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Zhu W, Xu X, Nagarajan V, Guo J, Peng Z, Zhang A, Liu J, Mattapallil MJ, Jittayasothorn Y, Horai R, Leger AJS, Caspi RR. TLR2 Supports γδ T cell IL-17A Response to ocular surface commensals by Metabolic Reprogramming. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.01.587519. [PMID: 38712203 PMCID: PMC11071315 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The ocular surface is a mucosal barrier tissue colonized by commensal microbes, which tune local immunity by eliciting IL-17 from conjunctival γδ T cells to prevent pathogenic infection. The commensal Corynebacterium mastitidis (C. mast) elicits protective IL-17 responses from conjunctival Vγ4 T cells through a combination of γδ TCR ligation and IL-1 signaling. Here, we identify Vγ6 T cells as a major C. mast-responsive subset in the conjunctiva and uncover its unique activation requirements. We demonstrate that Vγ6 cells require not only extrinsic (via dendritic cells) but also intrinsic TLR2 stimulation for optimal IL-17A response. Mechanistically, intrinsic TLR2 signaling was associated with epigenetic changes and enhanced expression of genes responsible for metabolic shift to fatty acid oxidation to support Il17a transcription. We identify one key transcription factor, IκBζ, which is upregulated by TLR2 stimulation and is essential for this program. Our study highlights the importance of intrinsic TLR2 signaling in driving metabolic reprogramming and production of IL-17A in microbiome-specific mucosal γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zixuan Peng
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
- Current address: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
| | | | | | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony J. St. Leger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology and Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Yin M, Smith JA, Chou M, Chan J, Jittayasothorn Y, Gould DB, Caspi RR, Anderson MS, DeFranco AL. Tracking the role of Aire in immune tolerance to the eye with a TCR transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311487121. [PMID: 38261611 PMCID: PMC10835137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311487121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-half of mice with partial defects in two immune tolerance pathways (AireGW/+Lyn-/- mice) spontaneously develop severe damage to their retinas due to T cell reactivity to Aire-regulated interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of CD4+ T cells specific for a predominate epitope of IRBP showed a remarkable diversity of autoantigen-specific TCRs with greater clonal expansions in mice with disease. TCR transgenic mice made with an expanded IRBP-specific TCR (P2.U2) of intermediate affinity exhibited strong but incomplete negative selection of thymocytes. This negative selection was absent in IRBP-/- mice and greatly defective in AireGW/+ mice. Most P2.U2+/- mice and all P2.U.2+/-AireGW/+ mice rapidly developed inflammation of the retina and adjacent uvea (uveitis). Aire-dependent IRBP expression in the thymus also promoted Treg differentiation, but the niche for this fate determination was small, suggesting differences in antigen presentation leading to negative selection vs. thymic Treg differentiation and a stronger role for negative selection in preventing autoimmune disease in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Marissa Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jackie Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bakar Aging Research Institute, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Zhang L, Luo L, Chen JY, Singh R, Baldwin WM, Fox DA, Lindner DJ, Martin DF, Caspi RR, Lin F. A CD6-targeted antibody-drug conjugate as a potential therapy for T cell-mediated disorders. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172914. [PMID: 37917882 PMCID: PMC10795824 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective targeting of pathogenic T cells is a holy grail in the development of new therapeutics for T cell-mediated disorders, including many autoimmune diseases and graft versus host disease. We describe the development of a CD6-targeted antibody-drug conjugate (CD6-ADC) by conjugating an inactive form of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a potent mitotic toxin, onto a mAb against CD6, an established T cell surface marker. Even though CD6 is present on all T cells, only the activated (pathogenic) T cells vigorously divide and thus are susceptible to the antimitotic MMAE-mediated killing via the CD6-ADC. We found CD6-ADC selectively killed activated proliferating human T cells and antigen-specific mouse T cells in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo, whereas the CD6-ADC had no significant detrimental effect on normal T cells in naive CD6-humanized mice, the same dose of CD6-ADC, but not the controls, efficiently treated 2 preclinical models of autoimmune uveitis and a model of graft versus host disease. These results provide evidence suggesting that CD6-ADC could be further developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the selective elimination of pathogenic T cells and treatment of many T cell-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jin Y. Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rupesh Singh
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David A. Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel J. Lindner
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Salvador R, Horai R, Zhang A, Jittayasothorn Y, Tang J, Gupta A, Nagarajan V, Caspi RR. Too Much of a Good Thing: Extended Duration of Gut Microbiota Depletion Reverses Protection From Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:43. [PMID: 38019490 PMCID: PMC10691388 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Using the model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by immunization with a retinal antigen, two studies have reported contradictory results on disease development following oral antibiotic treatment (ABX). We showed that long-term ABX did not affect EAU, but another study showed that short-term ABX was protective. We therefore studied the effects of ABX on EAU, gut microbiota, and host immune responses as a function of treatment duration. Methods EAU-susceptible mice were treated orally with broad-spectrum antibiotics starting at least 10 weeks (long-term) or 1 week (short-term) before immunization until termination of the experiment. Gut microbiota were characterized by 16S amplicon sequencing, and host gut immune elements were studied phenotypically and functionally. Results Long-term ABX had no effect, whereas short-term ABX delayed EAU, as previously reported by us and others, respectively. Microbial sequencing revealed progressive reduction of gut microbiota that showed some differences in the two ABX groups. Interestingly, duration of ABX was associated with a gradual disappearance of the CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ subset of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). This IEL subset is microbiota dependent and is absent in germ-free mice. Relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri correlated with the frequencies of CD4+CD8+ IELs. IELs suppressed antigen-specific activation of autoreactive T cells in culture. Conclusions Gut microbiota may play dual roles in uveitis development: They promote EAU development but also help maintain IEL populations that have regulatory function against autoreactive T cells. We propose that the progressive loss of this population during long-term ABX reverses the EAU-ameliorating effects of microbiota depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Salvador
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Amy Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jihong Tang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Akriti Gupta
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Gonzalez-Fierro C, Fonte C, Dufourd E, Cazaentre V, Aydin S, Engelhardt B, Caspi RR, Xu B, Martin-Blondel G, Spicer JA, Trapani JA, Bauer J, Liblau RS, Bost C. Effects of a Small-Molecule Perforin Inhibitor in a Mouse Model of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2023; 10:e200117. [PMID: 37080596 PMCID: PMC10119812 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the interface between blood and CNS parenchyma is prominent in most neuroinflammatory diseases. In several neurologic diseases, including cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome, a CD8 T cell-mediated targeting of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) has been implicated in pathogenesis. METHODS In this study, we used an experimental mouse model to evaluate the ability of a small-molecule perforin inhibitor to prevent neuroinflammation resulting from cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated damage of BBB-ECs. RESULTS Using an in vitro coculture system, we first identified perforin as an essential molecule for killing of BBB-ECs by CD8 T cells. We then found that short-term pharmacologic inhibition of perforin commencing after disease onset restored motor function and inhibited the neuropathology. Perforin inhibition resulted in preserved BBB-EC viability, maintenance of the BBB, and reduced CD8 T-cell accumulation in the brain and retina. DISCUSSION Therefore, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity plays a key role in the death of BBB-ECs inflicted by autoreactive CD8 T cells in a preclinical model and potentially represents a therapeutic target for CD8 T cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gonzalez-Fierro
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Coralie Fonte
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Eloïse Dufourd
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Vincent Cazaentre
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Sidar Aydin
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Biying Xu
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Julie A Spicer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France.
| | - Chloé Bost
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
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Datta A, Truong T, Lee JH, Horneman H, Flandrin O, Lee J, Kumar NG, Caspi RR, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Contact lens-induced corneal parainflammation involving Ly6G+ cell infiltration requires IL-17A and γδ T cells. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:79-89. [PMID: 36758675 PMCID: PMC10406967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, using a murine model, we reported that contact lens (CL) wear induced corneal parainflammation involving CD11c+ cells after 24 h and Ly6G+ cells (neutrophils) after 5-6 days. Here, we investigated the role of IL-17 and γδ T cells in the CL-induced neutrophil response. METHODS CL-wearing C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were compared to lens-wearing IL-17A/F single or double gene knock-out mice, or mice treated with UC7-13D5 monoclonal antibody to functionally deplete γδ T cells. Contralateral eyes served as no lens wear controls. Corneal Ly6G+ and γδ T cell responses were quantified as was expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A/F, IL-β, IL-18 and expression of IL-17A/F protein. RESULTS After 6 days lens wear, WT corneas showed Ly6G+ cell infiltration while remaining free of visible pathology. In contrast, lens-wearing corneas of IL-17AF (-/-), IL-17A (-/-) mice and γδ T cell-depleted mice showed little or no Ly6G+ cell infiltration. No Ly6G+ cell infiltration was detected in contralateral eye controls. Lens-wearing WT corneas also showed a significant increase in γδ T cells after 24 h that was maintained after 6 days of wear, and significantly increased cytokine gene expression after 6 days versus contralateral controls: IL-18 & IL-17A (∼3.9 fold) and IL-23 (∼6.5-fold). Increased IL-17A protein (∼4-fold) was detected after 6 days lens wear. γδ T cell-depletion abrogated these lens-induced changes in cytokine gene and protein expression. CONCLUSION Together, these data show that IL-17A and γδ T cells are required for Ly6G+ cell (neutrophil) infiltration of the cornea during contact lens-induced parainflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Datta
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Truong
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hart Horneman
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Orneika Flandrin
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Justin Lee
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naren G Kumar
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David J Evans
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Vision Science, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Fernando N, Gopalakrishnan J, Behensky A, Reich L, Liu C, Bass V, Bono M, Montgomery W, De Pace R, Mattapallil M, Nagarajan V, Brooks S, Maric D, Caspi RR, McGavern DB, Shih HY. Single-cell multiomic analysis reveals the involvement of Type I interferon-responsive CD8+ T cells in amyloid beta-associated memory loss. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.18.533293. [PMID: 37090642 PMCID: PMC10120715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, but there are limited therapeutic options and no current cure. While the involvement of microglia in AD has been highly appreciated, the role of other innate and adaptive immune cells remains largely unknown, partly due to their scarcity and heterogeneity. This study aimed to study non-microglial immune cells in wild type and AD-transgenic mouse brains across different ages. Our results uncovered the presence of a unique CD8+ T cell population that were selectively increased in aging AD mouse brains, here referred to as "disease-associated T cells (DATs)". These DATs were found to express an elevated tissue-resident memory and Type I interferon-responsive gene signature. Further analysis of aged AD mouse brains showed that these CD8+ T cells were not present in peripheral or meningeal tissues. Preventing CD8+ T cell development in AD-transgenic mice via genetic deletion of beta-2 microglobulin ( B2m ) led to a reduction of amyloid-β plaque formation in aged mice, and improved memory in AD-transgenic mice as early as four months of age. The integration of transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles at the single-cell level revealed potential transcription factors that reshape the regulomes of CD8+ T cells. These findings highlight a critical role for DATs in the progression of AD and provide a new avenue for treatment.
