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Kessedjian G, Cheikh SM, Serot O, Chebboubi A, Bernard D, Vallet V, Mills R, Capponi L. Covariance analysis of 235U(n th,f) independent and cumulative fission yields: Propositions for JEFF4. EPJ Web Conf 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202328100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of fission yields has a major impact on the characterization and understanding of the fission process and its applications. Fission yield evaluations represent the synthesis of experimental and theoretical knowledge in order to perform the best estimation of independent fission yields. Today, the lack of correlations between the different fission observables induces several inconsistencies in the evaluations. Different works proposed to estimate the correlations of the independent fission yields satisfying the consistency to the chain yield evaluations. Nevertheless, none of them introduces a prior correlations of the independent and chain evaluations in the evaluation process. Covariance matrix of fission yields depends on the evaluation method used according to the kinds of existing measurements. The consistency is deeply entangled to the statistical agreement between each dataset considering the covariance of measurements. Moreover, covariance of model parameters does not represent the only contribution to the evaluation covariance matrix. Thus, a new evaluation process is crucial to provide a complete and coherent evaluation file. The LEPh Laboratory of CEA Cadarache is developing this program for the future version of the JEFF-library.
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Guzenko D, Molina GG, Mills R, Mushtaq F. Approximation of Influenza-like illness rates using sleep and cardiorespiratory data from a smart bed. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Barker MA, Adam MS, Little P, Mills R, Morgan S, Woodman FE. Observations of high burnup structure in AGR fuel. Progress in Nuclear Energy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tan WS, Prendergast A, Ackerman C, Yogeswaran Y, Cresswell J, Mariappan P, Phull J, Hunter-Campbell P, Lazarowicz H, Mishra V, Rane A, Davies M, Warburton H, Cooke P, Mostafid H, Wilby D, Mills R, Issa R, Kelly JD. Adjuvant Intravesical Chemohyperthermia Versus Passive Chemotherapy in Patients with Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (HIVEC-II): A Phase 2, Open-label, Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol 2022; 83:497-504. [PMID: 35999119 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy following tumour resection is recommended for intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant intravesical chemohyperthermia (CHT) for intermediate-risk NMIBC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS HIVEC-II is an open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial of CHT versus chemotherapy alone in patients with intermediate-risk NMIBC recruited at 15 centres between May 2014 and December 2017 (ISRCTN 23639415). Randomisation was stratified by treating hospital. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to adjuvant CHT with mitomycin C at 43°C or to room-temperature mitomycin C (control). Both treatment arms received six weekly instillations of 40 mg of mitomycin C lasting for 60 min. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary endpoint was 24-mo disease-free survival as determined via cystoscopy and urinary cytology. Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS A total of 259 patients (131 CHT vs 128 control) were randomised. At 24 mo, 42 patients (32%) in the CHT group and 49 (38%) in the control group had experienced recurrence. Disease-free survival at 24 mo was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51-69%) in the CHT arm and 60% (95% CI 50-68%) in the control arm (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.62-1.37; log-rank p = 0.8). Progression-free survival was higher in the control arm (HR 3.44, 95% CI 1.09-10.82; log-rank p = 0.02) on intention-to-treat analysis but was not significantly higher on per-protocol analysis (HR 2.87, 95% CI 0.83-9.98; log-rank p = 0.06). Overall survival was similar (HR 2.55, 95% CI 0.77-8.40; log-rank p = 0.09). Patients undergoing CHT were less likely to complete their treatment (n =75, 59% vs n = 111, 89%). Adverse events were reported by 164 patients (87 CHT vs 77 control). Major (grade III) adverse events were rare (13 CHT vs 7 control). CONCLUSIONS CHT cannot be recommended over chemotherapy alone for intermediate-risk NMIBC. Adverse events following CHT were of low grade and short-lived, although patients were less likely to complete their treatment. PATIENT SUMMARY The HIVEC-II trial investigated the role of heated chemotherapy instillations in the bladder for treatment of intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We found no cancer control benefit from heated chemotherapy instillations over room-temperature chemotherapy. Adverse events following heated chemotherapy were low grade and short-lived, although these patients were less likely to complete their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen Tan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Aaron Prendergast
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Ackerman
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yathushan Yogeswaran
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Cresswell
- Department of Urology, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Paramananthan Mariappan
- Department of Urology, Edinburgh Bladder Cancer Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaspal Phull
- Department of Urology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | | | - Henry Lazarowicz
- Department of Urology, The Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Abhay Rane
- Department of Urology, East Surry Hospital, Redhill, UK
| | - Melissa Davies
- Department of Urology, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Hazel Warburton
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter Cooke
- Department of Urology, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Hugh Mostafid
- Department of Urology, The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Daniel Wilby
- Department of Urology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Rami Issa
- Department of Urology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John D Kelly
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
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Lamidi S, Williams KM, Hind D, Peckham-Cooper A, Miller AS, Smith AM, Saha A, Macutkiewicz C, Griffiths EA, Catena F, Coccolini F, Toogood G, Tierney GM, Boyd-Carson H, Sartelli M, Blencowe NS, Lockwood S, Coe PO, Lee MJ, Barreto SG, Drake T, Gachabayov M, Hill J, Ioannidis O, Lostoridis E, Mehraj A, Negoi I, Pata F, Steenkamp C, Ahmed S, Alin V, Al-Rashedy M, Atici SD, Bains L, Bandyopadhyay SK, Baraket O, Bates T, Beral D, Brown L, Buonomo L, Burke D, Caravaglios G, Ceresoli M, Chapman SJ, Cillara N, Clarke R, Colak E, Daniels S, Demetrashvili Z, Di Carlo I, Duff S, Dziakova J, Elliott JA, El Zalabany T, Engledow A, Ewnte B, Fraga GP, George R, Giuffrida M, Glasbey J, Isik A, Kechagias A, Kenington C, Kessel B, Khokha V, Kong V, Laloë P, Litvin A, Lostoridis E, Marinis A, Martínez-Pérez A, Menzies D, Mills R, Monzon BI, Morgan R, Neri V, Nita GE, Perra T, Perrone G, Porcu A, Poskus T, Premnath S, Sall I, Sarma DR, Slavchev M, Spence G, Tarasconi A, Tolonen M, Toro A, Venn ML, Vimalachandran D, Wheldon L, Zakaria AD. Defining core patient descriptors for perforated peptic ulcer research: international Delphi. Br J Surg 2022; 109:603-609. [PMID: 35467718 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) remains a common condition globally with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous work has demonstrated variation in reporting of patient characteristics in PPU studies, making comparison of studies and outcomes difficult. The aim of this study was to standardize the reporting of patient characteristics, by creating a core descriptor set (CDS) of important descriptors that should be consistently reported in PPU research. METHODS Candidate descriptors were identified through systematic review and stakeholder proposals. An international Delphi exercise involving three survey rounds was undertaken to obtain consensus on key patient characteristics for future research. Participants rated items on a scale of 1-9 with respect to their importance. Items meeting a predetermined threshold (rated 7-9 by over 70 per cent of stakeholders) were included in the final set and ratified at a consensus meeting. Feedback was provided between rounds to allow refinement of ratings. RESULTS Some 116 clinicians were recruited from 29 countries. A total of 63 descriptors were longlisted from the literature, and 27 were proposed by stakeholders. After three survey rounds and a consensus meeting, 27 descriptors were included in the CDS. These covered demographic variables and co-morbidities, risk factors for PPU, presentation and pathway factors, need for organ support, biochemical parameters, prognostic tools, perforation details, and surgical history. CONCLUSION This study defines the core descriptive items for PPU research, which will allow more robust synthesis of studies.
