1
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Badami-Behjat A, Galeotti G, Gutzler R, Pastoetter DL, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Iodine passivation facilitates on-surface synthesis of robust regular conjugated two-dimensional organogold networks on Au(111). Nanoscale Horiz 2024. [PMID: 38639757 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated organogold networks with anthra-tetrathiophene repeat units are synthesized by thermally activated debrominative coupling of 2,5,9,12-tetrabromoanthra[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b'':8,7-b''']tetrathiophene (TBATT) precursor molecules on Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Performing the reaction on iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces promotes formation of highly regular structures, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast, coupling on bare Au(111) surfaces results in less regular networks due to the simultaneous expression of competing intermolecular binding motifs in the absence of error correction. The carbon-Au-carbon bonds confer remarkable robustness to the organogold networks, as evidenced by their high thermal stability. In addition, as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and underscored by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the organogold networks exhibit a small electronic band gap in the order of 1.0 eV due to their high π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badami-Behjat
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Vibrational fingerprints of molecules and low-dimension materials can be traced with subnanometer resolution by performing Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Strong atomic-scale localization of light in the plasmonic nanocavity of the STM enables high spatial resolution in STM-TERS; however, the temporal resolution is so far limited. Here, we demonstrate stable TERS measurements from subphthalocyanine (SubPc) molecules excited by ∼500 fs long laser pulses in a low-temperature (LT) ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) STM. The intensity of the TERS signal excited with ultrashort pulses scales linearly with the increasing flux of the laser pulses and exponentially with the decreasing gap-size of the plasmonic nanocavity. Furthermore, we compare the characteristic features of TERS excited with ultrashort pulses and with a continuous-wave (CW) laser. Our work lays the foundation for future experiments of time-resolved femtosecond TERS for the investigation of molecular dynamics with utmost spatial, temporal, and energy resolutions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Martin-Jimenez
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manish Garg
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Dogan G, Demir SO, Gutzler R, Gruhn H, Dayan CB, Sanli UT, Silber C, Culha U, Sitti M, Schütz G, Grévent C, Keskinbora K. Bayesian Machine Learning for Efficient Minimization of Defects in ALD Passivation Layers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54503-54515. [PMID: 34735111 PMCID: PMC8603353 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an enabling technology for encapsulating sensitive materials owing to its high-quality, conformal coating capability. Finding the optimum deposition parameters is vital to achieving defect-free layers; however, the high dimensionality of the parameter space makes a systematic study on the improvement of the protective properties of ALD films challenging. Machine-learning (ML) methods are gaining credibility in materials science applications by efficiently addressing these challenges and outperforming conventional techniques. Accordingly, this study reports the ML-based minimization of defects in an ALD-Al2O3 passivation layer for the corrosion protection of metallic copper using Bayesian optimization (BO). In all experiments, BO consistently minimizes the layer defect density by finding the optimum deposition parameters in less than three trials. Electrochemical tests show that the optimized layers have virtually zero film porosity and achieve five orders of magnitude reduction in corrosion current as compared to control samples. Optimized parameters of surface pretreatment using Ar/H2 plasma, the deposition temperature above 200 °C, and 60 ms pulse time quadruple the corrosion resistance. The significant optimization of ALD layers presented in this study demonstrates the effectiveness of BO and its potential outreach to a broader audience, focusing on different materials and processes in materials science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Dogan
- Robert
Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 13 42, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sinan O. Demir
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Herbert Gruhn
- Robert
Bosch GmbH, Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering , Robert-Bosch-Campus1, 71272 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cem B. Dayan
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Umut T. Sanli
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Silber
- Robert
Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 13 42, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Utku Culha
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinne Grévent
- Robert
Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 13 42, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Kahraman Keskinbora
