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Yang Y, Valdés-Rives SA, Liu Q, Li Y, Tan J, Tan Y, Koch CA, Rong Y, Houser SR, Wei S, Cai KQ, Cheng SY, Curran T, Wechsler-Reya R, Yang ZJ. Thyroid Hormone Suppresses Medulloblastoma Progression Through Promoting Terminal Differentiation of Tumor Cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.13.580111. [PMID: 38405864 PMCID: PMC10888774 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is commonly detected in patients with medulloblastoma (MB). A possible link between thyroid hormone (TH) signaling and MB pathogenicity has not been reported. Here, we find that TH plays a critical role in promoting tumor cell differentiation. Reduction in TH levels frees the TH receptor, TRα1, to bind to EZH2 and repress expression of NeuroD1, a transcription factor that drives tumor cell differentiation. Increased TH reverses EZH2-mediated repression of NeuroD1 by abrogating the binding of EZH2 and TRα1, thereby stimulating tumor cell differentiation and reducing MB growth. Importantly, TH-induced differentiation of tumor cells is not restricted by the molecular subgroup of MB. These findings establish an unprecedented association between TH signaling and MB pathogenicity, providing solid evidence for TH as a promising modality for MB treatment.
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Fernandez EC, Wang J, Zhang X, Wei HJ, Minns HE, Griffin AT, Vlahos L, Martins TJ, Becker PS, Crawford J, Gartrell RD, Szalontay L, Zacharoulis S, Zhang Z, Wechsler-Reya R, Wu CC, Califano A, Pavisic J. Abstract 4304: Network-based inference identifies cell state-specific drugs targeting master regulator vulnerabilities in diffuse midline glioma. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) are fatal pediatric brain tumors with no therapies. We leveraged network-based methodologies to dissect the heterogeneity of DMG tumors and to discover Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing pharmacologically accessible, mechanistic determinants of molecularly distinct cell states. We produced the first DMG regulatory network from 122 publicly available RNAseq profiles with ARACNe (Basso et al. Nat Genet 2005), and inferred sample-specific MR protein activity with VIPER (Alvarez et al. Nat Genet 2016) based on the differential expression of their targets. 7 of the top 25 most active MRs found comprise a well-characterized MR block (MRB2) (Paull et al.Cell 2021), frequently activated across aggressive tumors, and enriched in DMG patient MR signatures (Fisher’s Exact Test p=4.4 × 10−18). A CRISPR/Cas9 KO screen across 3 DMG patient cell lines identified a set of 73/77 essential genes that were enriched in the MR signature of 80% of patient samples (GSEA p=0.000034). FOXM1 emerged as an essential MR, significantly activated across virtually all patients.
We then generated RNAseq profiles following perturbation with ~300 oncology drugs in 2 DMG cell lines most representative of patient MR signatures, and used this to identify drugs that invert patient MR activity profiles using the NYS/CA Dept. of Health approved OncoTreat algorithm (Alvarez et al. Nat Genet 2018). OncoTreat predicted sensitivity to HDAC, MEK, CDK, PI3K, and proteosome inhibitors in subsets of patients, overlapping with published DMG drug screens. Importantly, 80% of OncoTreat-predicted drugs (p<10−5) from 3 DMG patient tumor biopsies showed in vitro sensitivity in cultured tumor cells from the respective patients, with overall 68% accuracy among 223 drugs evaluated by both OncoTreat and in vitro (Fisher’s Exact Test p=0.0449).
Further analysis of DMG intra-tumor heterogeneity via protein activity inference across DMG single cells from 6 published scRNAseq profiles identified 6 tumor clusters with unique MR signatures co-existing in virtually all patients representing distinct cellular states (2 astrocyte-, 1 oligodendrocyte-, and 3 oligodendrocyte precursor cell-like states). Targetable MRs and OncoTreat-predicted drugs were distinct between these states. Bulk RNAseq analysis recapitulated predictions seen in the more prevalent OPC-like states, but failed to capture MR and drug predictions for the AC-like states (e.g. JAK1/Ruxolitinib and STAT3/Napabucasin). We are currently validating cell state-specific drug predictions in vivo at single-cell resolution in subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft and orthotopic syngeneic DMG models that we have shown recapitulate patient tumor heterogeneity, including with focused ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. This provides a platform to nominate much-needed novel drugs and drug combinations to treat DMG.
