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Echeverria MS, Schuch HS, Cenci MS, Motta JVS, Bertoldi AD, Hallal PC, Demarco FF. Trajectories of Sugar Consumption and Dental Caries in Early Childhood. J Dent Res 2022; 101:724-730. [PMID: 35114848 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211068743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study verifies the association between the trajectory of sugar consumption and dental caries in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Pelotas, Brazil. It was conducted with data from the follow-ups at 3, 12, 24, and 48 mo from the 2015 Birth Cohort, which included 4,275 children born alive in hospitals in Pelotas. Data collection included standardized questionnaires for first caregivers applied by trained interviewers at all follow-ups. Exposure was the trajectory of sugar consumption from 3 to 48 mo (always low, always intermediate, increasing, and always high), obtained by group-based trajectory modeling. The outcome of this study was dental caries, obtained through clinical examination performed by calibrated dentists at 48 mo of age. Socioeconomic conditions and oral health instruction from a health professional during the first 4 y of life were included in the analysis as potential confounders. Prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were provided from generalized estimating equations with a log-Poisson with robust variance specification. In total, 3,654 (91.1%) children participated in the survey at 48 mo, and 2,806 children had complete data for the analyzes performed. Of these, 1,012 (36.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34.3-37.8) experienced caries, and 723 (25.8%; 95% CI, 24.2-27.4) had cavitated caries. Regarding cavitated caries, the prevalence was 1.48 times higher in the group with increasing sugar consumption than children with always low consumption. There is an association between the trajectory of sugar consumption and dental caries at 48 mo. Children with increasing and always high sugar consumption have the highest prevalence of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Echeverria
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - H S Schuch
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - M S Cenci
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - J V S Motta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - A D Bertoldi
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - P C Hallal
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - F F Demarco
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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da Silva SG, Evenson KR, da Silva ICM, Mendes MA, Domingues MR, da Silveira MF, Wehrmeister FC, Ekelund U, Hallal PC. Correlates of accelerometer-assessed physical activity in pregnancy-The 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018. [PMID: 29542188 PMCID: PMC6055654 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective methods to measure physical activity (PA) have become available and widely used given the high degree of precision to evaluate PA. However, few studies have used accelerometers to measure PA during pregnancy, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We assessed overall PA, moderate, vigorous, and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) objectively measured among pregnant women and their correlates in a population‐based study. PA was assessed for seven consecutive days using a raw triaxial wrist‐worn accelerometer in women interviewed around 16 and 24 weeks of gestation in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. The average acceleration, which expresses overall PA, was presented in milli‐g (1 mg = 0.001 g), and average time (min/day) spent in MVPA (>100 mg) was also analyzed in 5‐ and 10‐min bouts. Analyses were performed using linear regression. In total, 2317 women were included in the analyses. Overall PA was 27.6 mg. Pregnant women spent on average 14 min/day in MVPA and 0.4 min in vigorous PA. Time spent in MVPA and total PA were inversely associated with years in school and income, and were lower among women receiving advice to not exercise. MVPA was also inversely associated with age, lower among women living with a partner, and higher among non‐white women. The study indicated low levels of PA among pregnant women. The identified correlates may provide a framework to better understand factors influencing PA during pregnancy and thus inform future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - I C M da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M A Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M R Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - M F da Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F C Wehrmeister
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - U Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - P C Hallal
