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Nilson SM, Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Kurushima JD, Lipinski MJ, Randi E, Waly NE, Driscoll C, Murua Escobar H, Schuster RK, Maruyama S, Labarthe N, Chomel BB, Ghosh SK, Ozpinar H, Rah HC, Millán J, Mendes-de-Almeida F, Levy JK, Heitz E, Scherk MA, Alves PC, Decker JE, Lyons LA. Genetics of randomly bred cats support the cradle of cat domestication being in the Near East. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:346-355. [PMID: 36319737 PMCID: PMC9708682 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat domestication likely initiated as a symbiotic relationship between wildcats (Felis silvestris subspecies) and the peoples of developing agrarian societies in the Fertile Crescent. As humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to farmers ~12,000 years ago, bold wildcats likely capitalized on increased prey density (i.e., rodents). Humans benefited from the cats' predation on these vermin. To refine the site(s) of cat domestication, over 1000 random-bred cats of primarily Eurasian descent were genotyped for single-nucleotide variants and short tandem repeats. The overall cat population structure suggested a single worldwide population with significant isolation by the distance of peripheral subpopulations. The cat population heterozygosity decreased as genetic distance from the proposed cat progenitor's (F.s. lybica) natural habitat increased. Domestic cat origins are focused in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, spreading to nearby islands, and southernly via the Levantine coast into the Nile Valley. Cat population diversity supports the migration patterns of humans and other symbiotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer D Kurushima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Monika J Lipinski
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ettore Randi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Nashwa E Waly
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, University Medical Center Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rolf K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Norma Labarthe
- Programa de Bioética, Ética Aplicada e Saúde Coletiva, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária - Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Haydar Ozpinar
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gedik University, 34876, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hyung-Chul Rah
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Javier Millán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Avda. de Ranillas, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavya Mendes-de-Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária - Clínica e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho 64, Niterói, RJ, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - Julie K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | | | | | - Paulo C Alves
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/InBIO Associate Lab & Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Campus e Vairão, 4485-661, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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2
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Aleman M, Scalco R, Malvick J, Grahn RA, True A, Bellone RR. Prevalence of genetic mutations in horses with muscle disease from a neuromuscular disease laboratory. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104129. [PMID: 36150530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious genetic variants are an important cause of skeletal muscle disease. Immunohistochemical evaluation of muscle biopsies is standard for the diagnosis of muscle disorders. The prevalence of alleles causing hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), malignant hyperthermia (MH), polysaccharide storage myopathy 1 (PSSM1), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), myotonia congenita (MC), and myosin heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) in horses with muscle disease is unknown. Archived slides processed for immunohistochemical analysis from 296 horses with muscle disease were reviewed blinded and clinical information obtained. DNA isolated from stored muscle samples from these horses were genotyped for disease variants. Histological findings were classified as myopathic in 192, neurogenic in 41, and normal in 63 horses. A third of the population had alleles that explained disease which constituted 45% of the horses with confirmed histological myopathic process. Four of six muscle disease alleles were identified only in Quarter horse breeds. The allele causing PSSM1 was detected in other breeds, and MC was not detected in these samples. The My allele, associated with susceptibility for MYHM, was the most common (62%) with homozygotes (16/27) presenting a more severe phenotype compared to heterozygotes (6/33). All cases with the MH allele were fatal upon triggering by anesthesia, stress or concurrent myopathy. Both, muscle histological and genetic analyses are essential in the investigation of muscle disease, since 10% of the horses with muscle disease and normal histology had a muscle disease causing genetic variant, and 63% of histologically confirmed muscle with alterations had no known genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Rebeca Scalco
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States
| | - Julia Malvick
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
| | - Alexander True
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, California, United States
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Population Health and Reproduction, Davis, California, United States; Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Davis, California, United States
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3
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Aylward CM, Grahn RA, Barthman-Thompson LM, Kelt DA, Sacks BN, Statham MJ. A novel noninvasive genetic survey technique for small mammals. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Noninvasive genetic surveys, often conducted by collecting fecal samples, have become a popular tool for surveying wildlife, but have primarily been applied to species with large and conspicuous scat. Although many small mammals are threatened, endangered, or data deficient, noninvasive genetic surveys have rarely been applied due to the challenges of detecting their inconspicuous fecal pellets. As part of a broader study of the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), we developed a noninvasive genetic survey technique for the community of small mammals in their putative range. We designed bait stations to passively collect fecal samples from rodents, and developed a multiplex primer set that amplified unique fragment sizes for salt marsh harvest mice and four other sympatric species. We tested the primer set on positive controls and on fecal pellets collected from bait stations at two regularly monitored field sites known to have very different densities of salt marsh harvest mice. The multiplex amplified DNA from all five species, even when all five species were present in a single sample. A positive species identification was made for all field-collected samples, and 43% of these field-collected samples had multispecies detections. The combination of bait stations and genetic species identification proved to be an effective means of noninvasively surveying small mammals in potential salt marsh harvest mouse habitat. The sampling technique should be applicable to a wide variety of small mammals in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M Aylward
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
| | - Laureen M Barthman-Thompson
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Region 3 , 2109 Arch Airport Road, Stockton, California 95206 , USA
| | - Douglas A Kelt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
| | - Mark J Statham
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616 , USA
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Hisey EA, Hermans H, Lounsberry ZT, Avila F, Grahn RA, Knickelbein KE, Duward-Akhurst SA, McCue ME, Kalbfleisch TS, Lassaline ME, Back W, Bellone RR. Whole genome sequencing identified a 16 kilobase deletion on ECA13 associated with distichiasis in Friesian horses. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:848. [PMID: 33256610 PMCID: PMC7706231 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distichiasis, an ocular disorder in which aberrant cilia (eyelashes) grow from the opening of the Meibomian glands of the eyelid, has been reported in Friesian horses. These misplaced cilia can cause discomfort, chronic keratitis, and corneal ulceration, potentially impacting vision due to corneal fibrosis, or, if secondary infection occurs, may lead to loss of the eye. Friesian horses represent the vast majority of reported cases of equine distichiasis, and as the breed is known to be affected with inherited monogenic disorders, this condition was hypothesized to be a simply inherited Mendelian trait. RESULTS A genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the Axiom 670 k Equine Genotyping array (MNEc670k) utilizing 14 cases and 38 controls phenotyped for distichiasis. An additive single locus mixed linear model (EMMAX) approach identified a 1.83 Mb locus on ECA5 and a 1.34 Mb locus on ECA13 that reached genome-wide significance (pcorrected = 0.016 and 0.032, respectively). Only the locus on ECA13 withstood replication testing (p = 1.6 × 10- 5, cases: n = 5 and controls: n = 37). A 371 kb run of homozygosity (ROH) on ECA13 was found in 13 of the 14 cases, providing evidence for a recessive mode of inheritance. Haplotype analysis (hapQTL) narrowed the region of association on ECA13 to 163 kb. Whole-genome sequencing data from 3 cases and 2 controls identified a 16 kb deletion within the ECA13 associated haplotype (ECA13:g.178714_195130del). Functional annotation data supports a tissue-specific regulatory role of this locus. This deletion was associated with distichiasis, as 18 of the 19 cases were homozygous (p = 4.8 × 10- 13). Genotyping the deletion in 955 horses from 54 different breeds identified the deletion in only 11 non-Friesians, all of which were carriers, suggesting that this could be causal for this Friesian disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a 16 kb deletion on ECA13 in an intergenic region that was associated with distichiasis in Friesian horses. Further functional analysis in relevant tissues from cases and controls will help to clarify the precise role of this deletion in normal and abnormal eyelash development and investigate the hypothesis of incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hisey
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - H Hermans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Z T Lounsberry
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - F Avila
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S A Duward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - T S Kalbfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M E Lassaline
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Back