Citation Format: Ester Calvo Fernandez, Junqiang Wang, Xu Zhang, Hong-Jian Wei, Hanna E. Minns, Aaron T. Griffin, Lukas Vlahos, Timothy J. Martins, Pamela S. Becker, John Crawford, Robyn D. Gartrell, Luca Szalontay, Stergios Zacharoulis, Zhiguo Zhang, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Cheng-Chia Wu, Andrea Califano, Jovana Pavisic. Network-based inference identifies cell state-specific drugs targeting master regulator vulnerabilities in diffuse midline glioma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4304.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junqiang Wang
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Xu Zhang
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hong-Jian Wei
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanna E. Minns
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Lukas Vlahos
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - John Crawford
- 3University of California Irvine & Children’s Hospital Orange County, Orange, CA
| | | | - Luca Szalontay
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Zhiguo Zhang
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Cheng-Chia Wu
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Jovana Pavisic
- 1Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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3
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Kuzuoglu-Ozturk D, Aksoy O, Schmidt C, Lea R, Larson JD, Phelps RRL, Nasholm N, Holt M, Contreras A, Huang M, Wong-Michalak S, Shao H, Wechsler-Reya R, Phillips JJ, Gestwicki JE, Ruggero D, Weiss WA. N-myc-Mediated Translation Control Is a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2023; 83:130-140. [PMID: 36264168 PMCID: PMC9812901 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of neuroblastoma-derived myc (N-myc) is a leading cause of malignant brain tumors in children. To target N-myc-driven medulloblastoma, most research has focused on identifying genomic alterations or on the analysis of the medulloblastoma transcriptome. Here, we have broadly characterized the translatome of medulloblastoma and shown that N-myc unexpectedly drives selective translation of transcripts that promote protein homeostasis. Cancer cells are constantly exposed to proteotoxic stress associated with alterations in protein production or folding. It remains poorly understood how cancers cope with proteotoxic stress to promote their growth. Here, our data revealed that N-myc regulates the expression of specific components (∼5%) of the protein folding machinery at the translational level through the major cap binding protein, eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E. Reducing eIF4E levels in mouse models of medulloblastoma blocked tumorigenesis. Importantly, targeting Hsp70, a protein folding chaperone translationally regulated by N-myc, suppressed tumor growth in mouse and human medulloblastoma xenograft models. These findings reveal a previously hidden molecular program that promotes medulloblastoma formation and identify new therapies that may have impact in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE Translatome analysis in medulloblastoma shows that N-myc drives selective translation of transcripts that promote protein homeostasis and that represent new therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Kuzuoglu-Ozturk
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ozlem Aksoy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robin Lea
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jon D Larson
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ryan R L Phelps
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nicole Nasholm
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Megan Holt
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Adrian Contreras
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Miller Huang
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shannon Wong-Michalak
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisca, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William A Weiss
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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4
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Cooney T, Lindsay H, Leary S, Wechsler-Reya R. Current studies and future directions for medulloblastoma: A review from the pacific pediatric neuro-oncology consortium (PNOC) disease working group. Neoplasia 2022; 35:100861. [PMID: 36516489 PMCID: PMC9755363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor of childhood, comprising a heterogenous group of tumors each with distinct biology, clinical behavior, and prognosis. Long-term survival remains unacceptable, and those who do survive face high late mortality risk, new chronic treatment-related medical conditions, neurocognitive impairments, and poor health-related quality of life. Up-front treatment strategies now integrate molecular subgrouping with standard clinico-radiological factors to more actually risk stratify newly-diagnosed patients. To what extent this new stratification will lead to improvements in treatment outcome will be determined in the coming years. In parallel, discovery and appreciation for medulloblastoma's inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity continues growing. Clinical trials treating relapsed disease now encompass precision medicine, epigenetic modification, and immune therapy approaches. The Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology (PNOC) Medulloblastoma Working Group is committed to developing clinical trials based on these evolving therapeutic strategies and supports translational efforts by PNOC researchers and the multi-stakeholder medulloblastoma community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tab Cooney
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Leary