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8
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Kozycki CT, Kodati S, Huryn L, Wang H, Warner BM, Jani P, Hammoud D, Abu-Asab MS, Jittayasothorn Y, Mattapallil MJ, Tsai WL, Ullah E, Zhou P, Tian X, Soldatos A, Moutsopoulos N, Kao-Hsieh M, Heller T, Cowen EW, Lee CCR, Toro C, Kalsi S, Khavandgar Z, Baer A, Beach M, Long Priel D, Nehrebecky M, Rosenzweig S, Romeo T, Deuitch N, Brenchley L, Pelayo E, Zein W, Sen N, Yang AH, Farley G, Sweetser DA, Briere L, Yang J, de Oliveira Poswar F, Schwartz I, Silva Alves T, Dusser P, Koné-Paut I, Touitou I, Titah SM, van Hagen PM, van Wijck RTA, van der Spek PJ, Yano H, Benneche A, Apalset EM, Jansson RW, Caspi RR, Kuhns DB, Gadina M, Takada H, Ida H, Nishikomori R, Verrecchia E, Sangiorgi E, Manna R, Brooks BP, Sobrin L, Hufnagel R, Beck D, Shao F, Ombrello AK, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL. Gain-of-function mutations in ALPK1 cause an NF-κB-mediated autoinflammatory disease: functional assessment, clinical phenotyping and disease course of patients with ROSAH syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1453-1464. [PMID: 35868845 PMCID: PMC9484401 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that ROSAH (retinal dystrophy, optic nerve oedema, splenomegaly, anhidrosis and headache) syndrome, caused by dominant mutation in ALPK1, is an autoinflammatory disease. Methods This cohort study systematically evaluated 27 patients with ROSAH syndrome for inflammatory features and investigated the effect of ALPK1 mutations on immune signalling. Clinical, immunologic and radiographical examinations were performed, and 10 patients were empirically initiated on anticytokine therapy and monitored. Exome sequencing was used to identify a new pathogenic variant. Cytokine profiling, transcriptomics, immunoblotting and knock-in mice were used to assess the impact of ALPK1 mutations on protein function and immune signalling. Results The majority of the cohort carried the p.Thr237Met mutation but we also identified a new ROSAH-associated mutation, p.Tyr254Cys. Nearly all patients exhibited at least one feature consistent with inflammation including recurrent fever, headaches with meningeal enhancement and premature basal ganglia/brainstem mineralisation on MRI, deforming arthritis and AA amyloidosis. However, there was significant phenotypic variation, even within families and some adults lacked functional visual deficits. While anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 therapies suppressed systemic inflammation and improved quality of life, anti-IL-6 (tocilizumab) was the only anticytokine therapy that improved intraocular inflammation (two of two patients). Patients’ primary samples and in vitro assays with mutated ALPK1 constructs showed immune activation with increased NF-κB signalling, STAT1 phosphorylation and interferon gene expression signature. Knock-in mice with the Alpk1 T237M mutation exhibited subclinical inflammation. Clinical features not conventionally attributed to inflammation were also common in the cohort and included short dental roots, enamel defects and decreased salivary flow. Conclusion ROSAH syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in ALPK1 and some features of disease are amenable to immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Torres Kozycki
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA .,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Hongying Wang
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake M Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Priyam Jani
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dima Hammoud
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Wanxia Li Tsai
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ehsan Ullah
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ariane Soldatos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Niki Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie Kao-Hsieh
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, NIH, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Camilo Toro
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelley Kalsi
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zohreh Khavandgar
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Baer
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Beach
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Long Priel
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele Nehrebecky
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sofia Rosenzweig
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina Romeo
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Deuitch
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie Brenchley
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadih Zein
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nida Sen
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander H Yang
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary Farley
- Drs. Gilbert and Farley, OD, PC, Colonial Heights, Virginia, USA
| | - David A Sweetser
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Genomic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Briere
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Genomic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janine Yang
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fabiano de Oliveira Poswar
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ida Schwartz
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Perrine Dusser
- Service de Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires de l'enfant, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP HP, Université Paris Sud, Bicetre, France
| | - Isabelle Koné-Paut
- Service de Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'amylose inflammatoire CEREMAIA, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP HP, Université Paris Saclay, Bicetre, France
| | - Isabelle Touitou
- CeRéMAIA, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Benneche
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen M Apalset
- Bergen Group of Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Rheumatic Disease, Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas Byron Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Child Health, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ida
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ryuta Nishikomori
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Elena Verrecchia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Periodic Fevers Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Sangiorgi
- Istitute of Genomic di Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele Manna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Periodic Fevers Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Amanda K Ombrello
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Nagarajan V, St. Leger AJ, Zhang A, Silver P, Caspi RR. Draft Reference Genome Sequence of Corynebacterium mastitidis RC, an Ocular Commensal, Isolated from Mouse Conjunctiva. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0018722. [PMID: 35536012 PMCID: PMC9202379 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the genome sequence of a protective commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis RC, isolated from mouse conjunctiva. The C. mastitidis RC genome sequence is 2,153,054 bp in size and 96.95% complete, and we believe that it can contribute to the understanding of the functional immune attributes of the ocular commensal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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DeDreu J, Pal-Ghosh S, Mattapallil MJ, Caspi RR, Stepp MA, Menko AS. Uveitis-mediated immune cell invasion through the extracellular matrix of the lens capsule. FASEB J 2021; 36:e21995. [PMID: 34874579 PMCID: PMC9300120 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101098r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
While the eye is considered an immune privileged site, its privilege is abrogated when immune cells are recruited from the surrounding vasculature in response to trauma, infection, aging, and autoimmune diseases like uveitis. Here, we investigate whether in uveitis immune cells become associated with the lens capsule and compromise its privilege in studies of C57BL/6J mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis. These studies show that at D14, the peak of uveitis in these mice, T cells, macrophages, and Ly6G/Ly6C+ immune cells associate with the lens basement membrane capsule, burrow into the capsule matrix, and remain integrated with the capsule as immune resolution is occurring at D26. 3D surface rendering image analytics of confocal z‐stacks and scanning electron microscopy imaging of the lens surface show the degradation of the lens capsule as these lens‐associated immune cells integrate with and invade the lens capsule, with a subset infiltrating both epithelial and fiber cell regions of lens tissue, abrogating its immune privilege. Those immune cells that remain on the surface often become entwined with a fibrillar net‐like structure. Immune cell invasion of the lens capsule in uveitis has not been described previously and may play a role in induction of lens and other eye pathologies associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- JodiRae DeDreu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Salvador R, Zhang A, Horai R, Caspi RR. Microbiota as Drivers and as Therapeutic Targets in Ocular and Tissue Specific Autoimmunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:606751. [PMID: 33614621 PMCID: PMC7893107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a major cause of blindness in humans. Activation of retina-specific autoreactive T cells by commensal microbiota has been shown to trigger uveitis in mice. Although a culprit microbe and/or its immunogenic antigen remains to be identified, studies from inducible and spontaneous mouse models suggest the potential of microbiota-modulating therapies for treating ocular autoimmune disease. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the contribution of microbiota to T cell-driven, tissue-specific autoimmunity, with an emphasis on autoimmune uveitis, and analyze microbiota-altering interventions, including antibiotics, probiotics, and microbiota-derived metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), which have been shown to be effective in other autoimmune diseases. We also discuss the need to explore more translational animal models as well as to integrate various datasets (microbiomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and other cellular measurements) to gain a better understanding of how microbiota can directly or indirectly modulate the immune system and contribute to the onset of disease. It is hoped that deeper understanding of these interactions may lead to more effective treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Salvador
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amy Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Xu B, Tang J, Lyu C, Wandu WS, Stumpo DJ, Mattapallil MJ, Horai R, Gery I, Blackshear PJ, Caspi RR. Regulated Tristetraprolin Overexpression Dampens the Development and Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:583510. [PMID: 33569048 PMCID: PMC7868398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis, a common cause of blindness in man, is often mediated by autoimmunity, a process in which cytokines play major roles. The biosynthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines are regulated in part by tristetraprolin (TTP), an endogenous anti-inflammatory protein that acts by binding directly to specific sequence motifs in the 3'-untranslated regions of target mRNAs, promoting their turnover, and inhibiting synthesis of their encoded proteins. We recently developed a TTP-overexpressing mouse (TTPΔARE) by deleting an AU-rich element (ARE) instability motif from the TTP mRNA, resulting in increased accumulation of TTP mRNA and protein throughout the animal. Here, we show that homozygous TTPΔARE mice are resistant to the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), an established model for human autoimmune (noninfectious) uveitis. Lymphocytes from TTPΔARE mice produced lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, and TNFα than wild type (WT) mice. TTPΔARE mice also produced lower titers of antibodies against the uveitogenic protein. In contrast, TTPΔARE mice produced higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and had higher frequencies of regulatory T-cells, which, moreover, displayed a moderately higher per-cell regulatory ability. Heterozygous mice developed EAU and associated immunological responses at levels intermediate between homozygous TTPΔARE mice and WT controls. TTPΔARE mice were able, however, to develop EAU following adoptive transfer of activated WT T-cells specific to IRBP peptide 651-670, and naïve T-cells from TTPΔARE mice could be activated by antibodies to CD3/CD28. Importantly, TTPΔARE antigen presenting cells were significantly less efficient compared to WT in priming naïve T cells, suggesting that this feature plays a major role in the dampened immune responses of the TTPΔARE mice. Our observations demonstrate that elevated systemic levels of TTP can inhibit the pathogenic processes involved in EAU, and suggest the possible use of TTP-based treatments in humans with uveitis and other autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jihong Tang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cancan Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wambui S Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deborah J Stumpo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.,Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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14
