1
|
DeRatt LG, Christine Pietsch E, Tanner A, Shaffer P, Jacoby E, Wang W, Kazmi F, Zhang X, Attar RM, Edwards JP, Kuduk SD. A carboxylic acid isostere screen of the DHODH inhibitor Brequinar. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127589. [PMID: 33007394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) enzymatic activity impacts many aspects critical to cell proliferation and survival. Recently, DHODH has been identified as a target for acute myeloid differentiation therapy. In preclinical models of AML, the DHODH inhibitor Brequinar (BRQ) demonstrated potent anti-leukemic activity. Herein we describe a carboxylic acid isostere study of Brequinar which revealed a more potent non-carboxylic acid derivative with improved cellular potency and good pharmacokinetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G DeRatt
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - E Christine Pietsch
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Alexandra Tanner
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Paul Shaffer
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Weixue Wang
- Discovery Technology and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Faraz Kazmi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ricardo M Attar
- Oncology Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kapelski S, Cleiren E, Attar RM, Philippar U, Häsler J, Chiu ML. Influence of the bispecific antibody IgG subclass on T cell redirection. MAbs 2019; 11:1012-1024. [PMID: 31242061 PMCID: PMC6748600 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1624464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell redirection mediated by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is a promising cancer therapy. Dual antigen binding is necessary for potent T cell redirection and is influenced by the structural characteristics of a BsAb, which are dependent on its IgG subclass. In this study, model BsAbs targeting CD19xCD3 were generated in variants of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 carrying Fc mutations that reduce FcγR interaction, and two chimeric IgG subclasses termed IgG1:2 and IgG4:2, in which the IgG1- or IgG4-F(ab)2 are grafted on an IgG2 Fc. Molecules containing an IgG2 or IgG4-F(ab)2 domain were confirmed to be the most structurally compact molecules. All BsAbs were shown to bind both of their target proteins (and corresponding cells) equally well. However, CD19xCD3 IgG2 did not bind both antigens simultaneously as measured by the absence of cellular clustering of T cells with target cells. This translated to a reduced potency of IgG2 BsAbs in T-cell redirection assays. The activity of IgG2 BsAbs was fully restored in the chimeric subclasses IgG4:2 and IgG1:2. This confirmed the major contribution of the F(ab)2 region to the BsAb's functional activity and demonstrated that function of BsAbs can be modulated by engineering molecules combining different Fc and F(ab)2 domains. Abbreviations: ADCC: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; AlphaScreenTM: Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay Screening; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; BiTE: bispecific T-cell engager; BSA: bovine serum albumin; BsAb: bispecific antibody; cFAE: controlled Fab-arm exchange; CDC: complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CIEX: cation-exchange; CIR: chimeric immune receptor; DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; EC50 value: effective concentration to reach half-maximum effect; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EI: expansion index (RAt=x/RAt=0); FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FVD: fixable viability dye; HI-HPLC: hydrophobic interaction HPLC; HI-FBS: heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum; HPLC: high-pressure liquid chromatography; IC50 value: effective concentration to reach half-maximum inhibition; IQ: Inhibition Quotient; IS: immunological synapse; MES: 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid; R-PE: recombinant phycoerythrin; RA: red area in μm2/well; RD: receptor density; RFP: red fluorescent protein; Rg: radius of gyration; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; SAXS: small-angle x-ray scattering; scFv: single-chain variable fragment; SD: standard deviation; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; WT: wild-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kapelski
- Biologics Discovery, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
- Oncology Biology & Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erna Cleiren
- Former Discovery Sciences, LD-Screening BE, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
- Charles River Laboratories, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ricardo M. Attar
- Oncology Biology & Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA,USA
| | - Ulrike Philippar
- Oncology Biology & Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Julien Häsler
- Biologics Discovery, Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mark L. Chiu
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Malvern, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Boer B, Prick J, Pruis MG, Keane P, Imperato MR, Jaques J, Brouwers-Vos AZ, Hogeling SM, Woolthuis CM, Nijk MT, Diepstra A, Wandinger S, Versele M, Attar RM, Cockerill PN, Huls G, Vellenga E, Mulder AB, Bonifer C, Schuringa JJ. Prospective Isolation and Characterization of Genetically and Functionally Distinct AML Subclones. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:674-689.e8. [PMID: 30245083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intra-tumor heterogeneity caused by clonal evolution is a major problem in cancer treatment. To address this problem, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics on primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. We identified 50 leukemia-enriched plasma membrane proteins enabling the prospective isolation of genetically distinct subclones from individual AML patients. Subclones differed in their regulatory phenotype, drug sensitivity, growth, and engraftment behavior, as determined by RNA sequencing, DNase I hypersensitive site mapping, transcription factor occupancy analysis, in vitro culture, and xenograft transplantation. Finally, we show that these markers can be used to identify and longitudinally track distinct leukemic clones in patients in routine diagnostics. Our study describes a strategy for a major improvement in stratifying cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bauke de Boer
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Prick
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maurien G Pruis
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Rosaria Imperato
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Jennifer Jaques
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annet Z Brouwers-Vos
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shanna M Hogeling
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien M Woolthuis
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije T Nijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Versele
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ricardo M Attar
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerwin Huls
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André B Mulder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Centre Groningen (CRCG), University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, DA13, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shan W, Balog A, Nation A, Zhu X, Chen J, Cvijic ME, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Spires T, Attar RM, Obermeier M, Traeger S, Dai J, Zhang Y, Galella M, Trainor G, Vite GD, Gavai AV. [2.2.1]-Bicyclic sultams as potent androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5707-5711. [PMID: 27836399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the discovery, synthesis, SAR, and biological activity of [2.2.1]-bicyclic sultams as potent antagonists of the androgen receptor. Optimization of the series led to the identification of compound 25, which displayed robust pharmacodynamic effects in rats after oral dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Shan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Andrew Nation