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Buckley RM, Grahn RA, Gandolfi B, Herrick JR, Kittleson MD, Bateman HL, Newsom J, Swanson WF, Prieur DJ, Lyons LA. Assisted reproduction mediated resurrection of a feline model for Chediak-Higashi syndrome caused by a large duplication in LYST. Sci Rep 2020; 10:64. [PMID: 31919397 PMCID: PMC6952417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a well-characterized, autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal disease caused by mutations in lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST). The feline model for CHS was originally maintained for ~20 years. However, the colonies were disbanded and the CHS cat model was lost to the research community before the causative mutation was identified. To resurrect the cat model, semen was collected and cryopreserved from a lone, fertile, CHS carrier male. Using cryopreserved semen, laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination was performed on three queens, two queens produced 11 viable kittens. To identify the causative mutation, a fibroblast cell line, derived from an affected cat from the original colony, was whole genome sequenced. Visual inspection of the sequence data identified a candidate causal variant as a ~20 kb tandem duplication within LYST, spanning exons 30 through to 38 (NM_001290242.1:c.8347-2422_9548 + 1749dup). PCR genotyping of the produced offspring demonstrated three individuals inherited the mutant allele from the CHS carrier male. This study demonstrated the successful use of cryopreservation and assisted reproduction to maintain and resurrect biomedical models and has defined the variant causing Chediak-Higashi syndrome in the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California - Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - B Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J R Herrick
- Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, 68107, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220, USA
| | - M D Kittleson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - H L Bateman
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220, USA
| | - J Newsom
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220, USA
| | - W F Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220, USA
| | - D J Prieur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - L A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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6
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Abstract
A novel coloration named ‘mocha’ has been identified in the Burmese cat breed from Thailand. Tyrosinase (TYR) mutations are known to be associated with coat coloration in cats, such as the sable Burmese, the points of the Siamese and albino cats. Additionally, sable Burmese that produced mocha‐colored cats had unexpected genotypes for TYR. Therefore, TYR was considered a candidate gene for mocha in cats. Sanger sequencing for genomic DNA revealed NC_018732.3:chromosome D1:45 898 609_45 898 771dup in exon 2 and intron 2 of TYR. Transcription analysis using cDNA detected c.820_936delinsAATCTC (p.I274_L312delinsNL), which caused a 111‐bp (37 amino acid) deletion in the reading frame of TYR. The identified variant was concordant with the phenotype and segregated with TYR variants in a pedigree of 12 Burmese cats. This findings of this study suggest that TYR is associated with the mocha coloration in cats. The new color variant adds to the allelic series for TYR (C > cb = cs > c, c2) and is recessive to full color (C); however, interactions with the cb and cs alleles are unclear due to the temperature‐sensitivity of the alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - R A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - L A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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7
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H, Abdi M, Bach LH, Creighton EK, Davis BW, Decker JE, Dodman NH, Ginns EI, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Haase B, Haggstrom J, Hamilton MJ, Helps CR, Kurushima JD, Lohi H, Longeri M, Malik R, Meurs KM, Montague MJ, Mullikin JC, Murphy WJ, Nilson SM, Pedersen NC, Peterson CB, Rusbridge C, Saif R, Shelton GD, Warren WC, Wasim M, Lyons LA. Author Correction: Applications and efficiencies of the first cat 63K DNA array. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8746. [PMID: 29867197 PMCID: PMC5986783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Mona Abdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Leslie H Bach
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas H Dodman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jens Haggstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Kurushima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Parelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlyn B Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rashid Saif
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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8
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H, Abdi M, Bach LH, Creighton EK, Davis BW, Decker JE, Dodman NH, Ginns EI, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Haase B, Haggstrom J, Hamilton MJ, Helps CR, Kurushima JD, Lohi H, Longeri M, Malik R, Meurs KM, Montague MJ, Mullikin JC, Murphy WJ, Nilson SM, Pedersen NC, Peterson CB, Rusbridge C, Saif R, Shelton GD, Warren WC, Wasim M, Lyons LA. Applications and efficiencies of the first cat 63K DNA array. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7024. [PMID: 29728693 PMCID: PMC5935720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high throughput SNP genotyping technologies has improved the genetic dissection of simple and complex traits in many species including cats. The properties of feline 62,897 SNPs Illumina Infinium iSelect DNA array are described using a dataset of over 2,000 feline samples, the most extensive to date, representing 41 cat breeds, a random bred population, and four wild felid species. Accuracy and efficiency of the array’s genotypes and its utility in performing population-based analyses were evaluated. Average marker distance across the array was 37,741 Kb, and across the dataset, only 1% (625) of the markers exhibited poor genotyping and only 0.35% (221) showed Mendelian errors. Marker polymorphism varied across cat breeds and the average minor allele frequency (MAF) of all markers across domestic cats was 0.21. Population structure analysis confirmed a Western to Eastern structural continuum of cat breeds. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium ranged from 50–1,500 Kb for domestic cats and 750 Kb for European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Array use in trait association mapping was investigated under different modes of inheritance, selection and population sizes. The efficient array design and cat genotype dataset continues to advance the understanding of cat breeds and will support monogenic health studies across feline breeds and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Mona Abdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Leslie H Bach
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas H Dodman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jens Haggstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Kurushima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Parelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlyn B Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rashid Saif
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Gustafson NA, Proverbio D, Spada E, Adhikari B, Cheng J, Andrews G, Lyons LA, Helps CR. Correction: A Novel Variant in CMAH Is Associated with Blood Type AB in Ragdoll Cats. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29534111 PMCID: PMC5849335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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10
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Lyons LA, Grahn RA, Genova F, Beccaglia M, Hopwood JJ, Longeri M. Mucopolysaccharidosis VI in cats - clarification regarding genetic testing. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:136. [PMID: 27370326 PMCID: PMC4930586 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of new DNA-based diagnostic tools has increased tremendously in companion animals. Over 70 different DNA variants are now known for the cat, including DNA variants in disease-associated genes and genes causing aesthetically interesting traits. The impact genetic tests have on animal breeding and health management is significant because of the ability to control the breeding of domestic cats, especially breed cats. If used properly, genetic testing can prevent the production of diseased animals, causing the reduction of the frequency of the causal variant in the population, and, potentially, the eventual eradication of the disease. However, testing of some identified DNA variants may be unwarranted and cause undo strife within the cat breeding community and unnecessary reduction of gene pools and availability of breeding animals. Testing for mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI (MPS VI) in cats, specifically the genetic testing of the L476P (c.1427T>C) and the D520N (c.1558G>A) variants in arylsulfatase B (ARSB), has come under scrutiny. No health problems are associated with the D520N (c.1558G>A) variant, however, breeders that obtain positive results for this variant are speculating as to possible correlation with health concerns. Birman cats already have a markedly reduced gene pool and have a high frequency of the MPS VI D520N variant. Further reduction of the gene pool by eliminating cats that are heterozygous or homozygous for only the MPS VI D520N variant could lead to more inbreeding depression effects on the breed population. Herein is debated the genetic testing of the MPS VI D520N variant in cats. Surveys from different laboratories suggest the L476P (c.1427T>C) disease-associated variant should be monitored in the cat breed populations, particularly breeds with Siamese derivations and outcrosses. However, the D520N has no evidence of association with disease in cats and testing is not recommended in the absence of L476P genotyping. Selection against the D520N is not warranted in cat populations. More rigorous guidelines may be required to support the genetic testing of DNA variants in all animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Genova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - John J Hopwood
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Werner JA, Woo JC, Vernau W, Graham PS, Grahn RA, Lyons LA, Moore PF. Characterization of Feline Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Region Genes for the Molecular Diagnosis of B-cell Neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:596-607. [PMID: 16145206 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-5-596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop a molecular-based assay so that the diagnosis of feline B-cell neoplasia can be facilitated, we have characterized 24 feline immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region ( IGH V) complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts. Structural homology with rearranged human IGH V genes was found, and the sequence information was used to design a feline-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to amplify the complementarity determining region 3 as a marker for B-cell clonality. Conserved primers derived from the second and third framework regions of V gene segments were used in conjunction with 2 sequence-specific primers and 1 degenerate primer derived from the J gene segments. Each PCR reaction was run in duplicate, and both native and denatured PCR products were evaluated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections from cats with confirmed B-cell neoplasia (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmacytoma, and myeloma) were examined, and 15/22 (68.2%) cats produced results indicative of the presence of a monoclonal population of B cells. The evaluation of denatured PCR products (heteroduplex analysis) facilitated a more accurate interpretation in 3/15 (20%) cats. Pseudoclonality was a major reason for the failure to detect monoclonality. Poor DNA quality is a significant concern and was responsible for the removal of 2 cats from the study. Using this assay, FFPE normal feline lymphoid tissues and unfixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined to be composed of polyclonal populations of B cells. This assay represents a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis and investigation of feline B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Werner
