized on resins, inhibit the binding of estradiol to the receptor at micromolar concentrations. This inhibition is noncompetitive and can be reversed by EDTA. The inhibition of the hormone binding was still present after trypsin treatment of the cytosol, and it was abolished by preincubation with the hormone. Micromolar concentrations of these metals were able to block those chemical-physical changes occurring during the process of ER transformation in vitro. Furthermore, if added to pretransformed ER-hormone complex, they strongly inhibited the binding of the complex to isolated nuclei. The presence of metal binding sites that modulate the ER activity in the hormone binding domain of ER is therefore speculated. Since progesterone receptor showed the same pattern of binding and elution from metal-containing adsorbents, the presence of metal binding regulatory sites could be a property of all steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medici
- Istituto di Patologia Generale ed Oncologia, III Cattedra, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Naples, Italy
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30
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Puca GA, Abbondanza C, Nigro V, Armetta I, Medici N, Molinari AM. Estradiol receptor has proteolytic activity that is responsible for its own transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:5367-71. [PMID: 2426695 PMCID: PMC386287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of various protease inhibitors and substrates on the hormone- and temperature-dependent binding of partially purified estradiol-receptor complex to isolated nuclei. Only serine protease substrates and inhibitors significantly depressed estradiol receptor transformation. At 20 degrees C, we observed 50% inhibition with about 3 microM aprotinin or with 1.4 mM diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Aprotinin also blocked those size and charge modifications of receptor that are characteristic of the transformation process. The estradiol receptor was able to bind to aprotinin-agarose only under transforming conditions; i.e., the interaction was hormone- and temperature-dependent and inhibited by molybdate. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, a covalent reagent for serine esterases, competitively inhibited the binding and specifically eluted the estradiol-receptor complex that had been bound to aprotinin-agarose. These results indicate that estradiol receptor transformation is due to the effect of a serine protease and that the receptor itself is endowed with this catalytic activity, which is triggered by the steroid.
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Puca GA, Medici N, Armetta I, Nigro V, Moncharmont B, Molinari AM. Interaction between estrogen receptor and subcellular structures of target cells: nuclear localization of unoccupied receptor and its modification induced by estradiol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 464:168-89. [PMID: 3524348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb16003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental conditions affecting the partitioning of the estrogen receptor were studied. Homogenization of rat uteri at 25 degrees C resulted in a particulate partitioning of the estrogen receptor. The use of frozen tissue (-70 degrees C) or pre-exposure of the tissue to 0 degrees C prior to 25 degrees C homogenization, homogenization at 0 degrees C and tissue dilution all induced soluble partitioning of the receptor. The estrogen receptor found in the particulate fraction was mostly associated with the nuclei, even in the absence of hormone. The interaction between estradiol and the estrogen receptor induced modification in the receptor's charge and size that promoted its cold-insensitive association with the nuclei of target cells. These modifications were studied in a cell-free in vitro system and were reversibly blocked by molybdate. Similar changes occurred in vivo when estradiol interacted with the receptor in the nuclei of target cells.
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Molinari AM, Medici N, Armetta I, Nigro V, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Particulate nature of the unoccupied uterine estrogen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 128:634-42. [PMID: 3994717 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Homogenization of rat uteri at 25 degrees C resulted in a particulate partitioning of the estrogen receptor. Homogenization at 0 degrees C, the use of frozen tissue, or the pre-exposure of the tissue to 0 degrees C prior to 25 degrees C homogenization induced soluble partitioning of the estrogen receptor. Binding of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody indicated that, in absence of estradiol, the estrogen receptor is particulate and is associated with the nuclei-enriched fraction of the target cell. The presence of receptor in the soluble fraction thus appears to be an artifact of homogenization. The unoccupied receptor, loosely associated with the particulate fraction (cold-sensitive) represents the "native" form of receptor which, upon arrival of the hormone, becomes tightly associated (cold-insensitive). The transition from the cold-sensitive to the cold-insensitive status is accompanied by a modification of the electrical charge of the receptor.
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Sica V, Nola E, Contieri E, Bova R, Masucci MT, Medici N, Petrillo A, Weisz A, Molinari AM, Puca GA. Estradiol and progesterone receptors in malignant gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer Res 1984; 44:4670-4. [PMID: 6467220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol and progesterone receptors were assayed in tumors from 79 patients with primary colorectal and 56 patients with stomach adenocarcinomas. Eighteen of 79 colorectal cancers contained estradiol receptor, while 34 specimens were positive for progesterone receptor. In stomach cancer, the positive samples were 8 for estradiol and 14 for progesterone receptors. In both types of tumors, the Kd was in the range of 10(-10) M for estradiol and 10(-9) M for progesterone receptor, respectively. In colorectal adenocarcinomas, the presence of progesterone receptor seems to be partially correlated to the presence of estradiol receptor while, in stomach tumors, this correlation is lost. The positivity of at least one receptor in colorectal cancers is higher in the female sex. The contrary occurs for stomach cancer. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed that cytoplasmic estradiol receptor of stomach cancer sedimented at 8S or 4 to 5S at low ionic strength. The isoelectric point of stomach cancer estradiol receptor is 6.5.
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Puca GA, Medici N, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Nola E, Sica V. Estrogen receptor of calf uterus: an easy and fast purification procedure. J Steroid Biochem 1980; 12:105-13. [PMID: 7421200 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(80)90259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Molinari AM, Medici N, Moncharmont B, Puca GA. Estradiol receptor of calf uterus: interactions with heparin-agarose and purification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:4886-90. [PMID: 270721 PMCID: PMC432061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin attached covalently to agarose beads binds the "native" form of the estradiol receptor with very high affinity. Chondroitin sulfate does not bind to the receptor. When the receptor is complexed with hormone, the affinity is at least 10 times higher. Only the "native" and not the "nuclear" or the "derived" (i.e., after activation by a calcium-dependent enzyme) forms of the estradiol receptor interact with heparin. The "native" estradiol-receptor complex is purified to homogeneity after chromatography on columns of heparin-agarose, Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-cellulose, followed by two more Sephadex G-200 columns. The purified molecule is a single polypeptide of molecular weight 69,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. The sedimentation coefficient on sucrose gradients is 4.3 S, the Stokes radius from gel filtration is 36.5 A, and the isoelectric point is 6.4. The purified [3H]estradiol-receptor complex exchanges the radioactive hormone with estradiol or other estrogenic steroids, but not with testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone.
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