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Voges H, Parker B, Quaife-Ryan G, Friedmand C, Palpant N, Del Monte-Nieto G, Elliott D, Mills R, Porrello E, Hudson J. Development of a Vascularised Cardiac Organoid Platform Reveals a Regulatory Role for Extracellular Matrix Environment on Muscle Functionality. Heart Lung Circ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.06.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Connell SP, Mills R, Pandha H, Morgan R, Cooper CS, Clark J, Brewer DS. Integration of Urinary EN2 Protein & Cell-Free RNA Data in the Development of a Multivariable Risk Model for the Detection of Prostate Cancer Prior to Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092102. [PMID: 33925381 PMCID: PMC8123800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is a disease responsible for a large proportion of all male cancer deaths but there is a high chance that a patient will die with the disease rather than from. Therefore, there is a desperate need for improvements in diagnosing and predicting outcomes for prostate cancer patients to minimise overdiagnosis and overtreatment whilst appropriately treating men with aggressive disease, especially if this can be done without taking an invasive biopsy. In this work we develop a test that predicts whether a patient has prostate cancer and how aggressive the disease is from a urine sample. This model combines the measurement of a protein-marker called EN2 and the levels of 10 genes measured in urine and proves that integration of information from multiple, non-invasive biomarker sources has the potential to greatly improve how patients with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer are risk-assessed prior to an invasive biopsy. Abstract The objective is to develop a multivariable risk model for the non-invasive detection of prostate cancer prior to biopsy by integrating information from clinically available parameters, Engrailed-2 (EN2) whole-urine protein levels and data from urinary cell-free RNA. Post-digital-rectal examination urine samples collected as part of the Movember Global Action Plan 1 study which has been analysed for both cell-free-RNA and EN2 protein levels were chosen to be integrated with clinical parameters (n = 207). A previously described robust feature selection framework incorporating bootstrap resampling and permutation was applied to the data to generate an optimal feature set for use in Random Forest models for prediction. The fully integrated model was named ExoGrail, and the out-of-bag predictions were used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the risk model. ExoGrail risk (range 0–1) was able to determine the outcome of an initial trans-rectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) biopsy more accurately than clinical standards of care, predicting the presence of any cancer with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) = 0.89 (95% confidence interval(CI): 0.85–0.94), and discriminating more aggressive Gleason ≥ 3 + 4 disease returning an AUC = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78–0.89). The likelihood of more aggressive disease being detected significantly increased as ExoGrail risk score increased (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.21 per 0.1 ExoGrail increase, 95% CI: 1.91–2.59). Decision curve analysis of the net benefit of ExoGrail showed the potential to reduce the numbers of unnecessary biopsies by 35% when compared to current standards of care. Integration of information from multiple, non-invasive biomarker sources has the potential to greatly improve how patients with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer are risk-assessed prior to an invasive biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea P. Connell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (S.P.C.); (C.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Robert Mills
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK;
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Richard Morgan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Colin S. Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (S.P.C.); (C.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (S.P.C.); (C.S.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Daniel S. Brewer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; (S.P.C.); (C.S.C.); (J.C.)
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UZ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1603-593761
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Kanja J, Mills R, Li X, Brunskill H, Hunter AK, Dwyer-Joyce RS. Non-contact measurement of the thickness of a surface film using a superimposed ultrasonic standing wave. Ultrasonics 2021; 110:106291. [PMID: 33137490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most methods used to measure the thickness of thin liquid or solid surface films and coatings need access to the coated surface. In this work reflected ultrasonic pulses were used to measure a coating thickness from a solid back face. Piezoelectric transducers on the solid back face emitted ultrasound waves and received the waves that bounced off the front face. The magnitude of the reflected wave was dependent on the film thickness at the front face. Most pulse-echo ultrasonic approaches use the time-of-flight through the surface layer to determine its thickness. However, as the film becomes thinner, the reflected echoes overlap and there is often an acoustic mismatch between the solid and the surface film that reduces the signal strength. In this work, we propose the use of an ultrasonic continuously repeated chirp longitudinal wave to amplify the effect of the surface film. Multiple reflections interfere within the solid to form a superimposed standing wave whose amplitude spectrum is highly dependent on the surface film thickness thus overcoming the acoustic mismatch problem. Two bare 10 MHz piezoelectric elements were bonded to a 10 mm thick aluminium solid in a pitch-catch arrangement such that one continuously sends repeating chirp ultrasound waves and the other acts as the receiver. The transmitter was set to send a repeating chirp wave of 4 ms duration corresponding to the bandwidth of the transducer in order to maximise signal amplitude. The incident and reflected waves constructively and destructively interfere to form a superimposed standing wave within the solid. The solid/surface film to solid/air boundary condition frequency spectra ratio showed the film resonant frequency modes as minima. Using this technique epoxy coatings ranging from 70 μm to 350 μm were measured and showed a good correlation with independent measurements using a surface profilometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanja
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - R Mills
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - X Li
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - H Brunskill
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - A K Hunter
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - R S Dwyer-Joyce
- The Leonardo Centre for Tribology, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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Alshaker H, Mills R, Hunter E, Salter M, Ramadass A, Skinner BM, Westra W, Green J, Akoulitchev A, Winkler M, Pchejetski D. Chromatin conformation changes in peripheral blood can detect prostate cancer and stratify disease risk groups. J Transl Med 2021; 19:46. [PMID: 33509203 PMCID: PMC7845038 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current diagnostic blood tests for prostate cancer (PCa) are unreliable for the early stage disease, resulting in numerous unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with benign disease and false reassurance of negative biopsies in men with PCa. Predicting the risk of PCa is pivotal for making an informed decision on treatment options as the 5-year survival rate in the low-risk group is more than 95% and most men would benefit from surveillance rather than active treatment. Three-dimensional genome architecture and chromosome structures undergo early changes during tumourigenesis both in tumour and in circulating cells and can serve as a disease biomarker. METHODS In this prospective study we screened whole blood of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve PCa patients (n = 140) and cancer-free controls (n = 96) for the presence of 14,241 chromosomal loops in the loci of 425 genes. RESULTS We have detected specific chromosome conformation changes in the loci of ETS1, MAP3K14, SLC22A3 and CASP2 genes in peripheral blood from PCa patients yielding PCa detection with 80% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Further analysis between PCa risk groups yielded prognostic validation sets consisting of HSD3B2, VEGFC, APAF1, BMP6, ERG, MSR1, MUC1, ACAT1 and DAPK1 genes that achieved 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity stratifying high-risk category 3 vs low risk category 1 and 84% sensitivity and 89% specificity stratifying high risk category 3 vs intermediate risk category 2 disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate specific chromosome conformations in the blood of PCa patients that allow PCa diagnosis and risk stratification with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Alshaker
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ade BJ, Luciano NP, Conant AJ, Gentry CA, Stimpson SG, Collins BS, Seog Kim K, Mills R. DEVELOPMENT OF MPACT FOR FULL-CORE SIMULATIONS OF MAGNOX GAS-COOLED NUCLEAR REACTORS. EPJ Web Conf 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124706041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The MPACT code, jointly developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and University of Michigan, is designed to perform high-fidelity light water reactor (LWR) analysis using wholecore pin-resolved neutron transport calculations on modern parallel-computing hardware. MPACT uses the subgroup method for resonance self-shielding, while the primary neutron transport solver uses a 2D/1D method that is based on the method of characteristics (MoC) for the x-y planes coupled with a 1D diffusion or transport solver in the axial dimension. Additional geometry capabilities are currently being developed in MPACT to support hexagonal-pitched lattices, as well as interstitial geometry (i.e., control rods at the corner of four adjacent pin cells). In this research, the MPACT method is tested on gas-cooled reactors by applying MPACT to full-core MAGNOX reactor test problems. MAGNOX test problems were chosen due to the availability of high-quality reactor design and validation data (available through an ongoing collaboration with the National Nuclear Laboratory in the United Kingdom) and the existence of a relatively complex axial power shape that is expected to challenge the MPACT method. MPACT’s convergence for partial- and full-core problems will be tested and verified. MPACT will be compared with high-fidelity continuous-energy Monte Carlo simulations to verify core reactivity, power distributions, and performance of the available cross section data libraries and energy group structures.