- Department of Veterinary, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Jones CLR, Grahn RA, Chien MB, Lyons LA, London CA. Detection of c-kit Mutations in Canine Mast Cell Tumors using Fluorescent Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:95-100. [PMID: 15053358 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations consisting of internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in exons 11 and 12 of the proto-oncogene c- kit are found in 30–50% of malignant canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Traditionally, identification of such mutations in tumor specimens has been undertaken using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. This procedure is limited to the detection of insertions and deletions larger than 9 base pairs in size. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency and accuracy of standard agarose gel electrophoresis with fluorescent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the detection of ITDs in canine MCTs. The results of this study demonstrate that PAGE of labeled PCR products accurately predicts the size of the ITD in each tumor. In addition, other small insertions and deletions were not identified, suggesting that if they occur in canine MCTs, they do so infrequently. Because fluorescent and polyacrylamide formats are automated and have better resolution than agarose gels, fluorescent PAGE provides a more accurate, economical, and higher throughput method for the detection of c- kit mutations in canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L R Jones
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Lyons LA, Creighton EK, Alhaddad H, Beale HC, Grahn RA, Rah H, Maggs DJ, Helps CR, Gandolfi B. Whole genome sequencing in cats, identifies new models for blindness in AIPL1 and somite segmentation in HES7. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:265. [PMID: 27030474 PMCID: PMC4815086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reduced cost and improved efficiency of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is drastically improving the development of cats as biomedical models. Persian cats are models for Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), the most severe and earliest onset form of visual impairment in humans. Cats with innocuous breed-defining traits, such as a bobbed tail, can also be models for somite segmentation and vertebral column development. Methods The first WGS in cats was conducted on a trio segregating for LCA and the bobbed tail abnormality. Variants were identified using FreeBayes and effects predicted using SnpEff. Variants within a known haplotype block for cat LCA and specific candidate genes for both phenotypes were prioritized by the predicted variant effect on the proteins and concordant segregation within the trio. The efficiency of WGS of a single trio of domestic cats was evaluated. Results A stop gain was identified at position c.577C > T in cat AIPL1, a predicted p.Arg193*. A c.5A > G variant causing a p.V2A was identified in HES7. The variants segregated concordantly in a Persian – Japanese bobtail pedigree. Over 1700 cats from 40 different breeds and populations were genotyped for the AIPL1 variant, defining an allelic frequency in only Persian –related breeds of 1.15 %. A sub-set of cats was genotyped for the HES7 variant, supporting the variant as private to the Japanese bobtail breed. Approximately 18 million SNPs were identified for application in cat research. The cat AIPL1 variant would have been considered a high priority variant for evaluation, regardless of a priori knowledge from previous genetic studies. Conclusions This study represents the first effort of the 99 Lives Cat Genome Sequencing Initiative to identify disease - causing variants in the domestic cat using WGS. The current cat reference assembly is efficient for gene and variant identification. However, as the feline variant database improves, development of cats as biomedical models for human disease will be more efficient, providing an alternative, large animal model for drug and gene therapy trials. Undiagnosed human patients with early-onset blindness should be screened for this AIPL1 variant. The HES7 variant should further calibrate the somite segmentation clock. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2595-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- College of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | | | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - HyungChul Rah
- Graduate School of Health Science Business Convergence, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, Chungbuk Province, 28644, South Korea
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher R Helps
- Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Brooks A, Creighton EK, Gandolfi B, Khan R, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. SNP Miniplexes for Individual Identification of Random-Bred Domestic Cats. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:594-606. [PMID: 27122395 PMCID: PMC5019183 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the cat can be obtained from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses of fur. This study developed miniplexes using SNPs with high discriminating power for random‐bred domestic cats, focusing on individual and phenotypic identification. Seventy‐eight SNPs were investigated using a multiplex PCR followed by a fluorescently labeled single base extension (SBE) technique (SNaPshot®). The SNP miniplexes were evaluated for reliability, reproducibility, sensitivity, species specificity, detection limitations, and assignment accuracy. Six SNPplexes were developed containing 39 intergenic SNPs and 26 phenotypic SNPs, including a sex identification marker, ZFXY. The combined random match probability (cRMP) was 6.58 × 10−19 across all Western cat populations and the likelihood ratio was 1.52 × 1018. These SNPplexes can distinguish individual cats and their phenotypic traits, which could provide insight into crime reconstructions. A SNP database of 237 cats from 13 worldwide populations is now available for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Brooks
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Razib Khan
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211
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15
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Schjaerff M, Keller SM, Fass J, Froenicke L, Grahn RA, Lyons L, Affolter VK, Kristensen AT, Moore PF. Refinement of the canine CD1 locus topology and investigation of antibody binding to recombinant canine CD1 isoforms. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:191-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Lyons LA, Erdman CA, Grahn RA, Hamilton MJ, Carter MJ, Helps CR, Alhaddad H, Gandolfi B. Aristaless-Like Homeobox protein 1 (ALX1) variant associated with craniofacial structure and frontonasal dysplasia in Burmese cats. Dev Biol 2015; 409:451-8. [PMID: 26610632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) can have severe presentations that are medically and socially debilitating. Several genes are implicated in FND conditions, including Aristaless-Like Homeobox 1 (ALX1), which is associated with FND3. Breeds of cats are selected and bred for extremes in craniofacial morphologies. In particular, a lineage of Burmese cats with severe brachycephyla is extremely popular and is termed Contemporary Burmese. Genetic studies demonstrated that the brachycephyla of the Contemporary Burmese is a simple co-dominant trait, however, the homozygous cats have a severe craniofacial defect that is incompatible with life. The craniofacial defect of the Burmese was genetically analyzed over a 20 year period, using various genetic analysis techniques. Family-based linkage analysis localized the trait to cat chromosome B4. Genome-wide association studies and other genetic analyses of SNP data refined a critical region. Sequence analysis identified a 12bp in frame deletion in ALX1, c.496delCTCTCAGGACTG, which is 100% concordant with the craniofacial defect and not found in cats not related to the Contemporary Burmese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Erdman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 96516, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Carter
- MDxHealth Inc, 15279 Alton Parkway, Suite #100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
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Ofri R, Reilly CM, Maggs DJ, Fitzgerald PG, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Good KL, Grahn RA, Splawski DD, Lyons LA. Characterization of an Early-Onset, Autosomal Recessive, Progressive Retinal Degeneration in Bengal Cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5299-308. [PMID: 26258614 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A form of retinal degeneration suspected to be hereditary was discovered in a family of Bengal cats. A breeding colony was established to characterize disease progression clinically, electrophysiologically, and morphologically, and to investigate the mode of inheritance. METHODS Affected and related cats were donated by owners for breeding trials and pedigree analysis. Kittens from test and complementation breedings underwent ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic examinations and ERG, and globes were evaluated using light microscopy. RESULTS Pedigree analysis, along with test and complementation breedings, indicated autosomal recessive inheritance and suggested that this disease is nonallelic to a retinal degeneration found in Persian cats. Mutation analysis confirmed the disease is not caused by CEP290 or CRX variants found predominantly in Abyssinian and Siamese cats. Ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal degeneration were noted at 9 weeks of age and became more noticeable over the next 4 months. Visual deficits were behaviorally evident by 1 year of age. Electroretinogram demonstrated reduced rod and cone function at 7 and 9 weeks of age, respectively. Rod responses were mostly extinguished at 14 weeks of age; cone responses were minimal by 26 weeks. Histologic degeneration was first observed at 8 weeks, evidenced by reduced photoreceptor numbers, then rapid deterioration of the photoreceptor layer and, subsequently, severe outer retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS A recessively inherited primary photoreceptor degeneration was characterized in the Bengal cat. The disease is characterized by early onset, with histologic, ophthalmoscopic, and electrophysiological signs evident by 2 months of age, and rapid progression to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Paul G Fitzgerald
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Danielle D Splawski
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States 6Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columb