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Alexa P, Lombardi JM, Abufager P, Busnengo HF, Grumelli D, Vyas VS, Haase F, Lotsch BV, Gutzler R, Kern K. Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Au(111) in Alkaline Media through Molecular Engineering of a 2D Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8411-8415. [PMID: 32023355 PMCID: PMC7317855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical splitting of water holds promise for the storage of energy produced intermittently by renewable energy sources. The evolution of hydrogen currently relies on the use of platinum as a catalyst-which is scarce and expensive-and ongoing research is focused towards finding cheaper alternatives. In this context, 2D polymers grown as single layers on surfaces have emerged as porous materials with tunable chemical and electronic structures that can be used for improving the catalytic activity of metal surfaces. Here, we use designed organic molecules to fabricate covalent 2D architectures by an Ullmann-type coupling reaction on Au(111). The polymer-patterned gold electrode exhibits a hydrogen evolution reaction activity up to three times higher than that of bare gold. Through rational design of the polymer on the molecular level we engineered hydrogen evolution activity by an approach that can be easily extended to other electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Alexa
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Lombardi
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET-UNR, S2000EZO, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Paula Abufager
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET-UNR, S2000EZO, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Heriberto Fabio Busnengo
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET-UNR, S2000EZO, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Vijay S Vyas
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Frederik Haase
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Present address: Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Alexa P, Lombardi JM, Abufager P, Busnengo HF, Grumelli D, Vyas VS, Haase F, Lotsch BV, Gutzler R, Kern K. Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Au(111) in Alkaline Media through Molecular Engineering of a 2D Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Alexa
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Lombardi
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario CONICET-UNR S2000EZO Rosario Argentina
| | - Paula Abufager
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario CONICET-UNR S2000EZO Rosario Argentina
| | - Heriberto Fabio Busnengo
- Instituto de Física Rosario and Universidad Nacional de Rosario CONICET-UNR S2000EZO Rosario Argentina
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Vijay S. Vyas
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Marquette University Milwaukee WI 53233 USA
| | - Frederik Haase
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Present address: Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institut de Physique École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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6
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Alexa P, Oligschleger C, Gröger P, Morchutt C, Vyas V, Lotsch BV, Schön JC, Gutzler R, Kern K. Short‐Range Structural Correlations in Amorphous 2D Polymers. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2340-2347. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Alexa
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Pascal Gröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Claudius Morchutt
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institut de PhysiqueÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Vijay Vyas
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of ChemistryMarquette University Milwaukee WI – 53233
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - J. Christian Schön
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institut de PhysiqueÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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7
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Hötger D, Etzkorn M, Morchutt C, Wurster B, Dreiser J, Stepanow S, Grumelli D, Gutzler R, Kern K. Stability of metallo-porphyrin networks under oxygen reduction and evolution conditions in alkaline media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2587-2594. [PMID: 30657498 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal atoms stabilised by organic ligands or as oxides exhibit promising catalytic activity for the electrocatalytic reduction and evolution of oxygen. Built-up from earth-abundant elements, they offer affordable alternatives to precious-metal based catalysts for application in fuel cells and electrolysers. For the understanding of a catalyst's activity, insight into its structure on the atomic scale is of highest importance, yet commonly challenging to experimentally access. Here, the structural integrity of a bimetallic iron tetrapyridylporphyrin with co-adsorbed cobalt electrocatalyst on Au(111) is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Topographic and spectroscopic characterization reveals structural changes of the molecular coordination network after oxygen reduction, and its decomposition and transformation into catalytically active Co/Fe (oxyhydr)oxide during oxygen evolution. The data establishes a structure-property relationship for the catalyst as a function of electrochemical potential and, in addition, highlights how the reaction direction of electrochemical interconversion between molecular oxygen and hydroxyl anions can have very different effects on the catalyst's structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hötger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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8