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Izquierdo-Gomez R, Martinez-Gómez D, Esteban-Cornejo I, Hallal PC, García-Cervantes L, Villagra A, Veiga OL. Changes in objectively measured physical activity in adolescents with Down syndrome: the UP&DOWN longitudinal study. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:363-372. [PMID: 28090738 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a priority to understand that physical activity behaviour over time is a priority in Down syndrome population in order to design and promote succesfull interventions to maintain or increase levels of physical activity. We aimed to study 1 and 2-year changes in objectively measured physical activity among a relatively large sample of adolescents with Down syndrome. METHODS This study comprised a total of 99 adolescents with Down syndrome (38 girls) aged from 11 to 20 years old at baseline. Participants with valid accelerometer data at baseline and at least one of the follow-up visits were included in the analysis. RESULTS Overall, levels of physical activity observed in adolescents with Down syndrome declined from baseline to follow-ups, but these changes were not significant (all P > 0.05). Moderate-to-moderately high tracking of physical activity was observed in adolescents with Down syndrome (all P < 0.001). Youths who met physical activity guidelines at baseline demonstrated a greater decline in physical activity in 1 and 2-year changes (P < 0.05), although they were also more likely to meet physical activity guidelines at 1 and 2-year follow-ups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with Down syndrome do not change their levels of physical activity at 2-year follow-ups, but those who met physical activity guidelines presented stronger declines in physical activity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Izquierdo-Gomez
- Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Martinez-Gómez
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmotingFITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - P C Hallal
- Posgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - L García-Cervantes
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Villagra
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - O L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Devakumar D, Hallal PC, Horta BL, Barros FC, Wells JCK. Association between Birth Interval and Cardiovascular Outcomes at 30 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study from Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149054. [PMID: 26890250 PMCID: PMC4758625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Birth interval is an important and potentially modifiable factor that is associated with child health. Whether an association exists with longer-term outcomes in adults is less well known. Methods Using the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study, the association of birth interval with markers of cardiovascular health at 30 years of age was examined. Multivariable linear regression was used with birth interval as a continuous variable and categorical variable, and effect modification by gender was explored. Results Birth interval and cardiovascular data were present for 2,239 individuals. With birth interval as a continuous variable, no association was found but stratification by gender tended to show stronger associations for girls. When compared to birth intervals of <18 months, as binary variable, longer intervals were associated with increases in height (1.6 cm; 95% CI: 0.5, 2.8) and lean mass (1.7 kg; 95% CI: 0.2, 3.2). No difference was seen with other cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusions An association was generally not found between birth interval and cardiovascular outcomes at 30 years of age, though some evidence existed for differences between males and females and for an association with height and lean mass for birth intervals of 18 months and longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Devakumar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - P. C. Hallal
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - B. L. Horta
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F. C. Barros
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - J. C. K. Wells
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mannocci A, Stricchiola GMG, Ramirez A, Sinopoli A, Masala D, De Vito E, La Torre G, Hallal PC. House of Physical Activity Cards: the Lancet Observatory experience. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv170.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bielemann RM, Domingues MR, Horta BL, Menezes AMB, Gonçalves H, Assunção MCF, Hallal PC. Physical activity throughout adolescence and bone mineral density in early adulthood: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2007-15. [PMID: 24781378 PMCID: PMC4099530 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Association between three physical activity (PA) measurements throughout adolescence and bone density at 18 years of age was investigated. PA was associated with both lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in early adulthood independent of type of PA used in the analysis. The results were more consistent in boys. INTRODUCTION This study amis to evaluate if PA during adolescence could influence BMD later in life. METHODS A population-based birth cohort study was carried out. PA was assessed at 11 and 15 years of age by questionnaire and included sports performed while BMD (lumbar spine and femoral neck) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 18 years. A peak strain score was generated based on ground reaction forces of different PA. PA was measured as peak strain score, peak strain score multiplied by minutes/week and minutes/week. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed using linear regression. RESULTS Overall, 3,811 adolescents were studied (1,866 boys and 1,945 girls). The peak strain score at 11 and 15 years was associated with lumbar and femoral neck BMD at 18 years in boys. Among girls, high-impact PA at 11 years was positively associated with lumbar and femoral BMD (p = 0.01; p < 0.001). After adjusted analysis, weekly minutes of PA at 11 years were not associated with lumbar spine but were associated with femoral neck BMD (p < 0.001); at 15 years, weekly minutes of PA were positively associated with BMD at both sites. Regardless of PA status at 11 years of age, attaining the recommendations of PA (300 min/week) at 15 years appears to be important for BMD at 18 years in both sites in boys and girls. The results Appeared to be more consistent in boys. CONCLUSIONS PA during adolescence was positively associated with both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in early adulthood independent of type of PA used in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bielemann