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Jieping Geng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Cheryl A Rizzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Ricardo M Attar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mary Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Sarah Traeger
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Jun Dai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Michael Galella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - George Trainor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Ashvinikumar V Gavai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moores SL, Chiu ML, Bushey BS, Chevalier K, Luistro L, Dorn K, Brezski RJ, Haytko P, Kelly T, Wu SJ, Martin PL, Neijssen J, Parren PWHI, Schuurman J, Attar RM, Laquerre S, Lorenzi MV, Anderson GM. A Novel Bispecific Antibody Targeting EGFR and cMet Is Effective against EGFR Inhibitor-Resistant Lung Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3942-53. [PMID: 27216193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with activating EGFR mutations become resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), often through second-site mutations in EGFR (T790M) and/or activation of the cMet pathway. We engineered a bispecific EGFR-cMet antibody (JNJ-61186372) with multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit primary/secondary EGFR mutations and the cMet pathway. JNJ-61186372 blocked ligand-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and cMet and inhibited phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT more potently than the combination of single receptor-binding antibodies. In NSCLC tumor models driven by EGFR and/or cMet, JNJ-61186372 treatment resulted in tumor regression through inhibition of signaling/receptor downmodulation and Fc-driven effector interactions. Complete and durable regression of human lung xenograft tumors was observed with the combination of JNJ-61186372 and a third-generation EGFR TKI. Interestingly, treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with JNJ-61186372 resulted in no major toxicities, including absence of skin rash observed with other EGFR-directed agents. These results highlight the differentiated potential of JNJ-61186372 to inhibit the spectrum of mutations driving EGFR TKI resistance in NSCLC. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3942-53. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Moores
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania.
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Keri Dorn
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Peter Haytko
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheng-Jiun Wu
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ricardo M Attar
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Sylvie Laquerre
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - G Mark Anderson
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Foster WR, Car BD, Shi H, Levesque PC, Obermeier MT, Gan J, Arezzo JC, Powlin SS, Dinchuk JE, Balog A, Salvati ME, Attar RM, Gottardis MM. Drug safety is a barrier to the discovery and development of new androgen receptor antagonists. Prostate 2011; 71:480-8. [PMID: 20878947 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are part of the standard of care for prostate cancer. Despite the almost inevitable development of resistance in prostate tumors to AR antagonists, no new AR antagonists have been approved for over a decade. Treatment failure is due in part to mutations that increase activity of AR in response to lower ligand concentrations as well as to mutations that result in AR response to a broader range of ligands. The failure to discover new AR antagonists has occurred in the face of continued research; to enable progress, a clear understanding of the reasons for failure is required. METHODS Non-clinical drug safety studies and safety pharmacology assays were performed on previously approved AR antagonists (bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide), next generation antagonists in clinical testing (MDV3100, BMS-641988), and a pre-clinical drug candidate (BMS-501949). In addition, non-clinical studies with AR mutant mice, and EEG recordings in rats were performed. Non-clinical findings are compared to disclosures of clinical trial results. RESULTS As a drug class, AR antagonists cause seizure in animals by an off-target mechanism and are found in vitro to inhibit GABA-A currents. Clinical trials of candidate next generation AR antagonists identify seizure as a clinical safety risk. CONCLUSIONS Non-clinical drug safety profiles of the AR antagonist drug class create a significant barrier to the identification of next generation AR antagonists. GABA-A inhibition is a common off-target activity of approved and next generation AR antagonists potentially explaining some side effects and safety hazards of this class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R Foster
- Department of Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS), Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dinchuk JE, Cao C, Huang F, Reeves KA, Wang J, Myers F, Cantor GH, Zhou X, Attar RM, Gottardis M, Carboni JM. Insulin receptor (IR) pathway hyperactivity in IGF-IR null cells and suppression of downstream growth signaling using the dual IGF-IR/IR inhibitor, BMS-754807. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4123-32. [PMID: 20610571 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biology of IGF-IR/IR signaling was studied in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that were either wild type (wt), heterozygous (het), or null for the IGF-IR. The ability of IGF-I, IGF-II, or insulin to stimulate serum-starved MEFs was characterized by gene expression profiling and biochemical analyses for activation of downstream signals. Each genotypic group of MEFs exhibited distinct patterns of expression both while resting and in response to stimulation. The insulin receptor (IR) pathway in IGF-IR null MEFs was hypersensitive to insulin ligand stimulation resulting in greater AKT phosphorylation than in wt or het MEFs stimulated with the same ligand. Interestingly, the IR pathway hypersensitivity in IGF-IR null MEFs occurred with no observed changes in the levels of IR isoforms A or B. A new small molecule IGF-IR inhibitor (BMS-754807), having equipotent activity against both IGF-IR and IR, proved effective in suppressing both AKT and ERK phosphorylation from both the IGF-IR and IR pathways by all three ligands tested in wt, het, and null MEFs. The use of a dual IGF-IR/IR inhibitor addresses concerns about the use of growth inhibiting therapies directed against the IGF-IR receptor in certain cancers. Lastly, comparison of the antiproliferative effects (IC(50)s) of various compounds in wt vs. null MEFs demonstrates that genetically characterized MEFs provide a simple and inexpensive tool with which to define compounds as having mostly on-target or off-target IGF-IR activities because off-target compounds affect both wt and null MEFs equally.