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Bing SJ, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Mattapallil MJ, Chan CC, Horai R, Caspi RR. Autoimmunity to neuroretina in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A is mediated by a GM-CSF-driven eosinophilic inflammation. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102507. [PMID: 32593472 PMCID: PMC7572578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ and IL-17A can each elicit ocular autoimmunity independently of the other. Since absence of IFN-γ or IL-17A individually failed to abolish pathology of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we examined EAU development in the absence of both these cytokines. Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice were fully susceptible to EAU with a characteristic eosinophilic ocular infiltrate, as opposed to a mononuclear infiltrate in WT mice. Retinal pathology in double-deficient mice was ameliorated when eosinophils were genetically absent or their migration was blocked, supporting a pathogenic role for eosinophils in EAU in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A. In EAU-challenged Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice, ocular infiltrates contained increased GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells, and supernatants of retinal antigen-stimulated splenocytes contained enhanced levels of GM-CSF that contributed to activation and migration of eosinophils in vitro. Systemic or local blockade of GM-CSF ameliorated EAU in Ifng-/-Il17a-/- mice, reduced eosinophil peroxidase levels in the eye and in the serum and decreased eosinophil infiltration to the eye. These results support the interpretation that, in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A, GM-CSF takes on a major role as an inflammatory effector cytokine and drives an eosinophil-dominant pathology. Our findings may impact therapeutic strategies aiming to target IFN-γ and IL-17A in autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Napier RJ, Lee EJ, Davey MP, Vance EE, Furtado JM, Snow PE, Samson KA, Lashley SJ, Brown BR, Horai R, Mattapallil MJ, Xu B, Callegan MC, Uebelhoer LS, Lancioni CL, Vehe RK, Binstadt BA, Smith JR, Caspi RR, Rosenzweig HL. T cell-intrinsic role for Nod2 in protection against Th17-mediated uveitis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5406. [PMID: 33106495 PMCID: PMC7589501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) cause Blau syndrome, an inflammatory disorder characterized by uveitis. The antimicrobial functions of Nod2 are well-established, yet the cellular mechanisms by which dysregulated Nod2 causes uveitis remain unknown. Here, we report a non-conventional, T cell-intrinsic function for Nod2 in suppression of Th17 immunity and experimental uveitis. Reconstitution of lymphopenic hosts with Nod2-/- CD4+ T cells or retina-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells lacking Nod2 reveals a T cell-autonomous, Rip2-independent mechanism for Nod2 in uveitis. In naive animals, Nod2 operates downstream of TCR ligation to suppress activation of memory CD4+ T cells that associate with an autoreactive-like profile involving IL-17 and Ccr7. Interestingly, CD4+ T cells from two Blau syndrome patients show elevated IL-17 and increased CCR7. Our data define Nod2 as a T cell-intrinsic rheostat of Th17 immunity, and open new avenues for T cell-based therapies for Nod2-associated disorders such as Blau syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Napier
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ellen J Lee
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Michael P Davey
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Emily E Vance
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - João M Furtado
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Butanta, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paige E Snow
- Department of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Sydney J Lashley
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - Biying Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.,Dean A. McGee Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Luke S Uebelhoer
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christina L Lancioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Richard K Vehe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota and the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota and the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Center for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Justine R Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Holly L Rosenzweig
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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16
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Wang W, Chong WP, Li C, Chen Z, Wu S, Zhou H, Wan Y, Chen W, Gery I, Liu Y, Caspi RR, Chen J. Type I Interferon Therapy Limits CNS Autoimmunity by Inhibiting CXCR3-Mediated Trafficking of Pathogenic Effector T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:486-497.e4. [PMID: 31291583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have therapeutic potential in CNS autoimmune diseases, such as uveitis, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Using a T cell-transfer model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we found that IFN-α/β treatment inhibited the migration of IFN-γ-producing pathogenic CD4+ T cells to effector sites. IFN-α/β upregulated the expression of the cognate ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, causing ligand-mediated downregulation of CXCR3 expression and effector T cell retention in the spleen. Accordingly, type I IFN did not alter EAU progression in CXCR3-/- mice. In uveitis patients, disease exacerbations correlated with reduced serum IFN-α concentrations. IFN-α/β reduced CXCR3 expression and migration by human effector T cells, and these parameters were associated with the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-α in uveitis patients. Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of type I IFN therapy for CNS autoimmune diseases and identify CXCR3 as a biomarker for effective type I IFN immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wai Po Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 40038, China
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510060, China; Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Bing SJ, Lyu C, Xu B, Wandu WS, Hinshaw SJ, Furumoto Y, Caspi RR, Gadina M, Gery I. Tofacitinib inhibits the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis and reduces the proportions of Th1 but not of Th17 cells. Mol Vis 2020; 26:641-651. [PMID: 33088168 PMCID: PMC7531779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tofacitinib is a pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that suppresses cytokine signaling and in turn, the cells that participate in inflammatory immunopathogenic processes. We examined the capacity of tofacitinib to inhibit the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and related immune responses. Methods EAU was induced in B10.A mice with immunization with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and a simultaneous injection of pertussis toxin. Tofacitinib, 25 mg/kg, was administered daily, and the vehicle was used for control. EAU development was assessed by histological analysis of the mouse eyes, and related immune responses were assessed by (i) the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, secreted by spleen cells cultured with IRBP; (ii) flow cytometric analysis of intracellular expression by spleen, or eye-infiltrating CD4 or CD8 cells of IFN-γ, IL-17, and their transcription factors, T-bet and RORγt. In addition, the inflammation-related cell markers CD44 and CD62L and Ki67, a proliferation marker, were tested. The proportions of T-regulatory cells expressing FoxP3 were determined by flow cytometric intracellular staining, while levels of antibody to IRBP were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Treatment with tofacitinib significantly suppressed the development of EAU and reduced the levels of secreted IFN-γ, but not of IL-17. Further, treatment with tofacitinib reduced in the spleen and eye-infiltrating cells the intracellular expression of IFN-γ and its transcription factor T-bet. In contrast, treatment with tofacitinib had essentially no effect on the intracellular expression of IL-17 and its transcription factor, RORγt. The selective effect of tofacitinib treatment was particularly evident in the CD8 population. Treatment with tofacitinib also increased the population of CD44, but reduced the populations of cells producing CD62L and Ki67. Treatment with tofacitinib had no effect on the proportion of FoxP3 producing regulatory cells and on the antibody production to IRBP. Conclusions Treatment with tofacitinib inhibited the development of EAU, reduced the production of IFN-γ, but had essentially no effect on the production of IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cancan Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biying Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wambui S. Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Samuel J. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yasuko Furumoto
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel R. Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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18
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Chong WP, Mattapallil MJ, Raychaudhuri K, Bing SJ, Wu S, Zhong Y, Wang W, Chen Z, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Chen J, Horai R, Caspi RR. The Cytokine IL-17A Limits Th17 Pathogenicity via a Negative Feedback Loop Driven by Autocrine Induction of IL-24. Immunity 2020; 53:384-397.e5. [PMID: 32673565 PMCID: PMC7362799 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Th17 cell responses underlie multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune uveitis and its animal model, EAU. However, clinical trials targeting IL-17A in uveitis were not successful. Here, we report that Th17 cells were regulated by their own signature cytokine, IL-17A. Loss of IL-17A in autopathogenic Th17 cells did not reduce their pathogenicity and instead elevated their expression of the Th17 cytokines GM-CSF and IL-17F. Mechanistic in vitro studies revealed a Th17 cell-intrinsic autocrine loop triggered by binding of IL-17A to its receptor, leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and induction of IL-24, which repressed the Th17 cytokine program. In vivo, IL-24 treatment ameliorated Th17-induced EAU, whereas silencing of IL-24 in Th17 cells enhanced disease. This regulatory pathway also operated in human Th17 cells. Thus, IL-17A limits pathogenicity of Th17 cells by inducing IL-24. These findings may explain the disappointing therapeutic effect of targeting IL-17A in uveitis. IL-17A deficiency does not reduce the pathogenicity of Th17 cells in uveitis IL-17A binds to its own receptor on Th17 cells, activating NF-κB NF-κB induces IL-24 production, repressing the Th17 cytokine program through SOCS1/3 Silencing or depleting IL-24 in Th17 cells exacerbates neuroinflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Po Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Kumarkrishna Raychaudhuri
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Sihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yajie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - WeiWei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
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19
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Horai R, Bing SJ, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Caspi RR. GM-CSF mediates development of eosinophil-dominant autoimmune uveitis in the absence of both IFN-γ and IL-17A. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.142.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a group of blinding diseases triggered by activated retina-specific T cells. Studies in uveitis patients and experiments in animal models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) support the notion that Th1 and Th17 cells are both pathogenic effectors and each can elicit ocular autoimmunity independently of the other. Since absence of IFN-γ or IL-17A individually failed to abolish pathology of EAU, we examined EAU development in the absence of both cytokines. Ifng−/−Il17a−/− mice were fully susceptible to EAU and displayed eosinophil-dominant ocular infiltrates, as opposed to mononuclear infiltrates in WT mice. EAU was ameliorated in double-deficient mice when eosinophils were genetically absent or their migration was blocked, supporting a pathogenic role of eosinophils in the absence of both IFN-γ and IL-17A. In Ifng−/−Il17a−/− mice immunized for EAU, ocular infiltrates contained increased GM-CSF-producing CD4 T cells, and supernatants of antigen-recalled splenocytes contained enhanced levels of GM-CSF that contributed to activation and migration of eosinophils in vitro. Systemic or local blockade of GM-CSF ameliorated EAU in Ifng−/−Il17a−/− mice. Neutralization of GM-CSF during the induction phase of EAU decreased eosinophil infiltration to the eye and eosinophil peroxidase levels in the eye and in the serum. These results support the interpretation that, in the concurrent absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A, GM-CSF takes on a major role as a pathogenic effector cytokine and induces an eosinophil-dominant pathology. This may impact therapeutic strategies aiming to target IFN-γ and IL-17A in autoimmune uveitis.
