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Kerwin RE, Hart JE, Fiesel PD, Lou YR, Fan P, Jones AD, Last RL. Tomato root specialized metabolites evolved through gene duplication and regulatory divergence within a biosynthetic gene cluster. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadn3991. [PMID: 38657073 PMCID: PMC11094762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tremendous plant metabolic diversity arises from phylogenetically restricted specialized metabolic pathways. Specialized metabolites are synthesized in dedicated cells or tissues, with pathway genes sometimes colocalizing in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, the mechanisms by which spatial expression patterns arise and the role of BGCs in pathway evolution remain underappreciated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms driving acylsugar evolution in the Solanaceae. Previously thought to be restricted to glandular trichomes, acylsugars were recently found in cultivated tomato roots. We demonstrated that acylsugars in cultivated tomato roots and trichomes have different sugar cores, identified root-enriched paralogs of trichome acylsugar pathway genes, and characterized a key paralog required for root acylsugar biosynthesis, SlASAT1-LIKE (SlASAT1-L), which is nested within a previously reported trichome acylsugar BGC. Last, we provided evidence that ASAT1-L arose through duplication of its paralog, ASAT1, and was trichome-expressed before acquiring root-specific expression in the Solanum genus. Our results illuminate the genomic context and molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic diversity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Kerwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jaynee E. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul D. Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Fiesel PD, Kerwin RE, Jones AD, Last RL. Trading acyls and swapping sugars: metabolic innovations in Solanum trichomes. bioRxiv 2024:2023.06.05.542877. [PMID: 37333341 PMCID: PMC10274652 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.542877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Solanaceae (nightshade family) species synthesize a remarkable array of clade- and tissue-specific specialized metabolites. Protective acylsugars, one such class of structurally diverse metabolites, are produced by AcylSugar AcylTransferases from sugars and acyl-coenzyme A esters. Published research revealed trichome acylsugars composed of glucose and sucrose cores in species across the family. In addition, acylsugars were analyzed across a small fraction of the >1200 species in the phenotypically megadiverse Solanum genus, with a handful containing inositol and glycosylated inositol cores. The current study sampled several dozen species across subclades of the Solanum to get a more detailed view of acylsugar chemodiversity. In depth characterization of acylsugars from the Clade II species Solanum melongena (brinjal eggplant) led to the identification of eight unusual structures with inositol or inositol glycoside cores, and hydroxyacyl chains. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of 31 additional species in the Solanum genus revealed striking acylsugar diversity with some traits restricted to specific clades and species. Acylinositols and inositol-based acyldisaccharides were detected throughout much of the genus. In contrast, acylglucoses and acylsucroses were more restricted in distribution. Analysis of tissue-specific transcriptomes and interspecific acylsugar acetylation differences led to the identification of the S. melongena AcylSugar AcylTransferase 3-Like 1 (SmASAT3-L1; SMEL4.1_12g015780) enzyme. This enzyme is distinct from previously characterized acylsugar acetyltransferases, which are in the ASAT4 clade, and appears to be a functionally divergent ASAT3. This study provides a foundation for investigating the evolution and function of diverse Solanum acylsugar structures and harnessing this diversity in breeding and synthetic biology.
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Li X, Chou MY, Bonito GM, Last RL. Anti-fungal bioactive terpenoids in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) may contribute to ecotype-specific microbiome composition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:917. [PMID: 37679469 PMCID: PMC10485007 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant derived bioactive small molecules have attracted attention of scientists across fundamental and applied scientific disciplines. We seek to understand the influence of these phytochemicals on rhizosphere and root-associated fungi. We hypothesize that - consistent with accumulating evidence that switchgrass genotype impacts microbiome assembly - differential terpenoid accumulation contributes to switchgrass ecotype-specific microbiome composition. An initial in vitro Petri plate-based disc diffusion screen of 18 switchgrass root derived fungal isolates revealed differential responses to upland- and lowland-isolated metabolites. To identify specific fungal growth-modulating metabolites, we tested fractions from root extracts on three ecologically important fungal isolates - Linnemania elongata, Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. Saponins and diterpenoids were identified as the most prominent antifungal metabolites. Finally, analysis of liquid chromatography-purified terpenoids revealed fungal inhibition structure - activity relationships (SAR). Saponin antifungal activity was primarily determined by the number of sugar moieties - saponins glycosylated at a single core position were inhibitory whereas saponins glycosylated at two core positions were inactive. Saponin core hydroxylation and acetylation were also associated with reduced activity. Diterpenoid activity required the presence of an intact furan ring for strong fungal growth inhibition. These results inform future breeding and biotechnology strategies for crop protection with reduced pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Gregory M Bonito
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Tiedge K, Li X, Merrill AT, Davisson D, Chen Y, Yu P, Tantillo DJ, Last RL, Zerbe P. Comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal specialized metabolite drought stress responses in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). New Phytol 2022; 236:1393-1408. [PMID: 36028985 PMCID: PMC9912200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a bioenergy model crop valued for its energy efficiency and drought tolerance. The related monocot species rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) deploy species-specific, specialized metabolites as core stress defenses. By contrast, specialized chemical defenses in switchgrass are largely unknown. To investigate specialized metabolic drought responses in switchgrass, we integrated tissue-specific transcriptome and metabolite analyses of the genotypes Alamo and Cave-in-Rock that feature different drought tolerance. The more drought-susceptible Cave-in-Rock featured an earlier onset of transcriptomic changes and significantly more differentially expressed genes in response to drought compared to Alamo. Specialized pathways showed moderate differential expression compared to pronounced transcriptomic alterations in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. However, diterpenoid-biosynthetic genes showed drought-inducible expression in Alamo roots, contrasting largely unaltered triterpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways. Metabolomic analyses identified common and genotype-specific flavonoids and terpenoids. Consistent with transcriptomic alterations, several root diterpenoids showed significant drought-induced accumulation, whereas triterpenoid abundance remained predominantly unchanged. Structural analysis verified select drought-responsive diterpenoids as oxygenated furanoditerpenoids. Drought-dependent transcriptome and metabolite profiles provide the foundation to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying switchgrass drought responses. Accumulation of specialized root diterpenoids and corresponding pathway transcripts supports a role in drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of Groningen9747AG Groningenthe Netherlands
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Amy T. Merrill
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Danielle Davisson
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ping Yu
- NMR FacilityUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
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Fiesel PD, Parks HM, Last RL, Barry CS. Correction: Fruity, sticky, stinky, spicy, bitter, addictive, and deadly: evolutionary signatures of metabolic complexity in the Solanaceae. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1993-1994. [PMID: 36124957 PMCID: PMC9581115 DOI: 10.1039/d2np90030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Fruity, sticky, stinky, spicy, bitter, addictive, and deadly: evolutionary signatures of metabolic complexity in the Solanaceae’ by Paul D. Fiesel et al., Nat. Prod. Rep., 2022, 39, 1438–1464, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NP00003B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah M Parks
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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6
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Schenck CA, Anthony TM, Jacobs M, Jones AD, Last RL. Natural variation meets synthetic biology: Promiscuous trichome-expressed acyltransferases from Nicotiana. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:146-164. [PMID: 35477794 PMCID: PMC9434288 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are defensive, trichome-synthesized sugar esters produced in plants across the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. Although assembled from simple metabolites and synthesized by a relatively short core biosynthetic pathway, tremendous within- and across-species acylsugar structural variation is documented across the family. To advance our understanding of the diversity and the synthesis of acylsugars within the Nicotiana genus, trichome extracts were profiled across the genus coupled with transcriptomics-guided enzyme discovery and in vivo and in vitro analysis. Differences in the types of sugar cores, numbers of acylations, and acyl chain structures contributed to over 300 unique annotated acylsugars throughout Nicotiana. Placement of acyl chain length into a phylogenetic context revealed that an unsaturated acyl chain type was detected in a few closely related species. A comparative transcriptomics approach identified trichome-enriched Nicotiana acuminata acylsugar biosynthetic candidate enzymes. More than 25 acylsugar variants could be produced in a single enzyme assay with four N. acuminata acylsugar acyltransferases (NacASAT1-4) together with structurally diverse acyl-CoAs and sucrose. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry screening of in vitro products revealed the ability of these enzymes to make acylsugars not present in Nicotiana plant extracts. In vitro acylsugar production also provided insights into acyltransferase acyl donor promiscuity and acyl acceptor specificity as well as regiospecificity of some ASATs. This study suggests that promiscuous Nicotiana acyltransferases can be used as synthetic biology tools to produce novel and potentially useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Thilani M Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - MacKenzie Jacobs
