1
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Ruebsam F, Murphy DE, Tran CV, Li LS, Zhao J, Dragovich PS, McGuire HM, Xiang AX, Sun Z, Ayida BK, Blazel JK, Kim SH, Zhou Y, Han Q, Kissinger CR, Webber SE, Showalter RE, Shah AM, Tsan M, Patel RA, Thompson PA, Lebrun LA, Hou HJ, Kamran R, Sergeeva MV, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Khandurina J, Brooks J, Okamoto E, Kirkovsky L. Discovery of tricyclic 5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones as novel, potent, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6404-12. [PMID: 19818610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of non-nucleoside small molecules containing a tricyclic dihydropyridinone structural motif was identified as potent HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Driven by structure-based design and building on our previous efforts in related series of molecules, we undertook extensive SAR studies, in which we identified a number of metabolically stable and very potent compounds in genotype 1a and 1b replicon assays. This work culminated in the discovery of several inhibitors, which combined potent in vitro antiviral activity against both 1a and 1b genotypes, metabolic stability, good oral bioavailability, and high C(12) (PO)/EC(50) ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ruebsam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 5871 Oberlin Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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2
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Ellis DA, Blazel JK, Tran CV, Ruebsam F, Murphy DE, Li LS, Zhao J, Zhou Y, McGuire HM, Xiang AX, Webber SE, Zhao Q, Han Q, Kissinger CR, Lardy M, Gobbi A, Showalter RE, Shah AM, Tsan M, Patel RA, LeBrun LA, Kamran R, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Sergeeva MV, Kirkovsky L. 5,5'- and 6,6'-dialkyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones as potent inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6047-52. [PMID: 19796938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of 5,5'- and 6,6'-dialkyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones as potent inhibitors of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) is described. Several of these agents also display potent antiviral activity in cell culture experiments (EC50 <0.10 microM). In vitro DMPK data for selected compounds as well as crystal structures of representative inhibitors complexed with the NS5B protein are also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ellis
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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3
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Ruebsam F, Tran CV, Li LS, Kim SH, Xiang AX, Zhou Y, Blazel JK, Sun Z, Dragovich PS, Zhao J, McGuire HM, Murphy DE, Tran MT, Stankovic N, Ellis DA, Gobbi A, Showalter RE, Webber SE, Shah AM, Tsan M, Patel RA, Lebrun LA, Hou HJ, Kamran R, Sergeeva MV, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Kirkovsky L. 5,6-Dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones as potent inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:451-8. [PMID: 19054673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one analogs were discovered as a novel class of inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. Among these, compound 4ad displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays (IC(50) (1b)<10nM; IC(50) (1a)<25nM, EC(50) (1b)=16nM), good in vitro DMPK properties, as well as moderate oral bioavailability in monkeys (F=24%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ruebsam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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4
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Dragovich PS, Blazel JK, Ellis DA, Han Q, Kamran R, Kissinger CR, LeBrun LA, Li LS, Murphy DE, Noble M, Patel RA, Ruebsam F, Sergeeva MV, Shah AM, Showalter RE, Tran CV, Tsan M, Webber SE, Kirkovsky L, Zhou Y. Novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors derived from 4-(1',1'-dioxo-1',4'-dihydro-1'lambda(6)-benzo[1',2',4']thiadiazin-3'-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones. Part 5: Exploration of pyridazinones containing 6-amino-substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5635-9. [PMID: 18796353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 4-(1',1'-dioxo-1',4'-dihydro-1'lambda(6)-benzo[1',2',4']thiadiazin-3'-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones bearing 6-amino substituents as potent inhibitors of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) is described. Several of these agents also display potent antiviral activity in cell culture experiments (EC(50)<0.10 microM). In vitro DMPK data (microsome t(1/2), Caco-2 P(app)) for many of the compounds are also disclosed, and a crystal structure of a representative inhibitor complexed with the NS5B protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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5
