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Da Silva VC, Guerra GCB, Araújo DFDS, De Araújo ER, De Araújo AA, Dantas-Medeiros R, Zanatta AC, Da Silva ILG, De Araújo Júnior RF, Esposito D, Moncada M, Zucolotto SM. Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of phenolic-rich extract of Commiphora leptophloeos against inflammatory bowel disease: Preclinical evidence. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 328:118025. [PMID: 38458342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillet (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil, popularly known as "imburana". Homemade leaf decoction and maceration were used to treat general inflammatory problems in the Brazilian Northeast population. Our previous research confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the C. leptophloeos hydroalcoholic leaf extract. AIM OF THE STUDY Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut with no ideal treatment to maintain the remissive status. This work aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and physicochemical properties of the C. leptophloeos hydroalcoholic leaf extract and its efficacy in chemopreventive and immunomodulatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease in non-clinical models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mass spectrometry and physicochemical tests determined the phytochemical profile and physicochemical characteristics of the Commiphora leptophloeos (CL) extract. The chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of CL extract (50 and 125 μg/mL) were evaluated in vitro in the RAW 264.7 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cell assay and in vivo in the model of intestinal inflammation induced by 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) in mice when they were treated with CL extract by intragastric gavage (i.g.) at doses of 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg. RESULTS Phytochemical annotation of CL extract showed a complex phenolic composition, characterized as phenolic acids and flavonoids, and satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. In addition, CL extract maintained the viability of RAW macrophages, reduced ROS and NO production, and negatively regulated COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 (p < 0.05). In the intestinal inflammation model, CL extract was able to downregulate NF-κB p65/COX-2, mTOR, iNOS, IL-17, decrease levels of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Based on these findings, CL extract reduced inflammatory responses by down-regulating pro-inflammatory markers in macrophages induced by LPS and DNBS-induced colitis in mice through NF-κB p65/COX-2 signaling. CL leaf extract requires further investigation as a candidate for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Costa Da Silva
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Edilane Rodrigues De Araújo
- Health Sciences Center, Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Research Center for Natural and Synthetic Products, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isadora Luisa Gomes Da Silva
- Biosciences Center, Cancer and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Marvin Moncada
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Health Sciences Center, Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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da Silva ECS, Bernardo Guerra GC, de Araújo ERD, Schlamb J, da Silva VC, de Aragão Tavares E, Dantas-Medeiros R, Abreu LS, Fechine Tavares J, de Araújo Júnior RF, Esposito D, Moncada M, Maria Zucolotto S. Phenolic-rich extract of Nopalea cochenillifera attenuates gastric lesions induced in experimental models through inhibiting oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory markers and a cytoprotective effect. Food Funct 2023; 14:3242-3258. [PMID: 36928439 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nopalea cochenillifera (Cactaceae), popularly known as "palma" or "palma doce", is from Mexico, but it was widely introduced in Brazil through crops. It has been used as food and in traditional medicine and is a good source of phenolic compounds. In this study the phytochemical profile and gastroprotective activity of phenolic-rich extract of N. cochenillifera in acute gastric lesion models induced by ethanol and indomethacin were evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MSn) allowed the characterization of 12 compounds such as sugars, phenolics and flavonoids. Among polyphenols, the main peak was assigned to isorhamnetin-3-O-(2'',3''-O-di-rhamnose)-glucoside. The TPC and TFC in the dry extract were 67.85 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g/extract and 46.16 mg quercetin equivalent per g/extract, respectively. In the in vitro MTT assay, the extract showed no cytotoxicity and suppressed ROS levels in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Preclinical models in rats showed that a dose of 100 mg kg-1 (p < 0.0001) in the ethanol model and doses of 100 mg kg-1 (p < 0.5) and 200 mg kg-1 (p < 0.01) in the indomethacin model reduced the gastric lesions. Also, the extract reduced the MPO, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β levels and increased the GSH and IL-10 levels. The pre-treatment with the extract led to the upregulation of SOD and the downregulation of COX-2 by immunohistochemical analysis. It also showed a cytoprotective effect in the histopathological analysis and stimulated the restoration of the mucus content as observed in the periodic acid-Schiff analysis without modifying the pH, volume or total acidity of the gastric juice. Taken together, N. cochenillifera extract can be applied as a novel gastroprotective ingredient for food or pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. .,Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | | | - Jade Schlamb
- Cancer and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. .,Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Valéria Costa da Silva