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160-3° andar, CEP 96020-220, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
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Del Duca GF, Nahas MV, de Sousa TF, Mota J, Hallal PC, Peres KG. Clustering of physical inactivity in leisure, work, commuting and household domains among Brazilian adults. Public Health 2013; 127:530-7. [PMID: 23706706 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the clustering of physical inactivity in leisure, work, commuting and household contexts, and the sociodemographic factors associated with the clustering of inactive behaviour in different domains among Brazilian adults. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based study. METHODS The study was performed in Florianopolis, capital of Santa Catarina, one of the southern states of Brazil, from September 2009 to January 2010. Adults aged 20-59 years were interviewed. Physical inactivity in each domain was defined as non-participation in specific physical activities, using a validated Brazilian questionnaire. Clustering of physical inactivity was identified by the ratio between observed prevalence and expected prevalence of 16 different combinations. Multinomial logistic regression was used in the analysis of sociodemographic factors associated with clustering of physical inactivity. RESULTS Of the 1720 interviewees, the greatest differences between the observed and expected proportions were observed in simultaneous physical inactivity in the leisure and household domains for men, and physical inactivity in the leisure domain alone for women (59% and 88%, respectively); these differences were higher than expected if the behaviours were independent. Physical inactivity in two or more domains was observed more frequently in men and in individuals with a higher per-capita family income. Ageing was associated with physical inactivity in three or four domains. CONCLUSIONS Physical inactivity was observed in different domains according to gender. Men and older individuals with a higher per-capita family income were more likely to exhibit physical inactivity when all domains were considered together.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Del Duca
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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Bielemann R, Azevedo MR, Hallal PC, Rombaldi AJ. SP6-25 Prevalence of anxiety and associated factors in Brazilian adults: a population-based study. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976p.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Martinez-Mesa J, Menezes AMB, Gonzalez DA, Gigante DP, Horta BL, Araujo CLP, Hallal PC, Goncalves H. P2-175 Maternal smoking and height in the adolescent offspring. The 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976j.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Menezes AMB, Hallal PC, Matijasevich AM, Barros AJD, Horta BL, Araujo CLP, Gigante DP, Santos IS, Minten G, Domingues MR, Dumith SC, Barros FC. Caesarean sections and risk of wheezing in childhood and adolescence: data from two birth cohort studies in Brazil. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:218-23. [PMID: 20840395 PMCID: PMC3505367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background There is evidence from two meta-analyses that children born through caesarean section (C-section) may have an increased risk of developing asthma compared with those born through vaginal delivery. Objective To evaluate the association between mode of delivery and wheezing (current and persistent) in childhood and adolescence, in two birth cohort studies in Brazil. Methods The outcome variable was based on the International Study of Allergy and Asthma questionnaire, which collects information about wheezing within the 12 months before the interview. Persistent wheezing was defined when it was present in more than one follow-up at different ages, in the 1993 cohort. The questions were asked to mothers when children were aged 4 years (1993 and 2004 cohorts) and directly to cohort participants at 11 and 15 years (1993 cohort). Mode of delivery was collected by the research team of each cohort when children were born. Results Response rates in the last follow-up visit of the 1993 and 2004 cohorts were 85% and 92%, respectively. The prevalence of current wheezing increased from 20% to 28% at 4 years from 1993 to 2004; at 11 and 15 years, the prevalence was around 14% and 12%, in the 1993 cohort. The proportion of C-sections increased from 30.5% to 45% between 1993 and 2004. In each cohort, the prevalence of current wheezing was similar among children born through vaginal and C-section. The risk for persistent wheezing in the 1993 cohort was higher among girls born through C-section than boys. Conclusion Despite the increase in the proportion of C-section in two cohorts in Southern Brazil, we found no evidence of an association between mode of delivery and the subsequent risk of wheezing. Among girls, although there was no statistical significance, the risk was higher for those born by C-section, especially regarding persistent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M B Menezes