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia 26074, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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7
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Li X, Sarma SJ, Sumner LW, Jones AD, Last RL. Switchgrass Metabolomics Reveals Striking Genotypic and Developmental Differences in Specialized Metabolic Phenotypes. J Agric Food Chem 2022. [PMID: 35729681 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.01.127720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a bioenergy crop that grows productively on lands not suitable for food production and is an excellent target for low-pesticide input biomass production. We hypothesize that resistance to insect pests and microbial pathogens is influenced by low-molecular-weight compounds known as specialized metabolites. We employed untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify differences in switchgrass ecotype metabolomes. This analysis revealed striking differences between upland and lowland switchgrass metabolomes as well as distinct developmental profiles. Terpenoid- and polyphenol-derived specialized metabolites were identified, including steroidal saponins, di- and sesqui-terpenoids, and flavonoids. The saponins are particularly abundant in switchgrass extracts and have diverse aglycone cores and sugar moieties. We report seven structurally distinct steroidal saponin classes with unique steroidal cores and glycosylated at one or two positions. Quantitative GC-MS revealed differences in total saponin concentrations in the leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem, rhizome, and root (2.3 ± 0.10, 0.5 ± 0.01, 2.5 ± 0.5, 3.0 ± 0.7, and 0.3 ± 0.01 μg/mg of dw, respectively). The quantitative data also demonstrated that saponin concentrations are higher in roots of lowland (ranging from 3.0 to 6.6 μg/mg of dw) than in upland (from 0.9 to 1.9 μg/mg of dw) ecotype plants, suggesting ecotypic-specific biosynthesis and/or biological functions. These results enable future testing of these specialized metabolites on biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and can provide information on the development of low-input bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Saurav J Sarma
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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8
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Li X, Sarma SJ, Sumner LW, Jones AD, Last RL. Switchgrass Metabolomics Reveals Striking Genotypic and Developmental Differences in Specialized Metabolic Phenotypes. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:8010-8023. [PMID: 35729681 PMCID: PMC9264348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a bioenergy crop that grows productively on lands not suitable for food production and is an excellent target for low-pesticide input biomass production. We hypothesize that resistance to insect pests and microbial pathogens is influenced by low-molecular-weight compounds known as specialized metabolites. We employed untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify differences in switchgrass ecotype metabolomes. This analysis revealed striking differences between upland and lowland switchgrass metabolomes as well as distinct developmental profiles. Terpenoid- and polyphenol-derived specialized metabolites were identified, including steroidal saponins, di- and sesqui-terpenoids, and flavonoids. The saponins are particularly abundant in switchgrass extracts and have diverse aglycone cores and sugar moieties. We report seven structurally distinct steroidal saponin classes with unique steroidal cores and glycosylated at one or two positions. Quantitative GC-MS revealed differences in total saponin concentrations in the leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem, rhizome, and root (2.3 ± 0.10, 0.5 ± 0.01, 2.5 ± 0.5, 3.0 ± 0.7, and 0.3 ± 0.01 μg/mg of dw, respectively). The quantitative data also demonstrated that saponin concentrations are higher in roots of lowland (ranging from 3.0 to 6.6 μg/mg of dw) than in upland (from 0.9 to 1.9 μg/mg of dw) ecotype plants, suggesting ecotypic-specific biosynthesis and/or biological functions. These results enable future testing of these specialized metabolites on biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and can provide information on the development of low-input bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Saurav J. Sarma
- Bond
Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- MU
Metabolomics
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Bond
Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- MU
Metabolomics
Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- . Phone: (517) 432-3278
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Leong BJ, Hurney S, Fiesel P, Anthony TM, Moghe G, Jones AD, Last RL. Identification of BAHD acyltransferases associated with acylinositol biosynthesis in Solanum quitoense (naranjilla). Plant Direct 2022; 6:e415. [PMID: 35774622 PMCID: PMC9219006 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants make a variety of specialized metabolites that can mediate interactions with animals, microbes, and competitor plants. Understanding how plants synthesize these compounds enables studies of their biological roles by manipulating their synthesis in vivo as well as producing them in vitro. Acylsugars are a group of protective metabolites that accumulate in the trichomes of many Solanaceae family plants. Acylinositol biosynthesis is of interest because it appears to be restricted to a subgroup of species within the Solanum genus. Previous work characterized a triacylinositol acetyltransferase involved in acylinositol biosynthesis in the Andean fruit plant Solanum quitoense (lulo or naranjilla). We characterized three additional S. quitoense trichome expressed enzymes and found that virus-induced gene silencing of each caused changes in acylinositol accumulation. pH was shown to influence the stability and rearrangement of the product of ASAT1H and could potentially play a role in acylinositol biosynthesis. Surprisingly, the in vitro triacylinositol products of these enzymes are distinct from those that accumulate in planta. This suggests that additional enzymes are required in acylinositol biosynthesis. These characterized S. quitoense enzymes, nonetheless, provide opportunities to test the biological impact and properties of these triacylinositols in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Leong
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Present address:
Horticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Steven Hurney
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Present address:
Michigan Department of Health and Human ServicesLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Paul Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Thilani M. Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Gaurav Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Present address:
Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Arthur Daniel Jones
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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10
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Lou YR, Pichersky E, Last RL. Deep roots and many branches: Origins of plant-specialized metabolic enzymes in general metabolism. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 66:102192. [PMID: 35217473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Collectively, plants produce hundreds of thousands of specialized metabolites from simple building blocks such as amino acids, fatty acids, and isoprenoids. As additional specialized metabolic enzymes are described, there is increasing recognition of the importance of cooption of general metabolic enzymes to specialized metabolism by gene duplication, narrowing of expression, and alteration of enzymatic activities. Here, we examine how several classes of enzymes were each coopted multiple times. We demonstrate the simplicity of achieving the synthesis of analogous chemicals by coopting existing enzymes and summarize emerging insights that could inform rational metabolic engineering of both general and specialized metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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11
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Fiesel PD, Parks HM, Last RL, Barry CS. Fruity, sticky, stinky, spicy, bitter, addictive, and deadly: evolutionary signatures of metabolic complexity in the Solanaceae. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1438-1464. [PMID: 35332352 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000-2022Plants collectively synthesize a huge repertoire of metabolites. General metabolites, also referred to as primary metabolites, are conserved across the plant kingdom and are required for processes essential to growth and development. These include amino acids, sugars, lipids, and organic acids. In contrast, specialized metabolites, historically termed secondary metabolites, are structurally diverse, exhibit lineage-specific distribution and provide selective advantage to host species to facilitate reproduction and environmental adaptation. Due to their potent bioactivities, plant specialized metabolites attract considerable attention for use as flavorings, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and bio-pesticides. The Solanaceae (Nightshade family) consists of approximately 2700 species and includes crops of significant economic, cultural, and scientific importance: these include potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, and petunia. The Solanaceae has emerged as a model family for studying the biochemical evolution of plant specialized metabolism and multiple examples exist of lineage-specific metabolites that influence the senses and physiology of commensal and harmful organisms, including humans. These include, alcohols, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids that contribute to fruit aroma and color in tomato (fruity), glandular trichome-derived terpenoids and acylsugars that contribute to plant defense (stinky & sticky, respectively), capsaicinoids in chilli-peppers that influence seed dispersal (spicy), and steroidal glycoalkaloids (bitter) from Solanum, nicotine (addictive) from tobacco, as well as tropane alkaloids (deadly) from Deadly Nightshade that deter herbivory. Advances in genomics and metabolomics, coupled with the adoption of comparative phylogenetic approaches, resulted in deeper knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of these metabolites. This review highlights recent progress in this area and outlines opportunities for - and challenges of-developing a more comprehensive understanding of Solanaceae metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah M Parks