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Hötger D, Abufager P, Morchutt C, Alexa P, Grumelli D, Dreiser J, Stepanow S, Gambardella P, Busnengo HF, Etzkorn M, Gutzler R, Kern K. On-surface transmetalation of metalloporphyrins. Nanoscale 2018; 10:21116-21122. [PMID: 30406233 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the complexity of 2D metal-organic networks has led to the fabrication of structures with interesting magnetic and catalytic properties. However, increasing complexity by providing different coordination environments for different metal types imposes limitations on their synthesis if the controlled placement of one metal type into one coordination environment is desired. Whereas metal insertion into free-base porphyrins at the vacuum/solid interface has been thoroughly studied, providing detailed insight into the mechanisms at play, the chemical interaction of a metal atom with a metallated porphyrin is rarely investigated. Herein, the breadth of metalation reactions is augmented towards the metal exchange of a metalloporphyrin through the deliberate addition of atomic metal centers. The cation of Fe(ii)-tetraphenylporphyrins can be replaced by Co in a redox transmetalation-like reaction on a Au(111) surface. Likewise, Cu can be replaced by Co. The reverse reaction does not occur, i.e. Fe does not replace Co in the porphyrin. This non-reversible exchange is investigated in detail by X-ray absorption spectroscopy complemented by scanning tunneling microscopy. Density functional theory illuminates possible reaction pathways and leads to the conclusion that the transmetalation proceeds through the adsorption of initially metallic (neutral) Co onto the porphyrin and the expulsion of Fe towards the surface accompanied by Co insertion. Our findings have important implications for the fabrication of porphyrin layers on surfaces when subject to the additional deposition of metals. Mixed-metal porphyrin layers can be fabricated by design in a solvent-free process, but conversely care must be taken that the transmetalation does not proceed as an undesired side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hötger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Fester J, Makoveev A, Grumelli D, Gutzler R, Sun Z, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Kern K, Lauritsen JV. The Structure of the Cobalt Oxide/Au Catalyst Interface in Electrochemical Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fester
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anton Makoveev
- CEITEC BUT; Brno University of Technology; Purkynova 123 621 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET; 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Zhaozong Sun
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute de Physique; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jeppe V. Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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10
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Fester J, Makoveev A, Grumelli D, Gutzler R, Sun Z, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Kern K, Lauritsen JV. The Structure of the Cobalt Oxide/Au Catalyst Interface in Electrochemical Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11893-11897. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fester
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anton Makoveev
- CEITEC BUT; Brno University of Technology; Purkynova 123 621 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET; 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Zhaozong Sun
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute de Physique; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jeppe V. Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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11
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Hötger D, Carro P, Gutzler R, Wurster B, Chandrasekar R, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Salvarezza RC, Kern K, Grumelli D. Polymorphism and metal-induced structural transformation in 5,5′-bis(4-pyridyl)(2,2′-bispyrimidine) adlayers on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15960-15969. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of iron to a self-assembled molecular network can lift polymorphism and leads to the expression of one single metal–organic structure on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hötger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Pilar Carro
- Área de Química Física
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Instituto de Materiales y Nanotecnología
- Tenerife
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Wurster
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Rajadurai Chandrasekar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- IPCMS-CNRS, Université de Strasbourg
| | - Roberto C. Salvarezza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata – CONICET – Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16
- (1900) La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- D-70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Institut de Physique
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata – CONICET – Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16
- (1900) La Plata
- Argentina
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; Heisenbergstrasse 1 70579 Stuttgart Germany
| | - J. Christian Schön
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; Heisenbergstrasse 1 70579 Stuttgart Germany
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13