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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Hallal PC, Siqueira FV, Menezes AMB, Araújo CLP, Norris SA, Victora CG. The role of early life variables on the risk of fractures from birth to early adolescence: a prospective birth cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:1873-9. [PMID: 19271096 PMCID: PMC2765653 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a prospective cohort from Brazil, we evaluated the incidence of fractures from birth to early adolescence and examined risk factors for fractures. The incidence was 14.2% (95%CI 13.2, 15.2). Male sex, birth length, and maternal age at delivery were positively associated with the risk of fractures. INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate the incidence of fractures from birth to 11 years of age and to explore the effect of early life variables on the risk of fractures. METHODS All children (N = 5,249) born in 1993 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil were enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study. In 2004-2005, 87.5% of the cohort members were sought for a follow-up visit. History of fractures, including anatomic site and age of the fracture were asked to mothers. RESULTS The incidence of fractures from birth to 11 years of age was 14.2% (95%CI 13.2, 15.2). Out of the 628 subjects who experienced a fracture, 91 reported two and only 20 reported three or more fractures. Male sex, birth length, and maternal age at delivery were positively associated with the risk of fractures. No consistent associations were found for family income, maternal body mass index, smoking during pregnancy, and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Birth length seems to have long-term effect on musculoskeletal health. The higher risk of fractures among children of older mothers needs to be confirmed by other studies. In accordance to the developmental origins of diseases, fractures seem to be, at least in part, programmed in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Hallal
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, ZIP: 96030-002 Pelotas, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F. V. Siqueira
- School of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A. M. B. Menezes
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, ZIP: 96030-002 Pelotas, Brazil
| | - C. L. P. Araújo
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, ZIP: 96030-002 Pelotas, Brazil
| | - S. A. Norris
- Department of Paediatrics, MRC Mineral Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C. G. Victora
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, ZIP: 96030-002 Pelotas, Brazil
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Knuth AG, Bacchieri G, Victora CG, Hallal PC. Changes in physical activity among Brazilian adults over a 5-year period. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 64:591-5. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.088526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Blanc PD, Menezes AMB, Plana E, Mannino DM, Hallal PC, Toren K, Eisner MD, Zock JP. Occupational exposures and COPD: an ecological analysis of international data. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:298-304. [PMID: 19010980 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00118808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The occupational contribution to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has yet to be put in a global perspective. In the present study, an ecological approach to this question was used, analysing group-level data from 90 sex-specific strata from 45 sites of the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study, the Latin American Project for the Investigation of Obstructive Lung Disease and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey follow-up. These data were used to study the association between occupational exposures and COPD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II or above. Regression analysis of the sex-specific group-level prevalence rates of COPD at each site against the prevalence of occupational exposure and ever-smoking was performed, taking into account mean smoking pack-yrs and mean age by site, sex, study cohort and sample size. For the entire data set, the prevalence of exposures predicted COPD prevalence (0.8% increase in COPD prevalence per 10% increase in exposure prevalence). By comparison, for every 10% increase in the proportion of the ever-smoking population, the prevalence of COPD GOLD stage II or above increased by 1.3%. Given the observed median population COPD prevalence of 3.4%, the model predicted that a 20% relative reduction in the disease burden (i.e. to a COPD prevalence of 2.7%) could be achieved by a 5.4% reduction in overall smoking rates or an 8.8% reduction in the prevalence of occupational exposures. When the data set was analysed by sex-specific site data, among males, the occupational effect was a 0.8% COPD prevalence increase per 10% change in exposure prevalence; among females, a 1.0% increase in COPD per 10% change in exposure prevalence was observed. Within the limitations of an ecological analysis, these findings support a worldwide association between dusty trades and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for both females and males, placing this within the context of the dominant role of cigarette smoking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Blanc