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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Lou YR, Anthony TM, Fiesel PD, Arking RE, Christensen EM, Jones AD, Last RL. It happened again: Convergent evolution of acylglucose specialized metabolism in black nightshade and wild tomato. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj8726. [PMID: 34757799 PMCID: PMC8580325 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize myriad phylogenetically restricted specialized (aka “secondary”) metabolites with diverse structures. Metabolism of acylated sugar esters in epidermal glandular secreting trichomes across the Solanaceae (nightshade) family is ideal for investigating the mechanisms of evolutionary metabolic diversification. We developed methods to structurally analyze acylhexose mixtures by 2D NMR, which led to the insight that the Old World species black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) accumulates acylglucoses and acylinositols in the same tissue. Detailed in vitro biochemistry, cross-validated by in vivo virus-induced gene silencing, revealed two unique features of the four-step acylglucose biosynthetic pathway: A trichome-expressed, neofunctionalized invertase-like enzyme, SnASFF1, converts BAHD-produced acylsucroses to acylglucoses, which, in turn, are substrates for the acylglucose acyltransferase, SnAGAT1. This biosynthetic pathway evolved independently from that recently described in the wild tomato Solanum pennellii, reinforcing that acylsugar biosynthesis is evolutionarily dynamic with independent examples of primary metabolic enzyme cooption and additional variation in BAHD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thilani M. Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul D. Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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13
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Landis JB, Miller CM, Broz AK, Bennett AA, Carrasquilla-Garcia N, Cook DR, Last RL, Bedinger PA, Moghe GD. Migration through a Major Andean Ecogeographic Disruption as a Driver of Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity in a Wild Tomato Species. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3202-3219. [PMID: 33822137 PMCID: PMC8321546 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary dynamics at the population level play a central role in creating the diversity of life on our planet. In this study, we sought to understand the origins of such population-level variation in mating systems and defensive acylsugar chemistry in Solanum habrochaites—a wild tomato species found in diverse Andean habitats in Ecuador and Peru. Using Restriction-site-Associated-DNA-Sequencing (RAD-seq) of 50 S. habrochaites accessions, we identified eight population clusters generated via isolation and hybridization dynamics of 4–6 ancestral populations. Detailed characterization of mating systems of these clusters revealed emergence of multiple self-compatible (SC) groups from progenitor self-incompatible populations in the northern part of the species range. Emergence of these SC groups was also associated with fixation of deleterious alleles inactivating acylsugar acetylation. The Amotape-Huancabamba Zone—a geographical landmark in the Andes with high endemism and isolated microhabitats—was identified as a major driver of differentiation in the northern species range, whereas large geographical distances contributed to population structure and evolution of a novel SC group in the central and southern parts of the range, where the species was also inferred to have originated. Findings presented here highlight the role of the diverse ecogeography of Peru and Ecuador in generating population differentiation, and enhance our understanding of the microevolutionary processes that create biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra A Bennett
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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14
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Zhou F, Last RL, Pichersky E. Degradation of salicylic acid to catechol in Solanaceae by SA 1-hydroxylase. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:876-891. [PMID: 33793924 PMCID: PMC8133591 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays crucial roles in plant defense, stress responses, and in the regulation of plant growth and development. Whereas the biosynthetic pathways and biological functions of SA have been extensively studied, SA catabolism is less well understood. In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of an FAD/NADH-dependent SA 1-hydroxylase from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; SlSA1H), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of SA to catechol. Transcript levels of SlSA1H were highest in stems and its expression was correlated with the formation of the methylated catechol derivatives guaiacol and veratrole. Consistent with a role in SA catabolism, SlSA1H RNAi plants accumulated lower amounts of guaiacol and failed to produce any veratrole. Two O-methyltransferases involved in the conversion of catechol to guaiacol and guaiacol to veratrole were also functionally characterized. Subcellular localization analyses revealed the cytosolic localization of this degradation pathway. Phylogenetic analysis and functional characterization of SA1H homologs from other species indicated that this type of FAD/NADH-dependent SA 1-hydroxylases evolved recently within the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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15
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Lybrand DB, Xu H, Last RL, Pichersky E. How Plants Synthesize Pyrethrins: Safe and Biodegradable Insecticides. Trends Plant Sci 2020; 25:1240-1251. [PMID: 32690362 PMCID: PMC7677217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural pyrethrin insecticides produced by Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) have low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence, providing an alternative to widely used synthetic agricultural insecticides that pose a threat to human health and the environment. A recent surge of interest in the use of pyrethrins as agricultural insecticides coincides with the discovery of several new genes in the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway. Elucidation of this pathway facilitates efforts to breed improved pyrethrum varieties and to engineer plants with improved endogenous defenses or hosts for heterologous pyrethrin production. We describe the current state of knowledge related to global pyrethrum production, the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation, and recent efforts to engineer the pyrethrin pathway in diverse plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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16
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Alseekh S, Ofner I, Liu Z, Osorio S, Vallarino J, Last RL, Zamir D, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed-specialized metabolites reveals seed-specific flavonols and differential regulation of glycoalkaloid content in tomato. Plant J 2020; 103:2007-2024. [PMID: 32538521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the potential health benefits (and adverse effects), of polyphenolic and steroidal glycoalkaloids in the diet there is a growing interest in fully elucidating the genetic control of their levels in foodstuffs. Here we carried out profiling of the specialized metabolites in the seeds of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines identifying 338 putative metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for flavonoids, steroidal glycoalkaloids and further specialized metabolites. Two putative mQTL for flavonols and one for steroidal glycoalkaloids were cross-validated by evaluation of the metabolite content of recombinants harboring smaller introgression in the corresponding QTL interval or by analysis of lines from an independently derived backcross inbred line population. The steroidal glycoalkaloid mQTL was localized to a chromosomal region spanning 14 genes, including a previously defined steroidal glycoalkaloid gene cluster. The flavonoid mQTL was further validated via the use of transient and stable overexpression of the Solyc12g098600 and Solyc12g096870 genes, which encode seed-specific uridine 5'-diphosphate-glycosyltransferases. The results are discussed in the context of our understanding of the accumulation of polyphenols and steroidal glycoalkaloids, and how this knowledge may be incorporated into breeding strategies aimed at improving nutritional aspects of plants as well as in fortifying them against abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Itai Ofner
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Horticultural Sciences, Plant Innovation Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Instituto de Hortofruiticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea "La Major" - University of Malaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dani Zamir
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
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17
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Fan P, Wang P, Lou YR, Leong BJ, Moore BM, Schenck CA, Combs R, Cao P, Brandizzi F, Shiu SH, Last RL. Evolution of a plant gene cluster in Solanaceae and emergence of metabolic diversity. eLife 2020; 9:e56717. [PMID: 32613943 PMCID: PMC7386920 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce phylogenetically and spatially restricted, as well as structurally diverse specialized metabolites via multistep metabolic pathways. Hallmarks of specialized metabolic evolution include enzymatic promiscuity and recruitment of primary metabolic enzymes and examples of genomic clustering of pathway genes. Solanaceae glandular trichomes produce defensive acylsugars, with sidechains that vary in length across the family. We describe a tomato gene cluster on chromosome 7 involved in medium chain acylsugar accumulation due to trichome specific acyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes. This cluster co-localizes with a tomato steroidal alkaloid gene cluster and is syntenic to a chromosome 12 region containing another acylsugar pathway gene. We reconstructed the evolutionary events leading to this gene cluster and found that its phylogenetic distribution correlates with medium chain acylsugar accumulation across the Solanaceae. This work reveals insights into the dynamics behind gene cluster evolution and cell-type specific metabolite diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Bethany M Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Rachel Combs
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbusUnited States
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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18