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20
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Zhu W, Xu X, St. Leger AJ, Almaghrabi F, Horai R, Caspi RR. Toll-like Receptor 2 is crucial for commensal-specific immune responses on the ocular surface. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.83.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Conjunctiva of the eye is a mucosal immune tissue and harbors a variety of immune cells. It is exposed to diverse microorganisms that come in contact with the ocular surface. Previously, we demonstrated that colonization of the ocular mucosa with the commensal bacterium, Corynebacterium mastitidis (C. mast), results in increased resistance of the ocular surface to infectious fungal and bacterial pathogens, and that this effect is mediated by IL-17A produced by γδ T cells that respond to C. mast. In this study, we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is important for activation and proliferation of γδ T cells and for their IL-17A production in response to C. mast.
TLR2−/− mice failed to recruit γδ T cells and neutrophils to the conjunctiva upon C. mast inoculation, and IL-17A-producing γδ T cells were reduced in eye-draining lymph nodes of these mice. In vitro experiments revealed that IL-17A production to C. mast by gd T cells was dependent on APC and that TLR2 expression was needed on both γδ T cells and APCs. Exogenous IL-1 could only partly compensate for the deficiency in IL-17A production by TLR2−/− gdT cells, indicating a need for another TLR2-dependent signal. Flow cytometry and RNA-Seq analyses suggested that dependence on TLR2 for IL-17A production and IL-17A related gene expression in response to C. mast is higher in the Vγ6 than in the Vγ4 subset. Notably, the transcriptomic analysis also implicated dysregulation of mitochondrial pathways in TLR2−/− cells, which was functionally confirmed by the Seahorse assay.
We conclude that TLR2 is required for sensing the commensal C. mast in the conjunctiva and eye-draining lymph nodes, to drive the local IL-17 response and maintain immune homeostasis at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhu
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
- 2State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Anthony J St. Leger
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
- 3University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Reiko Horai
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
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21
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Siak J, St. Leger AJ, Mattapallil M, Magone MT, Zein W, Alehashemi S, Raychaudhuri K, Meng G, Fuss I, Strober W, Goldbach-Mansky R, Caspi RR. Autoinflammatory Eye Disease Due to NLRP3 Inflammasome-Associated Mutations and Excessive IL-1β Responses may be Driven by Ocular Exposure to Commensals. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.224.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In previous studies we have shown that the healthy murine ocular surface is colonized by a commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis, that elicits IL-17 from γδ T cells and promotes local host defense. Based on that, we hypothesized that ocular inflammation in patients with NLRP3-associated mutations, including those with Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS), may be triggered by an overactive response to their own eye surface commensals. We found that, unlike wild type mice, mice with a CAPS mutant NLRP3 gene and increased IL-1β and IL-17 responses, develop conjunctival neutrophilia and ocular inflammation following ocular exposure to C. mast. Single cell transcriptomics confirmed that conjunctival γδ T cells were the major source of IL-17 and identified increased amounts of ccr2 and s100a8 mRNA, accounting for the neutrophil infiltration. In parallel studies of patients with inflammasome-associated mutations (NLRP3 or CARD8 mutations) we found that patient PBMCs cultured with C. mast produced increased amounts of IL-17A compared to healthy controls (C. mast. status of subjects: unknown). Patient immune cells (conjunctival and PBMC) showed upregulation of RORC, BATF and STAT3 as well as interferon-related genes (IRF1, STAT1). However, unlike in mice, IL-17-related genes appeared to be more upregulated in αβ than in γδ T cells, suggesting that in patients this response may be mediated by other cells, and/or that other commensals than in mice may be the stimulus. Thus, commensals can elicit an exaggerated immune response in humans and mice with NLRP3-related autoinflammatory disease. If indeed the conjunctivitis in CAPS patients reflects a response to their own commensals, adjunct antimicrobial therapy may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Siak
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
- 2Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- 3Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Wadih Zein
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Sara Alehashemi
- 5National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Guangxun Meng
- 5National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ivan Fuss
- 5National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health
| | - Warren Strober
- 5National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health
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22
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Chong WP, Mattapallil M, Raychaudhuri K, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Chen J, Horai R, Caspi RR. A novel self-regulatory mechanism of Th17 cells controls autoimmune uveitis through interleukin-24. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.142.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Th17 response is critical in driving inflammation and is associated with many autoimmune diseases. However, clinical trials targeting the Th17 signature cytokine, IL-17A in some autoimmune diseases, including uveitis, have been disappointing. We investigated the role of IL-17A in determining the pathogenicity of uveitogenic Th17 cells. Unexpectedly, IL-17A deficiency in these cells did not reduce the severity of uveitis in recipient mice. We found that IL-17A deficient Th17 cells produced elevated amounts of other Th17-related cytokines, i.e. IL-17F, GM-CSF and IL-22. RNA-seq analysis and the follow up in-vitro experiments revealed that IL-17A exerts a negative feedback on Th17 cells by inducing them to produce IL-24, which in turn suppresses the production of Th17-related cytokines in an autocrine fashion. In vivo results showed that IL-24 treatment of recipients ameliorated Th17-induced adoptive EAU, and conversely, silencing IL-24 expression in retina-specific Th17 cells increased their pathogenicity, supporting the relevance of this pathway in vivo. Mechanistic studies confirmed that IL-17A activates the NFkB signalling pathway in Th17 cells, whereas site mutagenesis at the NFkB binding sites In IL-24 promoter abrogates the IL-17A-induced IL-24 expression. In vitro experiments implicated SOCS 1 and 3 in the downstream effects of IL-24. Importantly, we also observed a similar inhibitory IL-17A/IL-24 circuit in polarized human Th17 cells. We conclude that IL-17A exerts a negative feedback on Th17 cells by inducing autocrine IL-24, which limits their expression of other Th17-lineage cytokines and dampens their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Po Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Chi-Chao Chan
- 2National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Jun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Reiko Horai
- 2National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
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23
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Xu B, Jia X, Tang J, Caspi RR, Gery I. Laquinimod arrests development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and inhibits related immune processes, in the context of altered gut microbiota. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.150.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
EAU is an animal model for autoimmune uveitis in humans and is used to study mechanisms and potential therapeutics for this blinding disease. Here, we tested the immunosuppressive efficacy of Laquinimod (LAQ), a potent AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) ligand on development of EAU.
C57BL/6J mice were challenged for EAU with 300ug of the uveitogenic antigen, IRBP 651–670 and were treated from day 0 or day 7, relative to immunization, with 25mg/Kg LAQ, or PBS, by oral gavage. EAU progression was monitored by fundus examination and confirmed by histology on day 14 post immunization (p.i.). Treatment with LAQ from day 0 p.i. completely prevented EAU development and inhibited proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines to peptide 651–670. Treatment with LAQ from day 7 p.i. also significantly inhibited the development of EAU and cellular immune responses, but to a lesser degree than in day 0 mice. In contrast to its inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory processes, LAQ treatment increased the proportions of T-regulatory FoxP3+CD4+ T cells in treated mice, as compared to the control group.
Metagenomic analyses revealed that immunized mice treated with LAQ had altered composition of gut microbiota when compared with PBS controls, with an increased population of Bifidobacteriaceae, and decreased Clostridaceae 1, Deflubiitaleaceae and Anaeroplasmataceae bacteria.
Our results demonstrate that LAQ, a water-soluble AhR ligand, is a potent inhibitor of EAU development and exerts its effect primarily during the inductive phase of the disease. The connection of the observed changes in gut microbiota to its inhibitory effects on disease is under investigation.