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Payne K, Maras KL, Russell AJ, Brosnan MJ, Mills R. Self-reported motivations for engaging or declining to engage in cyber-dependent offending and the role of autistic traits. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 104:103681. [PMID: 32474231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyber-dependent offending, i.e. criminal behaviour reliant on computing and the online domain, has been reportedly associated with particular characteristics and motivations such as being young, male, autistic and motivated by challenge. These associations are anecdotal however and empirical evidence is limited. The present study investigated reasons for engaging or declining to commit cyber-dependent offending in cyber-skilled non-offenders (n = 175) and offenders (n = 7) via an online survey measuring cyber-dependent criminality. The potential role of autism and autistic traits was also considered. Qualitative interviews about motivations for offending were carried out with the offenders. The cyber-dependent offenders reported seven main reasons for engaging in cyber-dependent offending: (1) lack of understanding; (2) entertainment; (3) peer influence; (4) experience and career; (5) anonymity and risk perception; (6) life events; and (7) morals. Twenty-nine (approximately 17 %) of the non-offenders had been asked to engage in cyber-dependent offending but had declined. Their reasons and motivations for declining to commit cyber-dependent offences were compared with the cyber-dependent offenders reasons and motivations for engaging in cybercrime. Seven main reasons for declining to offend were identified: (1) moral principles; (2) perception of risk; (3) fear of consequences; (4) not wanting to; (5) wanting to adhere to the law; (6) behaviour being too complicated; and (7) price being too low. Implications for practise are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Payne
- University of Northampton, UK.
| | - K L Maras
- University of Northampton, UK; Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - A J Russell
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - M J Brosnan
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - R Mills
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
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ONeill A, Nakatsuji T, Williams M, Mills R, Hayashi A, Gonzalez D, Gallo R. 598 Identification of a human skin commensal bacterium that selectively kills cutibacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Webb M, Manley K, Olivan M, Guldvik I, Palczynska M, Hurst R, Connell SP, Mills IG, Brewer DS, Mills R, Cooper CS, Clark J. Methodology for the at-home collection of urine samples for prostate cancer detection. Biotechniques 2020; 68:65-71. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine from patients with prostate cancer (PCa) contains gene transcripts that have been used for PCa diagnosis and prognosis. Historically, patient urine samples have been collected after a digital rectal examination of the prostate, which was thought necessary to boost the levels of prostatic secretions in the urine. We herein describe methodology that allows urine to be collected by patients at home and then posted to a laboratory for analysis. RNA yields and quality were comparable to those for post digital rectal examination urine, and there was improved sensitivity for the detection of TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts by RT-PCR. The At-Home collection protocol has opened up the potential to perform large-scale PCa studies without the inconvenience, cost, discomfort and expense of patients having to visit the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Webb
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kate Manley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute & Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Guldvik
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rachel Hurst
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Batho C, Hudson J, Mills R. 155 Protein Prenylation is Essential for Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ndjavera W, Orange ST, O'Doherty AF, Leicht AS, Rochester M, Mills R, Saxton JM. Exercise-induced attenuation of treatment side-effects in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer beginning androgen-deprivation therapy: a randomised controlled trial. BJU Int 2019; 125:28-37. [PMID: 31605663 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (i) To assess whether exercise training attenuates the adverse effects of treatment in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer beginning androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), and (ii) to examine whether exercise-induced improvements are sustained after the withdrawal of supervised exercise. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 50 patients with prostate cancer scheduled for ADT were randomised to an exercise group (n = 24) or a control group (n = 26). The exercise group completed 3 months of supervised aerobic and resistance exercise training (twice a week for 60 min), followed by 3 months of self-directed exercise. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. The primary outcome was difference in fat mass at 3-months. Secondary outcomes included: fat-free mass, cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables, QRISK® 2 (ClinRisk Ltd, Leeds, UK) score, anthropometry, blood-borne biomarkers, fatigue, and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS At 3-months, exercise training prevented adverse changes in peak O2 uptake (1.9 mL/kg/min, P = 0.038), ventilatory threshold (1.7 mL/kg/min, P = 0.013), O2 uptake efficiency slope (0.21, P = 0.005), and fatigue (between-group difference in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue score of 4.5 points, P = 0.024) compared with controls. After the supervised exercise was withdrawn, the differences in cardiopulmonary fitness and fatigue were not sustained, but the exercise group showed significantly better QoL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate difference of 8.5 points, P = 0.034) and a reduced QRISK2 score (-2.9%, P = 0.041) compared to controls. CONCLUSION A short-term programme of supervised exercise in patients with prostate cancer beginning ADT results in sustained improvements in QoL and cardiovascular events risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilphard Ndjavera
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Samuel T Orange
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alasdair F O'Doherty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony S Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Rochester
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Dahlen HG, Thornton C, Fowler C, Mills R, O'Loughlin G, Smit J, Schmied V. Characteristics and changes in characteristics of women and babies admitted to residential parenting services in New South Wales, Australia in the first year following birth: a population-based data linkage study 2000-2012. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030133. [PMID: 31543503 PMCID: PMC6773315 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the characteristics of women and babies admitted to the residential parenting services (RPS) of Tresillian and Karitane in the first year following birth. DESIGN A linked population data cohort study was undertaken for the years 2000-2012. SETTING New South Wales (NSW), Australia. PARTICIPANTS All women giving birth and babies born in NSW were compared with those admitted to RPS. RESULTS During the time period there were a total of 1 097 762 births (2000-2012) in NSW and 32 991 admissions to RPS. Women in cohort 1: (those admitted to RPS) were older at the time of birth, more likely to be admitted as a private patient at the time of birth, be born in Australia and be having their first baby compared with women in cohort 2 (those not admitted to an RPS). Women admitted to RPS experienced more birth intervention (induction, instrumental birth, caesarean section), had more multiple births and were more likely to have a male infant. Their babies were also more likely to be resuscitated and have experienced birth trauma to the scalp. Between 2000 and 2012 the average age of women in the RPS increased by nearly 2 years; their infants were older on admission and women were less likely to smoke. Over the time period there was a drop in the numbers of women admitted to RPS having a normal vaginal birth and an increase in women having an instrumental birth. CONCLUSION Women who access RPS in the first year after birth are more socially advantaged and have higher birth intervention than those who do not, due in part to higher numbers birthing in the private sector where intervention rates are high. The rise in women admitted to RPS (2000-2012) who have had instrumental births is intriguing as overall rates did not increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Dahlen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlene Thornton
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cathrine Fowler
- Tresillian Chair in Child and Family Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Mills
- Tresillian Family Care Centres, Belmore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grainne O'Loughlin
- Karitane Residential Family Care Unit, Karitane, Carramar, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Smit
- Tresillian Family Care Centres, Belmore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Virginia Schmied