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Leong BJ, Hurney SM, Fiesel PD, Moghe GD, Jones AD, Last RL. Specialized Metabolism in a Nonmodel Nightshade: Trichome Acylinositol Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2020; 183:915-924. [PMID: 32354879 PMCID: PMC7333698 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants make many biologically active, specialized metabolites, which vary in structure, biosynthesis, and the processes they influence. An increasing number of these compounds are documented to protect plants from insects, pathogens, or herbivores or to mediate interactions with beneficial organisms, including pollinators and nitrogen-fixing microbes. Acylsugars, one class of protective compounds, are made in glandular trichomes of plants across the Solanaceae family. While most described acylsugars are acylsucroses, published examples also include acylsugars with hexose cores. The South American fruit crop naranjilla (lulo; Solanum quitoense) produces acylsugars containing a myoinositol core. We identified an enzyme that acetylates triacylinositols, a function homologous to the last step in the acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Our analysis reveals parallels between S. lycopersicum acylsucrose and S. quitoense acylinositol biosynthesis, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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19
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Li W, Lybrand DB, Xu H, Zhou F, Last RL, Pichersky E. A Trichome-Specific, Plastid-Localized Tanacetum cinerariifolium Nudix Protein Hydrolyzes the Natural Pyrethrin Pesticide Biosynthetic Intermediate trans-Chrysanthemyl Diphosphate. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 32391039 PMCID: PMC7194074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium flowers synthesize six pyrethrins that function as effective insecticides. trans-Chrysanthemol is an early intermediate in the synthesis of the monoterpene moiety of pyrethrins. Previously, the pyrethrum enzyme chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (TcCDS) was shown to catalyze the formation of the prenyl diphosphate compound chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) by condensing two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Later work also showed that with a low concentration of DMAPP, TcCDS can also remove the diphosphate group to give chrysanthemol. The removal of the phosphate groups from other prenyl diphosphates, such as DMAPP, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP), was previously shown to occur in two steps. In those cases, the first phosphate group is removed by a member of the Nudix hydrolase protein family, and the second by other unidentified phosphatases. These previously characterized Nudix proteins involved in the hydrolysis of prenyl diphosphates were shown to be cytosolic. Here we report that a plastidic Nudix protein from pyrethrum, designated TcNudix1, has high specificity for CPP and can hydrolyze it to chrysanthemol monophosphate (CMP). TcNudix1 is expressed specifically in the trichomes of the ovaries, where chrysanthemol is produced. TcNudix1 expression patterns and pathway reconstitution experiments presented here implicate the TcNudix1 protein in the biosynthesis of chrysanthemol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel B. Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced, Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Eran Pichersky,
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20
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Cao P, Kim SJ, Xing A, Schenck CA, Liu L, Jiang N, Wang J, Last RL, Brandizzi F. Homeostasis of branched-chain amino acids is critical for the activity of TOR signaling in Arabidopsis. eLife 2019; 8:e50747. [PMID: 31808741 PMCID: PMC6937141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved hub of nutrient sensing and metabolic signaling. In plants, a functional connection of TOR activation with glucose availability was demonstrated, while it is yet unclear whether branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a primary input of TOR signaling as they are in yeast and mammalian cells. Here, we report on the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant over-accumulating BCAAs. Through chemical interventions targeting TOR and by examining mutants of BCAA biosynthesis and TOR signaling, we found that BCAA over-accumulation leads to up-regulation of TOR activity, which causes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated endomembranes. Finally, we show that activation of TOR is concomitant with alteration of cell expansion, proliferation and specialized metabolism, leading to pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. These results demonstrate that BCAAs contribute to plant TOR activation and reveal previously uncharted downstream subcellular processes of TOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Anqi Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Lu Liu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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21
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Schenck CA, Last RL. Location, location! cellular relocalization primes specialized metabolic diversification. FEBS J 2019; 287:1359-1368. [PMID: 31623016 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are structurally diverse and cell- or tissue-specific molecules produced in restricted plant lineages. In contrast, primary metabolic pathways are highly conserved in plants and produce metabolites essential for all of life, such as amino acids and nucleotides. Substrate promiscuity - the capacity to accept non-native substrates - is a common characteristic of enzymes, and its impact is especially apparent in generating specialized metabolite variation. However, promiscuity only leads to metabolic diversity when alternative substrates are available; thus, enzyme cellular and subcellular localization directly influence chemical phenotypes. We review a variety of mechanisms that modulate substrate availability for promiscuous plant enzymes. We focus on examples where evolution led to modification of the 'cellular context' through changes in cell-type expression, subcellular relocalization, pathway sequestration, and cellular mixing via tissue damage. These varied mechanisms contributed to the emergence of structurally diverse plant specialized metabolites and inform future metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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22
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Li W, Lybrand DB, Zhou F, Last RL, Pichersky E. Pyrethrin Biosynthesis: The Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase CYP82Q3 Converts Jasmolone To Pyrethrolone. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:934-944. [PMID: 31451551 PMCID: PMC6836846 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) synthesizes highly effective natural pesticides known as pyrethrins. Pyrethrins are esters consisting of an irregular monoterpenoid acid and an alcohol derived from jasmonic acid (JA). These alcohols, referred to as rethrolones, can be jasmolone, pyrethrolone, or cinerolone. We recently showed that jasmolone is synthesized from jasmone, a degradation product of JA, in a single hydroxylation step catalyzed by jasmone hydroxylase (TcJMH). TcJMH belongs to the CYP71 clade of the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase family. Here, we used coexpression analysis, heterologous gene expression, and in vitro biochemical assays to identify the enzyme responsible for conversion of jasmolone to pyrethrolone. A further T cinerariifolium cytochrome P450 family member, CYP82Q3 (designated Pyrethrolone Synthase; TcPYS), appeared to catalyze the direct desaturation of the C1-C2 bond in the pentyl side chain of jasmolone to produce pyrethrolone. TcPYS is highly expressed in the trichomes of the ovaries in pyrethrum flowers, similar to TcJMH and other T cinerariifolium genes involved in JA biosynthesis. Thus, as previously shown for biosynthesis of the monoterpenoid acid moiety of pyrethrins, rethrolones are synthesized in the trichomes. However, the final assembly of pyrethrins occurs in the developing achenes. Our data provide further insight into pyrethrin biosynthesis, which could ultimately be harnessed to produce this natural pesticide in a heterologous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel B Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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23
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Last RL. Put on Your Sunscreen: The Birth of Arabidopsis Abiotic Stress Genetics. Plant Cell 2019; 31:1406-1407. [PMID: 31068454 PMCID: PMC6635859 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Fan P, Leong BJ, Last RL. Tip of the trichome: evolution of acylsugar metabolic diversity in Solanaceae. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2019; 49:8-16. [PMID: 31009840 PMCID: PMC6688940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are insecticidal plant specialized metabolites produced in the Solanaceae (nightshade family). Despite having simple constituents, these compounds are unusually structurally diverse. Their structural variations in phylogenetically closely related species enable comparative biochemical approaches to understand acylsugar biosynthesis and pathway diversification. Thus far, varied enzyme classes contributing to their synthesis were characterized in cultivated and wild tomatoes, including from core metabolism - isopropylmalate synthase (Leu) and invertase (carbon) - and a group of evolutionarily related BAHD acyltransferases known as acylsucrose acyltransferases. Gene duplication and neofunctionalization of these enzymes drove acylsugar diversification both within and beyond tomato. The broad set of evolutionary mechanisms underlying acylsugar diversity in Solanaceae make this metabolic network an exemplar for detailed understanding of the evolution of metabolic form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Leong BJ, Lybrand DB, Lou YR, Fan P, Schilmiller AL, Last RL. Evolution of metabolic novelty: A trichome-expressed invertase creates specialized metabolic diversity in wild tomato. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw3754. [PMID: 31032420 PMCID: PMC6482016 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of taxonomically restricted specialized metabolites. This diversity-and our ability to correlate genotype with phenotype-makes the evolution of these ecologically and medicinally important compounds interesting and experimentally tractable. Trichomes of tomato and other nightshade family plants produce structurally diverse protective compounds termed acylsugars. While cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) strictly accumulates acylsucroses, the South American wild relative Solanum pennellii produces copious amounts of acylglucoses. Genetic, transgenic, and biochemical dissection of the S. pennellii acylglucose biosynthetic pathway identified a trichome gland cell-expressed invertase-like enzyme that hydrolyzes acylsucroses (Sopen03g040490). This enzyme acts on the pyranose ring-acylated acylsucroses found in the wild tomato but not on the furanose ring-decorated acylsucroses of cultivated tomato. These results show that modification of the core acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway leading to loss of furanose ring acylation set the stage for co-option of a general metabolic enzyme to produce a new class of protective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel B. Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony L. Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Corresponding author.