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Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Creighton EK, Williams DC, Dickinson PJ, Sturges BK, Guo LT, Shelton GD, Leegwater PAJ, Longeri M, Malik R, Lyons LA. COLQ variant associated with Devon Rex and Sphynx feline hereditary myopathy. Anim Genet 2015; 46:711-5. [PMID: 26374066 PMCID: PMC4637250 DOI: 10.1111/age.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some Devon Rex and Sphynx cats have a variably progressive myopathy characterized by appendicular and axial muscle weakness, megaesophagus, pharyngeal weakness and fatigability with exercise. Muscle biopsies from affected cats demonstrated variable pathological changes ranging from dystrophic features to minimal abnormalities. Affected cats have exacerbation of weakness following anticholinesterase dosing, a clue that there is an underlying congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). A genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing suggested a causal variant for this entity was a c.1190G>A variant causing a cysteine to tyrosine substitution (p.Cys397Tyr) within the C-terminal domain of collagen-like tail subunit (single strand of homotrimer) of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (COLQ). Alpha-dystroglycan expression, which is associated with COLQ anchorage at the motor end-plate, has been shown to be deficient in affected cats. Eighteen affected cats were identified by genotyping, including cats from the original clinical descriptions in 1993 and subsequent publications. Eight Devon Rex and one Sphynx not associated with the study were identified as carriers, suggesting an allele frequency of ~2.0% in Devon Rex. Over 350 tested cats from other breeds did not have the variant. Characteristic clinical features and variant presence in all affected cats suggest a model for COLQ CMS. The association between the COLQ variant and this CMS affords clinicians the opportunity to confirm diagnosis via genetic testing and permits owners and breeders to identify carriers in the population. Moreover, accurate diagnosis increases available therapeutic options for affected cats based on an understanding of the pathophysiology and experience from human CMS associated with COLQ variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - D Colette Williams
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Beverly K Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Malik R, Musca FJ, Gunew MN, Menrath VH, Simpson C, Culvenor J, Grahn RA, Helps C, Lyons LA, Gandolfi B. Periodic hypokalaemic polymyopathy in Burmese and closely related cats: a review including the latest genetic data. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:417-26. [PMID: 25896241 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Hypokalaemic polymyopathy is a genetic disease of Burmese cats that has been encountered in Australasia, Europe and South Africa. CLINICAL FEATURES Affected cats usually present with signs of muscle weakness and muscle pain in the first year of life. Although certain clinical features, such as ventroflexion of the head and neck, are especially characteristic, some cats do not display these signs. Usually weakness is periodic or episodic, but occasionally it is incessant. DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES In the past, diagnosis was problematic in that clinical signs and a lowered serum potassium concentration were not always observed synchronously. This necessitated serial serum potassium concentration determinations, testing of serum creatine kinase activity and exclusion of other potential causes of muscle disease in cats (including muscular dystrophies, Toxoplasma myositis, immune-mediated polymyositis, organophosphorus intoxication and envenomations). Signs in affected cats often waxed and waned, possibly in response to changes in dietary factors and stress, and some cats could apparently 'grow out of' the condition. RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Recent molecular genetics research has identified a single nonsense mutation in the gene (WNK4) coding for lysine-deficient 4 protein kinase, an enzyme present primarily in the distal nephron. The underlying pathomechanism in affected cats is therefore likely to be a potassium wasting nephropathy, as this enzyme is involved in complex sodium/potassium exchange mechanisms in the kidney. Additional functional characterisation of the condition is warranted to define precisely how, why and when the serum potassium concentration declines. The diagnosis of Burmese hypokalaemia is now straightforward, as an inexpensive PCR test can identify affected homozygous individuals, as well as carriers. The elimination of this condition from the Burmese breed, and also from pedigree cats infused with Burmese lines, such as the Bombay, Tonkinese and Tiffanie breeds, should therefore be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fran J Musca
- The Cat Clinic, Creek Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcus N Gunew
- The Cat Clinic, Creek Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor H Menrath
- The Cat Clinic, Creek Road, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Simpson
- Southern Animal Referral Centre and Emergency Centre, 248 Wickham Road, Highett, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Culvenor
- North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, 64 Atchison Street, Crows Nest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, 980 Old Davis Road, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Leslie A Lyons
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, USA
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Grahn RA, Alhaddad H, Alves PC, Randi E, Waly NE, Lyons LA. Feline mitochondrial DNA sampling for forensic analysis: when enough is enough! Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 16:52-57. [PMID: 25531059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pet hair has a demonstrated value in resolving legal issues. Cat hair is chronically shed and it is difficult to leave a home with cats without some level of secondary transfer. The power of cat hair as an evidentiary resource may be underused because representative genetic databases are not available for exclusionary purposes. Mitochondrial control region databases are highly valuable for hair analyses and have been developed for the cat. In a representative worldwide data set, 83% of domestic cat mitotypes belong to one of twelve major types. Of the remaining 17%, 7.5% are unique within the published 1394 sample database. The current research evaluates the sample size necessary to establish a representative population for forensic comparison of the mitochondrial control region for the domestic cat. For most worldwide populations, randomly sampling 50 unrelated local individuals will achieve saturation at 95%. The 99% saturation is achieved by randomly sampling 60-170 cats, depending on the numbers of mitotypes available in the population at large. Likely due to the recent domestication of the cat and minimal localized population substructure, fewer cats are needed to meet mitochondria DNA control region database practical saturation than for humans or dogs. Coupled with the available worldwide feline control region database of nearly 1400 cats, minimal local sampling will be required to establish an appropriate comparative representative database and achieve significant exclusionary power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paulo C Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos and Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ettore Randi
- Laboratorio di Genetica, ISPRA, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy; Department 18/Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngårdsholmsvej 57, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nashwa E Waly
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lyons LA, Grahn RA, Kun TJ, Netzel LR, Wictum EE, Halverson JL. Acceptance of domestic cat mitochondrial DNA in a criminal proceeding. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:61-7. [PMID: 25086413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shed hair from domestic animals readily adheres to clothing and other contact items, providing a source of transfer evidence for criminal investigations. Mitochondrial DNA is often the only option for DNA analysis of shed hair. Human mitochondrial DNA analysis has been accepted in the US court system since 1996. The murder trial of the State of Missouri versus Henry L. Polk, Jr. represents the first legal proceeding where cat mitochondrial DNA analysis was introduced into evidence. The mitochondrial DNA evidence was initially considered inadmissible due to concerns about the cat dataset and the scientific acceptance of the marker. Those concerns were subsequently addressed, and the evidence was deemed admissible. This report reviews the case in regards to the cat biological evidence and its ultimate admission as generally accepted and reliable. Expansion and saturation analysis of the cat mitochondrial DNA control region dataset supported the initial interpretation of the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Forensics Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Teri J Kun
- Forensics Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Linda R Netzel
- Kansas City Police Crime Laboratory, 6633 Troost Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64131, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Wictum
- Forensics Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Joy L Halverson
- Zoogen Services, 1046 Olive Drive Suite 1, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Alhaddad H, Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Rah HC, Peterson CB, Maggs DJ, Good KL, Pedersen NC, Lyons LA. Genome-wide association and linkage analyses localize a progressive retinal atrophy locus in Persian cats. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:354-62. [PMID: 24777202 PMCID: PMC4105591 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary eye diseases of animals serve as excellent models of human ocular disorders and assist in the development of gene and drug therapies for inherited forms of blindness. Several primary hereditary eye conditions affecting various ocular tissues and having different rates of progression have been documented in domestic cats. Gene therapy for canine retinopathies has been successful, thus the cat could be a gene therapy candidate for other forms of retinal degenerations. The current study investigates a hereditary, autosomal recessive, retinal degeneration specific to Persian cats. A multi-generational pedigree segregating for this progressive retinal atrophy was genotyped using a 63 K SNP array and analyzed via genome-wide linkage and association methods. A multi-point parametric linkage analysis localized the blindness phenotype to a ~1.75 Mb region with significant LOD scores (Z ≈ 14, θ = 0.00) on cat chromosome E1. Genome-wide TDT, sib-TDT, and case–control analyses also consistently supported significant association within the same region on chromosome E1, which is homologous to human chromosome 17. Using haplotype analysis, a ~1.3 Mb region was identified as highly associated for progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats. Several candidate genes within the region are reasonable candidates as a potential causative gene and should be considered for molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- College of Science, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Hyung-Chul Rah
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, Chungbuk Province South Korea