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Banerjee S, Semper K, Skarparis K, Naisby J, Lewis L, Cucato G, Mills R, Rochester M, Saxton J. Patient perspectives of vigorous intensity aerobic interval exercise prehabilitation prior to radical cystectomy: a qualitative focus group study. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 43:1084-1091. [PMID: 31411925 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1651907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative cardiopulmonary fitness is increasingly being recognized as an important factor influencing postoperative recovery outcomes in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to explore patient perspectives of preoperative high intensity aerobic interval exercise before radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focus groups involving a purposive convenience sample of patients with bladder cancer (N = 14; mean age ± SD: 72.3 ± 6.0 years) were undertaken in a hospital education department. Data were analyzed using Framework analysis. RESULTS Participants identified physical (e.g., fitness) psychological (e.g., preparing for their operation) and social (e.g., peer support) benefits of the program. Key motivational factors for engaging in exercise prehabiliation were identified as social support, previous exercise experience and objective measures of progression. The need for clear information from healthcare providers to ensure that patients are adequately prepared for sessions was highlighted. CONCLUSIONS This qualitative study provides new insights into the perspectives and experiences of patients with bladder cancer regarding participation in preoperative vigorous intensity aerobic exercise. The study yielded novel perceptions on the physical, psychological and social health benefits accruing from the exercise program and patient views on program design features, which are important for informing future interventions and implementation strategies.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONA preoperative high intensity aerobic interval exercise program before radical cystectomy provides physical, psychological and social benefits to individuals living with bladder cancer.Supervised exercise, objective improvement, and peer and family support all contribute to motivation to engage with preoperative high intensity aerobic interval exercise.Individuals may require support post-radical cystectomy in order to continue with exercise due to the uncertainty around this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Banerjee
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Kelly Semper
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Katy Skarparis
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jenni Naisby
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Liane Lewis
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel Cucato
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Mark Rochester
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - John Saxton
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Mills R, Wilkinson S, Richardson R, Patel L, Horsley A. ePS6.09 Exophiala isolation in children with cystic fibrosis does not appear to cause clinical decline. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Rusley JC, Monroe A, Matson P, Gebo KA, Nonyane BAS, Minkovitz CS, Agwu A, Emerson M, Moore R, Rutstein R, Aberg J, Nijhawan A, Boswell S, Sanders R, Edelstein H, Baranoski A, Allen S, Beil R, Felsen U, Urbina A, Korthuis PT, Akbar M, Gaur A, Somboonwit C, Valenti W, Mathews WC, Hellinger F, Fleishman J, Fraser I, Mills R, Malitz F, Keruly J, Gebo K, Voss C, Collins C, Diaz-Reyes R. Discontinuity in Medicaid Coverage Among Young Adults with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019; 33:89-92. [PMID: 30844306 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2018.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C. Rusley
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne Monroe
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela Matson
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Cynthia S. Minkovitz
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Allison Agwu
- Divisions of Adult and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Emerson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Rutstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ank Nijhawan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen Boswell
- Fenway Health and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Renata Sanders
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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O'Reilly E, Tuzova AV, Walsh AL, Russell NM, O'Brien O, Kelly S, Dhomhnallain ON, DeBarra L, Dale CM, Brugman R, Clarke G, Schmidt O, O'Meachair S, Patil D, Pellegrini KL, Fleshner N, Garcia J, Zhao F, Finn S, Mills R, Hanna MY, Hurst R, McEvoy E, Gallagher WM, Manecksha RP, Cooper CS, Brewer DS, Bapat B, Sanda MG, Clark J, Perry AS. epiCaPture: A Urine DNA Methylation Test for Early Detection of Aggressive Prostate Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 2019. [PMID: 30801051 PMCID: PMC6383793 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Liquid biopsies that noninvasively detect molecular correlates of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) could be used to triage patients, reducing the burdens of unnecessary invasive prostate biopsy and enabling early detection of high-risk disease. DNA hypermethylation is among the earliest and most frequent aberrations in PCa. We investigated the accuracy of a six-gene DNA methylation panel (Epigenetic Cancer of the Prostate Test in Urine [epiCaPture]) at detecting PCa, high-grade (Gleason score greater than or equal to 8) and high-risk (D’Amico and Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment] PCa from urine. Patients and Methods Prognostic utility of epiCaPture genes was first validated in two independent prostate tissue cohorts. epiCaPture was assessed in a multicenter prospective study of 463 men undergoing prostate biopsy. epiCaPture was performed by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in DNA isolated from prebiopsy urine sediments and evaluated by receiver operating characteristic and decision curves (clinical benefit). The epiCaPture score was developed and validated on a two thirds training set to one third test set. Results Higher methylation of epiCaPture genes was significantly associated with increasing aggressiveness in PCa tissues. In urine, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.64, 0.86, and 0.83 for detecting PCa, high-grade PCa, and high-risk PCa, respectively. Decision curves revealed a net benefit across relevant threshold probabilities. Independent analysis of two epiCaPture genes in the same clinical cohort provided analytical validation. Parallel epiCaPture analysis in urine and matched biopsy cores showed added value of a liquid biopsy. Conclusion epiCaPture is a urine DNA methylation test for high-risk PCa. Its tumor specificity out-performs that of prostate-specific antigen (greater than 3 ng/mL). Used as an adjunct to prostate-specific antigen, epiCaPture could aid patient stratification to determine need for biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Zhao
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Zhao F, Olkhov-Mitsel E, Kamdar S, Jeyapala R, Garcia J, Hurst R, Hanna MY, Mills R, Tuzova AV, O'Reilly E, Kelly S, Cooper C, Brewer D, Perry AS, Clark J, Fleshner N, Bapat B. A urine-based DNA methylation assay, ProCUrE, to identify clinically significant prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:147. [PMID: 30470249 PMCID: PMC6260648 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of unnecessary biopsies and overtreatment of indolent disease remains a challenge in the management of prostate cancer. Novel non-invasive tests that can identify clinically significant (intermediate-risk and high-risk) diseases are needed to improve risk stratification and monitoring of prostate cancer patients. Here, we investigated a panel of six DNA methylation biomarkers in urine samples collected post-digital rectal exam from patients undergoing prostate biopsy, for their utility to guide decision making for diagnostic biopsy and early detection of aggressive prostate cancer. Results We recruited 408 patients in risk categories ranging from benign to low-, intermediate-, and high-risk prostate cancer from three international cohorts. Patients were separated into 2/3 training and 1/3 validation cohorts. Methylation biomarkers were analyzed in post-digital rectal exam urinary sediment DNA by quantitative MethyLight assay and investigated for their association with any or aggressive prostate cancers. We developed a Prostate Cancer Urinary Epigenetic (ProCUrE) assay based on an optimal two-gene (HOXD3 and GSTP1) LASSO model, derived from methylation values in the training cohort, and assessed ProCUrE’s diagnostic and prognostic ability for prostate cancer in both the training and validation cohorts. ProCUrE demonstrated improved prostate cancer diagnosis and identification of patients with clinically significant disease in both the training and validation cohorts. Using three different risk stratification criteria (Gleason score, D’Amico criteria, and CAPRA score), we found that the positive predictive value for ProCUrE was higher (59.4–78%) than prostate specific antigen (PSA) (38.2–72.1%) for all risk category comparisons. ProCUrE also demonstrated additive value to PSA in identifying GS ≥ 7 PCa compared to PSA alone (DeLong’s test p = 0.039), as well as additive value to the PCPT risk calculator for identifying any PCa and GS ≥ 7 PCa (DeLong’s test p = 0.011 and 0.022, respectively). Conclusions ProCUrE is a promising non-invasive urinary methylation assay for the early detection and prognostication of prostate cancer. ProCUrE has the potential to supplement PSA testing to identify patients with clinically significant prostate cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0575-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Olkhov-Mitsel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shivani Kamdar
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renu Jeyapala
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Garcia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rachel Hurst
- Schools of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Robert Mills
- Schools of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Alexandra V Tuzova
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eve O'Reilly
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Colin Cooper
- Schools of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Daniel Brewer
- Schools of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,The Earlham Institute, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Antoinette S Perry
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Clark
- Schools of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Neil Fleshner
- Division of Urology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bharati Bapat
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of Urology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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22