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Salvador RS, Horai R, Jittayasothorn Y, Tang J, Gery I, Caspi RR. The gut as a potential licensing site for central nervous system (CNS)-specific autoimmune lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.142.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases of the CNS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) can be induced by adoptive transfer (AT) of activated brain- or retina-specific T cells. The transferred T cells rest for several days in the recipient’s spleen or lungs, where they proliferate and differentiate to a migratory phenotype before invading the CNS, a process termed “licensing” for pathogenicity (PMID: 27986906). Our previous data in a spontaneous uveitis model in R161H mice bearing a retina-specific TCR indicated that the gut may serve as a priming site for uveitogenic T cells through molecular mimicry of gut flora (PMID: 26238373). We now asked if the gut might also serve as a licensing site for autopathogenic T cells.
Naive B10.RIII mice received AT of allotype-marked, activated R161H T cells and were monitored for EAU. Donor cells in tissues were detected by flow cytometry. Three days after AT, donor T cells could be detected in spleen, lung and gut, including the mesenteric lymph nodes and lamina propria of the large and small intestine. Similarly to lung and spleen, R161H T cells in the gut showed signs of proliferation by CFSE dilution. This was not altered by antibiotic treatment of recipients before AT to eliminate gut flora, suggesting that microbiota is not needed to retain effector T cells in the gut.
We hypothesize that primed retina-specific T cells can receive licensing signals in the gut. Since in spontaneous uveitis they may also be primed there, this could be of relevance to a disease situation. Further characterization of phenotypic and transcriptomic changes of “licensed” R161H cells retrieved from the gut may help to elucidate the local signals important for licensing at this site.
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Zhang A, Horai R, Salvador RS, O’hUigin C, Badger J, Yuan W, Thovarai V, Sudo K, Atarashi K, Honda K, Caspi RR. Association of gut microbiota with spontaneous autoimmune uveitis studied by human flora reconstitution of germ-free mice. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.231.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a T cell driven, intraocular inflammation that affects the neuroretina and can lead to blindness. In a mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune uveitis (R161H), retina-specific T cells are primed in the gut through their TCR and trigger disease (PMID: 26287682). To support the relevance to human disease, we examined development of uveitis and its association with bacterial taxa in gnotobiotic R161H mice harboring human flora. Specifically, fecal samples from three healthy human donors were inoculated into germ-free R161H mice and their wild type (WT) littermates in separate isolators. Fecal pellets from reconstituted mice and their offspring were collected periodically and subjected to 16S amplicon sequencing. Uveitis scores were determined in R161H offspring by histology at termination of the experiment. Our results show that healthy human gut commensals can support uveitis in R161H mice, but to a lesser extent than native mouse flora from the NIH facility. Diversity analyses indicate that human flora-reconstituted mice retained a distinct but simplified gut microbial community compared to the original sample, and R161H mice tended to have a more complex microbiome profile than WT littermates. Among R161H offspring, mice with high disease scores appeared to harbor more diverse gut flora than those with low scores. Differentially abundant bacterial taxa were identified between mice with different disease scores, which may associate with intensity of autoreactive T cell activation and development of autoimmunity. R161H associated with human gut flora could provide a more translatable platform than mouse flora to explore microbial candidates and products that may modulate autoreactive T cells in uveitis.
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McWilliams IL, Kielczewski JL, Ireland DDC, Sykes JS, Lewkowicz AP, Konduru K, Xu BC, Chan CC, Caspi RR, Manangeeswaran M, Verthelyi D. Pseudovirus rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Infects Neurons in Retina and CNS, Causing Apoptosis and Neurodegeneration in Neonatal Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1718-1726.e4. [PMID: 30759384 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) survivors experience visual and CNS sequelae that suggests the ZEBOV glycoprotein can mediate neurotropism. Replication-competent rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine candidate is generally well tolerated; however, its potential neurotropism requires careful study. Here, we show that a single inoculation of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP virus in neonatal C57BL/6 mice results in transient viremia, neurological symptoms, high viral titers in eyes and brains, and death. rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP infects the inner layers of the retina, causing severe retinitis. In the cerebellum, rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP infects neurons in the granular and Purkinje layers, resulting in progressive foci of apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The susceptibility to infection is not due to impaired type I IFN responses, although MDA5-/-, IFNβ-/-, and IFNAR1-/- mice have accelerated mortality. However, boosting interferon levels by co-administering poly(I:C) reduces viral titers in CNS and improves survival. Although these data should not be directly extrapolated to humans, they challenge the hypothesis that VSV-based vaccines are non-neurotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L McWilliams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Derek D C Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jacob S Sykes
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Aaron P Lewkowicz
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Konduru
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Biying C Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Wei J, Mattapallil MJ, Horai R, Jittayasothorn Y, Modi AP, Sen HN, Gronert K, Caspi RR. A novel role for lipoxin A 4 in driving a lymph node-eye axis that controls autoimmunity to the neuroretina. eLife 2020; 9:e51102. [PMID: 32118582 PMCID: PMC7064344 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has emerging roles in lymphocyte-driven diseases. We identified reduced LXA4 levels in posterior segment uveitis patients and investigated the role of LXA4 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Immunization for EAU with a retinal self-antigen caused selective downregulation of LXA4 in lymph nodes draining the site of immunization, while at the same time amplifying LXA4 in the inflamed target tissue. T cell effector function, migration and glycolytic responses were amplified in LXA4-deficient mice, which correlated with more severe pathology, whereas LXA4 treatment attenuated disease. In vivo deletion or supplementation of LXA4 identified modulation of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and sphingosine 1- phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) expression and glucose metabolism in CD4+ T cells as potential mechanisms for LXA4 regulation of T cell effector function and trafficking. Our results demonstrate the intrinsic lymph node LXA4 pathway as a significant checkpoint in the development and severity of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Arnav P Modi
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - H Nida Sen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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Mattapallil MJ, Kielczewski JL, Zárate-Bladés CR, St Leger AJ, Raychaudhuri K, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Interleukin 22 ameliorates neuropathology and protects from central nervous system autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:65-76. [PMID: 31080013 PMCID: PMC6667188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-22 has opposing effects in different tissues, from pro-inflammatory (skin, joints) to protective (liver, intestine) but little is known about its effects on neuroinflammation. We examined the effect of IL-22 on retinal tissue by using the model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in IL-22-/- mice, as well as by intraocular injections of recombinant IL-22 or anti-IL-22 antibodies in wild type animals. During EAU, IL-22 was produced in the eye by CD4+ eye-infiltrating T cells. EAU-challenged IL-22-/- mice, as well as WT mice treated systemically or intraocularly with anti-IL-22 antibodies during the expression phase of disease, developed exacerbated retinal damage. Furthermore, IL-22-/- mice were more susceptible than WT controls to glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, whereas local IL-22 supplementation was protective, suggesting direct or indirect neuroprotective effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that retinal glial Müller cells express IL-22rα1 in vivo, and in vitro IL-22 enhanced their ability to suppress proliferation of effector T cells. Finally, IL-22 injected into the eye concurrently with IL-1, inhibited the (IL-1-induced) expression of multiple proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes in retinal tissue. These findings suggest that IL-22 can function locally within the retina to reduce inflammatory damage and provide neuroprotection by affecting multiple molecular and cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kielczewski
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kumarkrishna Raychaudhuri
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Yossipof TE, Bazak ZR, Kenigsbuch-Sredni D, Caspi RR, Kalechman Y, Sredni B. Tellurium Compounds Prevent and Reverse Type-1 Diabetes in NOD Mice by Modulating α4β7 Integrin Activity, IL-1β, and T Regulatory Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:979. [PMID: 31191514 PMCID: PMC6549385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study shows that treatment of NOD mice with either of two tellurium-based small molecules, AS101 [ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate] or SAS [octa-O-bis-(R,R)-tartarate ditellurane] could preserve β cells function and mass. These beneficial effects were reflected in decreased incidence of diabetes, improved glucose clearance, preservation of body weight, and increased survival. The normal glucose levels were associated with increased insulin levels, preservation of β cell mass and increased islet size. Importantly, this protective activity could be demonstrated when the compounds were administered either at the early pre-diabetic phase with no or initial insulitis, at the pre-diabetic stage with advanced insulitis, or even at the advanced, overtly diabetic stage. We further demonstrate that both tellurium compounds prevent migration of autoimmune lymphocytes to the pancreas, via inhibition of the α4β7 integrin activity. Indeed, the decreased migration resulted in diminished pancreatic islets damage both with respect to their size, β cell function, and caspase-3 activity, the hallmark of apoptosis. Most importantly, AS101 and SAS significantly elevated the number of T regulatory cells in the pancreas, thus potentially controlling the autoimmune process. We show that the compounds inhibit pancreatic caspase-1 activity followed by decreased levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17 in the pancreas. These properties enable the compounds to increase the proportion of Tregs in the pancreatic lymph nodes. AS101 and SAS have been previously shown to regulate specific integrins through a unique redox mechanism. Our current results suggest that amelioration of disease in NOD mice by this unique mechanism is due to decreased infiltration of pancreatic islets combined with increased immune regulation, leading to decreased inflammation within the islets. As these tellurium compounds show remarkable lack of toxicity in clinical trials (AS101) and pre-clinical studies (SAS), they may be suitable for the treatment of type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eitan Yossipof
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ziva Roy Bazak
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yona Kalechman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, The Safdiè AIDS and Immunology Research Center, C.A.I.R. Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
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xu X, St. Leger A, Zhu W, Bing SJ, Horai R, Mattapallil M, Caspi RR. Production of IL-17A by different subsets of γδ T cells in response to the commensal Corynebacterium mastitidis has distinct requirements for IL-1R and TCR recognition. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.190.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ocular surface is a mucosal site that interacts with the environment and protects the eye. We previously identified an ocular surface commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis (C. mast.), which induced IL-17A production from γδ T cells in the conjunctiva, affording protection from infection. In the current study we dissect the requirement for IL-17A production in response to C. mast by Vγ4+and Vγ4−γδ T cell subsets. We found that colonization of C. mast-negative mice with C. mast. increased the frequency of IL-17A+ cells in eye-draining lymph nodes by several fold in both subsets. However, whereas Vγ4−γδ T cells upregulated their expression of IL-1R, Vγ4+γδ cells downregulated their CD3 expression, possibly secondary to TCR engagement. To examine this further, we performed in vitro co-cultures of dendritic cells and γδ T cells. With C. mast as the sole stimulant, only Vγ4+ cells, but not Vγ4− cells, produced IL-17A. Addition of exogenous IL1 to the co-cultures elicited production of IL-17A also from the Vγ4− subset, whereas inhibition of downstream TCR signaling events by FK-506 or CsA abrogated IL-17A production in the Vγ4+ subset. Furthermore, C. mast produced a positive Nur77-GFP signal only in the Vγ4+ subset. IL-1R blocking antibody abrogated IL-17A production in both subsets.