| | - Carlyn B. Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Niels C. Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Lambo CA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA, Bateman HL, Newsom J, Swanson WF. Comparative fertility of freshly collected vs frozen-thawed semen with laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination in domestic cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:284-8. [PMID: 23279520 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is potentially invaluable as an adjunct to natural breeding for the conservation management of non-domestic felid populations. The efficacy of AI, however, must be substantially improved for applied use, especially when using frozen semen. Our recent advances in using laparoscopic oviductal AI (LO-AI) with low sperm numbers and freezing of cat semen in a soy lecithin-based cryoprotectant medium suggest that combining these two approaches might improve pregnancy outcomes with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. In this study, our objectives were to (i) assess the effect of two gonadotropin dosages (100 vs 150 IU eCG) on ovarian response in domestic cats and (ii) compare the relative fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen in vivo following LO-AI. All 16 females ovulated after gonadotropin treatment and were inseminated with fresh semen from one male and frozen-thawed semen from a second male. There were no differences between gonadotropin dosages in CL number, pregnancy percentage or litter size. Half (8/16) of the females conceived, with seven females giving birth to a total of 36 offspring. Paternity analysis showed that more kittens resulted from LO-AI with fresh (28/36, 78%) than frozen-thawed (8/36, 22%) semen, possibly due to impaired motility and longevity of thawed sperm. These results demonstrated that viable offspring can be produced by AI using semen frozen in a soy lecithin-based medium. Insemination with greater numbers of frozen-thawed spermatozoa, combined with further refinement of cat sperm cryopreservation methods, may be necessary to optimize pregnancy success with LO-AI in domestic and nondomestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lambo
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Conforti VA, Bateman HL, Schook MW, Newsom J, Lyons LA, Grahn RA, Deddens JA, Swanson WF. Laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination improves pregnancy success in exogenous gonadotropin-treated domestic cats as a model for endangered felids. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:4. [PMID: 23699391 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) in cats traditionally uses equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce follicular development and ovulation, with subsequent bilateral laparoscopic intrauterine insemination. However, long-acting hCG generates undesirable secondary ovulations in cats. Uterine AI also requires relatively high numbers of spermatozoa for fertilization (~8 × 10(6) sperm), and unfortunately, sperm recovery from felids is frequently poor. Using short-acting porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) instead of hCG, and using the oviduct as the site of sperm deposition, could improve fertilization success while requiring fewer spermatozoa. Our objectives were to compare pregnancy and fertilization success between 1) uterine and oviductal inseminations and 2) eCG/hCG and eCG/pLH regimens in domestic cats. Sixteen females received either eCG (100 IU)/hCG (75 IU) or eCG (100 IU)/pLH (1000 IU). All females ovulated and were inseminated in one uterine horn and the contralateral oviduct using fresh semen (1 × 10(6) motile sperm/site) from a different male for each site. Pregnant females (11/16; 69%) were spayed approximately 20 days post-AI, and fetal paternity was genetically determined. The number of corpora lutea (CL) at AI was similar between hormone regimens, but hCG increased the number of CL at 20 days post-AI. Numbers of pregnancies and normal fetuses were similar between regimens. Implantation abnormalities were observed in the hCG group only. Finally, oviductal AI produced more fetuses than uterine AI. In summary, laparoscopic oviductal AI with low sperm numbers in eCG/hCG- or eCG/pLH-treated females resulted in high pregnancy and fertilization percentages in domestic cats. Our subsequent successes with oviductal AI in eCG/pLH-treated nondomestic felids to produce healthy offspring supports cross-species applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria A Conforti
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Alhaddad H, Khan R, Grahn RA, Gandolfi B, Mullikin JC, Cole SA, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Häggström J, Lohi H, Longeri M, Lyons LA. Extent of linkage disequilibrium in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, and its breeds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53537. [PMID: 23308248 PMCID: PMC3538540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats have a unique breeding history and can be used as models for human hereditary and infectious diseases. In the current era of genome-wide association studies, insights regarding linkage disequilibrium (LD) are essential for efficient association studies. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent of LD in the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus, particularly within its breeds. A custom illumina GoldenGate Assay consisting of 1536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) equally divided over ten 1 Mb chromosomal regions was developed, and genotyped across 18 globally recognized cat breeds and two distinct random bred populations. The pair-wise LD descriptive measure (r2) was calculated between the SNPs in each region and within each population independently. LD decay was estimated by determining the non-linear least-squares of all pair-wise estimates as a function of distance using established models. The point of 50% decay of r2 was used to compare the extent of LD between breeds. The longest extent of LD was observed in the Burmese breed, where the distance at which r2 ≈ 0.25 was ∼380 kb, comparable to several horse and dog breeds. The shortest extent of LD was found in the Siberian breed, with an r2 ≈ 0.25 at approximately 17 kb, comparable to random bred cats and human populations. A comprehensive haplotype analysis was also conducted. The haplotype structure of each region within each breed mirrored the LD estimates. The LD of cat breeds largely reflects the breeds’ population history and breeding strategies. Understanding LD in diverse populations will contribute to an efficient use of the newly developed SNP array for the cat in the design of genome-wide association studies, as well as to the interpretation of results for the fine mapping of disease and phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Razib Khan
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Mullikin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Gruffydd-Jones
- The Feline Centre, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kurushima JD, Lipinski MJ, Gandolfi B, Froenicke L, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Variation of cats under domestication: genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations. Anim Genet 2012; 44:311-24. [PMID: 23171373 DOI: 10.1111/age.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Both cat breeders and the lay public have interests in the origins of their pets, not only in the genetic identity of the purebred individuals, but also in the historical origins of common household cats. The cat fancy is a relatively new institution with over 85% of its 40-50 breeds arising only in the past 75 years, primarily through selection on single-gene aesthetic traits. The short, yet intense cat breed history poses a significant challenge to the development of a genetic marker-based breed identification strategy. Using different breed assignment strategies and methods, 477 cats representing 29 fancy breeds were analysed with 38 short tandem repeats, 148 intergenic and five phenotypic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results suggest the frequentist method of Paetkau (single nucleotide polymorphisms = 0.78, short tandem repeats = 0.88) surpasses the Bayesian method of Rannala and Mountain (single nucleotide polymorphisms = 0.56, short tandem repeats = 0.83) for accurate assignment of individuals to the correct breed. Additionally, a post-assignment verification step with the five phenotypic single nucleotide polymorphisms accurately identified between 0.31 and 0.58 of the misassigned individuals raising the sensitivity of assignment with the frequentist method to 0.89 and 0.92 for single nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeats respectively. This study provides a novel multistep assignment strategy and suggests that, despite their short breed history and breed family groupings, a majority of cats can be assigned to their proper breed or population of origin, that is, race.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kurushima
- Department of Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Grahn RA, Grahn JC, Penedo MC, Helps CR, Lyons LA. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency mutation identified in multiple breeds of domestic cats. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:207. [PMID: 23110753 PMCID: PMC3534511 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency (PK deficiency) is an inherited hemolytic anemia that has been documented in the Abyssinian and Somali breeds as well as random bred domestic shorthair cats. The disease results from mutations in PKLR, the gene encoding the regulatory glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK). Multiple isozymes are produced by tissue-specific differential processing of PKLR mRNA. Perturbation of PK decreases erythrocyte longevity resulting in anemia. Additional signs include: severe lethargy, weakness, weight loss, jaundice, and abdominal enlargement. In domestic cats, PK deficiency has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with high variability in onset and severity of clinical symptoms. Results Sequence analysis of PKLR revealed an intron 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 304 concordant with the disease phenotype in Abyssinian and Somali cats. Located 53 nucleotides upstream of the exon 6 splice site, cats with this SNP produce liver and blood processed mRNA with a 13 bp deletion at the 3’ end of exon 5. The frame-shift mutation creates a stop codon at amino acid position 248 in exon 6. The frequency of the intronic SNP in 14,179 American and European cats representing 38 breeds, 76 western random bred cats and 111 cats of unknown breed is 6.31% and 9.35% when restricted to the 15 groups carrying the concordant SNP. Conclusions PK testing is recommended for Bengals, Egyptian Maus, La Perms, Maine Coon cats, Norwegian Forest cats, Savannahs, Siberians, and Singapuras, in addition to Abyssinians and Somalis as well an any new breeds using the afore mentioned breeds in out crossing or development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kinney ME, Wack RF, Grahn RA, Lyons L. Parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria). Zoo Biol 2012; 32:172-6. [PMID: 23086743 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old captive Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) gave birth to four offspring after being housed with a vasectomized male. Sexual reproduction as a result of failed prior vasectomy, recanalization of the vas deferens, or prolonged sperm storage was ruled out using the clinical history, histopathology, and gross necropsy. Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers were genotyped in the male, female, and four offspring. None of the offspring possessed a diagnostic STR allele present in the potential sire. In addition, all offspring were homozygous at each STR locus evaluated, supporting parthenogenetic reproduction. This is the first report of parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa and has implications for the conservation of reptiles maintained in captive breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kinney
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95822, USA.