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Triazines/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Dinchuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, K23-02, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao HY, Balog A, Attar RM, Fairfax D, Fleming LB, Holst CL, Martin GS, Rossiter LM, Chen J, Cvjic ME, Dell-John J, Geng J, Gottardis MM, Han WC, Nation A, Obermeier M, Rizzo CA, Schweizer L, Spires T, Shan W, Gavai A, Salvati ME, Vite G. Design and synthesis of 4-[3,5-dioxo-11-oxa-4,9-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.0(2,6)]undec-4-yl]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitriles as androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4491-5. [PMID: 20584610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 4-[3,5-dioxo-11-oxa-4,9-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.0(2,6)]undec-4-yl]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitriles has been synthesized. The ability of these compounds to act as antagonists of the androgen receptor was investigated and several were found to have potent activity in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carboni JM, Wittman M, Yang Z, Lee F, Greer A, Hurlburt W, Hillerman S, Cao C, Cantor GH, Dell-John J, Chen C, Discenza L, Menard K, Li A, Trainor G, Vyas D, Kramer R, Attar RM, Gottardis MM. BMS-754807, a small molecule inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1R/IR. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 8:3341-9. [PMID: 19996272 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BMS-754807 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family kinases (Ki, <2 nmol/L). It is currently in phase I development for the treatment of a variety of human cancers. BMS-754807 effectively inhibits the growth of a broad range of human tumor types in vitro, including mesenchymal (Ewing's, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and liposarcoma), epithelial (breast, lung, pancreatic, colon, gastric), and hematopoietic (multiple myeloma and leukemia) tumor cell lines (IC50, 5-365 nmol/L); the compound caused apoptosis in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, Rh41, as shown by an accumulation of the sub-G1 fraction, as well as by an increase in poly ADP ribose polymerase and Caspase 3 cleavage. BMS-754807 is active in vivo in multiple (epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic) xenograft tumor models with tumor growth inhibition ranging from 53% to 115% and at a minimum effective dose of as low as 6.25 mg/kg dosed orally daily. Combination studies with BMS-754807 have been done on multiple human tumor cell types and showed in vitro synergies (combination index, <1.0) when combined with cytotoxic, hormonal, and targeted agents. The combination of cetuximab and BMS-754807 in vivo, at multiple dose levels, resulted in improved clinical outcome over single agent treatment. These data show that BMS-754807 is an efficacious, orally active growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family-targeted kinase inhibitor that may act in combination with a wide array of established anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Carboni
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Organization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zimmermann K, Wittman MD, Saulnier MG, Velaparthi U, Sang X, Frennesson DB, Struzynski C, Seitz SP, He L, Carboni JM, Li A, Greer AF, Gottardis M, Attar RM, Yang Z, Balimane P, Discenza LN, Lee FY, Sinz M, Kim S, Vyas D. SAR of PXR transactivation in benzimidazole-based IGF-1R kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1744-8. [PMID: 20153189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SAR of PXR transactivation by 3-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-pyridine-2-one based ATP competitive inhibitors of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor kinase (IGF-1R) is discussed. Compounds without PXR transactivation, with in vivo antitumor activity, reduced protein binding and improved oral exposure are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zimmermann
- Oncology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Attar RM, Jure-Kunkel M, Balog A, Cvijic ME, Dell-John J, Rizzo CA, Schweizer L, Spires TE, Platero JS, Obermeier M, Shan W, Salvati ME, Foster WR, Dinchuk J, Chen SJ, Vite G, Kramer R, Gottardis MM. Discovery of BMS-641988, a Novel and Potent Inhibitor of Androgen Receptor Signaling for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6522-30. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The understanding of the key role that androgens play on the normal and pathological physiology of the prostate guided the development of different therapies for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). These so-called androgen deprivation therapies include surgical or chemical castration, achieved by the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs; inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes; and finally, blocking of the binding of androgens to their receptor (AR) by the use of antiandrogens. Despite an excellent initial response, in approximately 2 to 3 years, most of these patients will succumb to the castration resistant form of the disease. Remarkably, even in the presence of castration levels of circulating androgens, these tumors are still dependent on a functional AR, and several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. These include: (1) gene amplification and increased expression of the AR mRNA and protein, (2) selection of mutations in the AR that confer broader ligand specificity, (3) changes in the ratios or expression between the AR and its coregulators, (4) increased expression of steroidogenic enzymes, and (5) up-regulation of cross-talk signal transduction pathways that can activate the AR in a ligand-independent manner. We will summarize how these molecular hypotheses are being tested in the clinic by the latest therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Attar
- Ortho Biotech Oncology R&D/Centocor R&D, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Litzenburger BC, Kim HJ, Kuiatse I, Carboni JM, Attar RM, Gottardis MM, Fairchild CR, Lee AV. BMS-536924 reverses IGF-IR-induced transformation of mammary epithelial cells and causes growth inhibition and polarization of MCF7 cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:226-37. [PMID: 19118050 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to test the ability of a new insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BMS-536924, to reverse the ability of constitutively active IGF-IR (CD8-IGF-IR) to transform MCF10A cells, and to examine the effect of the inhibitor on a range of human breast cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD8-IGF-IR-MCF10A cells were grown in monolayer culture, three-dimensional (3D) culture, and as xenografts, and treated with BMS-536924. Proliferation, cell cycle, polarity, and apoptosis were measured. Twenty-three human breast cancer cell lines were treated in monolayer culture with BMS-536924, and cell viability was measured. MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435 were treated with BMS-536924 in monolayer and 3D culture, and proliferation, migration, polarity, and apoptosis were measured. RESULTS Treatment of CD8-IGF-IR-MCF10A cells grown in 3D culture with BMS-536924 caused a blockade of proliferation, restoration of apical-basal polarity, and enhanced apoptosis, resulting in a partial phenotypic reversion to normal acini. In monolayer culture, BMS-536924 induced a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation, with an accumulation of cells in G(0)/G(1,), and completely blocked CD8-IGF-IR-induced migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. CD8-IGF-IR-MCF10A xenografts treated with BMS-536924 (100 mg/kg/day) showed a 76% reduction in xenograft volume. In a series of 23 human breast cancer cell lines, BMS-536924 inhibited monolayer proliferation of 16 cell lines. Most strikingly, treatment of MCF7 cells grown in 3D culture with BMS-536924 caused blockade of proliferation, and resulted in the formation of hollow polarized lumen. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the new small molecule BMS-536924 is an effective inhibitor of IGF-IR, causing a reversion of an IGF-IR - mediated transformed phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Litzenburger