We propose that Vγ4+and Vγ4− subsets may sense and respond to C. mast by IL-17A production using distinct pathways. Although an IL-1R signal is needed by both subsets, their level of dependence on this signal differs. IL-1R signaling is dominant in Vγ4−γδ T cells, whose TCR does not appear to respond to C. mast. In contrast, a much lower level of IL-1 appears to be sufficient for triggering IL-17A production from Vγ4+ γδ T cells, which recognize C. mast via their TCR.
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Siak J, St. Leger A, Raychaudhuri K, Mattapallil M, Fuss IJ, Goldbach-Mansky R, Strober W, Caspi RR. Commensal microbiota as possible pathobiont in autoinflammatory disease. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.120.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ocular surface has an associated microbiome that contributes to maintenance of local immune homeostasis and protects the ocular surface from fungal and bacterial infections. However, in individuals with a dysregulated immune response, commensal flora could cause pathology. In this study, we seek to understand how an ocular commensal colonizing humans and mice, C. mastitidis (C. mast), stimulates immunity in the immunologically perturbed host. Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) patients suffer from systemic and ocular autoinflammatory disease caused by a hyperactive NLRP3 inflammasome. Knock-in mice bearing a mutated NLRP3 gene cloned from a CAPS patient responded to ocular colonization with C. mast by increased conjunctival neutrophilia, which progressed to overt ocular surface disease. Compared to wild type (WT) controls, their BM dendritic cells produced elevated IL-1 in response to C. mast. Additionally, gd T cells, which were primarily the Vg4 subset, isolated from eye-draining lymph nodes of C. mast-associated mutant mice were more activated and produced more IL-17, suggesting a qualitatively analogous but quantitatively amplified response compared to WT. Importantly, the same commensal elicited strongly elevated IL-17 production from leukocytes of inflammasome disease patients when compared with healthy controls. Our results suggest that C. mast induces an abnormal immune response in the NLRP3 mutant and acts as a pathobiont, in contrast to its behavior in the immunologically normal host. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the recurrent non-infectious conjunctivitis observed in CAPS patients may be driven by a hyperactive immune response to their own ocular surface bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Siak
- 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
- 2Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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Bing SJ, Shemesh I, Chong WP, Jittayasothorn Y, Silver PB, Sredni B, Caspi RR. AS101 ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by regulating Th1 and Th17 responses and inducing Treg cells. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.193.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
AS101 is an organotellurium compound with multifaceted immunoregulatory properties that is remarkable for its lack of toxicity. We tested the therapeutic effect of AS101 in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for human autoimmune uveitis. Unexpectedly, treatment with AS101 elicited Treg generation in vivo in otherwise unmanipulated mice. Mice immunized for EAU with the retinal antigen IRBP and treated with AS101 developed attenuated disease, as did recipients of retina-specific T cells activated in vitro in the presence of AS101. In both settings, eye-infiltrating effector T cells were decreased, whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells in the spleen were increased. Mechanistic studies in vitro revealed that AS101 restricted polarization of retina-specific T cells towards Th1 or Th17 lineage by repressing activation of their respective lineage-specific transcription factors and downstream signals. Retina-specific T cells polarized in vitro towards Th1 or Th17 in the presence of AS101 had impaired ability to induce EAU in naïve recipients. Finally, AS101 promoted differentiation of retina-specific T cells to Tregs in vitro independently of TGF-β. We conclude that AS101 modulates autoimmune T cells by inhibiting acquisition and expression of effector function and by promoting Treg generation, and suggest that AS101 could be useful as a therapeutic approach for autoimmune uveitis.
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Chen J, Chong WP, Wang W, Li C, Gery I, Caspi RR. Non-redundant requirement for CXCR3 signaling for effective treatment of CNS autoimmunity with type I interferon. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.193.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have shown therapeutic potential in treating CNS autoimmune diseases (IFN-β for multiple sclerosis and IFN-α for uveitis), but treatment is not always effective. Here, we describe a non-redundant requirement for GαI-coupled CXCR3 in the immunomodulatory actions of type I IFNs that culminates in the suppression of human uveitis and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Effective treatment with IFN-α/β inhibited autopathogenic CD4+ T cell migration to effector sites in mice by upregulating expression of the cognate ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, causing ligand-mediated downregulation of CXCR3 expression and effector T cell retention in the spleen. These effects of IFN-α/β also required IFN-γ. In the absence of CXCR3, type I IFNs were ineffective in treating active EAU. In patients with uveitis, disease exacerbations associated with reduced serum IFN-α concentrations. Importantly, IFN-α/β reduced CXCR3 expression and human effector T cell migration, and these parameters markedly associated with IFN-α therapeutic efficacy in uveitis patients. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of type I IFN therapy for CNS autoimmune diseases and identify CXCR3 as a critical biomarker for effective immunotherapy with type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Wai Po Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - WeiWei Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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Chong WP, Zhong Y, Mattapallil M, Chen J, Caspi RR. Essential role of IL-17A in Tregs induction in autoimmune uveitis. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.116.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The signature cytokine of Th17 cells, IL-17A, is a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with various autoimmune diseases in patients and in animal models. However, clinical trials targeting IL-17A in autoimmune disease have been disappointing. We found that Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), express both IL17A receptor subunits, i.e. IL17RA and IL17RC., We therefore hypothesized that IL-17A may regulate the induction and/or function of Tregs. Recombinant IL-17A significantly increased the in-vitro polarization of T cells into Tregs. We next investigated the number of Tregs in WT and IL-17A−/− mice that were immunized for experimental autoimmune uveitis. Although there was no significant difference in Treg frequency between WT and IL-17A−/− mice before disease onset, IL-17A− /− mice failed to induce Tregs as efficiently as WT mice when disease progressed. Interestingly, IL-17A−/− mice developed similar disease severity when compared to WT mice, which may in part be due to an impairment in Treg induction. Our data suggest that IL-17A is involved in Tregs induction and/or maintenance, and that this has a role in controlling the (auto)immune response.