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Kurushima JD, Ikram S, Knudsen J, Bleiberg E, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Cats of the Pharaohs: Genetic Comparison of Egyptian Cat Mummies to their Feline Contemporaries. J Archaeol Sci 2012; 39:3217-3223. [PMID: 22923880 PMCID: PMC3426309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ancient Egyptians mummified an abundance of cats during the Late Period (664 - 332 BC). The overlapping morphology and sizes of developing wildcats and domestic cats confounds the identity of mummified cat species. Genetic analyses should support mummy identification and was conducted on two long bones and a mandible of three cats that were mummified by the ancient Egyptians. The mummy DNA was extracted in a dedicated ancient DNA laboratory at the University of California - Davis, then directly sequencing between 246 and 402 bp of the mtDNA control region from each bone. When compared to a dataset of wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris, F. s. tristrami, and F. chaus) as well as a previously published worldwide dataset of modern domestic cat samples, including Egypt, the DNA evidence suggests the three mummies represent common contemporary domestic cat mitotypes prevalent in modern Egypt and the Middle East. Divergence estimates date the origin of the mummies' mitotypes to between two and 7.5 thousand years prior to their mummification, likely prior to or during Egyptian Predyanstic and Early Dynastic Periods. These data are the first genetic evidence supporting that the ancient Egyptians used domesticated cats, F. s. catus, for votive mummies, and likely implies cats were domesticated prior to extensive mummification of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Kurushima
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Salima Ikram
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology and Egyptology, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joan Knudsen
- Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edward Bleiberg
- Egyptian, Classical, and Ancient Near Eastern Art, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY 11238-6052 USA
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, 95616 USA
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Bach LH, Gandolfi B, Grahn JC, Millon LV, Kent MS, Narfstrom K, Cole SA, Mullikin JC, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. A high-resolution 15,000(Rad) radiation hybrid panel for the domestic cat. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 137:7-14. [PMID: 22777158 DOI: 10.1159/000339416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current genetic and recombination maps of the cat have fewer than 3,000 markers and a resolution limit greater than 1 Mb. To complement the first-generation domestic cat maps, support higher resolution mapping studies, and aid genome assembly in specific areas as well as in the whole genome, a 15,000(Rad) radiation hybrid (RH) panel for the domestic cat was generated. Fibroblasts from the female Abyssinian cat that was used to generate the cat genomic sequence were fused to a Chinese hamster cell line (A23), producing 150 hybrid lines. The clones were initially characterized using 39 short tandem repeats (STRs) and 1,536 SNP markers. The utility of whole-genome amplification in preserving and extending RH panel DNA was also tested using 10 STR markers; no significant difference in retention was observed. The resolution of the 15,000(Rad) RH panel was established by constructing framework maps across 10 different 1-Mb regions on different feline chromosomes. In these regions, 2-point analysis was used to estimate RH distances, which compared favorably with the estimation of physical distances. The study demonstrates that the 15,000(Rad) RH panel constitutes a powerful tool for constructing high-resolution maps, having an average resolution of 40.1 kb per marker across the ten 1-Mb regions. In addition, the RH panel will complement existing genomic resources for the domestic cat, aid in the accurate re-assemblies of the forthcoming cat genomic sequence, and support cross-species genomic comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Bach
- Population Health and Reproduction,, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
A 12-week-old domestic cat presented at a local veterinary clinic with hypocalcemia and skeletal abnormalities suggestive of rickets. Osteomalacia (rickets) is a disease caused by impaired bone mineralization leading to an increased prevalence of fractures and deformity. Described in a variety of species, rickets is most commonly caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiencies owing to both environmental and or genetic abnormalities. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1A (VDDR-1A) is a result of the enzymatic pathway defect caused by mutations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1-alpha-hydroxylase gene [cytochrome P27 B1 (CYP27B1)]. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D(3), regulates calcium homeostasis, which requires sufficient dietary calcium availability and correct hormonal function for proper bone growth and maintenance. Patient calcitriol concentrations were low while calcidiol levels were normal suggestive of VDDR-1A. The entire DNA coding sequencing of CYP27B1 was evaluated. The affected cat was wild type for previously identified VDDR-1A causative mutations. However, six novel mutations were identified, one of which was a nonsense mutation at G637T in exon 4. The exon 4 G637T nonsense mutation results in a premature protein truncation, changing a glutamic acid to a stop codon, E213X, likely causing the clinical presentation of rickets. The previously documented genetic mutation resulting in feline VDDR-1A rickets, as well as the case presented in this research, result from novel exon 4 CYP27B1 mutations, thus exon 4 should be the initial focus of future sequencing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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32
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Conforti VA, Bateman HL, Vick MM, Newsom J, Lyons LA, Grahn RA, Deddens JA, Swanson WF. Improved Fertilization Success Using Laparoscopic Oviductal Artificial Insemination with Low Sperm Numbers in Domestic Cats. Biol Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/85.s1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kuehner KA, Marks SL, Kass PH, Sauter-Louis C, Grahn RA, Barutzki D, Hartmann K. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: Prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection and associated clinical signs in purebred cats in Germany, to investigate the role of co-infection, and identify determinants of infection. Faecal specimens accompanied by epidemiological questionnaires were scored and collected from 230 purebred cats. Faeces were examined for trichomonads and other enteroparasites. The prevalence of T foetus was 15.7% among cats and 18.5% among catteries. An abnormal faecal score and history of diarrhoea were observed in 64% and 61% of T foetus-positive cats, respectively, and correlated significantly with infection. Co-infection, observed in 36% of T foetus-infected cats, was not associated with diarrhoea. Norwegian Forest cats were infected significantly more often than other breeds. No association was found with any environmental factors. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of symptomatic T foetus infections in purebred cats in Germany. Co-infection with other enteroparasites did not worsen clinical signs of trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Kuehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stanley L. Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Approximately 81.7 million cats are in 37.5 million U.S. households. Shed fur can be criminal evidence because of transfer to victims, suspects, and/or their belongings. To improve cat hairs as forensic evidence, the mtDNA control region from single hairs, with and without root tags, was sequenced. A dataset of a 402-bp control region segment from 174 random-bred cats representing four U.S. geographic areas was generated to determine the informativeness of the mtDNA region. Thirty-two mtDNA mitotypes were observed ranging in frequencies from 0.6-27%. Four common types occurred in all populations. Low heteroplasmy, 1.7%, was determined. Unique mitotypes were found in 18 individuals, 10.3% of the population studied. The calculated discrimination power implied that 8.3 of 10 randomly selected individuals can be excluded by this region. The genetic characteristics of the region and the generated dataset support the use of this cat mtDNA region in forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy R Tarditi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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35
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Gandolfi B, Outerbridge CA, Beresford LG, Myers JA, Pimentel M, Alhaddad H, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. The naked truth: Sphynx and Devon Rex cat breed mutations in KRT71. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:509-15. [PMID: 20953787 PMCID: PMC2974189 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hair is a unique structure, characteristic of mammals, controlling body homeostasis, as well as cell and tissue integration. Previous studies in dog, mouse, and rat have identified polymorphisms in Keratin 71 (KRT71) as responsible for the curly/wavy phenotypes. The coding sequence and the 3′ UTR of KRT71 were directly sequenced in randomly bred and pedigreed domestic cats with different pelage mutations, including hairless varieties. A SNP altering a splice site was identified in the Sphynx breed and suggested to be the hairless (hr) allele, and a complex sequence alteration, also causing a splice variation, was identified in the Devon Rex breed and suggested to be the curly (re) allele. The polymorphisms were genotyped in approximately 200 cats. All the Devon Rex were homozygous for the complex alterations and most of the Sphynx were either homozygous for the hr allele or compound heterozygotes with the Devon-associated re allele, suggesting that the phenotypes are a result of the identified SNPs. Two Sphynx carrying the proposed hr mutation did not carry the Devon-associated alteration. No other causative mutations for eight different rexoid and hairless cat phenotypes were identified. The allelic series KRT71+ > KRT71hr > KRT71re is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Catherine A. Outerbridge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie G. Beresford