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Department of Neurology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Okonechnikov K, Camgöz A, Park DE, Chapman O, Hübner JM, Jenseit A, Chakraborty A, Pagadala M, Bump R, Chandran S, Kraft K, Hidalgo RA, Reid D, Juarez EF, Robinson JT, Pajtler KW, Milde T, Coufal N, Levy M, Malicki D, Nahas S, Snuderl M, Crawford J, Wechsler-Reya R, Mundlos S, Schmitt A, Carter H, Michealraj KA, Kumar SA, Taylor MD, Rich J, Mesirov J, Pfister SP, Ay F, Dixon J, Kool M, Chavez L. EPEN-18. Oncogenic 3D genome conformations identify novel therapeutic targets in ependymoma. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9165136 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ependymoma (EPN) is an aggressive pediatric tumor that occurs throughout the central nervous system. The two most aggressive molecular subgroups of EPN are the supratentorial ZFTA-fusion associated group (ST-EPN-ZFTA) and the posterior fossa group A (PF-EPN-A). Although the molecular characteristics underlying the tumorigenesis of these subgroups have been extensively studied, these tumors remain difficult to treat. Hence, innovative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Here, we used genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), complemented with CTCF (insulators) and H3K27ac (active enhancers) ChIP-seq, as well as gene expression and whole-genome DNA methylation profiling in primary and relapsed EPN tumors and cell lines, to identify chromosomal rearrangements and regulatory mechanisms underlying aberrant expression of genes that are essential for EPN tumorigenesis. By integrating these heterogenous data types, we have observed the formation of new topologically associated domains (‘neo-TADs’) caused by intra- and inter-chromosomal structural variants in both tumors. In addition, we observed 3D chromatin complexes of regulatory elements, and the replacement of CTCF insulators by DNA hyper-methylation in PF-EPN-A tumors. These tumor-specific 3D genome conformations can be associated with the transcriptional upregulation of nearby genes. Through inhibition experiments we validated that these newly identified genes, including RCOR2, ITGA6, LAMC1, and ARL4C, are highly essential for the survival of patient-derived EPN cell lines in a disease subgroup-specific manner. Thus, our study identifies novel potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in EPN and extends our ability to reveal tumor-dependency genes and pathways by oncogenic 3D genome conformations even in tumors that lack known genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Aylin Camgöz
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Donglim Esther Park
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla , USA
| | - Owen Chapman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
| | | | - Anne Jenseit
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , USA
| | - Meghana Pagadala
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
| | - Rosalind Bump
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , USA
| | | | - Katherina Kraft
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University , Stanford , USA
| | | | | | - Edwin F Juarez
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
| | - James T Robinson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Nicole Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , San Diego , USA
| | - Michael Levy
- Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego – Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego , USA
| | - Denise Malicki
- Pathology, University of California San Diego – Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego , USA
| | - Shareef Nahas
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine , San Diego , USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York , USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health , New York , USA
| | - John Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego – Rady Children's Hospital , San Diego , USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Research Discovery Institute , La Jolla , USA
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
| | - Kulandaimanuvel Antony Michealraj
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jeremy Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla , USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , La Jolla , USA
| | - Stefan P Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ferhat Ay
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , USA
| | - Jesse Dixon
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , USA
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology , Utrecth , Netherlands
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , San Diego , USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD) , La Jolla , USA
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6
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Chapman O, Sridhar S, Wang S, Larson J, Wechsler-Reya R, Mesirov J, Chavez L. MEDB-33. The landscape of ecDNA in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9164941 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA) is an important driver of aggressive cancers, including medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. To assess the clinical importance of ecDNA in MB, we applied computational methods to detect ecDNA in the genomes of a cohort of 468 MB patients and 31 MB model systems. Among patients, ecDNA was detected in 18% of tumors and carried a threefold greater risk of mortality. Affected genomic loci harbor up to hundredfold amplification of oncogenes including MYC, MYCN, TERT, and other novel putative oncogenes. Between sequential patient biopsies at initial diagnosis and subsequent relapse, we observed structural variation at ecDNA loci and generation of new ecDNA sequences. Among model systems, ecDNA was found in 19 of 31 genomes (61%). Although ecDNA was far more prevalent among MB models than patients, the ecDNA genomic sequences were conserved between most patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and the human tumors from which they were made. To elucidate the functional regulatory landscapes of ecDNAs in MB, we generated transcriptional (RNA-seq), accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq), and chromatin interaction (Hi-C) profiles of 6 MB tumor samples. In each case, we identified regulatory interactions that cross fusion breakpoints on the ecDNA, representing potential “enhancer rewiring” events which may contribute to transcriptional activation of co-amplified oncogenes. To test this hypothesis, we are currently conducting in vitro CRISPRi screens targeting regulatory regions on the ecDNA of a MB cell line to determine whether these enhancers promote proliferation. Using single-cell sequencing, we have also begun exploring intratumoral heterogeneity of ecDNA in a p53-mutant SHH MB patient tumor and its corresponding PDX model. In summary, our study analyzes the frequency, diversity, and functional relevance of ecDNA across MB subgroups and provides strong justification for continued mechanistic studies of ecDNA in MB with the potential to uncover new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunita Sridhar