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Carrick M, Wilson J, Mills R, Derham C. Acute C2 Odontoid peg fracture in the cardiac surgical patient. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mills
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland
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24
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Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Underwood L, Forrester A, Hayward H, Sabet J, Mills R, Young S, Asherson P, Murphy D. Characteristics of prisoners with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:1185-1195. [PMID: 29154489 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found high rates of intellectual disabilities (ID) in prison. However, little is understood about prisoners with ID. This study aimed to identify prisoners with ID and compare their characteristics with prisoners without neurodevelopmental disorders with regard to demographic profile, mental health, suicide risk and offences. METHOD This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out using face-to-face interviews with 240 participants in a London Category C prison. Standardised tools were used to assess prisoners for ID and mental disorder. RESULTS The study identified 18 prisoners as having ID. Participants with ID were less likely to be from a black or minority ethnic background, be over 35 years of age or have any qualifications. They were more likely to have been single, homeless or unemployed before coming into prison. Prisoners with ID were significantly more likely to have mental health problems and 25% had thought about suicide in the last month and 63% had attempted suicide in the past. Prisoners with ID were also more likely to be housed in the vulnerable prisoners' wing and significantly more likely to have committed robbery than other prisoners. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the presence of significant numbers of people with ID with high levels of mental illness in a male prison. Services across the CJS are required for this group, specifically, there is a need for raised awareness among those working in prison about ID and improved skills to recognise offenders with ID and address major gaps in current healthcare provision in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chaplin
- Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities Research and Policy Unit, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - J McCarthy
- Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities Research and Policy Unit, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - L Underwood
- Centre for Longitudinal Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Forrester
- Offender Health Research Network, University of Manchester
| | - H Hayward
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Sabet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - S Young
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Michel-Sendis F, Gauld I, Martinez J, Alejano C, Bossant M, Boulanger D, Cabellos O, Chrapciak V, Conde J, Fast I, Gren M, Govers K, Gysemans M, Hannstein V, Havlůj F, Hennebach M, Hordosy G, Ilas G, Kilger R, Mills R, Mountford D, Ortego P, Radulescu G, Rahimi M, Ranta-Aho A, Rantamäki K, Ruprecht B, Soppera N, Stuke M, Suyama K, Tittelbach S, Tore C, Winckel SV, Vasiliev A, Watanabe T, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto T. SFCOMPO-2.0: An OECD NEA database of spent nuclear fuel isotopic assays, reactor design specifications, and operating data. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Niedziela JL, Mills R, Loguillo MJ, Skorpenske HD, Armitage D, Smith HL, Lin JYY, Lucas MS, Stone MB, Abernathy DL. Design and operating characteristic of a vacuum furnace for time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:105116. [PMID: 29092522 DOI: 10.1063/1.5007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and operating characteristics of a vacuum furnace used for inelastic neutron scattering experiments on a time-of-flight chopper spectrometer. The device is an actively water cooled radiant heating furnace capable of performing experiments up to 1873 K. Inelastic neutron scattering studies performed with this furnace include studies of phonon dynamics and metallic liquids. We describe the design, control, characterization, and limitations of the equipment. Further, we provide comparisons of the neutron performance of our device with commercially available options. Finally we consider upgrade paths to improve performance and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Niedziela
- Instrument and Source Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - R Mills
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M J Loguillo
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H D Skorpenske
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D Armitage
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H L Smith
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Y Y Lin
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M S Lucas
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - M B Stone
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D L Abernathy
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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27
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Alshaker H, Wang Q, Böhler T, Mills R, Winkler M, Arafat T, Kawano Y, Pchejetski D. Combination of RAD001 (everolimus) and docetaxel reduces prostate and breast cancer cell VEGF production and tumour vascularisation independently of sphingosine-kinase-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3493. [PMID: 28615679 PMCID: PMC5471177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to docetaxel is a key problem in current prostate and breast cancer management. We have recently discovered a new molecular mechanism of prostate cancer docetaxel chemoresistance mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/sphingosine-kinase-1 (SK1) pathway. Here we investigated the influence of this pathway on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and tumour vascularisation in hormone resistant prostate and breast cancer models. Immunofluorescent staining of tumour sections from human oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer patients showed a strong correlation between phosphorylated P70S6 kinase (mTOR downstream target), VEGF and SK1 protein expression. In hormone-insensitive prostate (PC3) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) cancer cell lines the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) has significantly inhibited SK1 and VEGF expression, while low dose (5 nM) docetaxel had no significant effect. In these cell lines, SK1 overexpression slightly increased the basal levels of VEGF, but did not block the inhibitory effect of RAD001 on VEGF. In a human prostate xenograft model established in nude mice, RAD001 alone or in combination with docetaxel has suppressed tumour growth, VEGF expression and decreased tumour vasculature. Overall, our data demonstrate a new mechanism of an independent regulation of SK1 and VEGF by mTOR in hormone-insensitive prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Alshaker
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. .,Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Torsten Böhler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tawfiq Arafat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawano
- Department of Urology, University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
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Hertz H, Maitra A, Mills R, Weingärtner H. The interpretation of the excess conductivity of HCI in H2O in terms of the intramolecular velocity correlation defect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1981780067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Harris K, Hertz H, Mills R. The effect of structure on self-diffusion in concentrated electrolytes : relationship between the water and ionic self-diffusion coefficients for structure-forming salts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/jcp/1978750391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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30
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Ho C, Hori S, Gladwell C, Mills R. Renal artery aneurysm – a forgotten cause of loin pain. Journal of Clinical Urology 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415816682182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie Ho
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Satoshi Hori
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, UK
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, UK
| | - Christina Gladwell
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, UK
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Natarajan M, Al-Kadhi O, Mills R. A retrospective analysis of positive surgical margins (PSM) and biochemical recurrence following open and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Privas E, Noguere G, Tommasi J, De Saint Jean C, Schmidt KH, Mills R. Measurements of the effective cumulative fission yields of143Nd,145Nd,146Nd,148Nd and150Nd for235U in the PHENIX fast reactor. EPJ Nuclear Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjn/2016025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Runge CE, MacKenzie A, Loos C, Waller M, Gabbett M, Mills R, Eley D. Characteristics of Queensland physicians and the influence of rural exposure on practice location. Intern Med J 2016; 46:981-5. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Runge
- Schools of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - A. MacKenzie
- Schools of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - C. Loos
- Schools of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - M. Waller
- Schools of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - M. Gabbett
- Schools of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Genetic Health Queensland; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Royal Australasian College of Physicians; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medicine; Griffith University; Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - R. Mills
- Office of the Principal Medical Officer; Queensland Health; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - D. Eley
