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Wang J, Fu BZ, Li SX, Wang X, Song WX, Ye YN, Hu PF, Wang TR. Effects of exogenous melatonin on growth and physiological characteristics of Agropyron mongolicum seedlings under drought stress. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2023; 34:2947-2957. [PMID: 37997405 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the alleviation effect of exogenous melatonin (MT) on Agropyron mongolicum under drought stress, we examined the response of A. mongolicum 'Yanchi' seedlings to simulated drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000), by investigating the effects of exogenous addition of different concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg·L-1) of MT on seedlings growth and physiological characteristics under drought stress. The results showed that drought stress significantly inhibited the growth of A. mongolicum seedlings, and that exogenous addition of different concentrations of MT could alleviate the growth inhibition caused by drought stress, with the strongest mitigation effect observed at MT concentration of 100 mg·L-1. Compared with the drought stress treatment alone, exogenous addition of 100 mg·L-1 MT under drought stress increased plant height, aboveground dry weight, and leaf relative water content by 58.2%, 121.2% and 48.1%. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids increased by 48.7%, 80.8% and 38.3%, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and root activity increased by 12.6%, 33.9% and 39.1%, and the contents of ascorbic acid and glutathione increased by 19.5% and 18.3%, respectively. The contents of proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein were increased by 16.2%, 32.6% and 14.3%, while that of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical were decreased by 45.8%, 65.8% and 30.8%, respectively. In summary, exogenous addition of 100 mg·L-1 MT could improve drought tolerance of A. mongolicum seedlings by promoting growth, enhancing antioxidant capacity, increasing the content of osmoregulation substances, inhibiting the excessive production of reactive oxygen, and reducing membrane peroxide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Bing-Zhe Fu
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China;Key Laboratory of Forage Efficient Production Mode Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shu-Xia Li
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wen-Xue Song
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yu-Nong Ye
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tong-Rui Wang
- College of Forestry and Pratacuture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Yang Q, Gao J, Wang TY, Ding JC, Hu PF. Integration of RNA-Seq and Machine Learning Identifies Hub Genes for Empagliflozin Benefitable Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4733-4749. [PMID: 37872956 PMCID: PMC10590560 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s429096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to analyze the hub genes of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with Empagliflozin using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics methods, including machine learning. Methods From February 2021 to February 2023, nine patients with HFrEF were enrolled from our hospital's cardiovascular department. In addition to routine drug treatment, these patients received 10 mg of Empagliflozin once daily for two months. Efficacy was assessed and RNA-seq was performed on peripheral blood before and after treatment with empagliflozin. HFrEF-related hub genes were identified through bioinformatics analyses including differential gene expression analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, immune infiltration analysis, machine learning, immune cell correlation analysis and clinical indicator correlation analysis. Results The nine patients included in this study completed a two-month treatment regimen, with an average age of 62.11 ± 6.36 years. By performing bioinformatics analysis on the transcriptome from the treatment groups, 42 differentially expressed genes were identified, with six being up-regulated and 36 being down-regulated (|log2FC|>1 and adj.pvalue<0.05). Immune infiltration analysis of these genes demonstrated a significant difference in the proportion of plasma between the pre-treatment and post-treatment groups (p<0.05). Two hub genes, GTF2IP14 and MTLN, were finally identified through machine learning. Further analysis of the correlation between the hub genes and immune cells suggested a negative correlation between GTF2IP14 and naive B cells, and a positive correlation between MTLN and regulatory T cells and resting memory CD4+ T cells (p<0.05). Conclusion Through RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, this study identified GTF2IP14 and MTLN as the hub genes of HFrEF, and their mechanisms may be related to immune inflammatory responses and various immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yu Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Can Ding
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310005, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang P, Wang TY, Luo ZY, Ding JC, Yang Q, Hu PF. Identification of Key Immune-Related Genes in the Treatment of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction with Empagliflozin Based on RNA-Seq. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4679-4696. [PMID: 37872957 PMCID: PMC10590601 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s428747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Heart failure is a serious complication after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is crucial to investigate the mechanism of action of empagliflozin in the treatment of heart failure. Methods A total of 20 wild type (WT) male C57BL6/J mice were used to establish a model of heart failure after myocardial infarction and randomly divided into 2 groups: treatment group and control group. The treatment group was treated with empagliflozin, and the control group was treated with placebo. After 8 weeks of treatment, mouse heart tissues were collected for next generation sequencing. Bioinformatics methods were used to screen the key genes. Finally, the correlation between clinical data and gene expression was analyzed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression of key genes. Results A mouse model of heart failure was successfully constructed. By DEG analysis, a total of 740 DEGs in the treatment group vs the control group were obtained. Dendritic cells, granulocytes, follicular B, plasma cell, cDC1, cDC2, pDC and neutrophils were 8 different immune cells identified by immunoinfiltration analysis. Through WGCNA, the turquoise module with the highest correlation with the above differential immune cells was selected. One hundred and forty-two immune-related DEGs were obtained by taking intersection of the DEGs and the genes of the turquoise module. Col17a1 and Gria4 were finally screened out as key immune-related genes via PPI analysis and machine learning. Col17a1 was significantly up-regulated, while Gria4 was significantly down-regulated in the treatment group. At the same time, the expression level of Col17a1 was significantly correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular internal dimension systole (LVIDs). Conclusion Col17a1 and Gria4 are key immune-related genes of empagliflozin in the treatment of heart failure after myocardial infarction. This study provides a scientific basis for elucidating the mechanism of action of empagliflozin in treating heart failure after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yu Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yue Luo
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Can Ding
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310005, People’s Republic of China
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Wan Q, Wang Y, Yong M, Hu P, Le Liang CG, Yang XJ, Zhao X, San D, Bai TT, Tong LG, Zhai J, Zhao M, Zhang Q. Sanwei sandalwood decoction ameliorates acute ischemiareperfusion injury in rats by modulating myocyte electrophysiological characteristics. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114103. [PMID: 36563556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanwei sandalwood decoction (SWTX) is a classical Chinese medicine formula and clinically effective treatment for coronary heart disease, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Because the treatment mechanism of SWTX in I/R injury remains obscure, we intended to analyze the potential cardioprotective effects of SWTX in rats with myocardial I/R injury. Our research revealed that SWTX prolonged ventricular conduction time in a dose-dependent manner. While SWTX significantly delayed left ventricular signal conduction velocity, it had no effect on left atrial conduction velocity. Under sinus conditions, low SWTX concentrations reduced left ventricular conduction dispersion, while high concentrations increased conduction dispersion. SWTX also prolonged the QRS interval, APD30/50/90, and ERP. In whole-cell patch clamp experiments on myocytes, Ito and Ikr were inhibited by SWTX. While SWTX had no effect on INa, the activation curve for Nav1.5 was left-shifted. Finally, SWTX reduced the probability of ventricular fibrillation and suppressed early and late depolarization in an acute I/R injury rat model. These findings shed light on the mechanism by which SWTX alleviates myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wan
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Yu Wang
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Ming Yong
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - PengFei Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Che Ge Le Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Xiang Jun Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Dan San
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Ting Ting Bai
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - La Ga Tong
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University.