- UC San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego , CA , USA
| | | | - Jon Larson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla , CA , USA
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7
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Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya R. MEDB-47. CD4+ T cells restrict medulloblastoma growth and dissemination. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9165294 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac079.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system serves as a powerful defense not only against pathogens and parasites but also against neoplastic cells. Emerging immunotherapies that boost the activity of tumor-reactive immune cells or counteract immune suppressive mechanisms have shown promising effects in certain cancer types. However, the success of immunotherapy for brain tumors has been limited, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the immune microenvironment. Our preliminary studies have shown that T cells critically affect tumor growth in mouse models of the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma. In particular, depletion of CD4+ T cells results in more aggressive growth of medulloblastoma cells and allows these cells to metastasize to the spinal cord. To test whether CD4+ T cells can recognize and attack tumor cells directly, we generated MHC class II knockout tumors. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4+ cells still enhanced tumor growth and metastasis. These results suggest that CD4+ T cells regulate medulloblastoma growth independently of MHC II on tumor cells. We hypothesized that CD4+ T cell may not directly kill tumor cells but recruit and activate another effector immune cell type that eliminates tumor cells. As CD4+ T cells have a well-studied helper function for CD8+ T cells, we examined whether their anti-tumoral function relies on the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The depletion of CD4+ T cells still resulted in advanced growth of MHC class I-deficient, and thus CD8+ T cell resistant, tumor cells indicating that CD4+ T cells counteract tumor growth in a CD8+ T cell-independent manner. Ongoing studies are aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells regulate medulloblastoma growth, including the antigen-presenting cells that activate them and the effector cells responsible for killing tumor cells. These studies will advance our understanding of the immune microenvironment in medulloblastoma and allow us to design more effective therapies.
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8
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Hwang EI, Sayour EJ, Flores CT, Grant G, Wechsler-Reya R, Hoang-Minh LB, Kieran MW, Salcido J, Prins RM, Figg JW, Platten M, Candelario KM, Hale PG, Blatt JE, Governale LS, Okada H, Mitchell DA, Pollack IF. The current landscape of immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Nat Cancer 2022; 3:11-24. [PMID: 35121998 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric central nervous system tumors are the most common solid malignancies in childhood, and aggressive therapy often leads to long-term sequelae in survivors, making these tumors challenging to treat. Immunotherapy has revolutionized prospects for many cancer types in adults, but the intrinsic complexity of treating pediatric patients and the scarcity of clinical studies of children to inform effective approaches have hampered the development of effective immunotherapies in pediatric settings. Here, we review recent advances and ongoing challenges in pediatric brain cancer immunotherapy, as well as considerations for efficient clinical translation of efficacious immunotherapies into pediatric settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene I Hwang
- Division of Oncology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Elias J Sayour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine T Flores
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lan B Hoang-Minh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Robert M Prins
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John W Figg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University and CCU Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kate M Candelario
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul G Hale
- Children's Brain Trust, Coral Springs, FL, USA
| | - Jason E Blatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance S Governale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Borgenvik A, Bolin S, Savov V, Holmberg KO, Zhao M, Rosén G, Hutter S, Garancher A, Rahmanto AS, Bergström T, Mainwaring O, Sattanino D, Verbaan AD, Rusert J, Sundström A, Dang Y, Wenz A, Richardson S, Fotaki G, Giraud G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Kalushkova A, Remke M, Cancer M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Chen X, Taylor MD, Sangfelt O, Clifford S, Schüller U, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-25. LATENT SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS BEHIND MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RELAPSE. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor recurrence developing from therapy resistance, immune escape and metastasis is the leading cause of death in medulloblastoma, the most frequent malignant pediatric brain tumor. Amplification of MYC genes is the most common genetic alteration in Group 3 and Group 4 subgroups that constitute two thirds of medulloblastoma. SOX9 is a transcription factor present in stem cells in the normal brain but is limited to rare, quiescent cells in medulloblastoma patients with MYC gene amplifications. By studying paired primary-recurrent patient samples and patient-derived xenografts we here identified significant accumulation of SOX9-positive cells in Group 3 and Group 4 relapses. To follow relapse at the single cell level we developed an inducible dual Tet model of MYC-driven MB, where MYC was re-directed from the treatment-sensitive bulk cells to resistant, dormant SOX9-positive cells by doxycycline. In this model, distant recurrent tumors and spinal metastases developed. SOX9 promoted immune escape, DNA repair suppression and was essential for recurrence. Tumor cell dormancy was non-hierarchical, migratory and depended on MYC suppression by SOX9 to promote relapse. By using computational modeling and treatment we also showed how doxorubicin and MGMT inhibitors were specifically targeting recurrent cells that could be of potential use in future treatments for patients affected by these fatal relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgenvik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Uppsala Lan, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Miao Zhao
- Uppsala University, IGP, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amelie Wenz
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stacey Richardson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hill
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pathology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) University Hospital Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matko Cancer
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Michael D Taylor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olle Sangfelt
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven Clifford
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer & Professor of Molecular Paediatric Oncology, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Fredrik Swartling
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Tzaridis T, Weller J, Bachurski D, Shakheri F, Schaub C, Hau P, Buness A, Schlegel U, Steinbach J, Seidel C, Goldbrunner R, Schäfer N, Wechsler-Reya R, Scheffler B, Glas M, Haeberle L, Herrlinger U, Coch C, Reiners K, Hartmann G. BIOM-24. PROTEIN SURFACE SIGNATURE ON SERUM EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FOR NON-INVASIVE DETECTION OF TUMOR PROGRESSION IN GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab196.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Detection of tumor progression in glioblastoma patients remains a major challenge for clinicians due to equivocal MRI results. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential biomarkers and can be detected in the blood of tumor patients. In this study, we evaluated the potential of serum-derived EVs from glioblastoma patients to serve as a marker for tumor progression in adjunction with MRI assessment.
METHODS
Glioblastoma patients from two independent cohorts, one from the multicenter Phase III CeTeG/NOA-09 trial (n=36) and the other from patients treated at the University of Bonn (n=31), were included in this study. EVs from serum of glioblastoma patients and healthy volunteers were separated by size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. EV markers were defined by using a proximity-extension assay and bead-based flow cytometry. Tumor progression was defined according to modified RANO criteria.
RESULTS
EVs from the serum of glioblastoma patients (n=67) showed an upregulation of CD29 (p=0.08), CD44 (p< 0.0001), CD81 (p< 0.0001), CD146 (p< 0.0001), C1QA (p=0.003), and histone H3 (p< 0.0001) as compared to serum EVs from healthy volunteers. For both independent cohorts of glioblastoma patients, we noted upregulation of C1QA, CD44, and histone H3 upon tumor progression, but not in patients with stable disease. Notably, six patients with worse survival compared to the median survival of the cohort did not fulfill RANO criteria at the time of suspected progression, yet showed an elevation of at least one out of these three markers. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, a combination of CD29, CD44, CD81, C1QA, and histone H3 correlated with RANO-defined tumor progression with an AUC of 0.76.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of CD29, CD44, CD81, C1QA, and histone H3 in serum-derived EVs of glioblastoma patients, along with standard MRI assessment, could improve detection of true tumor progression and thus be a useful tool for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilos Tzaridis
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Presbys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Weller
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Bachurski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf, Partner Site Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Farhad Shakheri
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Schaub
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander NeuroOncology Unit, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Uwe Schlegel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr–University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Institut für Neuroonkologie, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Clemens Seidel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- Center for Neurosurgery, Dept. of General Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Schäfer
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Björn Scheffler
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ Heidelberg & Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Germany, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Division of Clinical Neurooncology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lothar Haeberle
- Erlangen University Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Germany, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Reiners