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26
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Liu J, Lu Y, Hua W, Last RL. A New Light on Photosystem II Maintenance in Oxygenic Photosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:975. [PMID: 31417592 PMCID: PMC6685048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth is sustained by oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that converts solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water into chemical energy and biomass. Sunlight is essential for growth and productivity of photosynthetic organisms. However, exposure to an excessive amount of light adversely affects fitness due to photooxidative damage to the photosynthetic machinery, primarily to the reaction center of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II (PSII). Photosynthetic organisms have evolved diverse photoprotective and adaptive strategies to avoid, alleviate, and repair PSII damage caused by high-irradiance or fluctuating light. Rapid and harmless dissipation of excess absorbed light within antenna as heat, which is measured by chlorophyll fluorescence as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), constitutes one of the most efficient protective strategies. In parallel, an elaborate repair system represents another efficient strategy to maintain PSII reaction centers in active states. This article reviews both the reaction center-based strategy for robust repair of photodamaged PSII and the antenna-based strategy for swift control of PSII light-harvesting (NPQ). We discuss evolutionarily and mechanistically diverse strategies used by photosynthetic organisms to maintain PSII function for growth and productivity under static high-irradiance light or fluctuating light environments. Knowledge of mechanisms underlying PSII maintenance would facilitate bioengineering photosynthesis to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability to feed a growing world population amidst climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu,
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Functional Genomics and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Wei Hua
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Xu H, Lybrand D, Bennewitz S, Tissier A, Last RL, Pichersky E. Production of trans-chrysanthemic acid, the monoterpene acid moiety of natural pyrethrin insecticides, in tomato fruit. Metab Eng 2018; 47:271-278. [PMID: 29649589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethrum plant, Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) synthesizes a class of compounds called pyrethrins that have strong insecticidal properties but are safe to humans. Class I pyrethrins are esters of the monoterpenoid trans-chrysanthemic acid with one of three jasmonic-acid derived alcohols. We reconstructed the trans-chrysanthemic acid biosynthetic pathway in tomato fruits, which naturally produce high levels of the tetraterpene pigment lycopene, an isoprenoid which shares a common precursor, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), with trans-chrysanthemic acid. trans-Chrysanthemic acid biosynthesis in tomato fruit was achieved by expressing the chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase gene from T. cinerariifolium, encoding the enzyme that uses DMAPP to make trans-chrysanthemol, under the control of the fruit specific promoter PG, as well as an alcohol dehydrogenease (ADH) gene and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene from a wild tomato species, also under the control of the PG promoter. Tomato fruits expressing all three genes had a concentration of trans-chrysanthemic acid that was about 1.7-fold higher (by weight) than the levels of lycopene present in non-transgenic fruit, while the level of lycopene in the transgenic plants was reduced by 68%. Ninety seven percent of the diverted DMAPP was converted to trans-chrysanthemic acid, but 62% of this acid was further glycosylated. We conclude that the tomato fruit is an alternative platform for the biosynthesis of trans-chrysanthemic acid by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Daniel Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Fan P, Miller AM, Jones AD, Liu X, Last RL. The Rising of Acylsugar Diversity: Metabolic Innovation in Tomato Trichomes through BAHD Enzyme Promiscuity and Pathway Evolution. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.537.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
| | - Abigail M. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
- Department of ChemistryMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of ChemistryMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
- Department of Plant BiologyMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITYEAST LANSINGMI
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Xu H, Moghe GD, Wiegert-Rininger K, Schilmiller AL, Barry CS, Last RL, Pichersky E. Coexpression Analysis Identifies Two Oxidoreductases Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Monoterpene Acid Moiety of Natural Pyrethrin Insecticides in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Plant Physiol 2018; 176:524-537. [PMID: 29122986 PMCID: PMC5761793 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium produce a set of compounds known collectively as pyrethrins, which are commercially important pesticides that are strongly toxic to flying insects but not to most vertebrates. A pyrethrin molecule is an ester consisting of either trans-chrysanthemic acid or its modified form, pyrethric acid, and one of three alcohols, jasmolone, pyrethrolone, and cinerolone, that appear to be derived from jasmonic acid. Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of trans-chrysanthemic acid, was characterized previously and its gene isolated. TcCDS produces free trans-chrysanthemol in addition to trans-chrysanthemyl diphosphate, but the enzymes responsible for the conversion of trans-chrysanthemol to the corresponding aldehyde and then to the acid have not been reported. We used an RNA sequencing-based approach and coexpression correlation analysis to identify several candidate genes encoding putative trans-chrysanthemol and trans-chrysanthemal dehydrogenases. We functionally characterized the proteins encoded by these genes using a combination of in vitro biochemical assays and heterologous expression in planta to demonstrate that TcADH2 encodes an enzyme that oxidizes trans-chrysanthemol to trans-chrysanthemal, while TcALDH1 encodes an enzyme that oxidizes trans-chrysanthemal into trans-chrysanthemic acid. Transient coexpression of TcADH2 and TcALDH1 together with TcCDS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the production of trans-chrysanthemic acid as well as several other side products. The majority (58%) of trans-chrysanthemic acid was glycosylated or otherwise modified. Overall, these data identify key steps in the biosynthesis of pyrethrins and demonstrate the feasibility of metabolic engineering to produce components of these defense compounds in a heterologous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Moghe GD, Leong BJ, Hurney SM, Daniel Jones A, Last RL. Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway. eLife 2017; 6:28468. [PMID: 28853706 PMCID: PMC5595436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology. Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds, offering striking examples of these innovations. To understand how this novelty is generated, we investigated the evolution of the Solanaceae family-specific, trichome-localized acylsugar biosynthetic pathway using a combination of mass spectrometry, RNA-seq, enzyme assays, RNAi and phylogenomics in different non-model species. Our results reveal hundreds of acylsugars produced across the Solanaceae family and even within a single plant, built on simple sugar cores. The relatively short biosynthetic pathway experienced repeated cycles of innovation over the last 100 million years that include gene duplication and divergence, gene loss, evolution of substrate preference and promiscuity. This study provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of plant chemical novelty, and offers a template for investigating the ~300,000 non-model plant species that remain underexplored. There are about 300,000 species of plant on Earth, which together produce over a million different small molecules called metabolites. Plants use many of these molecules to grow, to communicate with each other or to defend themselves against pests and disease. Humans have co-opted many of the same molecules as well; for example, some are important nutrients while others are active ingredients in medicines. Many plant metabolites are found in almost all plants, but hundreds of thousands of them are more specialized and only found in small groups of related plant species. These specialized metabolites have a wide variety of structures, and are made by different enzymes working together to carry out a series of biochemical reactions. Acylsugars are an example of a group of specialized metabolites with particularly diverse structures. These small molecules are restricted to plants in the Solanaceae family, which includes tomato and tobacco plants. Moghe et al. have now focused on acylsugars to better understand how plants produce the large diversity of chemical structures found in specialized metabolites, and how these processes have evolved over time. An analysis of over 35 plant species from across the Solanaceae family revealed hundreds of acylsugars, with some plants accumulating 300 or more different types of these specialized metabolites. Moghe et al. then looked at the enzymes that make acylsugars from a poorly studied flowering plant called Salpiglossis sinuata, partly because it produces a large diversity of these small molecules and partly because it sits in a unique position in the Solanaceae family tree. The activities of the enzymes were confirmed both in test tubes and in plants. This suggested that many of the enzymes were “promiscuous”, meaning that they could likely use a variety of molecules as starting points for their chemical reactions. This finding could help to explain how this plant species can make such a wide variety of acylsugars. Moghe et al. also discovered that many of the enzymes that make acylsugars are encoded by genes that were originally copies of other genes and that have subsequently evolved new activities. Plant scientists and plant breeders value tomato plants that produce acylsugars because these natural chemicals protect against pests like whiteflies and spider mites. A clearer understanding of the diversity of acylsugars in the Solanaceae family, as well as the enzymes that make these specialized metabolites, could help efforts to breed crops that are more resistant to pests. Some of the enzymes related to those involved in acylsugar production could also help to make chemicals with pharmaceutical value. These new findings might also eventually lead to innovative ways to produce these chemicals on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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Xing A, Last RL. A Regulatory Hierarchy of the Arabidopsis Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolic Network. Plant Cell 2017; 29:1480-1499. [PMID: 28522547 PMCID: PMC5502462 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Ile, Val, and Leu are essential nutrients that humans and other animals obtain from plants. However, total and relative amounts of plant BCAAs rarely match animal nutritional needs, and improvement requires a better understanding of the mechanistic basis for BCAA homeostasis. We present an in vivo regulatory model of BCAA homeostasis derived from analysis of feedback-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for the three allosteric committed enzymes in the biosynthetic network: threonine deaminase (also named l-O-methylthreonine resistant 1 [OMR1]), acetohydroxyacid synthase small subunit 2 (AHASS2), and isopropylmalate synthase 1 (IPMS1). In this model, OMR1 exerts primary control on Ile accumulation and functions independently of AHAS and IPMS AHAS and IPMS regulate Val and Leu homeostasis, where AHAS affects total Val+Leu and IPMS controls partitioning between these amino acids. In addition, analysis of feedback-resistant and loss-of-function single and double mutants revealed that each AHAS and IPMS isoenzyme contributes to homeostasis rather than being functionally redundant. The characterized feedback resistance mutations caused increased free BCAA levels in both seedlings and seeds. These results add to our understanding of the basis of in vivo BCAA homeostasis and inform approaches to improve the amount and balance of these essential nutrients in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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Uygun S, Peng C, Lehti-Shiu MD, Last RL, Shiu SH. Utility and Limitations of Using Gene Expression Data to Identify Functional Associations. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005244. [PMID: 27935950 PMCID: PMC5147789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene co-expression has been widely used to hypothesize gene function through guilt-by association. However, it is not clear to what degree co-expression is informative, whether it can be applied to genes involved in different biological processes, and how the type of dataset impacts inferences about gene functions. Here our goal is to assess the utility and limitations of using co-expression as a criterion to recover functional associations between genes. By determining the percentage of gene pairs in a metabolic pathway with significant expression correlation, we found that many genes in the same pathway do not have similar transcript profiles and the choice of dataset, annotation quality, gene function, expression similarity measure, and clustering approach significantly impacts the ability to recover functional associations between genes using Arabidopsis thaliana as an example. Some datasets are more informative in capturing coordinated expression profiles and larger data sets are not always better. In addition, to recover the maximum number of known pathways and identify candidate genes with similar functions, it is important to explore rather exhaustively multiple dataset combinations, similarity measures, clustering algorithms and parameters. Finally, we validated the biological relevance of co-expression cluster memberships with an independent phenomics dataset and found that genes that consistently cluster with leucine degradation genes tend to have similar leucine levels in mutants. This study provides a framework for obtaining gene functional associations by maximizing the information that can be obtained from gene expression datasets. There remain genes with no known function even in the most well studied, model species. One common way to hypothesize gene function is based on the assumption that genes with similar expression profiles tend to have similar functions. However, using datasets and biological pathway information from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as an example, we discovered that, although genes in the same pathways are functionally related, genes in only a subset of the pathways have highly similar expression patterns. In addition, our ability to hypothesize gene functions based on expression is significantly impacted by how the dataset is processed and combined as well as the methodology used to identify genes with similar expression. Therefore, multiple datasets and methods should be tested to maximize the functional information that we can get based on similarity in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Uygun