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 350 Parnassus Ave., Suite 609, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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Menezes AMB, Perez-Padilla R, Hallal PC, Jardim JR, Muiño A, Lopez MV, Valdivia G, Pertuze J, Montes de Oca M, Tálamo C. Worldwide burden of COPD in high- and low-income countries. Part II. Burden of chronic obstructive lung disease in Latin America: the PLATINO study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:709-712. [PMID: 18544192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Five Latin American cities: São Paulo, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; Caracas, Venezuela. OBJECTIVE To describe the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Latin America. DESIGN This is a multicentre study. Post-bronchodilator spirometry was used and the main outcome measure was FEV(1)/FVC < 0.7 (fixed ratio criterion). Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages were also analysed. RESULTS The combined population aged > or =40 years in the five countries included in the study was approximately 85.3 million. Of these, it was estimated that 12.2 million have airflow obstruction, which corresponds to our prevalence estimate of 14.3%. The proportion of subjects in Stages II-IV of the GOLD classification was 5.6%. Risk factors presenting the highest aetiological fractions for COPD were age, current smoking, indoor exposure to coal and exposure to dust in the workplace. Smoking, the modifiable factor with the strongest aetiological fraction for COPD, affects 29.2% of adults aged > or =40 years in these cities, corresponding to approximately 25 million smokers in this age group. CONCLUSION Prevention of smoking and exposure to pollutants, such as coal and dust, are the interventions most likely to succeed against COPD in Latin America. The information obtained by a collaborative study has been vast and encouraging for other similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M B Menezes
- Post-graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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Wells JCK, Hallal PC, Reichert FF, Menezes AMB, Araújo CLP, Victora CG. Sleep patterns and television viewing in relation to obesity and blood pressure: evidence from an adolescent Brazilian birth cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:1042-9. [PMID: 18347603 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of circadian rhythms has been associated with obesity in children and adolescents, and with hypertension in adults, in industrialized populations. OBJECTIVE We examined cross-sectional associations between sleep duration or television viewing and obesity and blood pressure in Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN The sample consisted of 4452 adolescents aged 10-12 years participating in a prospective birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil. Sleep duration and television viewing were determined through questionnaires. Obesity was assessed using international cut-offs for body mass index (BMI), and body fatness by skinfold thicknesses. Blood pressure was measured using a validated monitor. RESULTS Short sleep duration was associated with increased BMI, skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, activity levels and television viewing. Each hour of sleep reduced BMI by 0.16 kg/m(2) (s.e. 0.04), and was associated with odds ratio for obesity of 0.86 (s.e. 0.04), both P<0.001. Television viewing was associated with increased BMI and skinfolds, and increased blood pressure. The effects of sleep duration and television viewing on obesity were independent of one another. Their associations with blood pressure were mediated by body fatness. CONCLUSIONS Both short sleep duration and increased television viewing were associated with greater body fatness, obesity and higher blood pressure, independently of physical activity level. These associations were independent of maternal BMI, identified in other studies as the strongest predictor of childhood obesity. Our study shows that behavioural factors associated with metabolic risk in industrialized populations exert similar deleterious effects in a population undergoing nutritional transition and suggest options for public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Menezes AMB, Hallal PC, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JRB, Muiño A, Lopez MV, Valdivia G, Montes de Oca M, Talamo C, Pertuze J, Victora CG. Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America. Eur Respir J 2007; 30:1180-5. [PMID: 17804445 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between history of tuberculosis and airflow obstruction. A population-based, multicentre study was carried out and included 5,571 subjects aged > or =40 yrs living in one of five Latin American metropolitan areas: Sao Paulo (Brazil); Montevideo (Uruguay); Mexico City (Mexico); Santiago (Chile); and Caracas (Venezuela). Subjects performed pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry and were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with tuberculosis by a physician. The overall prevalence of airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity post-bronchodilator <0.7) was 30.7% among those with a history of tuberculosis, compared with 13.9% among those without a history. Males with a medical history of tuberculosis were 4.1 times more likely to present airflow obstruction than those without such a diagnosis. This remained unchanged after adjustment for confounding by age, sex, schooling, ethnicity, smoking, exposure to dust and smoke, respiratory morbidity in childhood and current morbidity. Among females, the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were 2.3 and 1.7, respectively. In conclusion, history of tuberculosis is associated with airflow obstruction in Latin American middle-aged and older adults.