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Borca B, Michnowicz T, Pétuya R, Pristl M, Schendel V, Pentegov I, Kraft U, Klauk H, Wahl P, Gutzler R, Arnau A, Schlickum U, Kern K. Electric-Field-Driven Direct Desulfurization. ACS Nano 2017; 11:4703-4709. [PMID: 28437066 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to elucidate the elementary steps of a chemical reaction at the atomic scale is important for the detailed understanding of the processes involved, which is key to uncover avenues for improved reaction paths. Here, we track the chemical pathway of an irreversible direct desulfurization reaction of tetracenothiophene adsorbed on the Cu(111) closed-packed surface at the submolecular level. Using the precise control of the tip position in a scanning tunneling microscope and the electric field applied across the tunnel junction, the two carbon-sulfur bonds of a thiophene unit are successively cleaved. Comparison of spatially mapped molecular states close to the Fermi level of the metallic substrate acquired at each reaction step with density functional theory calculations reveals the two elementary steps of this reaction mechanism. The first reaction step is activated by an electric field larger than 2 V nm-1, practically in absence of tunneling electrons, opening the thiophene ring and leading to a transient intermediate. Subsequently, at the same threshold electric field and with simultaneous injection of electrons into the molecule, the exergonic detachment of the sulfur atom is triggered. Thus, a stable molecule with a bifurcated end is obtained, which is covalently bound to the metallic surface. The sulfur atom is expelled from the vicinity of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdana Borca
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- National Institute of Materials Physics , 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Tomasz Michnowicz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rémi Pétuya
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marcel Pristl
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Verena Schendel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ivan Pentegov
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Wahl
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Arnau
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales UPV/EHU and Material Physics Center (MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Uta Schlickum
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Rauschenbach S, Rinke G, Gutzler R, Abb S, Albarghash A, Le D, Rahman TS, Dürr M, Harnau L, Kern K. Two-Dimensional Folding of Polypeptides into Molecular Nanostructures at Surfaces. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2420-2427. [PMID: 28122181 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the fabrication of molecular nanostructures on surfaces via two-dimensional (2D) folding of the nine amino acid peptide bradykinin. Soft-landing electrospray ion beam deposition in conjunction with high-resolution imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy is used to fabricate and investigate the molecular nanostructures. Subnanometer resolved images evidence the large conformational freedom of the molecules if thermal motion is inhibited and the formation of stable uniform dimers of only one specific conformation when diffusion can take place. Molecular dynamics modeling supported by density functional theory calculations give atomically precise insight into the induced-fit binding scheme when the folded dimer is formed. In the absence of solvent, we find a hierarchy of binding strength from polar to nonpolar, manifested in an inverted polar-nonpolar segregation which suppresses unspecific interactions at the rim of the nanostructure. The demonstrated 2D-folding scheme resembles many key properties of its native 3D counterpart and shows that functional, molecular nanostructures on surfaces fabricated by folding could be just as versatile and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rauschenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Gordon Rinke
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Sabine Abb
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Alyazan Albarghash
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Duy Le
- University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Talat S Rahman
- University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Michael Dürr
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Applied Physics , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen DE-35392, Germany
| | - Ludger Harnau
- University of Stuttgart , Bernhäuserstr. 75, Leinfelden-Echterdingen DE-70771, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstr. 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut de Physique , Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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15
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Morchutt C, Björk J, Straßer C, Starke U, Gutzler R, Kern K. Interplay of Chemical and Electronic Structure on the Single-Molecule Level in 2D Polymerization. ACS Nano 2016; 10:11511-11518. [PMID: 28024333 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single layers of covalently linked organic materials in the form of two-dimensional (2D) polymers constitute structures complementary to inorganic 2D materials. The electronic properties of 2D polymers may be manipulated through a deliberate choice of the organic precursors. Here we address the changes in electronic structure-from precursor molecule to oligomer-by scanning tunneling spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. For this purpose, we introduce the polymerization reaction of 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene via decarboxylation on Cu(111), which is thoroughly characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. We present a comprehensive study of a contamination-free on-surface coupling scheme and study how dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, and polymerization affect the electronic structure on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Morchutt
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Carola Straßer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ulrich Starke
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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16
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Wurster B, Grumelli D, Hötger D, Gutzler R, Kern K. Driving the Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Nonlinear Cooperativity in Bimetallic Coordination Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3623-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wurster