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Haluska P, Carboni JM, Asmann YW, Ten Eyck C, Attar RM, Tibodeau JD, Hou X, Nakanishi T, Ross DD, Kaufmann SH, Gottardis MM, Erlichman C. Drug efflux by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a mechanism of resistance to the insulin-like growth factor receptor/insulin receptor inhibitor, BMS-536924. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract #2149
Background: Inhibitors of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are currently undergoing clinical testing. Preclinical investigations have identified IGF-1 signaling as a key mechanism for breast cancer growth and resistance to clinically useful therapies, including tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Thus, agents targeting IGF-1R have promise in the treatment of breast cancer. Determining mechanisms that can confer resistance to these agents may aid their clinical development.
 Methods: To understand factors may be important in predicting sensitivity to targeting the IGF-1 signaling pathway, we developed a cell line (MCF-7R4) that is resistant to BMS-554417, a small molecule, dual-kinase inhibitor of IGF-1R and insulin receptor (InsR). Compared with the parental MCF-7 cells, MCF-7R4 cells are 40- to 50-fold resistant to BMS-554417 and cross-resistant to the similar compound BMS-536924. The expression profiles of MCF-7R4 and that of MCF-7 were compared using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays. Intracellular concentrations of BMS-536924 were examined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. BMS-536924 cellular accumulation in vitro was visualized by fluorescence microscopy using a DAPI filter set. MCF-7 cells stably transfected with either the empty mammalian expression vector pcDNA (MCF-EV) or full length BCRP (MCF-BCRP) were examined for sensitivity to BMS 536924 by MTS assays.
 Results: Compared to MCF-7 cells, BCRP expression was increased 9-fold in MCF-7R4, which was highly statistically significant by t-test (p= 7.13E-09). Little change was observed in other ABC transporter proteins, including ABCB1. No change was observed in IGF-1R or InsR expression. BCRP overexpression in MCF-7R4 cells was confirmed by western blotting. MCF-7R4 cells had significantly lower intracellular accumulation of BMS-536924 compared to MCF-7 cells. Confirming these results, MCF-BCRP cells were significantly less sensitive to the cytoxic effects of BMS-536924 cells than MCF-EV cells.
 Conclusions: BCRP expression was stimulated by prolonged exposure of MCF-7 cells to BMS-554417. Upregulation of BCRP is one of the most significant changes observed in MCF-7R4 cells in comparison to parental cells. BCRP expression decreased cellular exposure to BMS-536924 and was sufficient to confer resistance. These data suggest that BSM-536924 is a substrate for BCRP-mediated efflux. Expression of BCRP may be important in de novo and acquired resistance to benzimidazole –based inhibitors of IGF-1R/InsR. Supported in part by the Mayo Clinic Breast SPORE (CA116201-03), NIH K12 (CA090628-05) and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (CA15083).
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2149.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Haluska
- 1 Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - JM Carboni
- 2 Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | - YW Asmann
- 3 Biomedical Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - RM Attar
- 2 Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | | | - X Hou
- 1 Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - T Nakanishi
- 4 Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - DD Ross
- 4 Medicine and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - MM Gottardis
- 2 Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang F, Greer A, Hurlburt W, Han X, Hafezi R, Wittenberg GM, Reeves K, Chen J, Robinson D, Li A, Lee FY, Gottardis MM, Clark E, Helman L, Attar RM, Dongre A, Carboni JM. The mechanisms of differential sensitivity to an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor (BMS-536924) and rationale for combining with EGFR/HER2 inhibitors. Cancer Res 2009; 69:161-70. [PMID: 19117999 PMCID: PMC7255694 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and enhanced activity of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in diverse tumor types make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. BMS-536924 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of IGF-IR, which shows antitumor activity in multiple tumor models, including sarcoma. To facilitate the development of IGF-IR inhibitors as cancer therapy, identification of biomarkers for selecting patients most likely to derive clinical benefit is needed. To do so, 28 sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines were screened for in vitro response to BMS-536924 to identify sensitive and resistant cell lines. Notably, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and neuroblastoma are more responsive to BMS-536924, suggesting these specific subtypes may represent potential targeted patient subpopulations for the IGF-IR inhibitor. Gene expression and protein profiling were performed on these cell lines, and candidate biomarkers correlating with intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to BMS-536924 were identified. IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-IR were highly expressed in sensitive cell lines, whereas IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-6 were highly expressed in resistant lines. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands in resistant cell lines may represent one possible resistance mechanism by the adaptation of IGF-IR-independent growth using alternative signaling pathways. Based on cross-talk between IGF-IR and EGFR pathways, combination studies to target both pathways were performed, and enhanced inhibitory activities were observed. These results provide a strategy for testing combinations of IGF-IR inhibitors with other targeted therapies in clinical studies to achieve improved patient outcomes. Further exploration of mechanisms for intrinsic and acquired drug resistance by these preclinical studies may lead to more rationally designed drugs that target multiple pathways for enhanced antitumor efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ross-Macdonald P, de Silva H, Guo Q, Xiao H, Hung CY, Penhallow B, Markwalder J, He L, Attar RM, Lin TA, Seitz S, Tilford C, Wardwell-Swanson J, Jackson D. Identification of a nonkinase target mediating cytotoxicity of novel kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3490-8. [PMID: 19001433 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In developing inhibitors of the LIM kinases, the initial lead molecules combined potent target inhibition with potent cytotoxic activity. However, as subsequent compounds were evaluated, the cytotoxic activity separated from inhibition of LIM kinases. A rapid determination of the cytotoxic mechanism and its molecular target was enabled by integrating data from two robust core technologies. High-content assays and gene expression profiling both indicated an effect on microtubule stability. Although the cytotoxic compounds are still kinase inhibitors, and their structures did not predict tubulin as an obvious target, these results provided the impetus to test their effects on microtubule polymerization directly. Unexpectedly, we confirmed tubulin itself as a molecular target of the cytotoxic kinase inhibitor compounds. This general approach to mechanism of action questions could be extended to larger data sets of quantified phenotypic and gene expression data.