- Schools of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Ma Z, Quaife-Ryan G, Lynch J, McLellan C, Mills R, Phipps S, Cooper-White J, Hudson J, Porrello E. Intramyocardial Delivery of miR-29a Improves Cardiac Function and Prevents Pathological Remodelling Following Myocardial Infarction. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Mayer KH, Crawford P, Dant L, Gillespie S, Singal R, Vandermeer M, Muench J, Long T, Quach T, Chaudhry A, Crane HM, Lembo D, Mills R, McBurnie MA. HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Screening Practices in a Geographically Diverse Sample of American Community Health Centers. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:237-46. [PMID: 27286294 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the advent of highly effective treatments, routine screening for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been recommended for many Americans. This study explored the perceived barriers surrounding routine HIV and HCV screening in a diverse sample of community health centers (CHCs). The Community Health Applied Research Network (CHARN) is a collaboration of CHCs, with a shared clinical database. In July, 2013, 195 CHARN providers working in 12 CHCs completed a survey of their attitudes and beliefs about HIV and HCV testing. Summary statistics were generated to describe the prevalence of HIV and HCV and associated demographics by CHCs. HIV and HCV prevalence ranged from 0.1% to 5.7% for HIV and from 0.1% to 3.7% for HCV in the different CHCs. About 15% of the providers cared for at least 50 individuals with HIV and the same was true for HCV. Two-thirds saw less than 10 patients with HIV and less than half saw less than 10 patients with HCV. Less than two-thirds followed USPHS guidelines to screen all patients for HIV between the ages of 13 and 64, and only 44.4% followed the guidance to screen all baby boomers for HCV. Providers with less HIV experience tended to be more concerned about routine screening practices. More experienced providers were more likely to perceive lack of time being an impediment to routine screening. Many US CHC providers do not routinely screen their patients for HIV and HCV. Although additional education about the rationale for routine screening may be indicated, incentives to compensate providers for the additional time they anticipate spending in counseling may also facilitate increased screening rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Mayer
- Fenway Health, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Phil Crawford
- Kaiser Permanente, Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lydia Dant
- Fenway Health, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Robbie Singal
- Fenway Health, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - John Muench
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tim Long
- Near Northwest Services Organization, Alliance of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thu Quach
- Community Health and Research, Asian Health Services, Oakland, California
| | | | - Heidi M. Crane
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniela Lembo
- Beaufort Jasper Hampton Comprehensive Health Services, Ridgeland, South Carolina
| | - Robert Mills
- Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Rockville, Maryland
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Wang X, Tucker NR, Rizki G, Mills R, Krijger PH, de Wit E, Subramanian V, Bartell E, Nguyen XX, Ye J, Leyton-Mange J, Dolmatova EV, van der Harst P, de Laat W, Ellinor PT, Newton-Cheh C, Milan DJ, Kellis M, Boyer LA. Discovery and validation of sub-threshold genome-wide association study loci using epigenomic signatures. eLife 2016. [PMID: 27162171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10557.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies explain only a modest proportion of heritability, suggesting that meaningful associations lie 'hidden' below current thresholds. Here, we integrate information from association studies with epigenomic maps to demonstrate that enhancers significantly overlap known loci associated with the cardiac QT interval and QRS duration. We apply functional criteria to identify loci associated with QT interval that do not meet genome-wide significance and are missed by existing studies. We demonstrate that these 'sub-threshold' signals represent novel loci, and that epigenomic maps are effective at discriminating true biological signals from noise. We experimentally validate the molecular, gene-regulatory, cellular and organismal phenotypes of these sub-threshold loci, demonstrating that most sub-threshold loci have regulatory consequences and that genetic perturbation of nearby genes causes cardiac phenotypes in mouse. Our work provides a general approach for improving the detection of novel loci associated with complex human traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nathan R Tucker
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robert Mills
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Peter Hl Krijger
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Eric Bartell
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jiangchuan Ye
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jordan Leyton-Mange
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Elena V Dolmatova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Laat
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Laurie A Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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Wang X, Tucker NR, Rizki G, Mills R, Krijger PH, de Wit E, Subramanian V, Bartell E, Nguyen XX, Ye J, Leyton-Mange J, Dolmatova EV, van der Harst P, de Laat W, Ellinor PT, Newton-Cheh C, Milan DJ, Kellis M, Boyer LA. Discovery and validation of sub-threshold genome-wide association study loci using epigenomic signatures. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27162171 PMCID: PMC4862755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies explain only a modest proportion of heritability, suggesting that meaningful associations lie 'hidden' below current thresholds. Here, we integrate information from association studies with epigenomic maps to demonstrate that enhancers significantly overlap known loci associated with the cardiac QT interval and QRS duration. We apply functional criteria to identify loci associated with QT interval that do not meet genome-wide significance and are missed by existing studies. We demonstrate that these 'sub-threshold' signals represent novel loci, and that epigenomic maps are effective at discriminating true biological signals from noise. We experimentally validate the molecular, gene-regulatory, cellular and organismal phenotypes of these sub-threshold loci, demonstrating that most sub-threshold loci have regulatory consequences and that genetic perturbation of nearby genes causes cardiac phenotypes in mouse. Our work provides a general approach for improving the detection of novel loci associated with complex human traits. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10557.001 Most complex traits are governed by a large number of genetic contributors, each playing only a modest effect. This makes it difficult to identify the genetic variants that increase disease risk, hindering the discovery of new drug targets and the development of new therapeutics. To overcome this limitation in discovery power, the field of human genetics has traditionally sought increasingly large groups, or cohorts, of afflicted and non-afflicted individuals. Studies of large cohorts are a powerful approach for discovering new disease genes, but such groups are often impractical and sometimes impossible to obtain. However, it has become possible to complement the genetic evidence found in disease association studies with biological evidence of the effects of disease-associated genetic variants. Wang et al. focus specifically on genetic sites, or loci, that do not affect protein sequence but instead affect the non-coding control regions. These are known as enhancer elements, as they can enhance the expression of nearby genes. These loci constitute the majority of disease regions, and thus are extremely important, but their discovery has been hindered by our relatively poor understanding of the human genome. Chemical modifications known as epigenomic marks are indicative of enhancer regions. By studying the factors that affect heart rhythm, Wang et al. show that specific combinations of epigenomic marks are enriched in known trait-associated regions. This knowledge was then used to prioritize the further investigation of genetic regions that genome-wide association studies had only weakly linked to heart rhythm alterations. Wang et al. directly confirmed that genetic differences in “sub-threshold” regions indeed alter the activity of these regulatory regions in human heart cells. Furthermore, mutating or perturbing the predicted target genes of the sub-threshold enhancers caused heart defects in mouse and zebrafish. Wang et al. have demonstrated that epigenome maps can help to distinguish which sub-threshold regions from genome-wide association studies are more likely to contribute to a disease. This allows for the discovery of new disease genes with much smaller cohorts than would be needed otherwise, thus speeding up the development of new therapeutics by many years. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10557.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nathan R Tucker
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Gizem Rizki
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Robert Mills
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Peter Hl Krijger
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Eric Bartell
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jiangchuan Ye
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jordan Leyton-Mange
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Elena V Dolmatova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Laat