| | - QingShan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, PR China; Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Combination of Mongolian and Western Medicine of Inner Mongolia Minzu University.
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Luo XJ, Zhang X, Huang W, Hu PF, Tan BY, Zhang L. [Severity Differences and Mechanisms of Algal Blooms Among Sections in Pengxi River of the Three Gorges Reservoir]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:282-292. [PMID: 36635816 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202204018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam, 50% of the first-order tributaries in the reservoir area have had frequent algal blooms but with variations regarding the geographical locations of the seriously bloomed sections and the scope of the latter being influenced by the mainstream. This study took the Pengxi River, a first-order tributary of the reservoir area, as an example in order to explore the difference in eutrophication among the river sections and the influence of the Yangtze River on its tributaries. During the spring bloom season of 2019, sampling was carried out in one-week intervals for a total duration of one month. Seven sampling sections (PX1-PX7) were set up from the confluence to upstream. According to the profiles of vertical water temperature and conductivity of each section, the influence scope and form of the backwater of the Yangtze River were inferred; in addition, severity differences and mechanisms of algal blooms among sections were explored through the comparison of the hydrology, water quality, and sediment nutrients among Gaoyang Lake (PX5), which has had serious algal blooms, and the upstream (PX6) and downstream (PX4) sections of PX5, which are both 4 km away from PX5. The results showed that during the sampling month, the average ρ(Chl-a) in the confluence area of the Pengxi River (PX1-PX4) and in the upstream (PX5-PX7) were in the range of 14.55-44.00 μg·L-1 and 42.66-175.40 μg·L-1, respectively. The ρ(Chl-a) of PX5 was up to 413.00 μg·L-1, which was significantly higher than that of other sections (P<0.05). Temperature and conductivity results showed that the backwater from Yangtze River flowed into the Pengxi River from the middle and bottom layers during the period from April to May. The confluence (PX1-PX4) sections were in the intersection area of the backwater from Yangtze River and the upstream of the Pengxi River; thus, the waterbody was unstable, which was not conducive to the formation of algal blooms. However, the upstream (PX5-PX7) sections were not directly affected by the backwater from Yangtze River, leading the nutrient exchange mainly vertically. Most averages of n(TN)/n(TP) and n(DTN)/n(DTP) of PX4-PX6 were all greater than 16, indicating a phosphorus-limited state. During sampling, the average sediment total phosphorus of PX5 was 91% of that in upstream PX6, which was only 4 km away, whereas the surface water total phosphorus of PX5 was 180% of that in PX6. The important reason for this phenomenon is that the water surface width of PX5 was 3.6-4.7 times that of PX6, indicating longer wind fetch in the former section. Owing to the mountainous landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region where windy weather is rare, the disturbance effect of wind and waves on PX5 was stronger than that of PX6, and the nutrients released from the sediment at the PX5 section caused by wind and waves resupplied the surface water more easily, causing more serious algal blooms at PX5 than those at the remaining sections in the Pengxi River. The main causes of the algal blooms in the tributaries of the TGR area lied in the stability of water stratification and the supply of internal phosphorus. The stability of water stratification was mainly affected by the backwater from Yangtze River, and the supply of internal phosphorus in the algal bloom season was affected by the special water stratification phenomenon of the tributaries of TGR-the "surface density layers." The duration and degree of weather disturbance to the surface density layers can be used to predict the time and scale of algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China.,Chongqing Wanzhou District Station of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Ecological Protection, Chongqing 404199, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,National Base of Water Environmental Monitoring and Simulation in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing 400715, China
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Chiu WC, Powers DB, Hirshon JM, Shackelford SA, Hu PF, Chen SY, Chen HH, Mackenzie CF, Miller CH, DuBose JJ, Carroll C, Fang R, Scalea TM. Impact of trauma centre capacity and volume on the mortality risk of incoming new admissions. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 168:212-217. [PMID: 32474436 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma centre capacity and surge volume may affect decisions on where to transport a critically injured patient and whether to bypass the closest facility. Our hypothesis was that overcrowding and high patient acuity would contribute to increase the mortality risk for incoming admissions. METHODS For a 6-year period, we merged and cross-correlated our institutional trauma registry with a database on Trauma Resuscitation Unit (TRU) patient admissions, movement and discharges, with average capacity of 12 trauma bays. The outcomes of overall hospital and 24 hours mortality for new trauma admissions (NEW) were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS There were 42 003 (mean=7000/year) admissions having complete data sets, with 36 354 (87%) patients who were primary trauma admissions, age ≥18 and survival ≥15 min. In the logistic regression model for the entire cohort, NEW admission hospital mortality was only associated with NEW admission age and prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Shock Index (SI) (all p<0.05). When TRU occupancy reached ≥16 patients, the factors associated with increased NEW admission hospital mortality were existing patients (TRU >1 hour) with SI ≥0.9, recent admissions (TRU ≤1 hour) with age ≥65, NEW admission age and prehospital GCS and SI (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION The mortality of incoming patients is not impacted by routine trauma centre overcapacity. In conditions of severe overcrowding, the number of admitted patients with shock physiology and a recent surge of elderly/debilitated patients may influence the mortality risk of a new trauma admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Chiu
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - D B Powers
- Director, Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Program, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J M Hirshon
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - P F Hu
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Y Chen
- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Taiwan
| | - H H Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C F Mackenzie
- Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research - Organized Research Center (STAR-ORC), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C H Miller
- US Air Force Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA
| | - J J DuBose
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills - Baltimore, US Air Force Medical Service, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - R Fang
- Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - T M Scalea