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diana Hötger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
The band structures of several conjugated 2D polymers are calculated through DFT and the influence of the polymer's repeat unit on its electronic structure is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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18
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Abstract
Metal-organic supramolecular chemistry on surfaces has matured to a point where its underlying growth mechanisms are well understood and structures of defined coordination environments of metal atoms can be synthesized in a controlled and reproducible procedure. With surface-confined molecular self-assembly, scientists have a tool box at hand which can be used to prepare structures with desired properties, as for example a defined oxidation number and spin state of the transition metal atoms within the organic matrix. From a structural point of view, these coordination sites in the supramolecular structure resemble the catalytically active sites of metallo-enzymes, both characterized by metal centers coordinated to organic ligands. Several chemical reactions take place at these embedded metal ions in enzymes and the question arises whether these reactions also take place using metal-organic networks as catalysts. Mimicking the active site of metal atoms and organic ligands of enzymes in artificial systems is the key to understanding the selectivity and efficiency of enzymatic reactions. Their catalytic activity depends on various parameters including the charge and spin configuration in the metal ion, but also on the organic environment, which can stabilize intermediate reaction products, inhibits catalytic deactivation, and serves mostly as a transport channel for the reactants and products and therefore ensures the selectivity of the enzyme. Charge and spin on the transition metal in enzymes depend on the one hand on the specific metal element, and on the other hand on its organic coordination environment. These two parameters can carefully be adjusted in surface confined metal-organic networks, which can be synthesized by virtue of combinatorial mixing of building synthons. Different organic ligands with varying functional groups can be combined with several transition metals and spontaneously assemble into ordered networks. The catalytically active metal centers are adequately separated by the linking molecules and constitute promising candiates for heterogeneous catalysts. Recent advances in synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of metal-organic networks are highlighted in this Account. Experimental results like structure determination of the networks, charge and spin distribution in the metal centers, and catalytic mechanisms for electrochemical reactions are presented. In particular, we describe the activity of two networks for the oxygen reduction reaction in a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and electrochemical study. The similarities and differences of the networks compared to metallo-enzymes will be discussed, such as the metal surface that operates as a geometric template and concomitantly functions as an electron reservoir, and how this leads to a new class of bioinspired catalysts. The possibility to create functional two-dimensional coordination complexes at surfaces taking inspiration from nature opens up a new route for the design of potent nanocatalyst materials for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70176 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stepanow
- Department
of Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Hönggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doris Grumelli
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET - Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magalı́ Lingenfelder
- Max Planck-EPFL
Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience, EPFL SB CMNT NL-CMNT, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70176 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Morchutt C, Björk J, Krotzky S, Gutzler R, Kern K. Covalent coupling via dehalogenation on Ni(111) supported boron nitride and graphene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2440-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(4-bromophenyl)benzene on graphene and hexagonal boron nitride is investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Morchutt
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- IFM
- Linköping University
- 58183 Linköping
| | - Sören Krotzky
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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20
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Vyas VS, Gutzler R, Nuss J, Kern K, Lotsch BV. Optical gap in herringbone and π-stacked crystals of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene and its brominated derivative. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Gutzler R, Cardenas L, Lipton-Duffin J, El Garah M, Dinca LE, Szakacs CE, Fu C, Gallagher M, Vondráček M, Rybachuk M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Ullmann-type coupling of brominated tetrathienoanthracene on copper and silver. Nanoscale 2014; 6:2660-2668. [PMID: 24441565 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of extended two-dimensional organic networks on Cu(111), Ag(111), Cu(110), and Ag(110) from thiophene-based molecules. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy yields insight into the reaction pathways from single molecules towards the formation of two-dimensional organometallic and polymeric structures via Ullmann reaction dehalogenation and C-C coupling. The thermal stability of the molecular networks is probed by annealing at elevated temperatures of up to 500 °C. On Cu(111) only organometallic structures are formed, while on Ag(111) both organometallic and covalent polymeric networks were found to coexist. The ratio between organometallic and covalent bonds could be controlled by means of the annealing temperature. The thiophene moieties start degrading at 200 °C on the copper surface, whereas on silver the degradation process becomes significant only at 400 °C. Our work reveals how the interplay of a specific surface type and temperature steers the formation of organometallic and polymeric networks and describes how these factors influence the structural integrity of two-dimensional organic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