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Emanuella de Aragão Tavares
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior
- Cancer and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Animal Science, NC State University, 120 Broughton Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Marvin Moncada
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. .,Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. .,Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Tavares EDA, Guerra GCB, da Costa Melo NM, Dantas-Medeiros R, da Silva ECS, Andrade AWL, de Souza Araújo DF, da Silva VC, Zanatta AC, de Carvalho TG, de Araújo AA, de Araújo-Júnior RF, Zucolotto SM. Toxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Phenolic-Rich Extract from Nopalea cochenillifera (Cactaceae): A Preclinical Study on the Prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:594. [PMID: 36771677 PMCID: PMC9921826 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds have been scientifically recognized as beneficial to intestinal health. The cactus Nopalea cochenillifera, used as anti-inflammatory in traditional medicine, is a rich source of these bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile of N. cochenillifera extract and evaluate its acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect on 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in rats. The total phenolic content per gram of dry extract was 67.85 mg. Through HPLC-IES-MSn, a total of 25 compounds such as saccharides, organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were characterized. The dose of 2000 mg/kg of extract by an oral route showed no signs of toxicity, mortality or significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters. Regarding intestinal anti-inflammatory effects, animals were treated with three different doses of extract or sulfasalazine. Macroscopic analysis of the colon indicated that the extract decreased the disease activity index. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α decreased, IL-10 increased and MDA and MPO enzyme levels decreased when compared with the control group. In addition, a down-regulation of MAPK1/ERK2 and NF-κB p65 pathway markers in colon tissue was observed. The epithelial integrity was improved according to histopathological and immunohistological analysis. Thus, the extract provided strong preclinical evidence of being effective in maintaining the remission of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella de Aragão Tavares
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Nadja Maria da Costa Melo
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Wilbur Lopes Andrade
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Costa da Silva
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes de Carvalho
- Program Degree in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Program Degree in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo-Júnior
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Program Degree in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Cancer and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Graduate Program in Drug Development and Technological Innovation, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil
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Dantas-Medeiros R, Zanatta AC, de Souza LBFC, Fernandes JM, Amorim-Carmo B, Torres-Rêgo M, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF, Vilegas W, Araújo TADS, Michel S, Grougnet R, Chaves GM, Zucolotto SM. Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of B-Type Oligomeric Procyanidins From Commiphora leptophloeos Used Alone or in Combination With Fluconazole Against Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:613155. [PMID: 33692765 PMCID: PMC7937886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.613155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commiphora leptophloeos (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil which is popularly used for treating oral and vaginal infections. There has been no scientific evidence pointing to its efficacy in the treatment of these infections. Thus, this study sought to investigate the cytotoxic, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity of C. leptophloeos against Candida spp. and to isolate, identify, and quantify the content of B-type oligomeric procyanidins (BDP) in the extract of C. leptophloeos stem bark. The extract and the n-butanol fraction were obtained by maceration and liquid-liquid partition, respectively. Phytochemical analysis performed by HPLC-PDA/ELSD and FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS allowed the identification and quantification of BDP in the samples. The application of centrifugal partition chromatography helped isolate BDP, which was identified by 1H NMR and MS analyses. Candida spp. reference strains and clinical isolates (including fluconazole-resistant strains) derived from the blood cultures of candidemic patients and the vaginal secretion of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis were used for evaluating the antifungal and antibiofilm effects. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the microdilution technique, and biofilm inhibition was evaluated through crystal violet and XTT assays. The combined action of BDP with fluconazole was determined by the checkerboard method. The extract, the n-butanol fraction, and the BDP exhibited antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5 to 2500 μg/mL and were found to significantly reduce the biofilm formed in all the Candida strains investigated. BDP showed a fungicidal potential against strains of Candida spp. (especially against fluconazole-resistant strains), with MIC and MFC values ranging from 156.2 to 2500 μg/mL. In addition, the combined application of BDP and fluconazole produced synergistic antifungal effects against resistant Candida spp. (FICI = 0.31-1.5). The cytotoxic properties of the samples evaluated in human erythrocytes through hemolytic test did not show hemolytic activity under active concentrations. The findings of the study show that C. leptophloeos has antifungal and antibiofilm potential but does not cause toxicity in human erythrocytes. Finally, BDP, which was isolated for the first time in C. leptophloeos, was found to exhibit antifungal effect against Candida spp. either when applied alone or in combination with fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Morais Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Amorim-Carmo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvie Michel