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hu PF, Huang J, Chen L, Ding Z, Liu L, Molnár I, Zhang BB. Oxidative Stress Induction Is a Rational Strategy to Enhance the Productivity of Antrodia cinnamomea Fermentations for the Antioxidant Secondary Metabolite Antrodin C. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:3995-4004. [PMID: 32133853 PMCID: PMC7351023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant metabolites contribute to alleviating oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microorganisms. We utilized oxidative stressors such as hydrogen peroxide supplementation to increase the yield of the bioactive secondary metabolite antioxidant antrodin C in submerged fermentations of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. Changes in the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of the cells indicate that ROS are critical to promote antrodin C biosynthesis, while the ROS production inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium cancels the productivity-enhancing effects of H2O2. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that key enzymes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain are repressed during oxidative stress, leading to ROS accumulation and triggering the biosynthesis of antioxidants such as antrodin C. Accordingly, rotenone, an inhibitor of the electron transport chain complex I, mimics the antrodin C productivity-enhancing effects of H2O2. Delineating the steps connecting oxidative stress with increased antrodin C biosynthesis will facilitate the fine-tuning of strategies for rational fermentation process improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Rd., Tucson, AZ 85706, USA
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Hu PF, Sun FF, Qian J. Leonurine Exerts Anti-Catabolic and Anti-Apoptotic Effects via Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathways in Chondrocytes. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:6271-6280. [PMID: 31431607 PMCID: PMC6714594 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leonurine confers neuroprotection, inhibits myocardial apoptosis, ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, and shows anti-inflammatory effects, and may be beneficial for clinical applications. However, the effects of leonurine on chondrocytes remain unknown. Here, we investigated the protective role of leonurine in rat chondrocytes. Material/Methods To explore the potential therapeutic effect of leonurine against osteoarthritis (OA), rat chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β along with different concentrations of leonurine in vitro. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), ADAMTS, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured by PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Caspase-3 activity in chondrocytes was determined using a caspase-3 activity assay. Western blotting was also performed to examine activation of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to elucidate the likely regulatory mechanisms. Results Leonurine counteracted IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5. Leonurine treatment reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of Bax and increased the level of Bcl-2. Leonurine also inhibited the activity of caspase-3 in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Furthermore, the activation of MAPK and phosphorylation of p65 were suppressed by leonurine. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that leonurine exerts anti-catabolic and anti-apoptotic effects in chondrocytes in vitro via suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fang-Fang Sun
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Qian
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Zhang BB, Guan YY, Hu PF, Chen L, Xu GR, Liu L, Cheung PCK. Production of bioactive metabolites by submerged fermentation of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea: recent advances and future development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:541-554. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1577798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yu-Yan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gan-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peter C. K. Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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10
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Hu PF, Ma CY, Sun FF, Chen WP, Wu LD. Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) promotes chondrocyte expression of matrix metalloproteinase and inflammatory factors via the NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2230-2237. [PMID: 30644158 PMCID: PMC6378216 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of follistatin‐like protein 1 (FSTL1) is closely associated with diseases of the musculoskeletal system. However, despite being a well characterized inflammatory mediator, the effects of FSTL1 on chondrocytes are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of FSTL1 on the expression of inflammatory and catabolic factors in rat chondrocytes. Methods Rat chondrocytes were treated directly with various concentrations of FSTL1 in vitro. The levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6 were measured by polymerase chain reaction, ELISA and Western blotting. In addition, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway was explored to identify potential regulatory mechanisms. Results Follistatin‐like protein 1 directly increased the expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐13, iNOS, COX‐2, IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6 at both gene and protein level in a dose‐dependent manner. Activation of NF‐ κB and phosphorylation of p65 were also promoted by FSTL1 stimulation. Conclusions Follistatin‐like protein 1 exerts pro‐inflammatory and catabolic effects on cultured chondrocytes via activation of the NF‐κB signalling pathway. FSTL1 may therefore be a target in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Chi-Yuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, School of Medicine, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of tea polyphenols on cardiac function in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy, and the mechanism by which tea polyphenols regulate autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: a normal control group (NC), an obesity group (OB), a diabetic cardiomyopathy group (DCM), a tea polyphenol group (TP), an obesity tea polyphenol treatment group (OB-TP), and a diabetic cardiomyopathy tea polyphenol treatment group (DCM-TP). After successful modeling, serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were determined; cardiac structure and function were inspected by ultrasonic cardiography; myocardial pathology was examined by staining with hematoxylin-eosin; transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology and quantity of autophagosomes; and expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II, SQSTM1/p62, and Beclin-1 were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to the NC group, the OB group had normal blood glucose and a high level of blood lipids; both blood glucose and lipids were increased in the DCM group; ultrasonic cardiograms showed that the fraction shortening was reduced in the DCM group. However, these were improved significantly in the DCM-TP group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed disordered cardiomyocytes and hypertrophy in the DCM group; however, no differences were found among the remaining groups. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the numbers of autophagosomes in the DCM and OB-TP groups were obviously increased compared to the NC and OB groups; the number of autophagosomes in the DCM-TP group was reduced. Western blotting showed that the expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin-1 increased obviously, whereas the expression of SQSTM1/p62 was decreased in the DCM and OB-TP groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tea polyphenols had an effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy in rat cardiac function and may alter the levels of autophagy to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Li-Jiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