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Ellis DA, Blazel JK, Webber SE, Tran CV, Dragovich PS, Sun Z, Ruebsam F, McGuire HM, Xiang AX, Zhao J, Li LS, Zhou Y, Han Q, Kissinger CR, Showalter RE, Lardy M, Shah AM, Tsan M, Patel R, LeBrun LA, Kamran R, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Sergeeva MV, Kirkovsky L. 4-(1,1-Dioxo-1,4-dihydro-1λ6-benzo[1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones as potent inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4628-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Thompson PA, Wang S, Howett LJ, Wang MM, Patel R, Averill A, Showalter RE, Li B, Appleman JR. Identification of ligand binding by protein stabilization: comparison of ATLAS with biophysical and enzymatic methods. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2008; 6:69-81. [PMID: 18336087 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATLAS (Any Target Ligand Affinity Screen) (Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA) is a homogeneous, affinity-based high-throughput screening technology based on protein thermal denaturation and the ability of ligands to bind and stabilize the target protein from unfolding. To further understand the assay sensitivity for the identification of ligands that bind to soluble protein targets, firefly luciferase was chosen to characterize the technology. Luciferase is a multidomain protein with a complex unfolding pathway. Binding of ATP results in a stabilizing conformational rearrangement of the domains. Using luciferase to characterize the ATLAS technology allowed us to evaluate the generality of the screening method for the identification of ligand binding to any target. Luciferase inhibitors identified from functional screens were used to assess the capability of ATLAS to rank order inhibitors. Comparison of the ATLAS 50% effective concentration with other biophysical and biochemical methods offered insight into optimizing ATLAS assay conditions to maximize sensitivity to compound binding and protein stabilization. The results show the importance of characterizing the thermal unfolding and aggregation behavior of the protein to allow the ATLAS screen to be optimally designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy A Thompson
- Department of Biology, Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
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7
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Kim SH, Tran MT, Ruebsam F, Xiang AX, Ayida B, McGuire H, Ellis D, Blazel J, Tran CV, Murphy DE, Webber SE, Zhou Y, Shah AM, Tsan M, Showalter RE, Patel R, Gobbi A, LeBrun LA, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Sergeeva MV, Kirkovsky L, Zhao Q, Han Q, Kissinger CR. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,1-dioxoisothiazole and benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxide derivatives as novel inhibitors of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4181-5. [PMID: 18554907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors comprising 1,1-dioxoisothiazoles and benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. SAR studies guided by structure-based design led to the identification of a number of potent NS5B inhibitors with nanomolar IC(50) values. The most potent compound exhibited IC(50) less than 10nM against the genotype 1b HCV polymerase and EC(50) of 70 nM against a genotype 1b replicon in cell culture. The DMPK properties of selected compounds were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Kim
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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8
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Li LS, Zhou Y, Murphy DE, Stankovic N, Zhao J, Dragovich PS, Bertolini T, Sun Z, Ayida B, Tran CV, Ruebsam F, Webber SE, Shah AM, Tsan M, Showalter RE, Patel R, Lebrun LA, Bartkowski DM, Nolan TG, Norris DA, Kamran R, Brooks J, Sergeeva MV, Kirkovsky L, Zhao Q, Kissinger CR. Novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors derived from 4-(1',1'-dioxo-1',4'-dihydro-1'lambda(6)-benzo[1',2',4']thiadiazin-3'-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones. Part 3: Further optimization of the 2-, 6-, and 7'-substituents and initial pharmacokinetic assessments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3446-55. [PMID: 18457949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. Lead optimization led to the discovery of compound 3a, which displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays [IC(50) (1b)<10nM; IC(50) (1a)=22 nM; EC(50) (1b)=5nM], good stability toward human liver microsomes (HLM t(1/2)>60 min), and high ratios of liver to plasma concentrations 12h after a single oral administration to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Li
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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9
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Zhou Y, Li LS, Dragovich PS, Murphy DE, Tran CV, Ruebsam F, Webber SE, Shah AM, Tsan M, Averill A, Showalter RE, Patel R, Han Q, Zhao Q, Hermann T, Kissinger CR, LeBrun L, Sergeeva MV. Novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors derived from 4-(1′,1′-dioxo-1′,4′-dihydro-1′λ6-benzo[1′,2′,4′]thiadiazin-3′-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones. Part 2: Variation of the 2- and 6-pyridazinone substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Zhou Y, Webber SE, Murphy DE, Li LS, Dragovich PS, Tran CV, Sun Z, Ruebsam F, Shah AM, Tsan M, Showalter RE, Patel R, Li B, Zhao Q, Han Q, Hermann T, Kissinger CR, Lebrun L, Sergeeva MV, Kirkovsky L. Novel HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors derived from 4-(1',1'-dioxo-1',4'-dihydro-1'lambda6-benzo[1',2',4']thiadiazin-3'-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones. Part 1: exploration of 7'-substitution of benzothiadiazine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1413-8. [PMID: 18242088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), metabolic stability, and structure-based design approach for this new class of compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefen Zhou
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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11