Collapse
|
17
|
Haluska P, Carboni JM, TenEyck C, Attar RM, Hou X, Yu C, Sagar M, Wong TW, Gottardis MM, Erlichman C. HER receptor signaling confers resistance to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibitor, BMS-536924. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2589-98. [PMID: 18765823 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reported previously the activity of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-IR)/insulin receptor (InsR) inhibitor, BMS-554417, in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Further studies indicated treatment of OV202 ovarian cancer cells with BMS-554417 increased phosphorylation of HER-2. In addition, treatment with the pan-HER inhibitor, BMS-599626, resulted in increased phosphorylation of IGF-IR, suggesting a reciprocal cross-talk mechanism. In a panel of five ovarian cancer cell lines, simultaneous treatment with the IGF-IR/InsR inhibitor, BMS-536924 and BMS-599626, resulted in a synergistic antiproliferative effect. Furthermore, combination therapy decreased AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and increased biochemical and nuclear morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis compared with either agent alone. In response to treatment with BMS-536924, increased expression and activation of various members of the HER family of receptors were seen in all five ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that inhibition of IGF-IR/InsR results in adaptive up-regulation of the HER pathway. Using MCF-7 breast cancer cell variants that overexpressed HER-1 or HER-2, we then tested the hypothesis that HER receptor expression is sufficient to confer resistance to IGF-IR-targeted therapy. In the presence of activating ligands epidermal growth factor or heregulin, respectively, MCF-7 cells expressing HER-1 or HER-2 were resistant to BMS-536924 as determined in a proliferation and clonogenic assay. These data suggested that simultaneous treatment with inhibitors of the IGF-I and HER family of receptors may be an effective strategy for clinical investigations of IGF-IR inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancer and that targeting HER-1 and HER-2 may overcome clinical resistance to IGF-IR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haluska
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, South West, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zimmermann K, Wittman MD, Saulnier MG, Velaparthi U, Langley DR, Sang X, Frennesson D, Carboni J, Li A, Greer A, Gottardis M, Attar RM, Yang Z, Balimane P, Discenza LN, Vyas D. Balancing oral exposure with Cyp3A4 inhibition in benzimidazole-based IGF-IR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4075-80. [PMID: 18572407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-(Benzimidazol-2-yl)-pyridine-2-one-based ATP competitive inhibitors of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Kinase (IGF-IR) were optimized for reduced Cyp3A4 inhibition and improved oral exposure. The use of malonate as methyl anion synthon via S(N)Ar reaction and double decarboxylation under mild conditions is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Zimmermann
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pienta KJ, Abate-Shen C, Agus DB, Attar RM, Chung LWK, Greenberg NM, Hahn WC, Isaacs JT, Navone NM, Peehl DM, Simons JW, Solit DB, Soule HR, VanDyke TA, Weber MJ, Wu L, Vessella RL. The current state of preclinical prostate cancer animal models. Prostate 2008; 68:629-39. [PMID: 18213636 PMCID: PMC3681409 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in men around the world. The field of prostate cancer research continues to be hindered by the lack of relevant preclinical models to study tumorigenesis and to further development of effective prevention and therapeutic strategies. The Prostate Cancer Foundation held a Prostate Cancer Models Working Group (PCMWG) Summit on August 6th and 7th, 2007 to address these issues. The PCMWG reviewed the state of prostate cancer preclinical models and identified the current limitations of cell line, xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models that have hampered the transition of scientific findings from these models to human clinical trials. In addition the PCMWG identified administrative issues that inhibit the exchange of models and impede greater interactions between academic centers and these centers with industry. The PCMWG identified potential solutions for discovery bottlenecks that include: (1) insufficient number of models with insufficient molecular and biologic diversity to reflect human cancer, (2) a lack of understanding of the molecular events that define tumorigenesis, (3) a lack of tools for studying tumor-host interactions, (4) difficulty in accessing model systems across institutions, and (5) addressing why preclinical studies appear not to be predictive of human clinical trials. It should be possible to apply the knowledge gained molecular and epigenetic studies to develop new cell lines and models that mimic progressive and fatal prostate cancer and ultimately improve interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Pienta
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salvati ME, Balog A, Shan W, Rampulla R, Giese S, Mitt T, Furch JA, Vite GD, Attar RM, Jure-Kunkel M, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Gottardis MM, Krystek SR, Gougoutas J, Galella MA, Obermeier M, Fura A, Chandrasena G. Identification and optimization of a novel series of [2.2.1]-oxabicyclo imide-based androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1910-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
21
|
Schweizer L, Rizzo CA, Spires TE, Platero JS, Wu Q, Lin TA, Gottardis MM, Attar RM. The androgen receptor can signal through Wnt/beta-Catenin in prostate cancer cells as an adaptation mechanism to castration levels of androgens. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:4. [PMID: 18218096 PMCID: PMC2246119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A crucial event in Prostate Cancer progression is the conversion from a hormone-sensitive to a hormone-refractory disease state. Correlating with this transition, androgen receptor (AR) amplification and mutations are often observed in patients failing hormonal ablation therapies. β-Catenin, an essential component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, was shown to be a coactivator of the AR signaling in the presence of androgens. However, it is not yet clear what effect the increased levels of the AR could have on the Wnt signaling pathway in these hormone-refractory prostate cells. Results Transient transfections of several human prostate cancer cell lines with the AR and multiple components of the Wnt signaling pathway demonstrate that the AR overexpression can potentiate the transcriptional activities of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. In addition, the simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and overexpression of the AR promote prostate cancer cell growth and transformation at castration levels of androgens. Interestingly, the presence of physiological levels of androgen or other AR agonists inhibits these effects. These observations are consistent with the nuclear co-localization of the AR and β-Catenin shown by immunohistochemistry in human prostate cancer samples. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Wnt3A can recruit the AR to the promoter regions of Myc and Cyclin D1, which are well-characterized downstream targets of the Wnt signalling pathway. The same assays demonstrated that the AR and β-Catenin can be recruited to the promoter and enhancer regions of a known AR target gene PSA upon Wnt signaling. These results suggest that the AR is promoting Wnt signaling at the chromatin level. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the AR signaling through the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway should be added to the well established functional interactions between both pathways. Moreover, our data show that via this interaction the AR could promote prostate cell malignancy in a ligand-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Schweizer
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim HJ, Litzenburger BC, Cui X, Delgado DA, Grabiner BC, Lin X, Lewis MT, Gottardis MM, Wong TW, Attar RM, Carboni JM, Lee AV. Constitutively active type I insulin-like growth factor receptor causes transformation and xenograft growth of immortalized mammary epithelial cells and is accompanied by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mediated by NF-kappaB and snail. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3165-75. [PMID: 17296734 PMCID: PMC1899918 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01315-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) can transform mouse fibroblasts; however, little is known about the transforming potential of IGF-IR in human fibroblasts or epithelial cells. We found that overexpression of a constitutively activated IGF-IR (CD8-IGF-IR) was sufficient to cause transformation of immortalized human mammary epithelial cells and growth in immunocompromised mice. Furthermore, CD8-IGF-IR caused cells to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which was associated with dramatically increased migration and invasion. The EMT was mediated by the induction of the transcriptional repressor Snail and downregulation of E-cadherin. NF-kappaB was highly active in CD8-IGF-IR-MCF10A cells, and both increased levels of Snail and the EMT were partially reversed by blocking NF-kappaB or IGF-IR activity. This study places IGF-IR among a small group of oncogenes that, when overexpressed alone, can confer in vivo tumorigenic growth of MCF10A cells and indicates the hierarchy in the mechanism of IGF-IR-induced EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Baylor College of Medicine, Breast Center MS:600, One Baylor Plaza, Room N1110, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haluska P, Carboni JM, Loegering DA, Lee FY, Wittman M, Saulnier MG, Frennesson DB, Kalli KR, Conover CA, Attar RM, Kaufmann SH, Gottardis M, Erlichman C. In vitro and In vivo Antitumor Effects of the Dual Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I/Insulin Receptor Inhibitor, BMS-554417. Cancer Res 2006; 66:362-71. [PMID: 16397250 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor are either overactivated and/or overexpressed in a wide range of tumor types and contribute to tumorigenicity, proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we show that BMS-554417, a novel small molecule developed as an inhibitor of IGF-IR, inhibits IGF-IR and insulin receptor kinase activity and proliferation in vitro, and reduces tumor xenograft size in vivo. In a series of carcinoma cell lines, the IC50 for proliferation ranged from 120 nmol/L (Colo205) to >8.5 micromol/L (OV202). The addition of stimulatory ligands was unnecessary for the antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 and OV202 cells. BMS-554417 treatment inhibited IGF-IR and insulin receptor signaling through extracellular signal-related kinase as well as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, as evidenced by decreased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. At doses that inhibited proliferation, the compound also caused a G0-G1 arrest and prevented nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 in response to LR3 IGF-I. In Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells, this agent triggered apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. BMS-554417 was orally bioavailable and significantly inhibited the growth of IGF1R-Sal tumor xenografts in vivo. BMS-554417 is a member of a novel class of IGF-IR/insulin receptor inhibitors that have potential clinical applications because of their antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Spires TE, Fink BE, Kick EK, You D, Rizzo CA, Takenaka I, Lawrence RM, Ruan Z, Salvati ME, Vite GD, Weinmann R, Attar RM, Gottardis MM, Lorenzi MV. Identification of novel functional inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (17beta-HSD3). Prostate 2005; 65:159-70. [PMID: 15924334 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine therapy of prostate cancer (PCa) relies on agents which disrupt the biosynthesis of testosterone in the testis and/or by direct antagonism of active hormone on the androgen receptor (AR) in non-gonadal target tissues of hormone action such as the prostate. METHODS In an effort to evaluate new therapies which could inhibit gonadal or non-gonadal testosterone biosynthesis, we developed high throughput biochemical and cellular screening assays to identify inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (17beta-HSD3), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of androstenedione (AdT) to testosterone. RESULTS Initial screening efforts identified a natural product, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and a novel derivative of AdT, 3-O-benzylandrosterone, as potent inhibitors of the enzyme. Further efforts led to the identification of several classes of non-steroidal, low molecular weight compounds that potently inhibited 17beta-HSD3 enzymatic activity. One of the most potent classes of 17beta-HSD3 inhibitors was a series of anthranilamide small molecules identified from a collection of compounds related to non-steroidal modulators of nuclear hormone receptors. The anthranilamide based 17beta-HSD3 inhibitors were exemplified by BMS-856, a compound displaying low nanomolar inhibition of 17beta-HSD3 enzymatic activity. In addition, this series of compounds displayed potent inhibition of 17beta-HSD3-mediated cellular conversion of AdT to testosterone and inhibited the 17beta-HSD3-mediated conversion of testosterone necessary to promote AR-dependent transcription. CONCLUSIONS The identification of non-steroidal functional inhibitors of 17beta-HSD3 may be a useful complementary approach for the disruption of testosterone biosynthesis in the treatment of PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Spires