Organic oligomers and polymers with extended π-conjugation are the fundamental building blocks of organic electronic devices. Novel routes are being explored to create tailor-made organic materials, and recent progress in organic chemistry and surface chemistry has led to the synthesis of planar 2D polymers. Here we show how extending π-conjugation in the second dimension leads to novel materials with HOMO-LUMO gaps smaller than in 1D polymers built from the same parent molecular repeat unit. Density functional theory calculations on experimentally realized 2D polymers grant insight into HOMO-LUMO gap contraction with increasing oligomer size and show fundamental differences between 1D and 2D "band gap engineering". We discuss how the effects of cross-conjugation and dihedral twists affect the electronic gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Lutz T, Grosse C, Dette C, Kabakchiev A, Schramm F, Ruben M, Gutzler R, Kuhnke K, Schlickum U, Kern K. Molecular orbital gates for plasmon excitation. Nano Lett 2013; 13:2846-2850. [PMID: 23688309 DOI: 10.1021/nl401177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Future combinations of plasmonics with nanometer-sized electronic circuits require strategies to control the electrical excitation of plasmons at the length scale of individual molecules. A unique tool to study the electrical plasmon excitation with ultimate resolution is scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Inelastic tunnel processes generate plasmons in the tunnel gap that partially radiate into the far field where they are detectable as photons. Here we employ STM to study individual tris-(phenylpyridine)-iridium complexes on a C60 monolayer, and investigate the influence of their electronic structure on the plasmon excitation between the Ag(111) substrate and an Ag-covered Au tip. We demonstrate that the highest occupied molecular orbital serves as a spatially and energetically confined nanogate for plasmon excitation. This opens the way for using molecular tunnel junctions as electrically controlled plasmon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lutz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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24
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El Garah M, Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod JM, Gutzler R, Palmino F, Luzet V, Chérioux F, Rosei F. Self-Assembly of a Halogenated Molecule on Oxide-Passivated Cu(110). Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1813-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Cardenas L, Gutzler R, Lipton-Duffin J, Fu C, Brusso JL, Dinca LE, Vondráček M, Fagot-Revurat Y, Malterre D, Rosei F, Perepichka DF. Synthesis and electronic structure of a two dimensional π-conjugated polythiophene. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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26
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Gutzler R, Fu C, Dadvand A, Hua Y, MacLeod JM, Rosei F, Perepichka DF. Halogen bonds in 2D supramolecular self-assembly of organic semiconductors. Nanoscale 2012; 4:5965-5971. [PMID: 22895808 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31648j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Weak interactions between bromine, sulphur, and hydrogen are shown to stabilize 2D supramolecular monolayers at the liquid-solid interface. Three different thiophene-based semiconducting organic molecules assemble into close-packed ultrathin ordered layers. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) elucidates the interactions within the monolayer. Electrostatic interactions are identified as the driving force for intermolecular Br···Br and Br···H bonding. We find that the SS interactions of the 2D supramolecular layers correlate with the hole mobilities of thin film transistors of the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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27
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Walch H, Dienstmaier J, Eder G, Gutzler R, Schlögl S, Sirtl T, Das K, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. Extended two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks based on thiolate-copper coordination bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7909-15. [PMID: 21534586 DOI: 10.1021/ja200661s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly and surface-mediated reactions of 1,3,5-tris(4-mercaptophenyl)benzene--a three-fold symmetric aromatic trithiol--are studied on Cu(111) by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. In order to reveal the nature of intermolecular bonds and to understand the specific role of the substrate for their formation, these studies were extended to Ag(111). Room-temperature deposition onto either substrate yields densely packed trigonal structures with similar appearance and lattice parameters. Yet, thermal annealing reveals distinct differences between both substrates: on Cu(111) moderate annealing temperatures (~150 °C) already drive the emergence of two different porous networks, whereas on Ag(111) higher annealing temperatures (up to ~300 °C) were required to induce structural changes. In the latter case only disordered structures with characteristic dimers were observed. These differences are rationalized by the contribution of the adatom gas on Cu(111) to the formation of metal-coordination bonds. Density functional theory (DFT) methods were applied to identify intermolecular bonds in both cases by means of their bond distances and geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Walch