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of breastfeeding duration on the prevalence of overweight and on mean weight for height z-score (WHZ) was evaluated in Brazilian children. DESIGN Prospective population-based birth cohort study. SUBJECTS In total, 1,273 children aged 4 years, corresponding to a follow-up rate of 87.2%. MEASUREMENTS Three explanatory variables were studied: duration of any breastfeeding, duration of exclusive or predominant breastfeeding, and ever breastfeeding. Weight and height were measured using a digital electronic scale and a portable stadiometer. Overweight was defined as WHZ >2 using the National Center for Health Statistics reference curve. RESULTS Overweight prevalence at the age of 4 years was 10.2% (95% CI 8.4; 11.8). The lowest prevalence (6.5%) was observed among children breastfed for >11 months. Among those breastfed for less than 3 months, the prevalence of overweight was approximately 9.5%. Mean WHZ ranged from 0.38 among children breastfed for less than 1 month to 0.62 among those breastfed for 9-11.9 months. No linear trends were detected in the association between breastfeeding and anthropometric indicators. None of the three breastfeeding variables was significantly associated with the prevalence of overweight or mean WHZ in multivariable analyses. No interactions were detected between breastfeeding and the variables sex, birth weight, socioeconomic status, skin color and pregestational in body mass index. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the hypothesis that breastfeeding promotion would reduce overweight or obesity in this population. Existing evidence on many other benefits of breastfeeding for the mother and the child supports its continued promotion, protection and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Araújo
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Wells JCK, Hallal PC, Wright A, Singhal A, Victora CG. Fetal, infant and childhood growth: relationships with body composition in Brazilian boys aged 9 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 29:1192-8. [PMID: 16103893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early growth rate has been linked to later obesity categorised by body mass index (BMI), but the development of body composition has rarely been studied. METHODS We tested the hypotheses that (1) birthweight and weight gain in (2) infancy or (3) childhood are associated with later body composition, in 172 Brazilian boys followed longitudinally since birth. Growth was assessed using measurements of weight and height at birth, 6 months, and 1 and 4 y. Measurements at 9 y comprised height, weight and body composition using foot-foot impedance. RESULTS Birthweight was associated with later height and lean mass (LM), but not fatness. Weight gain 0-6 months was associated with later height and LM, and with obesity prevalence according to BMI, but not with fatness. Weight gain 1-4 y was associated with later fatness and LM. Weight gain 4-9 y was strongly associated with fatness but not LM. Early growth rate did not correlate positively with subsequent growth rate. CONCLUSIONS Early rapid weight gain increased the risk of later obesity, but not through a direct effect on fatness. Childhood weight gain remained the dominant risk factor for later obesity. The reported link between early growth and later obesity may be due partly to hormonal programming, and partly to the contribution of LM to obesity indices based on weight and height. Whether our findings apply to other populations requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Wells
- MRC Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, London UK.
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Hallal PC, Wells JCK, Bertoldi AD, Gazalle FK, Silva MC, Domingues MR, Carret MLV, Araújo CLP, Gigante DP. A shift in the epidemiology of low body mass index in Brazilian adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:1002-6. [PMID: 15970943 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence and current predictors of low body mass index (BMI) in a population undergoing a rapid nutritional transition. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. SETTINGS Individuals living in the urban area of Pelotas, a medium-sized southern Brazilian city, were interviewed at home. SUBJECTS A multiple-stage sampling strategy was used. Out of 3372 eligible subjects, 3047 were interviewed. The study was restricted to adults (> or = 20 y). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Low BMI was defined as <18.5 kg/m2. RESULTS The prevalence of low BMI was 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 2.1; 3.3), higher in women than men (3.8 vs 1.3%; P < 0.001). In the whole sample (men and women combined), living without a partner and current smoking were positively associated with low BMI. Among women, low BMI presented a U-shaped relationship with age and was positively associated with educational level. The prevalence of low BMI in young women was 6.3%, and in highly educated young women was 8.9%. CONCLUSIONS Consistently with previous Brazilian studies, a decline in the overall prevalence of low BMI is clear. However, differently from these studies, the predictors of low BMI in women are similar to those observed within developed countries (including low age and high education), possibly indicating an increase in eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Hallal
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
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