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Salvati ME, Balog A, Shan W, Wei DD, Pickering D, Attar RM, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Gottardis MM, Weinmann R, Krystek SR, Sack J, An Y, Kish K. Structure based approach to the design of bicyclic-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione based androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:271-6. [PMID: 15603938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of isoindoledione based compounds were identified as potent antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR). Co-crystallization of members of this family of inhibitors was successfully accomplished with the T877A AR LBD. A working model of how this class of compounds functions to antagonize the AR was created. Based on this model, it was proposed that expanding the bicyclic portion of the molecule should result in analogs which function as effective antagonists against a variety of AR isoforms. In contrast to what was predicted by the model, SAR around this new series was dictated by the aniline portion rather than the bicyclic portion of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Salvati
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Salvati ME, Balog A, Wei DD, Pickering D, Attar RM, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Hunt JT, Gottardis MM, Weinmann R, Martinez R. Identification of a novel class of androgen receptor antagonists based on the bicyclic-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione nucleus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:389-93. [PMID: 15603960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of isoindoledione based compounds were identified as potent antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR). SAR around this series revealed dramatic differences in binding and function in mutant variants (MT) of the AR as compared to the wild type (WT) receptor. Optimization of the aniline portion revealed substitution patterns, which yielded potent antagonist activity against the WT AR as well as the MT AR found in the LNCaP and PCa2b human prostate tumor cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Salvati
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Balog A, Salvati ME, Shan W, Mathur A, Leith LW, Wei DD, Attar RM, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Wang C, Krystek SR, Tokarski JS, Hunt JT, Gottardis M, Weinmann R. The synthesis and evaluation of [2.2.1]-bicycloazahydantoins as androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:6107-11. [PMID: 15546739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of [2.2.1]-azahydantoins has been designed and synthesized in an enantiospecific manner. The ability of these compounds to act as antagonists to the androgen receptor was investigated and several were found to have potent activity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Balog
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang C, Yeung F, Liu PC, Attar RM, Geng J, Chung LWK, Gottardis M, Kao C. Identification of a novel transcription factor, GAGATA-binding protein, involved in androgen-mediated expression of prostate-specific antigen. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32423-30. [PMID: 12782640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207862200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most valuable marker for the evaluation of prostate cancer progression. The expression of PSA is controlled by androgen receptor (AR) through its binding to androgen-response elements (AREs). Several AREs have been identified within the 5.8-kb PSA promoter. The main activity of this 5.8-kb PSA promoter resides in a 455-bp enhancer core region located about 4 kb upstream of the TATA box. Our study suggests that in addition to the four AREs identified in the PSA enhancer core, another regulatory element (GAGATA), which is located at the region designated PSA3.1, also contributes to transcriptional regulation by androgens. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that a putative transcriptional factor bound the GAGATA sequence in the PSA-producing prostate cancer cell. Further studies demonstrated that GAGATA factor preferentially bound the (G/C)(A/C/T)GATA sequence. The replacement of ATA with GGG in the GAGATA sequence completely eliminated the androgen-mediated transcriptional activity of the enhancer core. By using DNA-coupled magnetic beads and the Southwestern method, a 56-60-kDa protein was identified as the putative GAGATA binding factor. EMSA and Western blotting assay suggested that AR is not involved in androgen-mediated activation through PSA3.1. Therefore, we propose that binding of the GAGATA binding factor and AR to GAGATA and AREs, respectively, of the PSA enhancer core are required for the maximum transcriptional response to androgens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihuei Wang
- Orthopedic Research Center and Department of Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sack JS, Kish KF, Wang C, Attar RM, Kiefer SE, An Y, Wu GY, Scheffler JE, Salvati ME, Krystek SR, Weinmann R, Einspahr HM. Crystallographic structures of the ligand-binding domains of the androgen receptor and its T877A mutant complexed with the natural agonist dihydrotestosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4904-9. [PMID: 11320241 PMCID: PMC33136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.081565498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of the ligand-binding domains (LBD) of the wild-type androgen receptor (AR) and the T877A mutant corresponding to that in LNCaP cells, both bound to dihydrotestosterone, have been refined at 2.0 A resolution. In contrast to the homodimer seen in the retinoid-X receptor and estrogen receptor LBD structures, the AR LBD is monomeric, possibly because of the extended C terminus of AR, which lies in a groove at the dimerization interface. Binding of the natural ligand dihydrotestosterone by the mutant LBD involves interactions with the same residues as in the wild-type receptor, with the exception of the side chain of threonine 877, which is an alanine residue in the mutant. This structural difference in the binding pocket can explain the ability of the mutant AR found in LNCaP cells (T877A) to