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Lira R, Xiang AX, Doundoulakis T, Biller WT, Agrios KA, Simonsen KB, Webber SE, Sisson W, Aust RM, Shah AM, Showalter RE, Banh VN, Steffy KR, Appleman JR. Syntheses of novel myxopyronin B analogs as potential inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6797-800. [PMID: 17980587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based upon observations from our initial findings, additional myxopyronin B analogs have been prepared and tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lira
- Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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12
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Doundoulakis T, Xiang AX, Lira R, Agrios KA, Webber SE, Sisson W, Aust RM, Shah AM, Showalter RE, Appleman JR, Simonsen KB. Myxopyronin B analogs as inhibitors of RNA polymerase, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5667-72. [PMID: 15482944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of myxopyronin B analogs has been prepared via a convergent synthetic route and were tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The parent lead compound proved to be very sensitive to even small changes. Only the achiral desmethyl myxopyronin B (1a) provided enhanced potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doundoulakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anadys Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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13
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Kissinger CR, Rejto PA, Pelletier LA, Thomson JA, Showalter RE, Abreo MA, Agree CS, Margosiak S, Meng JJ, Aust RM, Vanderpool D, Li B, Tempczyk-Russell A, Villafranca JE. Crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 with a bound inhibitor: implications for design of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. J Mol Biol 2004; 342:943-52. [PMID: 15342248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10), also known as amyloid beta-peptide-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. This protein, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, has been shown to bind beta-amyloid and to participate in beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. We have determined the crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 complexed with NAD(+) and an inhibitory small molecule. The inhibitor occupies the substrate-binding site and forms a covalent adduct with the NAD(+) cofactor. The crystal structure provides a basis for the design of potent, highly specific ABAD/HSD10 inhibitors with potential application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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14
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McTigue MA, Wickersham JA, Pinko C, Showalter RE, Parast CV, Tempczyk-Russell A, Gehring MR, Mroczkowski B, Kan CC, Villafranca JE, Appelt K. Crystal structure of the kinase domain of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2: a key enzyme in angiogenesis. Structure 1999; 7:319-30. [PMID: 10368301 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is involved in tumor growth, macular degeneration, retinopathy and other diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis by binding to specific receptors (VEGFRs) on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. VEGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that, like the platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), contain a large insert within the kinase domain. RESULTS We report here the generation, kinetic characterization, and 2.4 A crystal structure of the catalytic kinase domain of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). This protein construct, which lacks 50 central residues of the 68-residue kinase insert domain (KID), has comparable kinase activity to constructs containing the entire KID. The crystal structure, determined in an unliganded phosphorylated state, reveals an overall fold and catalytic residue positions similar to those observed in other tyrosine-kinase structures. The kinase activation loop, autophosphorylated on Y1059 prior to crystallization, is mostly disordered; however, a portion of it occupies a position inhibitory to substrate binding. The ends of the KID form a beta-like structure, not observed in other known tyrosine kinase structures, that packs near to the kinase C terminus. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the VEGFR2 KID residues are not necessary for kinase activity. The unique structure observed for the ends of the KID may also occur in other PDGFR family members and may serve to properly orient the KID for signal transduction. This VEGFR2 kinase structure provides a target for design of selective anti-angiogenic therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Catalytic Domain
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Growth Substances/chemistry
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McTigue
- Agouron Pharmaceuticals, 3565 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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15
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Dragovich PS, Barker JE, French J, Imbacuan M, Kalish VJ, Kissinger CR, Knighton DR, Lewis CT, Moomaw EW, Parge HE, Pelletier LA, Prins TJ, Showalter RE, Tatlock JH, Tucker KD, Villafranca JE. Structure-based design of novel, urea-containing FKBP12 inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1872-84. [PMID: 8627611 DOI: 10.1021/jm950798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The structure-based design and subsequent chemical synthesis of novel, urea-containing FKBP12 inhibitors are described. These compounds are shown to disrupt the cis-trans peptidylprolyl isomerase activity of FKBP12 with inhibition constants (Ki,app) approaching 0.10 microM. Analyses of several X-ray crystal structures of FKBP12-urea complexes demonstrate that the urea-containing inhibitors associate with FKBP12 in a manner that is similar to, but significantly different from, that observed for the natural product FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Dragovich
- Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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16
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Babine RE, Bleckman T, Littlefield ES, Parge HE, Pelletier L, Lewis CT, French JV, Imbacuan M, Katoh S, Tatlock JH, Showalter RE, Villafranca J. Design, synthesis and X-ray crystallographic studies of [7.3.1] and [8.3.1] macrocyclic FKBP-12 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kissinger CR, Parge HE, Knighton DR, Lewis CT, Pelletier LA, Tempczyk A, Kalish VJ, Tucker KD, Showalter RE, Moomaw EW. Crystal structures of human calcineurin and the human FKBP12-FK506-calcineurin complex. Nature 1995; 378:641-4. [PMID: 8524402 DOI: 10.1038/378641a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphate which is critical for several important cellular processes, including T-cell activation. CaN is the target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, which inhibit CaN after forming complexes with cytoplasmic binding proteins (cyclophilin and FKBP12, respectively). We report here the crystal structures of full-length human CaN at 2.1 A resolution and of the complex of human CaN with FKBP12-FK506 at 3.5 A resolution. In the native CaN structure, an auto-inhibitory element binds at the Zn/Fe-containing active site. The metal-site geometry and active-site water structure suggest a catalytic mechanism involving nucleophilic attack on the substrate phosphate by a metal-activated water molecule. In the FKBP12-FK506-CaN complex, the auto-inhibitory element is displaced from the active site. The site of binding of FKBP12-FK506 appears to be shared by other non-competitive inhibitors of calcineurin, including a natural anchoring protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Kissinger
- Agouron Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, California 92121-1121, USA
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18
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Tatlock JH, Kalish VJ, Parge H, Knighton DR, Showalter RE, Lewis CT, French J, Villafranca J. High-affinity FKBP-12 ligands derived from (R)-(−)-carvone. Synthesis and evaluation of FK506 pyranose ring replacements. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bassler BL, Wright M, Showalter RE, Silverman MR. Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence. Mol Microbiol 1993; 9:773-86. [PMID: 8231809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Density-dependent expression of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi is regulated by the concentration of an extracellular signal molecule (autoinducer) in the culture medium. A recombinant clone that restored function to one class of spontaneous dim mutants was found to encode functions necessary for the synthesis of, and response to, a signal molecule. Sequence analysis of the region encoding these functions revealed three open reading frames, two (luxL and luxM) that are required for production of an autoinducer substance and a third (luxN) that is required for response to this signal substance. The LuxL and LuxM proteins are not similar in amino acid sequence to other proteins in the database, but the LuxN protein contains regions of sequence resembling both the histidine protein kinase and the response regulator domains of the family of two-component, signal transduction proteins. The phenotypes of mutants with luxL, luxM and luxN defects indicated that an additional signal-response system controlling density-dependent expression of luminescence remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Bassler
- Agouron Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Abstract
Mutagenesis with transposon mini-Mulac was used previously to identify a regulatory locus necessary for expression of bioluminescence genes, lux, in Vibrio harveyi (M. Martin, R. Showalter, and M. Silverman, J. Bacteriol. 171:2406-2414, 1989). Mutants with transposon insertions in this regulatory locus were used to construct a hybridization probe which was used in this study to detect recombinants in a cosmid library containing the homologous DNA. Recombinant cosmids with this DNA stimulated expression of the genes encoding enzymes for luminescence, i.e., the luxCDABE operon, which were positioned in trans on a compatible replicon in Escherichia coli. Transposon mutagenesis and analysis of the DNA sequence of the cloned DNA indicated that regulatory function resided in a single gene of about 0.6-kilobases named luxR. Expression of bioluminescence in V. harveyi and in the fish light-organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri is controlled by density-sensing mechanisms involving the accumulation of small signal molecules called autoinducers, but similarity of the two luminescence systems at the molecular level was not apparent in this study. The amino acid sequence of the LuxR product of V. harveyi, which indicates a structural relationship to some DNA-binding proteins, is not similar to the sequence of the protein that regulates expression of luminescence in V. fischeri. In addition, reconstitution of autoinducer-controlled luminescence in recombinant E. coli, already achieved with lux genes cloned from V. fischeri, was not accomplished with the isolation of luxR from V. harveyi, suggesting a requirement for an additional regulatory component.
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Dvorak EM, Kane MT, Laskevich LA, Showalter RE. Test your knowledge of trauma and diabetes nursing care. Nursing 1983; 13:89-92. [PMID: 6553788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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