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12
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Hu PF, Sun FF, Jiang LF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Paeoniflorin inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP secretion via the NF-κB pathway in chondrocytes. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1513-1519. [PMID: 30116400 PMCID: PMC6090372 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin serves important cellular roles, exerting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-pulmonary fibrosis effects and possesses immune-modulatory properties. However, the exact role of paeoniflorin in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paeoniflorin on articular surfaces in vitro. Rat chondrocytes were cultured in vitro and an MTT assay was performed to assess chondrocyte survival. Following treatment with interleukin (IL)-1β and paeoniflorin, the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway activation was also investigated. The results demonstrated that paeoniflorin was able to downregulate the expression of MMP and increase the expression of TIMP-1ntmRNA and protein in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. Furthermore, treating chondrocytes with paeoniflorin blocked the activation of NF-κB. These results suggest that paeoniflorin may serve am anti-catabolic role in the progression of OA and may be an effective preventative treatment for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Feng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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13
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Hu PF, Chen WP, Bao JP, Wu LD. Paeoniflorin inhibits IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6194-6200. [PMID: 29484390 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis serves a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that paeoniflorin exerts key properties (including anticancer, anti-inflammation and neuroprotective) for clinical applications. However, the precise role of paeoniflorin in articular cartilage apoptosis remains unknown. The present study explored the effects and potential molecular mechanism of paeoniflorin on rat chondrocyte apoptosis. Rat articular chondrocytes were cultured in monolayers. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate of cells was determined by an LDH release assay. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining were performed to detect early and advanced apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. The activity of caspase-3 in chondrocytes was determined using a caspase-3 activity assay. The expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) was examined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain and western blotting. The present study also examined the protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway by western blotting. Treatment with 25 or 50 µM paeoniflorin markedly decreased the release of LDH and the ratio of apoptotic cells in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. Paeoniflorin treatment decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Bax, and increased the level of Bcl-2. Paeoniflorin also reduced the activity of caspase-3 in chondrocytes. Furthermore, paeoniflorin was determined to regulate the Akt signaling pathway by increasing Akt phosphorylation. Therefore, paeoniflorin may exert its protective effect by inhibiting apoptosis in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes and thus, may be an effective agent in the prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Zhang BB, Hu PF, Huang J, Hu YD, Chen L, Xu GR. Current Advances on the Structure, Bioactivity, Synthesis, and Metabolic Regulation of Novel Ubiquinone Derivatives in the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:10395-10405. [PMID: 29125753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Antrodia cinnamomea has attracted great attention around the world as an extremely precious edible and medicinal mushroom. Ubiquinone derivatives, which are characteristic metabolites of A. cinnamomea, have shown great bioactivities. Some of them have been regarded as promising therapeutic agents and approved into clinical trial by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although some excellent reviews have been published covering different aspects of A. cinnamomea, this review brings, for the first time, complete information about the structure, bioactivity, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of ubiquinone derivatives in A. cinnamomea. It not only advances our knowledge on the bioactive metabolites, especially the ubiquinone derivatives, in A. cinnamomea but also provides valuable information for the investigation on other edible and medicinal mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Dan Hu
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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15
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Hu PF, Xu JP, Ai C, Shao XJ, Wang HL, Dong YM, Cui XZ, Fuhe Y, Xiumei X. Screening weight related genes of velvet antlers by whole genome re-sequencing. Yi Chuan 2017; 39:1090-1101. [PMID: 29254926 DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.17-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The velvet antler is a special organ that has important biological significance for deer, and its growth is a complicated biological metabolism process. Growing evidence suggests that genetics factors play essential roles in the weight of velvet antlers. In this study, we investigated five sika deer (Cervus nippon) populations under the same feeding condition, and screened genetic variations in the 100 samples (including 50 heavy and 50 light velvet antler weight samples) by whole genome re-sequencing. The results showed that 94 genetic variations were related to the velvet antler weight, among which two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were located on the exon regions of OAS2 and ALYREF/THOC4, respectively. Furthermore, ALYREF/THOC4 is highly expressed in the velvet antler. The biological functions of these genetic variations were highly related to the growth and development of deer velvet antlers. Collectively, we screened genes related to the velvet antler weight in sika deer populations by whole genome re-sequencing and identified 94 sites as candidate genetic variations related to the velvet antler weight. We hope that it will contribute to further mechanistic studies of velvet antler development and weight variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Cheng Ai
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Shao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hong-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yi-Meng Dong
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xue-Zhe Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Yang Fuhe
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Xing Xiumei
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
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16