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Laurie A Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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McCarthy J, Chaplin E, Underwood L, Forrester A, Hayward H, Sabet J, Young S, Asherson P, Mills R, Murphy D. Characteristics of prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties. J Intellect Disabil Res 2016; 60:201-6. [PMID: 26486964 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found high rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) within the criminal justice system (CJS). However, little is understood about prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties (NDD) or their needs. This study aimed to identify prisoners with NDD and compare their characteristics with prisoners without NDD on a range of socio-demographic and social functioning measures. METHOD This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out using face-to-face interviews with 240 participants in a London Category C prison. Standardised tools were used to assess prisoners for ADHD, ASD and ID. RESULTS The study identified 87 prisoners who screened positive for one or more type of NDD. Participants with NDD were significantly younger and more likely to be single [(odds ratio) OR = 2.1], homeless (OR = 3.4) or unemployed (OR = 2.6) before they came into prison. They also had poorer educational achievements that those without NDD. Over 80% of those with NDD had a previous conviction or imprisonment. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm the presence of significant numbers of people with NDD in a male prison. Services across the CJS are required for this group; specifically, there is a need for raised awareness among those working in the CJS to improve the recognition of offenders with NDD. Services in the community need to work with individuals with NDD who are at risk of offending, targeting those who are homeless, unemployed and have poor employment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McCarthy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Chaplin
- London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Underwood
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Longitudinal Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Forrester
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Hayward
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Sabet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Young
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - P Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Mills
- Research Autism, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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al-Wahish A, Armitage D, al-Binni U, Hill B, Mills R, Jalarvo N, Santodonato L, Herwig KW, Mandrus D. A new apparatus design for high temperature (up to 950°C) quasi-elastic neutron scattering in a controlled gaseous environment. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:095102. [PMID: 26429475 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A design for a sample cell system suitable for high temperature Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) experiments is presented. The apparatus was developed at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge National Lab where it is currently in use. The design provides a special sample cell environment under controlled humid or dry gas flow over a wide range of temperature up to 950 °C. Using such a cell, chemical, dynamical, and physical changes can be studied in situ under various operating conditions. While the cell combined with portable automated gas environment system is especially useful for in situ studies of microscopic dynamics under operational conditions that are similar to those of solid oxide fuel cells, it can additionally be used to study a wide variety of materials, such as high temperature proton conductors. The cell can also be used in many different neutron experiments when a suitable sample holder material is selected. The sample cell system has recently been used to reveal fast dynamic processes in quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments, which standard probes (such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) could not detect. In this work, we outline the design of the sample cell system and present results demonstrating its abilities in high temperature QENS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal al-Wahish
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200, USA
| | - D Armitage
- Instrument and Source Design Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37861-6475, USA
| | - U al-Binni
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geology, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30149, USA
| | - B Hill
- Instrument and Source Design Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37861-6475, USA
| | - R Mills
- Instrument and Source Design Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37861-6475, USA
| | - N Jalarvo
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), Outstation at Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), and Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, USA
| | - L Santodonato
- Instrument and Source Design Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37861-6475, USA
| | - K W Herwig
- Instrument and Source Design Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37861-6475, USA
| | - D Mandrus
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200, USA
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Abstract
The load applied by each rolling element on a bearing raceway controls friction, wear and service life. It is possible to infer bearing load from load cells or strain gauges on the shaft or bearing housing. However, this is not always simply and uniquely related to the real load transmitted by rolling elements directly to the raceway. Firstly, the load sharing between rolling elements in the raceway is statically indeterminate, and secondly, in a machine with non-steady loading, the load path is complex and highly transient being subject to the dynamic behaviour of the transmission system. This study describes a method to measure the load transmitted directly by a rolling element to the raceway by using the time of flight (ToF) of a reflected ultrasonic pulse. A piezoelectric sensor was permanently bonded onto the bore surface of the inner raceway of a cylindrical roller bearing. The ToF of an ultrasonic pulse from the sensor to the roller–raceway contact was measured. This ToF depends on the speed of the wave and the thickness of the raceway. The speed of an ultrasonic wave changes with the state of the stress, known as the acoustoelastic effect. The thickness of the material varies when deflection occurs as the contacting surfaces are subjected to load. In addition, the contact stiffness changes the phase of the reflected signal and in simple peak-to-peak measurement, this appears as a change in the ToF. In this work, the Hilbert transform was used to remove this contact dependent phase shift. Experiments have been performed on both a model line contact and a single row cylindrical roller bearing from the planet gear of a wind turbine epicyclic gearbox. The change in ToF under different bearing loads was recorded and used to determine the deflection of the raceway. This was then related to the bearing load using a simple elastic contact model. Measured load from the ultrasonic reflection was compared with the applied bearing load with good agreement. The technique shows promise as an effective method for load monitoring in real-world bearing applications.
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41
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Bettencourt-Silva JH, Clark J, Cooper CS, Mills R, Rayward-Smith VJ, de la Iglesia B. Building Data-Driven Pathways From Routinely Collected Hospital Data: A Case Study on Prostate Cancer. JMIR Med Inform 2015; 3:e26. [PMID: 26162314 PMCID: PMC4526987 DOI: 10.2196/medinform.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routinely collected data in hospitals is complex, typically heterogeneous, and scattered across multiple Hospital Information Systems (HIS). This big data, created as a byproduct of health care activities, has the potential to provide a better understanding of diseases, unearth hidden patterns, and improve services and cost. The extent and uses of such data rely on its quality, which is not consistently checked, nor fully understood. Nevertheless, using routine data for the construction of data-driven clinical pathways, describing processes and trends, is a key topic receiving increasing attention in the literature. Traditional algorithms do not cope well with unstructured processes or data, and do not produce clinically meaningful visualizations. Supporting systems that provide additional information, context, and quality assurance inspection are needed. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to explore how routine hospital data can be used to develop data-driven pathways that describe the journeys that patients take through care, and their potential uses in biomedical research; it proposes a framework for the construction, quality assessment, and visualization of patient pathways for clinical studies and decision support using a case study on prostate cancer. METHODS Data pertaining to prostate cancer patients were extracted from a large UK hospital from eight different HIS, validated, and complemented with information from the local cancer registry. Data-driven pathways were built for each of the 1904 patients and an expert knowledge base, containing rules on the prostate cancer biomarker, was used to assess the completeness and utility of the pathways for a specific clinical study. Software components were built to provide meaningful visualizations for the constructed pathways. RESULTS The proposed framework and pathway formalism enable the summarization, visualization, and querying of complex patient-centric clinical information, as well as the computation of quality indicators and dimensions. A novel graphical representation of the pathways allows the synthesis of such information. CONCLUSIONS Clinical pathways built from routinely collected hospital data can unearth information about patients and diseases that may otherwise be unavailable or overlooked in hospitals. Data-driven clinical pathways allow for heterogeneous data (ie, semistructured and unstructured data) to be collated over a unified data model and for data quality dimensions to be assessed. This work has enabled further research on prostate cancer and its biomarkers, and on the development and application of methods to mine, compare, analyze, and visualize pathways constructed from routine data. This is an important development for the reuse of big data in hospitals.