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Melissa D. Lehti-Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
There are estimated to be >300,000 plant species, producing >200,000 metabolites. Many of these metabolites are restricted to specific plant lineages and are referred to as "specialized" metabolites. These serve varied functions in plants including defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, plant-plant and plant-microbe communication, and pollinator attraction. These compounds also have important applications in agriculture, medicine, skin care, and in diverse aspects of human culture. The specialized metabolic repertoire of plants can vary even within and between closely related species, in terms of the number and classes of specialized metabolites as well as their structural variants. This phenotypic variation can be exploited to discover the underlying variation in the metabolic enzymes. We describe approaches for using the diversity of specialized metabolites and variation in enzyme structure and function to identify novel enzymatic activities and understand the structural basis for these differences. The knowledge obtained from these studies will provide new modules for the synthetic biology toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fan
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - G D Moghe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - R L Last
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Schilmiller AL, Gilgallon K, Ghosh B, Jones AD, Last RL. Acylsugar Acylhydrolases: Carboxylesterase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Acylsugars in Tomato Trichomes. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:1331-44. [PMID: 26811191 PMCID: PMC4775116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other species throughout the Solanaceae produce and secrete mixtures of sugar esters (acylsugars) on the plant aerial surfaces. In wild and cultivated tomato, these metabolites consist of a sugar backbone, typically glucose or sucrose, and two to five acyl chains esterified to various positions on the sugar core. The aliphatic acyl chains vary in length and branching and are transferred to the sugar by a series of reactions catalyzed by acylsugar acyltransferases. A phenotypic screen of a set of S. lycopersicum M82 × Solanum pennellii LA0716 introgression lines identified a dominant genetic locus on chromosome 5 from the wild relative that affected total acylsugar levels. Genetic mapping revealed that the reduction in acylsugar levels was consistent with the presence and increased expression of two S. pennellii genes (Sopen05g030120 and Sopen05g030130) encoding putative carboxylesterase enzymes of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily. These two enzymes, named ACYLSUGAR ACYLHYDROLASE1 (ASH1) and ASH2, were shown to remove acyl chains from specific positions of certain types of acylsugars in vitro. A survey of related genes in M82 and LA0716 identified another trichome-expressed ASH gene on chromosome 9 (M82, Solyc09g075710; LA0716, Sopen09g030520) encoding a protein with similar activity. Characterization of the in vitro activities of the SpASH enzymes showed reduced activities with acylsugars produced by LA0716, presumably contributing to the high-level production of acylsugars in the presence of highly expressed SpASH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Karin Gilgallon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Banibrata Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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Ning J, Moghe GD, Leong B, Kim J, Ofner I, Wang Z, Adams C, Jones AD, Zamir D, Last RL. A Feedback-Insensitive Isopropylmalate Synthase Affects Acylsugar Composition in Cultivated and Wild Tomato. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:1821-35. [PMID: 25986128 PMCID: PMC4634047 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are insecticidal specialized metabolites produced in the glandular trichomes of plants in the Solanaceae family. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, acylsugars consist of aliphatic acids of different chain lengths esterified to sucrose, or less frequently to glucose. Through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screening of introgression lines, we previously identified a region of chromosome 8 in the Solanum pennellii LA0716 genome (IL8-1/8-1-1) that causes the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum to shift from producing acylsucroses with abundant 3-methylbutanoic acid acyl chains derived from leucine metabolism to 2-methylpropanoic acid acyl chains derived from valine metabolism. We describe multiple lines of evidence implicating a trichome-expressed gene from this region as playing a role in this shift. S. lycopersicum M82 SlIPMS3 (Solyc08g014230) encodes a functional end product inhibition-insensitive version of the committing enzyme of leucine biosynthesis, isopropylmalate synthase, missing the carboxyl-terminal 160 amino acids. In contrast, the S. pennellii LA0716 IPMS3 allele found in IL8-1/8-1-1 encodes a nonfunctional truncated IPMS protein. M82 transformed with an SlIPMS3 RNA interference construct exhibited an acylsugar profile similar to that of IL8-1-1, whereas the expression of SlIPMS3 in IL8-1-1 partially restored the M82 acylsugar phenotype. These IPMS3 alleles are polymorphic in 14 S. pennellii accessions spread throughout the geographical range of occurrence for this species and are associated with acylsugars containing varying amounts of 2-methylpropanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Bryan Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Itai Ofner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Christopher Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Dani Zamir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.N., G.D.M., B.L., Z.W., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Plant Biology (J.K., R.L.L.), and Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel (I.O., D.Z.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686 (C.A.)
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Peng C, Uygun S, Shiu SH, Last RL. The Impact of the Branched-Chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex on Amino Acid Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:1807-20. [PMID: 25986129 PMCID: PMC4634046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) Leu, Ile, and Val are among nine essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet of humans and other animals, and can be nutritionally limiting in plant foods. Despite genetic evidence of its importance in regulating seed amino acid levels, the full BCAA catabolic network is not completely understood in plants, and limited information is available regarding its regulation. In this study, transcript coexpression analyses revealed positive correlations among BCAA catabolism genes in stress, development, diurnal/circadian, and light data sets. A core subset of BCAA catabolism genes, including those encoding putative branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase subunits, is highly expressed during the night in plants on a diel cycle and in prolonged darkness. Mutants defective in these subunits accumulate higher levels of BCAAs in mature seeds, providing genetic evidence for their function in BCAA catabolism. In addition, prolonged dark treatment caused the mutants to undergo senescence early and overaccumulate leaf BCAAs. These results extend the previous evidence that BCAAs can be catabolized and serve as respiratory substrates at multiple steps. Moreover, comparison of amino acid profiles between mature seeds and dark-treated leaves revealed differences in amino acid accumulation when BCAA catabolism is perturbed. Together, these results demonstrate the consequences of blocking BCAA catabolism during both normal growth conditions and under energy-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Plant Biology (C.P., S.-H.S., R.L.L.), Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (C.P., S.U.), Genetics Program (S.U., S.-H.S.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sahra Uygun
- Department of Plant Biology (C.P., S.-H.S., R.L.L.), Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (C.P., S.U.), Genetics Program (S.U., S.-H.S.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology (C.P., S.-H.S., R.L.L.), Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (C.P., S.U.), Genetics Program (S.U., S.-H.S.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology (C.P., S.-H.S., R.L.L.), Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (C.P., S.U.), Genetics Program (S.U., S.-H.S.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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37
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Moghe GD, Last RL. Something Old, Something New: Conserved Enzymes and the Evolution of Novelty in Plant Specialized Metabolism. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:1512-23. [PMID: 26276843 PMCID: PMC4634076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce hundreds of thousands of small molecules known as specialized metabolites, many of which are of economic and ecological importance. This remarkable variety is a consequence of the diversity and rapid evolution of specialized metabolic pathways. These novel biosynthetic pathways originate via gene duplication or by functional divergence of existing genes, and they subsequently evolve through selection and/or drift. Studies over the past two decades revealed that diverse specialized metabolic pathways have resulted from the incorporation of primary metabolic enzymes. We discuss examples of enzyme recruitment from primary metabolism and the variety of paths taken by duplicated primary metabolic enzymes toward integration into specialized metabolism. These examples provide insight into processes by which plant specialized metabolic pathways evolve and suggest approaches to discover enzymes of previously uncharacterized metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G.D.M., R.L.L.) and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G.D.M., R.L.L.) and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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38
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Liu J, Last RL. A land plant-specific thylakoid membrane protein contributes to photosystem II maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2015; 82:731-43. [PMID: 25846821 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of photosystem II (PSII) are highly susceptible to photo-oxidative damage induced by high-fluence or fluctuating light. However, many of the mechanistic details of how PSII homeostasis is maintained under photoinhibitory light remain to be determined. We describe an analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene At5g07020, which encodes an unannotated integral thylakoid membrane protein. Loss of the protein causes altered PSII function under high-irradiance light, and hence it is named 'Maintenance of PSII under High light 1' (MPH1). The MPH1 protein co-purifies with PSII core complexes and co-immunoprecipitates core proteins. Consistent with a role in PSII structure, PSII complexes (supercomplexes, dimers and monomers) of the mph1 mutant are less stable in plants subjected to photoinhibitory light. Accumulation of PSII core proteins is compromised under these conditions in the presence of translational inhibitors. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the mutant has enhanced PSII protein damage rather than defective repair. These data are consistent with the distribution of the MPH1 protein in grana and stroma thylakoids, and its interaction with PSII core complexes. Taken together, these results strongly suggest a role for MPH1 in the protection and/or stabilization of PSII under high-light stress in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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39