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Myers
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Monica Pimentel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer C. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California—Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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36
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Schlafer DH, Valentine B, Fahnestock G, Froenicke L, Grahn RA, Lyons LA, Meyers-Wallen VN. A case of SRY-positive 38,XY true hermaphroditism (XY sex reversal) in a cat. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:817-22. [PMID: 20861501 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810382093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of abnormal sexual development in companion animals can allow for the elimination of inherited disorders from breeding populations while contributing to the understanding of the complex process of mammalian sexual development and differentiation. A 1-year-old mixed-breed cat, presented for neutering, was tentatively diagnosed as a male with bilateral cryptorchidism. During surgery, the surgeon identified gonads in an ovarian position and a complete bicornuate uterus. Both testicular and ovarian architecture in the gonads and Mullerian and Wolffian duct derivatives were identified histologically. The karyotype was that of a normal male (38,XY), and no causative mutation was identified in the feline SRY coding sequence amplified from genomic DNA. All features of the case were compatible with a diagnosis of SRY-positive 38,XY sex reversal, true hermaphrodite phenotype. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of this disorder in a domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Schlafer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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37
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Grahn RA, Kurushima JD, Billings NC, Grahn JC, Halverson JL, Hammer E, Ho CK, Kun TJ, Levy JK, Lipinski MJ, Mwenda JM, Ozpinar H, Schuster RK, Shoorijeh SJ, Tarditi CR, Waly NE, Wictum EJ, Lyons LA. Feline non-repetitive mitochondrial DNA control region database for forensic evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2010; 5:33-42. [PMID: 20457082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The domestic cat is the one of the most popular pets throughout the world. A by-product of owning, interacting with, or being in a household with a cat is the transfer of shed fur to clothing or personal objects. As trace evidence, transferred cat fur is a relatively untapped resource for forensic scientists. Both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics can be obtained from cat fur, but databases for neither aspect exist. Because cats incessantly groom, cat fur may have nucleated cells, not only in the hair bulb, but also as epithelial cells on the hair shaft deposited during the grooming process, thereby generally providing material for DNA profiling. To effectively exploit cat hair as a resource, representative databases must be established. The current study evaluates 402 bp of the mtDNA control region (CR) from 1394 cats, including cats from 25 distinct worldwide populations and 26 breeds. Eighty-three percent of the cats are represented by 12 major mitotypes. An additional 8.0% are clearly derived from the major mitotypes. Unique sequences are found in 7.5% of the cats. The overall genetic diversity for this data set is 0.8813±0.0046 with a random match probability of 11.8%. This region of the cat mtDNA has discriminatory power suitable for forensic application worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Kingsbury DD, Marks SL, Cave NJ, Grahn RA. Identification ofTritrichomonas foetus and Giardiaspp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:6-10. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.65054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Anderson NL, Grahn RA, Van Hoosear K, BonDurant RH. Studies of trichomonad protozoa in free ranging songbirds: Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and corvids and a novel trichomonad in mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos). Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Martin PT, Shelton GD, Dickinson PJ, Sturges BK, Xu R, LeCouteur RA, Guo LT, Grahn RA, Lo HP, North KN, Malik R, Engvall E, Lyons LA. Muscular dystrophy associated with alpha-dystroglycan deficiency in Sphynx and Devon Rex cats. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:942-52. [PMID: 18990577 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a number of forms of muscular dystrophy, termed dystroglycanopathies, which are associated with loss of natively glycosylated alpha-dystroglycan. Here we identify a new animal model for this class of disorders in Sphynx and Devon Rex cats. Affected cats displayed a slowly progressive myopathy with clinical and histologic hallmarks of muscular dystrophy including skeletal muscle weakness with no involvement of peripheral nerves or CNS. Skeletal muscles had myopathic features and reduced expression of alpha-dystroglycan, while beta-dystroglycan, sarcoglycans, and dystrophin were expressed at normal levels. In the Sphynx cat, analysis of laminin and lectin binding capacity demonstrated no loss in overall glycosylation or ligand binding for the alpha-dystroglycan protein, only a loss of protein expression. A reduction in laminin-alpha2 expression in the basal lamina surrounding skeletal myofibers was also observed. Sequence analysis of translated regions of the feline dystroglycan gene (DAG1) in affected cats did not identify a causative mutation, and levels of DAG1 mRNA determined by real-time QRT-PCR did not differ significantly from normal controls. Reduction in the levels of glycosylated alpha-dystroglycan by immunoblot was also identified in an affected Devon Rex cat. These data suggest that muscular dystrophy in Sphynx and Devon Rex cats results from a deficiency in alpha-dystroglycan protein expression, and as such may represent a new type of dystroglycanopathy where expression, but not glycosylation, is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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41
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Lyons LA, Bailey SJ, Baysac KC, Byrns G, Erdman CA, Fretwell N, Froenicke L, Gazlay KW, Geary LA, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Karere GM, Lipinski MJ, Rah H, Ruhe MT, Bach LH. The Tabby cat locus maps to feline chromosome B1. Anim Genet 2006; 37:383-6. [PMID: 16879352 PMCID: PMC1619149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Tabby markings of the domestic cat are unique coat patterns for which no causative candidate gene has been inferred from other mammals. In this study, a genome scan was performed on a large pedigree of cats that segregated for Tabby coat markings, specifically for the Abyssinian (Ta-) and blotched (tbtb) phenotypes. There was linkage between the Tabby locus and eight markers on cat chromosome B1. The most significant linkage was between marker FCA700 and Tabby (Z = 7.56, θ = 0.03). Two additional markers in the region supported linkage, although not with significant LOD scores. Pairwise analysis of the markers supported the published genetic map of the cat, although additional meioses are required to refine the region. The linked markers cover a 17-cM region and flank an evolutionary breakpoint, suggesting that the Tabby gene has a homologue on either human chromosome 4 or 8. Alternatively, Tabby could be a unique locus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lyons
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Albino phenotypes are documented in a variety of species including the domestic cat. As albino phenotypes in other species are associated with tyrosinase (TYR) mutations, TYR was proposed as a candidate gene for albinism in cats. An Oriental and Colourpoint Shorthair cat pedigree segregating for albinism was analysed for association with TYR by linkage and sequence analyses. Microsatellite FCA931, which is closely linked to TYR and TYR sequence variants were tested for segregation with the albinism phenotype. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from wild-type and albino cats identified a cytosine deletion in TYR at position 975 in exon 2, which causes a frame shift resulting in a premature stop codon nine residues downstream from the mutation. The deletion mutation in TYR and an allele of FCA931 segregated concordantly with the albino phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest that the TYR gene corresponds to the colour locus in cats and its alleles, from dominant to recessive, are as follows: C (full colour) > c(b) (burmese) > or = c(s) (siamese) > c (albino).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Imes
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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43
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Rinehart TA, Grahn RA, Wichman HA. SINE extinction preceded LINE extinction in sigmodontine rodents: implications for retrotranspositional dynamics and mechanisms. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 110:416-25. [PMID: 16093694 DOI: 10.1159/000084974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements, or SINEs, retrotranspose despite lacking protein-coding capability. It has been proposed that SINEs utilize enzymes produced in trans by Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements, or LINEs. Strong support for this hypothesis is found in LINE and SINE pairs that share sequence homology; however, LINEs and SINEs in primates and rodents are only linked by an insertion site motif. We have now profiled L1 LINE and B1 SINE activity in 24 rodent species including candidate taxa for the first documented L1 extinction. As expected, there was no evidence for recent activity of B1s in species that also lack L1 activity. However, B1 silencing appears to have preceded L1 extinction, since B1 activity is also lacking in the genus most closely related to those lacking active L1s despite the presence of active L1s in this genus. A second genus with active L1s but inactive B1s was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Rinehart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