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Xie J, Cai K, Hu HX, Jiang YL, Yang F, Hu PF, Cao DD, Li WF, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structural Analysis of the Catalytic Mechanism and Substrate Specificity of Anabaena Alkaline Invertase InvA Reveals a Novel Glucosidase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25667-25677. [PMID: 27777307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertases catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose, thereby playing a key role in primary metabolism and plant development. According to the optimum pH, invertases are classified into acid invertases (Ac-Invs) and alkaline/neutral invertases (A/N-Invs), which share no sequence homology. Compared with Ac-Invs that have been extensively studied, the structure and catalytic mechanism of A/N-Invs remain unknown. Here we report the crystal structures of Anabaena alkaline invertase InvA, which was proposed to be the ancestor of modern plant A/N-Invs. These structures are the first in the GH100 family. InvA exists as a hexamer in both crystal and solution. Each subunit consists of an (α/α)6 barrel core structure in addition to an insertion of three helices. A couple of structures in complex with the substrate or products enabled us to assign the subsites -1 and +1 specifically binding glucose and fructose, respectively. Structural comparison combined with enzymatic assays indicated that Asp-188 and Glu-414 are putative catalytic residues. Further analysis of the substrate binding pocket demonstrated that InvA possesses a stringent substrate specificity toward the α1,2-glycosidic bond of sucrose. Together, we suggest that InvA and homologs represent a novel family of glucosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Kun Cai
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hai-Xi Hu
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Feng Yang
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Dong-Dong Cao
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wei-Fang Li
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- From the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
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Wang H, Wang L, Hu P, Ren W, Xu J, Zhao P, Chang A. Strong optical absorption of LaMn0.6Al0.4O3 thin films in the mid-infrared atmospheric window. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light absorption in the mid-infrared atmosphere window (3–5 μm) was reported for complete (100)-oriented LaMn0.6Al0.4O3 thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - PengFei Hu
- Laboratory for Microstructures
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Pengjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
| | - Aimin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments of CAS
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry of CAS
- Urumqi 830011
- China
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Chen WP, Xiong Y, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Baicalein Inhibits MMPs Expression via a MAPK-Dependent Mechanism in Chondrocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 36:325-33. [PMID: 25967971 DOI: 10.1159/000374075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baicalein is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Here, we investigated the anti-osteoarthritic effect of baicalein in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-induced chondrocytes were treated with different concentrations of baicalein, real-time PCR and ELISA were performed to detect the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. Western blot was used to evaluate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression. In experimental osteoarthritis (OA), rabbits were treated with baicalein, gross morphological and histological assessment was performed to evaluate the cartilage damage. RESULTS Baicalein significantly reduced the expression of MMPs in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, baicalein significantly reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), but not of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In addition, intra-articular injection of baicalein ameliorated the cartilage damage in a rabbit model of OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that baicalein may be considered as a potential agent for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen WP, Yang ZG, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Acacetin inhibits expression of matrix metalloproteinases via a MAPK-dependent mechanism in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1910-5. [PMID: 25856795 PMCID: PMC4549041 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune joint disease in which fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a pivotal role. In this study, we investigated the anti-arthritic properties of acacetin in FLSs. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot at gene and protein levels. At the same time, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was investigated. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We found that acacetin inhibits p38 and JNK phosphorylation and reduces MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression in interleukin-1β-induced FLSs. Our results suggest that acacetin has antiarthritic effects in FLSs. Thus, acacetin should be further studied for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Colton K, Yang S, Hu PF, Chen HH, Stansbury LG, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Responsiveness to therapy for increased intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury is associated with neurological outcome. Injury 2014; 45:2084-8. [PMID: 25304159 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In patients with severe traumatic brain injury, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is associated with poor functional outcome or death. Hypertonic saline (HTS) is a hyperosmolar therapy commonly used to treat increased ICP; this study aimed to measure initial patient response to HTS and look for association with patient outcome. Patients >17 years old, admitted and requiring ICP monitoring between 2008 and 2010 at a large urban tertiary care facility were retrospectively enrolled. The first dose of hypertonic saline administered after admission for ICP >19mmHg was recorded and correlated with vital signs recorded at the bedside. The absolute and relative change in ICP at 1 and 2h after HTS administration was calculated. Patients were stratified by mortality and long-term (≥6 months) functional neurological outcome. We identified 46 patients who received at least 1 dose of HTS for ICP>19, of whom 80% were male, mean age 34.4, with a median post-resuscitation GCS score of 6. All patients showed a significant decrease in ICP 1h after HTS administration. Two hours post-administration, survivors showed a further decrease in ICP (43% reduction from baseline), while ICP began to rebound in non-survivors (17% reduction from baseline). When patients were stratified for long-term neurological outcome, results were similar, with a significant difference in groups by 2h after HTS administration. In patients treated with HTS for intracranial hypertension, those who survived or had good neurological outcome, when compared to those who died or had poor outcomes, showed a significantly larger sustained decrease in ICP 2h after administration. This suggests that even early in a patient's treatment, treatment responsiveness is associated with mortality or poor functional outcome. While this work is preliminary, it suggests that early failure to obtain a sustainable response to hyperosmolar therapy may warrant greater treatment intensity or therapy escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Colton
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - S Yang
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P F Hu
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H H Chen
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L G Stansbury
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T M Scalea
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D M Stein