accommodate progesterone and other ligands that the wild-type receptor cannot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Sack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitor proteins of the IkappaB family. Each member of the IkappaB exhibits structural and biochemical similarities as well as differences. In an effort to address the functional redundancy of two closely related IkappaB molecules, IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta, we generated knock-in mice by replacing the IkappaBalpha gene with the IkappaBbeta gene. The knock-in mice do not express IkappaBalpha, but express a T7-tagged IkappaBbeta under the promoter and regulatory sequence of ikba. Unlike the IkappaBalpha-deficient mice, which display severe postnatal developmental defects and die by postnatal day 8, homozygous knock-in mice survive to adulthood, are fertile, and exhibit no apparent abnormalities. Furthermore, thymocytes and embryonic fibroblasts from the knock-in animals exhibit an inducible NF-kappaB response similar to that of wild-type animals. These results indicate that IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta share significant similarities in their biochemical activity, and that they acquired their different functions from divergent expression patterns during evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Attar RM, Macdonald-Bravo H, Raventos-Suarez C, Durham SK, Bravo R. Expression of constitutively active IkappaB beta in T cells of transgenic mice: persistent NF-kappaB activity is required for T-cell immune responses. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:477-87. [PMID: 9418895 PMCID: PMC121517 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.1.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by members of the IkappaB family, including IkappaB alpha, IkappaB beta, and the recently cloned IkappaB epsilon. Upon cellular activation, these inhibitors are rapidly phosphorylated on two amino-terminal serines, ubiquitinated, and degraded by the 26S proteasome, releasing a functional NF-kappaB. To determine the importance of IkappaB beta in NF-kappaB regulation in T cells, we generated transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active IkappaB beta mutant (mIkappaB beta) under the control of the lck promoter. The transgene contains the two critical N-terminal serine residues mutated to alanines and therefore no longer susceptible to degradation upon cell activation. mIkappaB beta is unable to totally displace IkappaB alpha from RelA-containing complexes, thus allowing a transient activation of NF-kappaB upon T-cell stimulation. However, mIkappaB beta completely blocks NF-kappaB activity after IkappaB alpha degradation. In addition, as a consequence of this inhibition, ikba expression is down regulated, along with that of other NF-kappaB-regulated genes. These transgenic mice have a significant reduction in the peripheral T-cell population, especially CD8+ cells. The remaining T cells have impaired proliferation in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus phytohemagglutinin or calcium ionophore but not to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 costimulation. As a result of these alterations, transgenic animals present defects in immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity and the generation of specific antibodies against T-cell-dependent antigens. These results show that in nonstimulated T cells, IkappaB beta cannot efficiently displace IkappaB alpha bound to RelA-containing complexes and that persistent NF-kappaB activity is required for proper T-cell responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Attar
- Department of Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Attar RM, Caamaño J, Carrasco D, Iotsova V, Ishikawa H, Ryseck RP, Weih F, Bravo R. Genetic approaches to study Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B function in mice. Semin Cancer Biol 1997; 8:93-101. [PMID: 9299587 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.1997.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of animal models in which individual members of a gene family are genetically altered is a particularly attractive way to elucidate their function-Members of the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family constitute an important network of transcription factors and regulatory proteins that control the expression of numerous cellular and viral genes crucial for a variety of processes. A few examples are developmental pattern formation and immune response in Drosophila, viral replication, and immune, inflammatory, acute phase and stress responses in vertebrates. The findings from knockout and transgenic mice developed to study Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B function in vivo are reviewed here. In general, these studies point to the essential role of these factors in the development and function of the vertebrate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Attar
- Department of Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Induction of c-fos transcription by serum growth factors requires the serum response element (SRE). The SRE is a multifunctional element which responds to several positively and negatively acting signals. To identify cellular proteins that might mediate functions of the SRE, we screened a human cDNA expression library with an SRE probe. We report the isolation and characterization of SRE-ZBP, a previously unidentified SRE-binding protein. SRE-ZBP is a member of the C2H2 zinc finger family of proteins exemplified by TFIIIA and the Drosophila Krüppel protein. The seven tandemly repeated zinc finger motifs in SRE-ZBP are sufficient for high-affinity binding to the SRE. We show that SRE-ZBP is a nuclear protein and identify a candidate cellular protein encoded by the SRE-ZBP gene. Because we cannot detect any DNA-binding activity attributable to the endogenous protein, we propose that SRE-ZBP activity may be subject to posttranslational regulation. Like c-fos mRNA, SRE-ZBP mRNA is serum inducible in HeLa cells, but with slower kinetics. The role of SRE-ZBP in the regulation of c-fos transcription remains unestablished, but this protein binds to a region of the SRE where mutations lead to derepression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Attar
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Attar RM, Grotewold E, Taccioli GE, Aisemberg GO, Torres HN, Judewicz ND. A cycloheximide-inducible gene of Neurospora crassa belongs to the cytochrome P-450 superfamily. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:7535-6. [PMID: 2529480 PMCID: PMC334846 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.18.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R M Attar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|