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Schilmiller AL, Moghe GD, Fan P, Ghosh B, Ning J, Jones AD, Last RL. Functionally divergent alleles and duplicated Loci encoding an acyltransferase contribute to acylsugar metabolite diversity in Solanum trichomes. Plant Cell 2015; 27:1002-17. [PMID: 25862303 PMCID: PMC4558703 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other species in the Solanaceae produce and secrete a mixture of O-acylsugars (aliphatic esters of sucrose and glucose) that contribute to insect defense. Despite their phylogenetic distribution and diversity, relatively little is known about how these specialized metabolites are synthesized. Mass spectrometric profiling of acylsugars in the S. lycopersicum x Solanum pennellii introgression lines identified a chromosome 11 locus containing a cluster of BAHD acyltransferases with one gene (named Sl-ASAT3) expressed in tip cells of type I trichomes where acylsugars are made. Sl-ASAT3 was shown to encode an acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of short (four to five carbons) branched acyl chains to the furanose ring of di-acylsucrose acceptors to produce tri-acylsucroses, which can be further acetylated by Sl-ASAT4 (previously Sl-AT2). Among the wild tomatoes, diversity in furanose ring acyl chains on acylsucroses was most striking in Solanum habrochaites. S. habrochaites accessions from Ecuador and northern Peru produced acylsucroses with short (≤C5) or no acyl chains on the furanose ring. Accessions from central and southern Peru had the ability to add short or long (up to C12) acyl chains to the furanose ring. Multiple ASAT3-like sequences were found in most accessions, and their in vitro activities correlated with observed geographical diversity in acylsugar profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Banibrata Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319 Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319 Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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40
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Fristedt R, Herdean A, Blaby-Haas CE, Mamedov F, Merchant SS, Last RL, Lundin B. PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN33, a protein conserved in the plastid lineage, is associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and provides stability to photosystem II supercomplexes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 167:481-92. [PMID: 25511433 PMCID: PMC4326745 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multiprotein complex that catalyzes the light-driven water-splitting reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. Light absorption by PSII leads to the production of excited states and reactive oxygen species that can cause damage to this complex. Here, we describe Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) At1g71500, which encodes a previously uncharacterized protein that is a PSII auxiliary core protein and hence is named PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN33 (PSB33). We present evidence that PSB33 functions in the maintenance of PSII-light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplex organization. PSB33 encodes a protein with a chloroplast transit peptide and one transmembrane segment. In silico analysis of PSB33 revealed a light-harvesting complex-binding motif within the transmembrane segment and a large surface-exposed head domain. Biochemical analysis of PSII complexes further indicates that PSB33 is an integral membrane protein located in the vicinity of LHCII and the PSII CP43 reaction center protein. Phenotypic characterization of mutants lacking PSB33 revealed reduced amounts of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes, very low state transition, and a lower capacity for nonphotochemical quenching, leading to increased photosensitivity in the mutant plants under light stress. Taken together, these results suggest a role for PSB33 in regulating and optimizing photosynthesis in response to changing light levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Andrei Herdean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Crysten E Blaby-Haas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
| | - Björn Lundin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (R.F., C.E.B.-H., S.S.M.) and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics (S.S.M.), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden (A.H., B.L.);Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (F.M.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (R.L.L., B.L.)
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Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is highly susceptible to photoinhibition caused by environmental stimuli such as high light; therefore plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to efficiently protect PSII from photodamage. We previously published data suggesting that Maintenance of PSII under High light 1 (MPH1, encoded by AT5G07020), a PSII-associated proline-rich protein found in land plants, participates in the maintenance of normal PSII activity under photoinhibitory stress. Here we provide additional evidence for the role of MPH1 in protecting PSII against photooxidative damage. Two Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking a functional MPH1 gene suffer from severe photoinhibition relative to the wild-type plants under high irradiance light. The mph1 mutants exhibit significantly decreased PSII quantum yield and electron transport rate after exposure to photoinhibitory light. The mutants also display drastically elevated photodamage to PSII reaction center proteins after high-light treatment. These data add further evidence that MPH1 is involved in PSII photoprotection in Arabidopsis. MPH1 homologs are found across phylogenetically diverse land plants but are not detected in algae or prokaryotes. Taken together, these results suggest that MPH1 protein began to play a role in protecting PSII against excess light following the transition from aquatic to terrestrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
- Correspondence to: Jun Liu;
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Plant Biology; Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI USA
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42
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Kim J, Matsuba Y, Ning J, Schilmiller AL, Hammar D, Jones AD, Pichersky E, Last RL. Analysis of natural and induced variation in tomato glandular trichome flavonoids identifies a gene not present in the reference genome. Plant Cell 2014; 26:3272-85. [PMID: 25128240 PMCID: PMC4176439 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous plant aromatic specialized metabolites found in a variety of cell types and organs. Methylated flavonoids are detected in secreting glandular trichomes of various Solanum species, including the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Inspection of the sequenced S. lycopersicum Heinz 1706 reference genome revealed a close homolog of Solanum habrochaites MOMT1 3'/5' myricetin O-methyltransferase gene, but this gene (Solyc06g083450) is missing the first exon, raising the question of whether cultivated tomato has a distinct 3' or 3'/5' O-methyltransferase. A combination of mining genome and cDNA sequences from wild tomato species and S. lycopersicum cultivar M82 led to the identification of Sl-MOMT4 as a 3' O-methyltransferase. In parallel, three independent ethyl methanesulfonate mutants in the S. lycopersicum cultivar M82 background were identified as having reduced amounts of di- and trimethylated myricetins and increased monomethylated myricetin. Consistent with the hypothesis that Sl-MOMT4 is a 3' O-methyltransferase gene, all three myricetin methylation defective mutants were found to have defects in MOMT4 sequence, transcript accumulation, or 3'-O-methyltransferase enzyme activity. Surprisingly, no MOMT4 sequence is found in the Heinz 1706 reference genome sequence, and this cultivar accumulates 3-methyl myricetin and is deficient in 3'-methyl myricetins, demonstrating variation in this gene among cultivated tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Dagan Hammar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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43
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Savage LJ, Imre KM, Hall DA, Last RL. Analysis of essential Arabidopsis nuclear genes encoding plastid-targeted proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73291. [PMID: 24023856 PMCID: PMC3762728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) identified and phenotypically characterized homozygous mutants in over three thousand genes, the majority of which encode plastid-targeted proteins. Despite extensive screening by the community, no homozygous mutant alleles were available for several hundred genes, suggesting that these might be enriched for genes of essential function. Attempts were made to generate homozygotes in ~1200 of these lines and 521 of the homozygous viable lines obtained were deposited in the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (http://abrc.osu.edu/). Lines that did not yield a homozygote in soil were tested as potentially homozygous lethal due to defects either in seed or seedling development. Mutants were characterized at four stages of development: developing seed, mature seed, at germination, and developing seedlings. To distinguish seed development or seed pigment-defective mutants from seedling development mutants, development of seeds was assayed in siliques from heterozygous plants. Segregating seeds from heterozygous parents were sown on supplemented media in an attempt to rescue homozygous seedlings that could not germinate or survive in soil. Growth of segregating seeds in air and air enriched to 0.3% carbon dioxide was compared to discover mutants potentially impaired in photorespiration or otherwise responsive to CO2 supplementation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements identified CO2-responsive mutants with altered photosynthetic parameters. Examples of genes with a viable mutant allele and one or more putative homozygous-lethal alleles were documented. RT-PCR of homozygotes for potentially weak alleles revealed that essential genes may remain undiscovered because of the lack of a true null mutant allele. This work revealed 33 genes with two or more lethal alleles and 73 genes whose essentiality was not confirmed with an independent lethal mutation, although in some cases second leaky alleles were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Imre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Savage LJ, Imre KM, Hall DA, Last RL. Analysis of essential Arabidopsis nuclear genes encoding plastid-targeted proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73291. [PMID: 24023856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073291.s012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) identified and phenotypically characterized homozygous mutants in over three thousand genes, the majority of which encode plastid-targeted proteins. Despite extensive screening by the community, no homozygous mutant alleles were available for several hundred genes, suggesting that these might be enriched for genes of essential function. Attempts were made to generate homozygotes in ~1200 of these lines and 521 of the homozygous viable lines obtained were deposited in the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (http://abrc.osu.edu/). Lines that did not yield a homozygote in soil were tested as potentially homozygous lethal due to defects either in seed or seedling development. Mutants were characterized at four stages of development: developing seed, mature seed, at germination, and developing seedlings. To distinguish seed development or seed pigment-defective mutants from seedling development mutants, development of seeds was assayed in siliques from heterozygous plants. Segregating seeds from heterozygous parents were sown on supplemented media in an attempt to rescue homozygous seedlings that could not germinate or survive in soil. Growth of segregating seeds in air and air enriched to 0.3% carbon dioxide was compared to discover mutants potentially impaired in photorespiration or otherwise responsive to CO2 supplementation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements identified CO2-responsive mutants with altered photosynthetic parameters. Examples of genes with a viable mutant allele and one or more putative homozygous-lethal alleles were documented. RT-PCR of homozygotes for potentially weak alleles revealed that essential genes may remain undiscovered because of the lack of a true null mutant allele. This work revealed 33 genes with two or more lethal alleles and 73 genes whose essentiality was not confirmed with an independent lethal mutation, although in some cases second leaky alleles were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Kim J, Kang K, Gonzales-Vigil E, Shi F, Jones AD, Barry CS, Last RL. Striking natural diversity in glandular trichome acylsugar composition is shaped by variation at the Acyltransferase2 locus in the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:1854-70. [PMID: 23054567 PMCID: PMC3510116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are polyesters of short- to medium-length acyl chains on sucrose or glucose backbones that are produced in secretory glandular trichomes of many solanaceous plants, including cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Despite their roles in biotic stress adaptation and their wide taxonomic distribution, there is relatively little information about the diversity of these compounds and the genes responsible for their biosynthesis. In this study, acylsugar diversity was assessed for 80 accessions of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites from throughout the Andes Mountains. Trichome metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry, revealing the presence of at least 34 structurally diverse acylsucroses and two acylglucoses. Distinct phenotypic classes were discovered that varied based on the presence of glucose or sucrose, the numbers and lengths of acyl chains, and the relative total amounts of acylsugars. The presence or absence of an acetyl chain on the acylsucrose hexose ring caused clustering of the accessions into two main groups. Analysis of the Acyltransferase2 gene (the apparent ortholog of Solyc01g105580) revealed differences in enzyme activity and gene expression correlated with polymorphism in S. habrochaites accessions that varied in acylsucrose acetylation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glandular trichome acylsugar acetylation is under selective pressure in some populations of S. habrochaites and that the gene mutates to inactivity in the absence of selection.