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bao JP, Jiang LF, Chen WP, Hu PF, Wu LD. Expression of vaspin in the joint and the levels in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:3447-3453. [PMID: 25419381 PMCID: PMC4238502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of vaspin in the joint and investigate the distribution between paired serum and synovial fluid (SF) in osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and serum in healthy controls. The gene expression of vaspin was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the OA joint tissues. The vaspin protein expression in the cartilage, synovium and osteophyte from OA patients who required total knee replacement (TKR) were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Levels of vaspin in serum and SF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), including 26 OA patients and 23 healthy controls. All the joint tissues including cartilage, synovium, meniscus, infrapatellar fat pad and osteophyte from OA patients expressed vaspin messenger RNA (mRNA), and the expression of vaspin protein was observed in OA cartilage, synovium and osteophyte. Furthermore, serum vaspin was reduced in OA patients compared to healthy controls, and serum vaspin levels from OA patients exceed those in the paired SF. Serum or SF vaspin were not related to age, gender, or body mass index (BMI). These results suggest that vaspin may be involved in the pathophysiology of OA and may have local effects in the joint during the process of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Feng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Colton K, Yang S, Hu PF, Chen HH, Bonds B, Stansbury LG, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Pharmacologic Treatment Reduces Pressure Times Time Dose and Relative Duration of Intracranial Hypertension. J Intensive Care Med 2014; 31:263-9. [PMID: 25320157 DOI: 10.1177/0885066614555692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Past work has shown the importance of the "pressure times time dose" (PTD) of intracranial hypertension (intracranial pressure [ICP] > 19 mm Hg) in predicting outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. We used automated data collection to measure the effect of common medications on the duration and dose of intracranial hypertension. METHODS Patients >17 years old, admitted and requiring ICP monitoring between 2008 and 2010 at a single, large urban tertiary care facility, were retrospectively enrolled. Timing and dose of ICP-directed therapy were recorded from paper and electronic medical records. The ICP data were collected automatically at 6-second intervals and averaged over 5 minutes. The percentage of time of intracranial hypertension (PTI) and PTD (mm Hg h) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 98 patients with 664 treatment instances were identified. Baseline PTD ranged from 27 (before administration of propofol and fentanyl) to 150 mm Hg h (before mannitol). A "small" dose of hypertonic saline (HTS; ≤250 mL 3%) reduced PTD by 38% in the first hour and 37% in the second hour and reduced the time with ICP >19 by 38% and 39% after 1 and 2 hours, respectively. A "large" dose of HTS reduced PTD by 40% in the first hour and 63% in the second (PTI reduction of 36% and 50%, respectively). An increased dose of propofol or fentanyl infusion failed to decrease PTD but reduced PTI between 14% (propofol alone) and 30% (combined increase in propofol and fentanyl, after 2 hours). Barbiturates failed to decrease PTD but decreased PTI by 30% up to 2 hours after administration. All reductions reported are significantly changed from baseline, P < .05. CONCLUSION Baseline PTD values before drug administration reflects varied patient criticality, with much higher values seen before the use of mannitol or barbiturates. Treatment with HTS reduced PTD and PTI burden significantly more than escalation of sedation or pain management, and this effect remained significant at 2 hours after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Colton
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Yang
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P F Hu
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H H Chen
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Bonds
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L G Stansbury
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T M Scalea
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D M Stein
- Shock Trauma Anesthesia Research Organized Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chen WP, Xiong Y, Shi YX, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Astaxanthin reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Astaxanthin is a red carotenoid pigment which exerts multiple biological activities. However, little is known about the effects of astaxanthin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in OA. The present study investigated the effects of astaxanthin on MMPs in human chondrocytes. Human chondrocytes were pretreated with astaxanthin at 1, 10 or 50μM, then, cells were stimulated with IL-1β (10ng/ml) for 24h. MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 were observed. We found that astaxanthin reduced the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 as well as the phosphorylation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (p38 and ERK1/2) in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. Astaxanthin also blocked the IκB-α degradation. These results suggest that astaxanthin may be beneficial in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Yong-Xiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.
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Chen WP, Yu C, Hu PF, Bao JP, Tang JL, Wu LD. Stigmasterol blocks cartilage degradation in rabbit model of osteoarthritis. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:537-541. [PMID: 23074702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stigmasterol has been shown exhibit anti-osteoarthritic properties in vitro studies. However, the in vivo effects of stigmasterol on cartilage are still unclear. This study investigated the anti-osteoarthritic properties of stigmasterol on cartilage degradation in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) to induce OA. Five rabbits were used as normal control. Two weeks after operation, the rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Each group of 10 rabbits received intra-articular injection with 0.3 ml of stigmasterol in left knees and vehicle in right knees, once weekly. Group 1 was killed 6 weeks after ACLT and 2 were sacrificed 9 weeks after ACLT. The knee joints were assessed by gross morphology, histology and gene expression analysis. We found that expression of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was significantly higher while tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was significantly lower in the both joints of the two OA groups compared to normal controls. Stigmasterol reduced the cartilage degradation as assessed by histological analysis and markedly suppressed MMPs expression both in group 1 and group 2. Our results suggest that stigmasterol may be considered as a possible therapeutical agent in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Stigmasterol has been shown exhibit anti-osteoarthritic properties in vitro studies. However, the in vivo effects of stigmasterol on cartilage are still unclear. This study investigated the anti-osteoarthritic properties of stigmasterol on cartilage degradation in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) to induce OA. Five rabbits were used as normal control. Two weeks after operation, the rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Each group of 10 rabbits received intra-articular injection with 0.3 ml of stigmasterol in left knees and vehicle in right knees, once weekly. Group 1 was killed 6 weeks after ACLT and 2 were sacrificed 9 weeks after ACLT. The knee joints were assessed by gross morphology, histology and gene expression analysis. We found that expression of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was significantly higher while tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was significantly lower in the both joints of the two OA groups compared to normal controls. Stigmasterol reduced the cartilage degradation as assessed by histological analysis and markedly suppressed MMPs expression both in group 1 and group 2. Our results suggest that stigmasterol may be considered as a possible therapeutical agent in the treatment of OA.