- Department for Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 München, Germany
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28
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29
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Gutzler R, Ivasenko O, Fu C, Brusso JL, Rosei F, Perepichka DF. Halogen bonds as stabilizing interactions in a chiral self-assembled molecular monolayer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9453-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Gutzler R, Sirtl T, Dienstmaier JF, Mahata K, Heckl WM, Schmittel M, Lackinger M. Reversible Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Monolayers at the Liquid−Solid Interface: Temperature-Controlled Opening and Closing of Nanopores. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5084-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908919r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Sirtl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen F. Dienstmaier
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Kingsuk Mahata
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany, Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany, Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany, and Department of Physics, TUM School of Education, Technical University Munich, Schellingstrasse 33, 80333 Munich, Germany
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31
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Gutzler R, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Combination of a Knudsen effusion cell with a quartz crystal microbalance: in situ measurement of molecular evaporation rates with a fully functional deposition source. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:015108. [PMID: 20113130 DOI: 10.1063/1.3292510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a straightforward, reliable, and inexpensive design of a Knudsen type molecular effusion cell capable of measuring molecular evaporation rates in situ. This is accomplished by means of a quartz crystal microbalance integrated into the shutter of the effusion cell. The presented layout facilitates both the measurement of effusion rates under ultrahigh vacuum conditions without the need for a separate experimental setup and the growth of surface supported molecular layers and nanostructures. As an important prerequisite for reproducible deposition of molecular films with defined coverages ranging from submonolayers up to multilayers, the Knudsen cell features a stable deposition rate for crucible temperatures between 50 and 500 degrees C. Experimental determination of deposition rates for different crucible temperatures allows to approximate sublimation enthalpies of the evaporant based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, Munich 80333, Germany
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32
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Gutzler R, Walch H, Eder G, Kloft S, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Surface mediated synthesis of 2D covalent organic frameworks: 1,3,5-tris(4-bromophenyl)benzene on graphite(001), Cu(111), and Ag(110). Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4456-8. [PMID: 19597624 DOI: 10.1039/b906836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The on surface synthesis of a two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic framework from a halogenated aromatic monomer under ultra-high vacuum conditions is shown to be dependent on the choice of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333, Munich, Germany.
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Gutzler R, Lappe S, Mahata K, Schmittel M, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. Aromatic interaction vs. hydrogen bonding in self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:680-2. [PMID: 19322420 DOI: 10.1039/b812890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial self-assembly of specific monolayer structures from solution on a graphite surface can be steered by tuning the interplay between solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333, Munich, Germany.
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Sedlmaier B, Jivanjee A, Gutzler R, Huscher D, Jovanovic S. Ventilation time of the middle ear in otitis media with effusion (OME) after CO2 laser myringotomy. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:661-8. [PMID: 12150520 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200204000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the transtympanic ventilation time, the healing course of the tympanic membrane, the early and late complications, and the recurrence rate of otitis media with effusion (OME) within 6 months after CO2 laser myringotomy with the CO2 laser otoscope Otoscan. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, laser myringotomy was performed with the CO2 laser otoscope Otoscan in a patient population comprising 81 children (159 ears) with a history of otitis media with effusion (OME) associated with adenoidal and sometimes tonsillar hyperplasia. The procedure on the tympanic membrane was accordingly combined with an adenoidectomy, a CO2 laser tonsillotomy, or a tonsillectomy and therefore performed under insufflation anesthesia. In all ears, approximately 2 mm circular perforations were created in the lower anterior quadrants with a power of 12 to 15 W, a pulse duration of 180 msec, and a scanned area of 2.2 mm in diameter. RESULTS None of the children showed postoperative impairment of cochleovestibular function such as sensorineural hearing loss or nystagmus. Otomicroscopic and videoendoscopic monitoring documented the closure time and healing pattern of tympanic membrane perforations. The mean closure time was found to be 16.35 days (minimum, 8 days; maximum, 34 days). As a rule, an onion-skin-like membrane of keratinized material was seen in the former myringotomy perforations at the time of closure. At the follow-up 6 months later, the condition of the tympanic membrane of 129 ears (81.1%) could be checked by otomicroscopy and videoendoscopy and the hearing ability by audiometry and tympanometry. The CO2 laser myringotomy sites appeared normal and irritation-free. Two of the tympanic membranes examined (1.6%) showed atrophic scar formation, and 1 (0.8%) had a perforation with a diameter of 0.3 mm. The perforation was seen closed in a control otoscopy 15 months postoperatively. OME recurred in 26.3% of the ears seen intraoperatively with mucous secretion (n = 38) and in 13.5% of the ears with serous secretion (n = 37; P <.05). CONCLUSION The most important principle in treating OME is ventilation of the tympanic cavity. CO2 laser myringotomy achieves this through a self-healing perforation in which its diameter roughly determines the duration of transtympanic ventilation. Laser myringotomy competes with ventilation tube insertion in the treatment of OME. It may be a useful alternative in the surgical management of secretory otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Sedlmaier
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Sedlmaier B, Jivanjee A, Gutzler R, Huscher D, Jovanovic S. [Duration of middle ear ventilation after laser myringotomy with the CO2 laser otoscope Otoscan]. HNO 2001; 49:447-53. [PMID: 11450511 DOI: 10.1007/s001060170095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most important principle in treating secretory otitis media (SOM) is ventilation of the tympanic cavity. CO2 laser myringotomy achieves this via a self-healing perforation whose diameter essentially determines the duration of transtympanic ventilation. PATIENTS, METHODS In this study, laser myringotomy was performed with the CO2 laser otoscope Otoscan in a homogeneous patient collective comprising 81 children (159 ears) suffering from SOM. The tympanic intervention was combined with an adenoidectomy or a CO2 laser tonsillotomy and therefore performed under general insufflation anesthesia. In all ears, approximately 2 mm circular perforations were created in the lower anterior quadrants with a power of 12-15 W and a pulse duration of 180 ms. RESULTS None of the children showed postoperative impairment of inner ear function. Otomicroscopic and videoendoscopic monitoring documented the healing process. The mean closure time was found to be 16.35 days (8-34 days). As a rule, an onion-skin-like membrane of keratinized material was seen in the former myringotomy perforations at the time of closure. At the follow-up 6 months later the laser myringotomy sites appeared normal and irritation-free. Two of the tympanic membranes (1.6%) examined showed atrophic scar formation, one (0.8%) a perforation with a diameter of 0.5 mm. In 19 ears (14.7%) there was a recurrence of SOM within the observation period. CONCLUSIONS Laser myringotomy competes with ventilation tube insertion in the treatment of SOM. It may be an useful alternative in the surgical management of secretory otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sedlmaier
- HNO-Klinik mit Polikliniken, Klinikums Benjamin Franklin, Freien Universität Berlin
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Laserotoscopes are suitable for low-pain outpatient surgery of otitis media with effusion (OME) under topical anesthesia. The myringotomy perforations should have a diameter greater than 2 mm to ventilate the middle ear for approximately 3 weeks. PATIENTS/METHODS In this study, the clinical applicability of a prototype of an Er:YAG laserotoscope (Baasel Lasertechnik, Starnberg, Germany) was tested. Formalin-fixed human tympanic membranes yielded the parameters suitable for clinical application of an Er:YAG laserotoscope in patients. With a focussed laser beam (beam diameter 500 microns), one is able to achieve perforations of 50-micron diameter with one single laser pulse applying pulse energies of 70 mJ (energy density 36 J/cm2). The ablation rate, i.e., the tissue layer that is ablated per laser pulse, is 100 microns using pulse energies of 70 mJ. This means that formalin-fixed human tympanic membrane can be perforated with one single laser pulse. RESULTS Ten patients with OME (otitis media with effusion) were treated under topical anesthesia of the tympanic membrane (8% tetracainbase in Isopropanol for 15 min) with focussed laser pulses (beam diameter 500 microns) with energies of 100 mJ (energy density 52 J/cm2). A sufficient perforation diameter of 2 mm could be achieved with an average of 15 juxtaposed laser applications. The enlargement of the perforations was made difficult by extruding middle ear secretions and slight bleeding of the tympanic membrane. Between laser applications, the target tissue had to be cleaned by suctioning using the operation microscope. The healing of the tympanic membrane was verified and compared in postoperative clinical follow-ups. With a perforation diameter of 2 mm, the Er:YAG laser myringotomies healed within 14 days. The used parameters did not generate side effects such as inner ear hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS An effective, easy, and practical performance of laser myringotomy is not currently possible with the Er:YAG laserotoscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sedlmaier
- Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik mit Polikliniken, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin
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