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Grougnet
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Dantas-Medeiros R, Furtado AA, Zanatta AC, Torres-Rêgo M, Guimarães Lourenço EM, Ferreira Alves JS, Galinari É, Alexandre de Oliveira Rocha H, Bernardo Guerra GC, Vilegas W, Antônio de Sousa Araújo T, de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa M, Zucolotto SM. Mass spectrometry characterization of Commiphora leptophloeos leaf extract and preclinical evaluation of toxicity and anti-inflammatory potential effect. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 264:113229. [PMID: 32810623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native from the brazilian northeast caatinga biome, known popularly as "imburana" or "imburana-de-cambão". The leaves of C. leptophloeos are widely used in folk medicine in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. However, there is no scientific evidence to justify their popular use. AIM OF THE STUDY This approach aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of hydroethanolic leaf extract, as well as evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential activity and to investigate the acute toxicity with pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo methodologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phytochemical profile was characterized by UPLC-MS and FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential the hydroethanolic extract of C. leptophloeos (1, 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL) was investigated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide assay, in order to analyze the potential decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production. For carrageenan-induced paw edema and zymosan-induced air pouch models, the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was administrated by intragastric gavage (i.g.) route and used for evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Related to the first animal model, the antiedematogenic activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels could be investigated. In addition, the zymosan-induced air pouch model allowed the analyses of leukocytes migration, total MPO, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-10) levels. The toxicity in vitro of the extract (1, 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL) was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and acute toxicity in vivo was tested using the extract at 2000 mg/kg by i. g. route. RESULTS The phytochemical analyses of C. leptophloeos leaf extract pointed the presence of six glycosylated flavonoids, identified as orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin, quercetrin and isoquercitrin. A decrease of NO in vitro was noticed by the use of the extract in the LPS-induced nitric oxide assay and an expressive reduction of the paw-edema followed by a decrease of myeloperoxidase activity at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The zymosan-induced air pouch model indicated that the extract, in all doses, significantly reduced the leukocytes migration, total protein concentration, MPO and MDA levels. The levels of cytokines were verified by the administration of extract in this model, revealing a lower of TNF-α level and an increase of the IL-10 production. In the toxicity study, the MTT assay evidenced no cytotoxicity of the tested concentrations and acute toxicity in vivo test did not result in any sign of toxicity and mortality or significant changes on the biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION Based on these results, is possible suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity revealed in this approach can be related to the modulating the level of cytokine, decrease of TNF-α, increase of IL-10 in vivo and also the inhibition of the production of nitric oxide RAW 264.7 activated by LPS. These results demonstrate the potential anti-inflammatory effect C. leptophloeos leaf extrat in inflammatory in vivo models, supporting its use in folk medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Finally, glycosylated flavonoids can be responsible, at least in part, for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Dantas-Medeiros
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Allanny Alves Furtado
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Ana C Zanatta
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, 14800-060, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Torres-Rêgo
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Estela Mariana Guimarães Lourenço
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jovelina Samara Ferreira Alves
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil
| | - Éder Galinari
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Alexandre de Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Natural Polymers Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue Salgado Filho, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Gerlane Coelho Bernardo Guerra
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue Salgado Filho, Natal, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Bioprospecting of Natural Products, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Maria Zucolotto
- Research Group on Bioactive Natural Products (PNBio), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Avenue General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, 59012-570, Natal, Brazil.
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