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Hu PF, Guan WJ, Li XC, Zhang WX, Li CL, Ma YH. Study on characteristics of in vitro culture and intracellular transduction of exogenous proteins in fibroblast cell line of Liaoning cashmere goat. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:327-36. [PMID: 23065271 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of fibroblast cell lines of endangered goat breeds and research on the gene or protein functions based on the cells made a significant contribution to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources. In this study, a fibroblast cell line of Liaoning cashmere goat, frozen in 174 cryovials with 5 × 10(6) cells each, was successfully established from 60 goats ear marginal tissues using explant culture and cryopreservation techniques. Biological analysis of in vitro cultured cell line showed that, the cells were morphologically consistent with fibroblasts; the average viability of the cells was 94.9 % before freezing and 90.1 % after thawing; the growth process of cells was consisted of a lag phase, a logarithmic phase and a plateau phase; cell population doubling time was 65.5 h; more than 90 % of cells were diploid prior to the 6th generation; Neither microbial contamination nor cross-contamination was detected. To determine cell permeability, intracellular path and stability of exogenous proteins during the transduction, a TAT protein transduction domain was fused to the C-terminus of enhanced green fluorescent protein, the established fibroblast cell line was treated with the purified exogenous proteins at various concentrations by adding them to the cell culture media for 1-24 h and assayed cell morphology and protein presence, it was found that the purified exogenous proteins readily entered cells at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml within 1.5 h and some of them could translocate into nucleus, moreover, the exogenous proteins appeared to be stable inside cells for up to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Hu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Abstract
Morin is a flavonoid isolated from members of the Moraceae family. Morin has been reported to possess antioxidative and anticarcinogenic activities. However, the antiosteoarthritic properties of morin have not been investigated. In this study, we evaluate the antiarthritic properties of morin through in vitro and in vivo studies. We examined the effects of morin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β)-induced rat chondrocytes by realtime polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The effects of morin on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases were also investigated. The in vivo antiosteoarthritic effects of morin were evaluated in the rat model of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). We found that morin inhibited the expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 and increased the expression of TIMP-1 in IL-1 β-induced rat chondrocytes. In addition, morin inhibited IL-1 β-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38. For the in vivo study in a rat model of OA induced by ACLT, in which morin was orally administered to rat, the results show that morin suppressed cartilage degradation. Our results suggest that morin may be considered as a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Peng Bao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Jie Fang Road 88#, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chen WP, Wang YL, Tang JL, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Morin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chen WP, Bao JP, Feng J, Hu PF, Shi ZL, Wu LD. Increased serum concentrations of visfatin and its production by different joint tissues in patients with osteoarthritis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:1141-5. [PMID: 20482384 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to investigate the distribution of visfatin in paired serum and synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and in serum from healthy controls. In addition, we wished to determine the potential sources of visfatin in joint tissue. METHODS Twenty-three patients with OA requiring total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 17 healthy subjects and ten donors requiring amputation were included in the study. Concentrations of visfatin in serum and SF were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentration of visfatin was also measured in conditioned media from cultured joint tissues. RESULTS We found serum visfatin concentrations to be higher in patients with OA compared to healthy controls (p<0.05), and SF-visfatin concentrations exceeded those in paired serum (p=0.004). In addition, infrapatellar fat pad and synovium were important sources of visfatin, while osteophytes released largest amounts of visfatin. Therefore, osteophytes can be considered a major source of visfatin in the knee joint in patients with OA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that visfatin may be involved in the pathophysiology of OA and may have local effects in the joint during the process of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Chen WP, Tang JL, Bao JP, Hu PF, Shi ZL, Wu LD. Anti-arthritic effects of chlorogenic acid in interleukin-1β-induced rabbit chondrocytes and a rabbit osteoarthritis model. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:23-8. [PMID: 20951230 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage degradation is one of the pathological changes of osteoarthritis (OA), and accumulating evidence suggests an excess of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a role in this cartilage breakdown. Here, we investigated the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on the mRNA and protein expression of MMPs in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced rabbit chondrocytes and evaluated the in vivo effects of CGA in experimental OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rabbits. Using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA to investigate the expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) in IL-1β-induced rabbit chondrocytes, we showed that CGA inhibits the expression of these MMPs while increasing TIMP-1 expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, IL-1β-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the degradation of inhibitor of κB (IκB)-α were suppressed by CGA. In rabbits, CGA decreased cartilage degradation as assessed by morphological and histological analyses. The down-regulation of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 expression and up-regulation of TIMP-1 expression were also detected in CGA-treated cartilage compared with vehicle-treated cartilage, confirming these findings in an in vivo model. Taken together, these findings indicate that CGA may be considered as a possible candidate agent in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, China
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Tang JL, Chen WP, Xiong Y, Hu PF, Wu LD. withdrawn The anti-inflammatory effects of apocynin, inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, contrasting hyaluronic acid on articular cartilage during the development of osteoarthritis in a rabbit model. Biomed Pharmacother 2010:S0753-3322(10)00128-9. [PMID: 20863650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Li Tang
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Surgery, the Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, JieFang Road No. 88, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Hu PF, Chen WP, Tang JL, Bao JP, Wu LD. Apelin plays a catabolic role on articular cartilage: in vivo and in vitro studies. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26:357-363. [PMID: 20664951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines play key roles in the regulation of bone growth, obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and HIV infection. As a newly discovered hormone in the adipokine family, the precise role of apelin on articular cartilage metabolism is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of apelin on articular cartilage. In vitro, we examined the effects of apelin on normal chondrocyte proliferation and gene expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In vivo, by intra-articular injection with apelin, we examined MMP-3, -9, collagen II and IL-1beta at both gene and protein levels. Furthermore, we measured the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ADAMTS-4 and -5 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 and 5) and the proteoglycan content in articular cartilage. Apelin stimulated the proliferation of chondrocytes and significantly increased mRNA levels of MMP-1, -3, -9 and IL-1beta in vitro. Intra-articular injection with apelin in vivo up-regulated the expression of MMP-3, -9, and IL-1beta as well as decreased the level of collagen II. Additionally, after treatment with apelin, mRNA levels of ADAMTS-4 and -5 markedly increased and depletion of proteoglycan in articular cartilage was found by histological assessment. These findings suggest that apelin plays a catabolic role in cartilage metabolism and is a risk factor in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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Chen WP, Tang JL, Bao JP, Hu PF, Yu C, Shi ZL, Wu LD. Effects of diallyl sulphide in chondrocyte and cartilage in experimental osteoarthritis in rabbit. Phytother Res 2010; 25:351-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen WP, Bao JP, Hu PF, Feng J, Wu LD. Alleviation of osteoarthritis by Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in experimental osteoarthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3967-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Canning J, Hu PF. Stability of thermally hypersensitised phosphosilicate waveguides and the characteristic growth curve. Opt Express 2001; 9:476-482. [PMID: 19424365 DOI: 10.1364/oe.9.000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature (80 0 C) hypersensitised hydrogen-loaded phosphosilicate optical fibre is found to be unstable, decaying progressively at room temperature. However, the hypersensitisation process linearises the grating growth characteristic curve. Further, a negative index contribution is inferred at low fluence in the presence of hydrogen.