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35
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Bing SJ, Shemesh I, Chong WP, Horai R, Jittayasothorn Y, Silver PB, Sredni B, Caspi RR. AS101 ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by regulating Th1 and Th17 responses and inducing Treg cells. J Autoimmun 2019; 100:52-61. [PMID: 30853312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AS101 is an organotellurium compound with multifaceted immunoregulatory properties that is remarkable for its lack of toxicity. We tested the therapeutic effect of AS101 in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model for human autoimmune uveitis. Unexpectedly, treatment with AS101 elicited Treg generation in vivo in otherwise unmanipulated mice. Mice immunized for EAU with the retinal antigen IRBP and treated with AS101 developed attenuated disease, as did AS101-treated recipients of retina-specific T cells activated in vitro. In both settings, eye-infiltrating effector T cells were decreased, whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells in the spleen were increased. Mechanistic studies in vitro revealed that AS101 restricted polarization of retina-specific T cells towards Th1 or Th17 lineage by repressing activation of their respective lineage-specific transcription factors and downstream signals. Retina-specific T cells polarized in vitro towards Th1 or Th17 in the presence of AS101 had impaired ability to induce EAU in naïve recipients. Finally, AS101 promoted differentiation of retina-specific T cells to Tregs in vitro independently of TGF-β. We conclude that AS101 modulates autoimmune T cells by inhibiting acquisition and expression of effector function and by promoting Treg generation, and suggest that AS101 could be useful as a therapeutic approach for autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Itay Shemesh
- C.A.I.R. Institute, Safdié AIDS and Immunology Research Center, Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Wai Po Chong
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- C.A.I.R. Institute, Safdié AIDS and Immunology Research Center, Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Commensal microbes affect all aspects of immune development and homeostasis in health and disease. Increasing evidence points to the notion that the gut commensals impact not only intestinal diseases but also diseases in tissues distant from the gut. Autoimmune or non-infectious uveitis is a sight-threatening intraocular inflammation that affects the neuroretina. It is strongly T cell driven, but the precise causative mechanisms are not fully understood. We and others observed that depletion of gut microbiota in animal models of uveitis attenuated disease. Using a spontaneous model of the disease, we questioned how retina-specific uveitogenic T cells are primed when their cognate antigens are sequestered within the immune privileged eye. The data suggested that gut commensals provide a signal directly through the retina-specific T cell receptor and cause these autoreactive T cells to trigger uveitis. This activation of retina-specific T cells in the gut appears to be independent of the endogenous retinal antigen. Rather, the findings point to the notion that gut microbiota may mimic retinal antigen(s), however, the actual mimic has not yet been identified. Microbiota may also serve as an “adjuvant” providing innate signals that amplify and direct the host immune response for development of uveitis. In contrast, spontaneous uveitis that develops in AIRE−/− mice appears to be independent of gut microbiota. To date, available data on human microbiota in association with uveitis are very limited and causative relationships are difficult to establish. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the role of microbiome in uveitis and its underlying mechanisms, and discuss unresolved questions and issues in an attempt to explore the concept of gut-retina axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lyu C, Bing SJ, Wandu WS, Xu B, Shi G, Hinshaw SJ, Lobera M, Caspi RR, Lu L, Yang J, Gery I. TMP778, a selective inhibitor of RORγt, suppresses experimental autoimmune uveitis development, but affects both Th17 and Th1 cell populations. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1810-1816. [PMID: 30218573 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model for severe intraocular inflammatory eye diseases, is mediated by both Th1 and Th17 cells. Here, we examined the capacity of TMP778, a selective inhibitor of RORγt, to inhibit the development of EAU, as well as the related immune responses. EAU was induced in B10.A mice by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Treatment with TMP778 significantly inhibited the development of EAU, determined by histological examination. In addition, the treatment suppressed the cellular immune response to IRBP, determined by reduced production of IL-17 and IFN-γ, as well as lower percentages of lymphocytes expressing these cytokines, as compared to vehicle-treated controls. The inhibition of IFN-γ expression by TMP778 is unexpected in view of this compound being a selective inhibitor of RORγt. The observation was further confirmed by the finding of reduced expression of the T-bet (Tbx21) gene, the transcription factor for IFN-γ, by cells of TMP778-treated mice. Thus, these data demonstrate the capacity of TMP778 to inhibit pathogenic autoimmunity in the eye and shed new light on its mode of action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - So Jin Bing
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wambui S Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Biying Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel J Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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38
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Abstract
Inflammatory intraocular eye diseases, grouped under the term uveitis are blinding conditions, believed to be mediated by pathogenic autoimmune processes that overcome the protective mechanisms of the immune privilege status of the eye. An animal model for these diseases, named experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), is induced by initiation of immunity against ocular-specific antigens, or it develops spontaneously in mice with T-cells that transgenically express TCR specific to the target eye antigen(s). T-Cells specific to ocular antigens are generated in the thymus and their majority are eliminated by exposure to their target antigen expressed in this organ. T-cells that escape this negative selection acquire pathogenicity by their activation with the target antigen. In spontaneous EAU, the microbiota play crucial roles in the acquisition of pathogenicity by providing both antigenic stimulation, by molecules that mimic the target ocular antigen, and an additional stimulation that allows invasion of tissues that harbor the target antigen. The pathogenic process is physiologically inhibited by the peripheral tolerance, composed of antigen-specific T-regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Deleting the Tregs enhances the ocular inflammation, whereas adoptively transferring them suppresses the pathogenic response. Potential usage of Treg cells for suppression of autoimmune diseases in humans is under intensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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39
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St Leger AJ, Caspi RR. Visions of Eye Commensals: The Known and the Unknown About How the Microbiome Affects Eye Disease. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800046. [PMID: 30289987 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the ocular surface is thought by many to be sterile and devoid of living microbes. It is now becoming clear that this may not be the case. Recent and sophisticated PCR analyses have shown that microbial DNA-based "signatures" are present within various ethnic, geographic, and contact lens wearing communities. Furthermore, using a mouse model of ocular surface disease, we have shown that the microbe, Corynebacterium mastitidis (C. mast), can stably colonize the ocular mucosa and that a causal relationship exists between ocular C. mast colonization and beneficial local immunity. While this constitutes proof-of-concept that a bona fide ocular microbiome that tunes immunity can exist at the ocular surface, there remain numerous unanswered questions to be addressed before microbiome-modulating therapies may be successfully developed. Here, the authors will briefly outline what is currently known about the local ocular microbiome as well as microbiomes associated with other sites, and how those sites may play a role in ocular surface immunity. Understanding how commensal microbes affect the ocular surface immune homeostasis has the potential revolutionize how we think about treating ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Chen J, Caspi RR, Chong WP. IL-20 receptor cytokines in autoimmune diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:953-959. [PMID: 30260500 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1117-471r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24 are the members of IL-10 family. They are also known as IL-20 receptor (IL-20R) cytokines as they all signal through the IL-20RA/IL-20RB receptor complex; IL-20 and IL-24 (but not IL-19) also signal through the IL-20RB/IL22RA1 receptor complex. Despite their protein structure homology and shared use of receptor complexes, they display distinct biological functions in immune regulation, tissue homeostasis, host defense, and oncogenesis. IL-20R cytokines can be expressed by both immune cells and epithelial cells, and are important for their interaction. In general, these cytokines are considered to be associated with pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, a number of studies also highlighted their suppressive functions in regulating both innate and adaptive T cell responses and other immune cells, suggesting that the role of IL-20R cytokines in autoimmunity may be complex. In this review, we will discuss the immunobiological functions of IL-20R cytokines and how they are involved in regulating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wai Po Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Choi JK, Yu CR, Mary M, Lee H, Kang M, Oladipupo F, Caspi RR, Egwuagu CE. IL-12p35 suppresses encephalitis and uveitis in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.121.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) cytokine is comprised of two subunits, IL-12p35 and Ebi3 and both subunits are thought to be required for the expansion of regulatory B cells (Bregs) that suppress autoimmune diseases. Although use of IL-35 to produce Breg cells has substantial promise for the development of cell therapy against autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, some significant challenges have yet to be overcome before it can brought to the clinic. For example, the association of the IL-12p35 and Ebi3 subunits is not strong and readily dissociates, making it difficult to ascertain the effective dose of the bioactive IL-12p35:Ebi3 heterodimer administered or required to ameliorate disease. In this study, we show that IL-12p35 alone has anti-inflammatory properties that recapitulated essential therapeutic functions of the heterodimeric IL-35 cytokine. IL-12p35 induced the expansion of Breg cells in vivo and adoptive transfer of ex-vivo-generated Breg cells using IL-12p35 suppressed inflammation and the development of pathology in mouse models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) or encephalomyedlitis (EAE). The inflammatory immune cells penetrated the retina, brain and spinal cord in the untreated mice whereas these traits were far more reduced in the IL-12p35-treated mice. In conclusion, the recapitulation of essential immunosuppressive activities of IL-35 by IL-12p35, indicates that IL-12p35 may be utilized for in vivo expansion of Breg cells and autologous Breg cell immunotherapy. These and our unpublished observations suggest that IL-12 single chain proteins may constitute a new generation of therapeutic cytokines that can be exploited to treat autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.
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42
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Bing SJ, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Horai R, Caspi RR. Ocular autoimmunity develops despite concurrent absence of Th1 and Th17 signature cytokines. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.163.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Th1 and Th17 cells are each a standalone effector phenotype, and each can elicit ocular autoimmunity independently of the other. In this study, we used mice deficient in IL-17A, or IFN-gamma (GKO), or both (DKO) to dissect the role of Th1 and Th17 cytokines in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). EAU was induced by active immunization with the retinal autoantigen IRBP. Previous studies showed that EAU in GKO mice was exacerbated, whereas it was attenuated in IL-17A KO mice. Surprisingly, DKO mice were fully susceptible to EAU with scores similar to wild type (WT) controls, and displayed eosinophil-dominant infiltration along with enhancement of IL-17F, Th2, and proinflammatory cytokines. To test which cytokines contributed to pathology, EAU-challenged DKO mice were treated with blocking antibodies to IL-17F, TNF-a, GM-CSF or IL-4Ra (a shared subunit of receptor for IL-4 and IL-13). Blockade of IL-17F or TNF-a in DKO mice did not affect the severity of EAU. Treatment with an anti-GM-CSF antibody during both induction and expression stages significantly suppressed disease severity in DKO, but not in WT mice. By contrast, treatment of DKO mice with an anti-IL-4Ra antibody worsened EAU. Importantly, a single intravitreal injection of an anti-GM-CSF antibody after the disease onset reduced EAU severity in both WT and DKO mice. These results suggest that, in the absence of both IFN-gamma and IL-17A, (a) GM-CSF plays a major and nonredundant role as a pathogenic cytokine, (b) the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-13 are protective, and (c) IL-17F and TNF-a may be dispensable. Our results highlight that ‘classical’ Th1 and Th17 cells are not the only pathogenic effectors, and that other inflammatory cytokine(s) can contribute to uveitis.