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44
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Abstract
Brown coat color phenotypes caused by mutations in tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1) are recognized in many mammals. Brown variations are also recognized in the domestic cat, but the causative mutations are unknown. In cats, Brown, B, has a suggested allelic series, B > b > b1. The B allele is normal wild-type black coloration. Cats with the brown variation genotypes, bb or bb1, are supposedly phenotypically chocolate (aka chestnut) and the light brown genotype, b1b1, are supposedly phenotypically cinnamon (aka red). The complete coding sequence of feline TYRP1 and a portion of the 5' UTR was analyzed by direct sequencing of genomic DNA of wild-type and brown color variant cats. Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Eight SNPs were in the coding regions, six are silent mutations. Two exon 2 on mutations cause amino acid changes. The C to T nonsense mutation at position 298 causes an arginine at amino acid 100 to be replaced by the opal (UGA) stop codon. This mutation is consistent with the cinnamon phenotype and is the putative light brown, b1, mutation. An intron 6 mutation that potentially disrupts the exon 6 downstream splice-donor recognition site is associated with the chocolate phenotype and is the putative brown, b, mutation. The allelic series was confirmed by segregation and sequence analyses. Three microsatellite makers had significant linkage to the brown phenotype and two for the TYRP1 mutations in a 60-member pedigree. These mutations could be used to identify carriers of brown phenotypes in the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1114 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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45
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Grahn RA, Rinehart TA, Cantrell MA, Wichman HA. Extinction of LINE-1 activity coincident with a major mammalian radiation in rodents. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 110:407-15. [PMID: 16093693 DOI: 10.1159/000084973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 transposable elements (L1s) are ubiquitous in mammals and are thought to have remained active since before the mammalian radiation. Only one L1 extinction event, in South American rodents in the genus Oryzomys, has been convincingly demonstrated. Here we examine the phylogenetic limits and evolutionary tempo of that extinction event by characterizing L1s in related rodents. Fourteen genera from five tribes within the Sigmodontinae subfamily were examined. Only the Sigmodontini, the most basal tribe in this group, demonstrate recent L1 activity. The Oryzomyini, Akodontini, Phyllotini, and Thomasomyini contain only L1s that appear to have inserted long ago; their L1s lack open reading frames, have mutations at conserved amino acid residues, and show numerous private mutations. They also lack restriction site-defined L1 subfamilies specific to any species, genus or tribe examined, and fail to form monophyletic species, genus or tribal L1 clusters. We determine here that this L1 extinction event occurred roughly 8.8 million years ago, near the divergence of Sigmodon from the remaining Sigmodontinae species. These species appear to be ideal model organisms for studying the impact of L1 inactivity on mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
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46
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Abstract
The Siamese cat has a highly recognized coat colour phenotype that expresses pigment at the extremities of the body, such as the ears, tail and paws. This temperature-sensitive colouration causes a 'mask' on the face and the phenotype is commonly referred to as 'pointed'. Burmese is an allelic variant that is less temperature-sensitive, producing more pigment throughout the torso than Siamese. Tyrosinase (TYR) mutations have been suspected to cause these phenotypes because mutations in TYR are associated with similar phenotypes in other species. Linkage and synteny mapping in the cat has indirectly supported TYR as the causative gene for these feline phenotypes. TYR mutations associated with Siamese and Burmese phenotypes are described herein. Over 200 cats were analysed, representing 12 breeds as well as randomly bred cats. The SNP associated with the Siamese phenotype is an exon 2 G > A transition changing glycine to arginine (G302R). The SNP associated with the Burmese phenotype is an exon 1 G > T transversion changing glycine to tryptophan (G227W). The G302R mutation segregated concordantly within a pedigree of Himalayan (pointed) Persians. All cats that had 'pointed' or the Burmese coat colour phenotype were homozygous for the corresponding mutations, respectively, suggesting that these phenotypes are a result of the identified mutations or unidentified mutations that are in linkage disequilibrium. Because the same mutations were identified in different breeds with similar phenotypes, the mutations are likely to be identical by descent rather than multiple mutation events occurring at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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48
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Grahn RA, Lemesch BM, Millon LV, Matise T, Rogers QR, Morris JG, Fretwell N, Bailey SJ, Batt RM, Lyons LA. Localizing the X-linked orange colour phenotype using feline resource families. Anim Genet 2005; 36:67-70. [PMID: 15670134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many genes influencing mammalian coat colours are well conserved. While genes responsible for pelage phenotypes in one species provide strong evidence for a candidate gene in a different species, the X-linked orange phenotype of the domestic cat is unique within mammals. The orange locus (O) undergoes X-inactivation, producing females that express both wildtype black (wt) and orange (variant) phenotypes when heterozygous (tortoiseshell). The orange locus has not yet been localized on the X chromosome. Tortoiseshell male cats have been identified but have been shown to be sex chromosome trisomies (XXY). To localize the cat orange locus, 10 feline-derived X-linked microsatellites were analysed in two extended cat pedigrees consisting of 79 and 55 individuals, respectively, segregating for the orange phenotype. Linkage analyses excluded close association of orange in the vicinity of the nine informative X-linked microsatellites. One marker was not polymorphic within either family. Several markers suggested exclusion (Z < -2.0) at distances of 7.5-33 cM. Exclusion analyses suggested a possible location for orange a 14 cM region near Xcen. Recombination distances of markers in the segregating feline pedigrees were reduced as compared with the feline interspecies backcross family. Thus, the presented pedigrees may be useful as reference families for the domestic cat because more accurate recombination rates for domestic cats can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a commonly inherited disorder in humans that causes the formation of fluid-filled renal cysts, often leading to renal failure. PKD1 mutations cause 85% of ADPKD. Feline PKD is autosomal dominant and has clinical presentations similar to humans. PKD affects approximately 38% of Persian cats worldwide, which is approximately 6% of cats, making it the most prominent inherited feline disease. Previous analyses have shown significant linkage between the PKD phenotype and microsatellite markers linked to the feline homolog for PKD1. In this report, the feline PKD1 gene was scanned for causative mutations and a C>A transversion was identified at c.10063 (human ref NM_000296) in exon 29, resulting in a stop mutation at position 3284, which suggests a loss of approximately 25% of the C-terminus of the protein. The same mutation has not been identified in humans, although similar regions of the protein are truncated. The C>A transversion has been identified in the heterozygous state in 48 affected cats examined, including 41 Persians, a Siamese, and several other breeds that have been known to outcross with Persians. In addition, the mutation is segregating concordantly in all available PKD families. No unaffected cats have been identified with the mutation. No homozygous cats have been identified, supporting the suggestion that the mutation is embryonic lethal. These data suggest that the stop mutation causes feline PKD, providing a test to identify cats that will develop PKD and demonstrating that the domestic cat is an ideal model for human PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the causative agent of bovine trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to abortion (from 1 to 8 months gestation), infertility, and occasional pyometra. The annual losses to the U.S. beef industry are estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Currently, the "gold standard" diagnostic test for trichomonosis in most countries is the cultivation of live organisms from reproductive secretions. The cultured organisms can then be followed by PCR assays with primers that amplify T. foetus to the exclusion of all other trichomonad species. Thus, negative results present as null data, indistinguishable from failed PCR amplification during T. foetus specific amplification. Our newly developed assay improves previously developed PCR based techniques by using diagnostic size variants from within the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region that is between the 18S rRNA and 5.8S rRNA subunits. This new PCR assay amplifies trichomonad DNA from a variety of genera and positively identifies the causative agent in the bovine trichomonad infection. This approach eliminates false negatives found in some current assays as well as identifying the causative agent of trichomonad infection. Additionally, our assay incorporates a fluorescently labeled primer enabling high sensitivity and rapid assessment of the specific trichomonad species. Moreover, electrophoretic separation of amplified samples can be outsourced, thus eliminating the need for diagnostic laboratories to purchase expensive analysis equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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