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Abstract
Conventional hydrogen loading of phosphosilicate optical fibers at relatively low temperatures (80 degrees C) is sufficient to enhance the fiber's photosensitivity after hydrogen outdiffusion, allowing permanent Bragg grating structures to be produced. Thermal sensitization is proposed to be a major contributor to stable index change.
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Canning J, Aslund M, Hu PF. Ultraviolet-induced absorption losses in hydrogen-loaded optical fibers and in presensitized optical fibers. Opt Lett 2000; 25:1621-1623. [PMID: 18066294 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.001621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reduced hydroxyl formation in presensitized fibers exposed to cw 244-nm light after hydrogen outdiffusion is reported. The OH band in the presensitized fiber shifts toward 1390 nm. In the fully hydrogen-loaded fiber the OH band is centered at 1397 nm and does not shift with fluence.
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Hu PF, Hultin LE, Hultin P, Hausner MA, Hirji K, Jewett A, Bonavida B, Detels R, Giorgi JV. Natural killer cell immunodeficiency in HIV disease is manifest by profoundly decreased numbers of CD16+CD56+ cells and expansion of a population of CD16dimCD56- cells with low lytic activity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 10:331-40. [PMID: 7552495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were enumerated by three-color immunofluorescence in 255 uninfected and 399 human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Several dramatic alterations were observed. First, the median number and percentage of CD16+CD56+ NK cells, the subset that comprises > 90% of the NK cells in healthy adults, were severely decreased (median, 175/mm3 in uninfected controls; 63/mm3 in HIV-infected non-AIDS subjects). Even subjects with > 800 CD4+ cells/mm3 had decreased CD16+CD56+ NK cell levels (97/mm3). Second, the number of CD16+CD56- cells, an NK population that is rare in healthy adults, was elevated (median, 20/mm3 in uninfected controls; 64/mm3 in HIV-seropositive non-AIDS subjects). Third, the expression of CD16 on the NK cells was markedly reduced; some CD56+ cells and virtually all CD56- cells were CD16dim. Fourth, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting studies revealed little NK- or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity in the CD16dimCD56- cell population. These results indicate that the pathogenesis of HIV disease includes numerical alterations in subpopulations of NK cells. A better understanding of how HIV infection causes this aspect of pathogenesis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Hu
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90095-1745, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to develop an audiovideo data acquisition system that facilitates studying the activities of anesthesia care providers in the clinical environment. METHOD Ceiling-mounted miniature video cameras, vital sign monitors, and videocassette recorders (VCRs) were interfaced to digital computers in two patient admitting areas and two operating rooms of a trauma center. This video data acquisition system network (VASNET) is simple to operate. Insertion of a videotape activates the system and begins video overlay of updated vital signs onto the video image every 5 sec. Recorded data is passed via a local area network, allowing remote monitoring of the data acquisition process. To facilitate analysis of the video at a later time, the image, soundtrack, and vital signs data are stamped with the same time code. Each tape is initialized by recording the data file name and wall clock time for 30 sec at the start of taping. This initialization enables comparison of the video recordings with anesthesia, surgical, and nursing records. RESULTS During 2 years of operation, VASNET was used to record over 100 cases of acute trauma management. Vital signs overlaid onto the video image identified when patient monitors were in use and providing data. Participants found videotape review useful in assessing their own performance. VASNET was nonintrusive and acquired data with minimum user interaction. In one operating room, separate from the trauma center, VASNET was installed to function as a remote monitor, with the option of videotaping. Although users were aware of when videotaping occurred, once patient management was underway, the activities of the anesthesia care providers did not appear to be influenced by the videocassette recording. Equipment maintenance was not excessive. The most frequent problems were changes to the VCR control settings and disconnection of the power supply or interface connections. CONCLUSIONS Videotapes of the process of anesthetizing and resuscitating trauma patients provided a record of the activities of anesthesia care providers. Video vignettes may be useful training tools. Excerpts from real scenarios can be incorporated into anesthesia stimulators. The soundtrack and timing of real events from such video acquisition may be useful in the development of multimedia simulations of trauma patient resuscitation. The data collection may be useful for research into human performance, ergonomics, training techniques, quality assurance, and certification of anesthesia care providers in trauma patient management. Potential additional applications of VASNET include remote monitoring of patients in the operating room, in the intensive care unit, during transportation, in hazardous environments, and in the field. Such VASNET telemetry may facilitate the availability of expert opinions during medical and other consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Mackenzie
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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Waugh RJ, Steinborner ST, Bowie JH, Wallace JC, Tyler MJ, Hu PF, Gross ML. Two Isomeric α and β Aspartyl Dodecapeptides and Their Cyclic Amino Succinyl Analogue From the Australian Green Tree Frog Litoria gilleni. Aust J Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1071/ch9951981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three related peptides, caeridins 1.1-1.3, have been isolated from the green tree frog Litoria gilleni. Caeridins 1.1 and 1.2 are dodecapeptides differing only in having α and β Asp at residue 4 [viz. Gly Leu Leu Asp Gly Leu Leu Gly Thr Leu Gly Leu (NH2)]. Caeridin 1.3 is the corresponding cyclic amino succinyl derivative derived formally by cyclization of Asp(4) and Gly (5). Hydrolysis of caeridin 1.3 yields caeridin 1.1 and 1.2 in the ratio 3:1. This constitutes a rare case of the isolation of three such related peptides from a natural system.
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