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Abstract
Metabolic engineering of plants can reduce the cost and environmental impact of agriculture while providing for the needs of a growing population. Although our understanding of plant metabolism continues to increase at a rapid pace, relatively few plant metabolic engineering projects with commercial potential have emerged, in part because of a lack of principles for the rational manipulation of plant phenotype. One underexplored approach to identifying such design principles derives from analysis of the dominant constraints on plant fitness, and the evolutionary innovations in response to those constraints, that gave rise to the enormous diversity of natural plant metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Milo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Gonzales-Vigil E, Hufnagel DE, Kim J, Last RL, Barry CS. Evolution of TPS20-related terpene synthases influences chemical diversity in the glandular trichomes of the wild tomato relative Solanum habrochaites. Plant J 2012; 71:921-35. [PMID: 22563774 PMCID: PMC3466413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A systematic screen of volatile terpene production in the glandular trichomes of 79 accessions of Solanum habrochaites was conducted and revealed the presence of 21 mono- and sesquiterpenes that exhibit a range of qualitative and quantitative variation. Hierarchical clustering identified distinct terpene phenotypic modules with shared patterns of terpene accumulation across accessions. Several terpene modules could be assigned to previously identified terpene synthase (TPS) activities that included members of the TPS-e/f subfamily that utilize the unusual cis-prenyl diphosphate substrates neryl diphosphate and 2z,6z-farnesyl diphosphate. DNA sequencing and in vitro enzyme activity analysis of TPS-e/f members from S. habrochaites identified three previously unassigned enzyme activities that utilize these cisoid substrates. These produce either the monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene, or the sesquiterpene 7-epizingiberene, with the in vitro analyses that recapitulated the trichome chemistry found in planta. Comparison of the distribution of S. habrochaites accessions with terpene content revealed a strong preference for the presence of particular TPS20 alleles at distinct geographic locations. This study reveals that the unusually high intra-specific variation of volatile terpene synthesis in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites is due at least in part to evolution at the TPS20 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Hufnagel
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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Schilmiller AL, Pichersky E, Last RL. Taming the hydra of specialized metabolism: how systems biology and comparative approaches are revolutionizing plant biochemistry. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2012; 15:338-344. [PMID: 22244679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Specialized (traditionally called 'secondary') metabolism can be thought of as a hydra with hundreds of thousands of compounds produced by thousands of enzymes across the entire plant kingdom. Until recently, plants that produce the most interesting and valuable metabolites were recalcitrant to modern molecular biology approaches for gene and pathway discovery. Recent advances in technologies for genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods now allow for deployment of 'systems biology' approaches to help elucidate unknown steps in specialized metabolite pathways, for example through co-expression analyses. Inexpensive transcriptome and whole genome sequencing (WGS) promises to provide direct access to metabolic pathways in plants not currently used as reference organisms. For example, WGS has uncovered cases of physical proximity of genes of specialized metabolism. Further integration of multiple 'omics' datasets through advances in bioinformatics tools will increase our knowledge of pathway architecture and regulation at an ever-increasing rate. As such the era of systems biology is rapidly providing a broader and deeper understanding of plant specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Bell SM, Burgoon LD, Last RL. MIPHENO: data normalization for high throughput metabolite analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:10. [PMID: 22244038 PMCID: PMC3278354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High throughput methodologies such as microarrays, mass spectrometry and plate-based small molecule screens are increasingly used to facilitate discoveries from gene function to drug candidate identification. These large-scale experiments are typically carried out over the course of months and years, often without the controls needed to compare directly across the dataset. Few methods are available to facilitate comparisons of high throughput metabolic data generated in batches where explicit in-group controls for normalization are lacking. Results Here we describe MIPHENO (Mutant Identification by Probabilistic High throughput-Enabled Normalization), an approach for post-hoc normalization of quantitative first-pass screening data in the absence of explicit in-group controls. This approach includes a quality control step and facilitates cross-experiment comparisons that decrease the false non-discovery rates, while maintaining the high accuracy needed to limit false positives in first-pass screening. Results from simulation show an improvement in both accuracy and false non-discovery rate over a range of population parameters (p < 2.2 × 10-16) and a modest but significant (p < 2.2 × 10-16) improvement in area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.955 for MIPHENO vs 0.923 for a group-based statistic (z-score). Analysis of the high throughput phenotypic data from the Arabidopsis Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) showed ~ 4-fold increase in the ability to detect previously described or expected phenotypes over the group based statistic. Conclusions Results demonstrate MIPHENO offers substantial benefit in improving the ability to detect putative mutant phenotypes from post-hoc analysis of large data sets. Additionally, it facilitates data interpretation and permits cross-dataset comparison where group-based controls are missing. MIPHENO is applicable to a wide range of high throughput screenings and the code is freely available as Additional file 1 as well as through an R package in CRAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bell
- Quantitative Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Bell SM, Burgoon LD, Last RL. MIPHENO: data normalization for high throughput metabolite analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2012. [PMID: 22244038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105- 13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High throughput methodologies such as microarrays, mass spectrometry and plate-based small molecule screens are increasingly used to facilitate discoveries from gene function to drug candidate identification. These large-scale experiments are typically carried out over the course of months and years, often without the controls needed to compare directly across the dataset. Few methods are available to facilitate comparisons of high throughput metabolic data generated in batches where explicit in-group controls for normalization are lacking. RESULTS Here we describe MIPHENO (Mutant Identification by Probabilistic High throughput-Enabled Normalization), an approach for post-hoc normalization of quantitative first-pass screening data in the absence of explicit in-group controls. This approach includes a quality control step and facilitates cross-experiment comparisons that decrease the false non-discovery rates, while maintaining the high accuracy needed to limit false positives in first-pass screening. Results from simulation show an improvement in both accuracy and false non-discovery rate over a range of population parameters (p < 2.2 × 10(-16)) and a modest but significant (p < 2.2 × 10(-16)) improvement in area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.955 for MIPHENO vs 0.923 for a group-based statistic (z-score). Analysis of the high throughput phenotypic data from the Arabidopsis Chloroplast 2010 Project (http://www.plastid.msu.edu/) showed ~ 4-fold increase in the ability to detect previously described or expected phenotypes over the group based statistic. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate MIPHENO offers substantial benefit in improving the ability to detect putative mutant phenotypes from post-hoc analysis of large data sets. Additionally, it facilitates data interpretation and permits cross-dataset comparison where group-based controls are missing. MIPHENO is applicable to a wide range of high throughput screenings and the code is freely available as Additional file 1 as well as through an R package in CRAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Bell
- Quantitative Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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