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St Leger AJ, Hansen AM, Karauzum H, Horai R, Yu CR, Laurence A, Mayer-Barber KD, Silver P, Villasmil R, Egwuagu C, Datta SK, Caspi RR. STAT-3-independent production of IL-17 by mouse innate-like αβ T cells controls ocular infection. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1079-1090. [PMID: 29490936 PMCID: PMC5881461 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
St. Leger et al. identify and examine innate-like αβ T cells that circumvent canonical STAT-3 phosphorylation to produce protective IL-17. These cells can exist in the ocular mucosa and protect the ocular surface from pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infection. Appropriate regulation of IL-17 production in the host can mean the difference between effective control of pathogens and uncontrolled inflammation that causes tissue damage. Investigation of conventional CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) has yielded invaluable insights into IL-17 function and its regulation. More recently, we and others reported production of IL-17 from innate αβ+ T cell populations, which was shown to occur primarily via IL-23R signaling through the transcription factor STAT-3. In our current study, we identify promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)–expressing iNKT, CD4−/CD8+, and CD4−/CD8− (DN) αβ+T cells, which produce IL-17 in response to TCR and IL-1 receptor ligation independently of STAT-3 signaling. Notably, this noncanonical pathway of IL-17 production may be important in mucosal defense and is by itself sufficient to control pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infection at the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna M Hansen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hatice Karauzum
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Inflammation and Innate Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles Egwuagu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Zhang L, Li Y, Qiu W, Bell BA, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Singer N, Kern T, Caspi RR, Fox DA, Lin F. Targeting CD6 for the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:84-93. [PMID: 29472120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD6 is emerging as a new target for treating many pathological conditions in which T cells are integrally involved, but even the latest data from studies of CD6 gene engineered mice were still contradictory. To address this issue, we studied experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a model of autoimmune uveitis, in wild-type (WT) and CD6 knockout (KO) mice. METHODS After EAU induction in WT and CD6 KO mice, we evaluated ocular inflammation and compared retinal antigen-specific T-cell responses using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, histopathology, and T cell recall assays. Uveitogenic T cells from WT and CD6 KO mice were adoptively transferred into WT naïve mice to confirm the impact of CD6 on T cells. In addition, we immunized CD6 KO mice with recombinant CD6 protein to develop mouse anti-mouse CD6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in which functional antibodies exhibiting cross-reactivity with human CD6 were screened and identified for treatment studies. RESULTS In CD6 KO mice with EAU, we found significantly decreased retinal inflammation and reduced autoreactive T-cell responses, and confirmed the impaired uveitogenic capacity of T cells from these mice in an adoptive transfer experiment. Notably, one of these cross-reactive mAbs significantly ameliorated retinal inflammation in EAU induced by the adoptive transfer of uveitogenic T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data strongly suggest that CD6 plays a previously unknown, but pivotal role in autoimmune uveitis, and may be a promising new treatment target for this blinding disease. In addition, the newly developed mouse anti-mouse/human CD6 mAbs could be valuable tools for testing CD6-targeted therapies in other mouse models of human diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Retina/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Uveitis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William M Baldwin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nora Singer
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Timothy Kern
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Genetic variations in complement factor H (CFH) confer greater risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this issue of Immunity, Calippe et al. (2017) uncover a non-canonical role for CFH in the inhibition of mononuclear phagocyte elimination from sub-retinal lesions, providing insight into the pathophysiology of AMD associated with CFH variants.
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46
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Choi JK, Dambuza IM, He C, Yu CR, Uche AN, Mattapallil MJ, Caspi RR, Egwuagu CE. IL-12p35 Inhibits Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1258. [PMID: 29051763 PMCID: PMC5633738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease in which cytokines produced by immune cells that infiltrate the brain and spinal cord play a central role. We show here that the IL-12p35, the alpha subunit of IL-12 or IL-35 cytokine, might be an effective biologic for suppressing neuroinflammatory responses and ameliorating the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of human MS. We further show that IL-12p35 conferred protection from neuropathy by inhibiting the expansion of pathogenic Th17 and Th1 cells and inhibiting trafficking of inflammatory cells into the brain and spinal cord. In addition, in vitro exposure of encephalitogenic cells to IL-12p35 suppressed their capacity to induce EAE by adoptive transfer. Importantly, the IL-12p35-mediated expansion of Treg and Breg cells and its amelioration of EAE correlated with inhibition of cytokine-induced activation of STAT1/STAT3 pathways. Moreover, IL-12p35 inhibited lymphocyte proliferation by suppressing the expressions of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-12p35 can be exploited as a novel biologic for treating central nervous system autoimmune diseases and offers the promise of ex vivo production of large amounts of Tregs and Bregs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyeong Choi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivy M Dambuza
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chang He
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anita N Uche
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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47
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Zhang L, Bell BA, Li Y, Caspi RR, Lin F. Complement Component C4 Regulates the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis through a T Cell-Intrinsic Mechanism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1116. [PMID: 28955337 PMCID: PMC5601957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its conventional roles in the innate immune system, complement has been found to directly regulate T cells in the adaptive immune system. Complement components, including C3, C5, and factor D, are important in regulating T cell responses. However, whether complement component C4 is involved in regulating T cell responses remains unclear. In this study, we used a T cell-dependent model of autoimmunity, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) to address this issue. We compared disease severity in wild-type (WT) and C4 knockout (KO) mice using indirect ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and histopathological analysis. We also explored the underlying mechanism by examining T cell responses in ex vivo antigen-specific recall assays and in in vitro T cell priming assays using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, splenic dendritic cells, and T cells from WT or C4 KO mice. We found that C4 KO mice develop less severe retinal inflammation than WT mice in EAU and show reduced autoreactive T cell responses and decreased retinal T cell infiltration. We also found that T cells, but not dendritic cells, from C4 KO mice have impaired function. These results demonstrate a previously unknown role of C4 in regulating T cell responses, which affects the development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity, as exemplified by EAU. Our data could shed light on the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brent A Bell
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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48
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Brown BR, Lee EJ, Snow PE, Vance EE, Iwakura Y, Ohno N, Miura N, Lin X, Brown GD, Wells CA, Smith JR, Caspi RR, Rosenzweig HL. Fungal-derived cues promote ocular autoimmunity through a Dectin-2/Card9-mediated mechanism. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:293-303. [PMID: 28763100 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis (intraocular inflammation) is a leading cause of loss of vision. Although its aetiology is largely speculative, it is thought to arise from complex genetic-environmental interactions that break immune tolerance to generate eye-specific autoreactive T cells. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), induced by immunization with the ocular antigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), in combination with mycobacteria-containing complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), has many clinical and histopathological features of human posterior uveitis. Studies in EAU have focused on defining pathogenic CD4+ T cell effector responses, such as those of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, but the innate receptor pathways precipitating development of autoreactive, eye-specific T cells remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that fungal-derived antigens possess autoimmune uveitis-promoting function akin to CFA in conventional EAU. The capacity of commensal fungi such as Candida albicans or Saccharomyces cerevisae to promote IRBP-triggered EAU was mediated by Card9. Because Card9 is an essential signalling molecule of a subgroup of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) important in host defence, we evaluated further the proximal Card9-activating CLRs. Using single receptor-deficient mice we identified Dectin-2, but not Mincle or Dectin-1, as a predominant mediator of fungal-promoted uveitis. Conversely, Dectin-2 activation by α-mannan reproduced the uveitic phenotype of EAU sufficiently, in a process mediated by the Card9-coupled signalling axis and interleukin (IL)-17 production. Taken together, this report relates the potential of the Dectin-2/Card9-coupled pathway in ocular autoimmunity. Not only does it contribute to understanding of how innate immune receptors orchestrate T cell-mediated autoimmunity, it also reveals a previously unappreciated ability of fungal-derived signals to promote autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Brown
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E J Lee
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P E Snow
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E E Vance
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Y Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Ohno
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Miura
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - X Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - C A Wells
- The University of Melbourne Centre for Stem Cell Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J R Smith
- Eye and Vision Health, Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | - R R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H L Rosenzweig
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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49
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St Leger AJ, Desai JV, Drummond RA, Kugadas A, Almaghrabi F, Silver P, Raychaudhuri K, Gadjeva M, Iwakura Y, Lionakis MS, Caspi RR. An Ocular Commensal Protects against Corneal Infection by Driving an Interleukin-17 Response from Mucosal γδ T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:148-158.e5. [PMID: 28709803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites such as the intestine, oral cavity, nasopharynx, and vagina all have associated commensal flora. The surface of the eye is also a mucosal site, but proof of a living, resident ocular microbiome remains elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of ocular surface disease to reveal that commensals were present in the ocular mucosa and had functional immunological consequences. We isolated one such candidate commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis, and showed that this organism elicited a commensal-specific interleukin-17 response from γδ T cells in the ocular mucosa that was central to local immunity. The commensal-specific response drove neutrophil recruitment and the release of antimicrobials into the tears and protected the eye from pathogenic Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Our findings provide direct evidence that a resident commensal microbiome exists on the ocular surface and identify the cellular mechanisms underlying its effects on ocular immune homeostasis and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatimah Almaghrabi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Animal Models, Institute for Medical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Chong WP, Raychaudhuri K, Horai R, Silver P, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Chen J, Caspi RR. IL-17A inhibits expression of IL-17-lineage cytokines through a negative feedback loop involving IL-24 and controls autoimmune uveitis. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.156.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Th17 response has been associated with autoimmune diseases in patients and in animal models. IL-17A is recognized as the Th17 signature cytokine and IL-17A-producing T cells are pathogenic effectors in models of autoimmunity, including experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Paradoxically, however, injection of IL-17 ameliorates EAU (PMID: 19234216). Using a model of spontaneous uveitis in IRBP T cell receptor transgenic R161H mice, we investigated their susceptibility on the IL-17A−/− background. Surprisingly, IL-17A−/− R161H mice developed essentially undiminished uveitis and IL-17−/− R161H T cells, polarized to Th17 and infused into wild type recipients, induced similar disease to IL-17A sufficient R161H T cells. Interestingly, IL-17A−/− R161H T cells polarized under Th17 conditions produced elevated amounts of other Th17-related cytokines, i.e. IL-17F, GM-CSF and IL-22. Supplementing these cultures with recombinant IL-17A normalized the elevated production of these cytokines. RNAseq analysis revealed that IL-17A−/− T cells expressed lower levels of IL-24 compared to their IL-17A sufficient counterparts. Mechanistic studies indicated a negative feedback loop where IL-17A induces Th17 cells to produce IL-24, which subsequently suppresses production of Th17 lineage cytokines. Finally, injection of recombinant IL-24 ameliorated adoptive Th17-induced EAU, and conversely, silencing IL-24 expression in Th17 cells increased their pathogenicity and enhanced disease severity. Our data suggest that: (a) IL-17A exerts a negative feedback on uveitogenic Th17 cells via IL-24 production, and (b) IL-24 limits the expression of other Th17-related cytokines and controls their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Chen
- 1NEI, NIH
- 2Sun Yat-sen Univ., China
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