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42
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Hanna MY, Tremlett C, Josan G, Eltom A, Mills R, Rochester M, Livermore DM. Prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal flora of patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy in Norwich, UK. BJU Int 2015; 116:131-4. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Tremlett
- Department of Microbiology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; Norwich UK
| | - Gurvir Josan
- Department of Urology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; Norwich UK
| | - Ali Eltom
- Department of Urology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; Norwich UK
| | - Robert Mills
- Department of Urology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; Norwich UK
| | - Mark Rochester
- Department of Urology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital; Norwich UK
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43
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McCarthy J, Underwood L, Hayward H, Chaplin E, Forrester A, Mills R, Murphy D. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mental Health Problems Among Prisoners. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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44
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Voges H, Mills R, Porrello E, Hudson J. An in vitro model of acute myocardial damage in human bioengineered heart muscle. Heart Lung Circ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.06.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Gavazov K, Mills R, Spiegelberger T, Lenglet J, Buttler A. Biotic and Abiotic Constraints on the Decomposition of Fagus sylvatica Leaf Litter Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Contrasting Land-Use Types. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Haga SB, Barry WT, Mills R, Svetkey L, Suchindran S, Willard HF, Ginsburg GS. Impact of delivery models on understanding genomic risk for type 2 diabetes. Public Health Genomics 2014; 17:95-104. [PMID: 24577154 DOI: 10.1159/000358413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic information, typically communicated in-person by genetic counselors, can be challenging to comprehend; delivery of this information online--as is becoming more common--has the potential of increasing these challenges. METHODS To address the impact of the mode of delivery of genomic risk information, 300 individuals were recruited from the general public and randomized to receive genomic risk information for type 2 diabetes mellitus in-person from a board-certified genetic counselor or online through the testing company's website. RESULTS Participants were asked to indicate their genomic risk and overall lifetime risk as reported on their test report as well as to interpret their genomic risk (increased, decreased, or same as population). For each question, 59% of participants correctly indicated their risk. Participants who received their results in-person were more likely than those who reviewed their results on-line to correctly interpret their genomic risk (72 vs. 47%, p = 0.0002) and report their actual genomic risk (69 vs. 49%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The delivery of personal genomic risk through a trained health professional resulted in significantly higher comprehension. Therefore, if the online delivery of genomic test results is to become more widespread, further evaluation of this method of communication may be needed to ensure the effective presentation of results to promote comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Haga
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, N.C., USA
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47
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Banerjee S, Manley K, Thomas L, Shaw B, Saxton J, Mills R, Rochester M. O2 Preoperative exercise protocol to aid recovery of radical cystectomy: Results of a feasibility study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9056(13)62320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Cummings J, Isaacson S, Mills R, Williams H, Chi-Burris K, Dhall R, Ballard C. Antipsychotic efficacy and motor tolerability in a phase III placebo-controlled study of pimavanserin in patients with Parkinson's Disease psychosis (Acp-103-020). J Neurol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Rogers AJ, Chu JH, Darvishi K, Ionita-Laza I, Lehmann H, Mills R, Lee C, Raby BA. Copy number variation prevalence in known asthma genes and their impact on asthma susceptibility. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:455-62. [PMID: 23517041 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies have identified numerous genes reproducibly associated with asthma, yet these studies have focussed almost entirely on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and virtually ignored another highly prevalent form of genetic variation: Copy Number Variants (CNVs). OBJECTIVE To survey the prevalence of CNVs in genes previously associated with asthma, and to assess whether CNVs represent the functional asthma-susceptibility variants at these loci. METHODS We genotyped 383 asthmatic trios participating in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) using a competitive genomic hybridization (CGH) array designed to interrogate 20 092 CNVs. To ensure comprehensive assessment of all potential asthma candidate genes, we purposely used liberal asthma gene inclusion criteria, resulting in consideration of 270 candidate genes previously implicated in asthma. We performed statistical testing using FBAT-CNV. RESULTS Copy number variation in asthma candidate genes was prevalent, with 21% of tested genes residing near or within one of 69 CNVs. In six instances, the complete candidate gene sequence resides within the CNV boundaries. On average, asthmatic probands carried six asthma-candidate CNVs (range 1-29). However, the vast majority of identified CNVs were of rare frequency (< 5%) and were not statistically associated with asthma. Modest evidence for association with asthma was observed for 2 CNVs near NOS1 and SERPINA3. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggests that CNV effects are unlikely to explain previously detected SNP associations with asthma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although a substantial proportion of asthma-susceptibility genes harbour polymorphic CNVs, the majority of these variants do not confer increased asthma risk. The lack of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between CNVs and asthma-associated SNPs suggests that these CNVs are unlikely to represent the functional variant responsible for most known asthma associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Rogers
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Tucker NR, Mahida S, Mills R, Simonson B, Macri V, Lemoine M, Das S, Milan DJ, Ellinor PT. Abstract 285: Overexpression of SK3 in a Murine Model Results in Sudden Cardiac Death. Circ Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/res.113.suppl_1.a285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Recently, the gene responsible for encoding SK3, KCNN3, was implicated in a genome-wide association study as a susceptibility locus for atrial fibrillation. SK3 is one of a family of three small conductance, voltage-independent, calcium-activated potassium channels which is abundantly expressed in cardiac tissues.
Therefore, we hypothesized that transcriptional misregulation of the KCNN3 gene could result in arrhythmogenesis.
Methods:
We characterized a mouse line which had constitutive ubiquitous overexpression of
Kcnn3
using ambulatory cardiac rhythm monitoring, optical mapping and
in vivo
electrophysiology studies. Both homozygote (SK3
T/T
) and heterozygote (SK3
T/+
) animals were compared to their wild-type (SK3
+/+
) littermates for assessment of cardiac phenotypes.
Results:
SK3
T/T
mice displayed increased expression of SK3, as assessed by qRT-PCR, in all four chambers of the heart, although highest increase of expression was observed in the ventricles. Examinations of SK3
T/T
mice revealed no gross morphological changes in the myocardium, no observable cardiac fibrosis, and normal echocardiograms when compared to SK3
+/+
mice. However, pups from SK3
T/+
crosses did not produce expected Mendelian ratios (SK3
+/+
= 17%), and 7 out of 19 SK3
+/+
mice died suddenly by 3 months of age, whereas all of the SK3
T/+
or SK3
+/+
survived. To address potential mechanisms, we performed ambulatory monitoring on mice beginning at approximately one month of age. Of the 6 SK3
+/+
mice, 4 died suddenly, whereas neither of the wild-type controls expired. The cardiac rhythm recorded at the time of death in three of the four mice was heart block followed by severe bradycardia. Additionally, during the period of ambulatory monitoring, SK3
T/T
mice had a lower mean heart rate compared to the SK3
+/+
control mice, and SK3
T/T
mice also displayed frequent episodes of atrioventricular dissociation, both at rest and during periods of activity. SK3
T/T
mice also displayed more pronounced variability of the heart rate and the PR interval. Optical mapping revealed slower ventricular conduction velocity.
Conclusion:
These data suggest a mechanism whereby overexpression of SK3 leads to sudden death due to bradyarrhythmias and heart block.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saumya Das
- Beth Isreal Deaconess Med Institute, Boston, MA
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