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Kang KD, Bernstock J, Mott B, Nan L, Li R, Totsch S, Gary S, Ghajar-Rahimi G, Etminan T, Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya R, Beierle E, Gillespie G, Markert J, Friedman G. EPCT-22 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF INTRAVENTRICULAR IMMUNOVIROTHERAPY WITH ONCOLYTIC HSV-1 G207 FOR TREATMENT OF LEPTOMENINGEAL DISEASE. Neuro Oncol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8168116 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastatic disease (LMD) occurs in 30–50% of newly diagnosed and recurrent pediatric malignant cerebellar tumors and 20–45% of malignant supratentorial tumors. Radiation and chemotherapy often cause substantial long-term neurotoxicity and outcomes remain poor for patients with LMD. At recurrence, LMD is generally minimally responsive to conventional therapies. Immunovirotherapy with engineered oncolytic HSV-1 G207 has emerged as a promising treatment for children with high-grade brain tumors. G207 infects and kills tumor cells while sparing normal cells and stimulates a robust anti-tumor immune response. Intratumoral G207 inoculation demonstrated safety and preliminary efficacy in a pediatric Phase 1 trial in recurrent/progressive high-grade glioma (NCT02457845), and a Phase 2 trial (NCT04482933) is forthcoming. Additionally, a Phase 1 trial of intratumoral G207 in recurrent/progressive malignant pediatric cerebellar tumors is ongoing (NCT03911388). While intratumoral inoculation delivers G207 directly to a primary tumor, it requires neurosurgical procedures thereby limiting repeat doses. Thus, we sought to establish the safety and efficacy of intraventricular G207. Utilizing an immunocompetent, HSV-sensitive murine strain, we determined that a standard 1x107 plaque-forming units (PFU) dose of G207 resulted in damage to the ependymal lining. However, interferon induction with an intraventricular low-dose (1x104 PFU) of G207 or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a toll-like receptor 3 agonist, three days prior to standard treatment dose protected the ependymal lining. This approach enabled safe delivery of multiple subsequent doses. Importantly, with these protective measures, G207 significantly prolonged survival in pediatric patient-derived xenograft models and an immunocompetent murine LMD model of group 3 medulloblastoma, the most aggressive and fatal subtype. Collectively, these data indicate that toxicity from intraventricular G207 can be safely mitigated prior to a therapeutic dose, and that intraventricular G207 effectively targets group 3 medulloblastoma including LMD. These findings provide support for clinical translation of intraventricular G207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Don Kang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Bryan Mott
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Li Nan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacie Totsch
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sam Gary
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Tina Etminan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tanja Eisemann
- Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James Markert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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12
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Donson A, Riemondy K, Venkataraman S, Willard N, Nellan A, Sanford B, Griesinger A, Amani V, Mitra S, Hankinson T, Handler M, Sill M, Ocasio J, Weir S, Malawsky D, Gershon T, Garancher A, Wechsler-Reya R, Hesselberg J, Foreman N, Vibhakar R. EMBR-27. NEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNE SINGLE CELL TRANSCRIPTOMICS DEFINE SUBGROUP-SPECIFIC INTRA-TUMORAL HETEROGENEITY OF CHILDHOOD MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8168088 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous disease in which neoplastic cells and associated immune cells contribute to disease progression. To better understand cellular heterogeneity in MB we used single-cell RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry and deconvolution of transcriptomic data to profile neoplastic and immune populations in childhood MB samples and MB genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM). Neoplastic cells clustered primarily according to individual sample of origin which is in part due to the effect of chromosomal copy number gains and losses. Harmony alignment of single cell transcriptomic data revealed novel MB subgroup/subtype-associated subpopulations that recapitulate neurodevelopmental processes and are associated with clinical outcomes. This includes photoreceptor-like cells and glutamatergic lineage unipolar brush cells in both GP3 and GP4 subgroups of MB, and a SHH subgroup nodule-associated neuronally-differentiated cell subpopulation. We definitively chart the spectrum of MB immune cell infiltrates, which reveals unexpected degree of myeloid cell diversity. Myeloid subpopulations include subgroup/subtype-associated developmentally-related neuron-pruning as well as antigen presenting myeloid cells. Human MB cellular diversity is recapitulated in subgroup-specific MB GEMM, supporting the fidelity of these models. These findings provide a clearer understanding of both the neoplastic and immune cell heterogeneity in MB and how these impact subgroup/subtype classification and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Donson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kent Riemondy
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Anandani Nellan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bridget Sanford
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Amani
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Todd Hankinson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Handler
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Seth Weir
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jay Hesselberg
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Leskoske K, Garcia-Mansfield K, Krishnan A, Sharma R, Rusert J, Mesirov J, Wechsler-Reya R, Pirrotte P. OMIC-05. PHOSPHOPROTEOMIC ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES SUBGROUP ENRICHED PATHWAYS AND KINASE SIGNATURES IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8263200 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is classified into four molecular subgroups: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 (G3) and Group 4 (G4), each with different molecular profiles and patient outcomes. Subgroup heterogeneity and low mutational burdens have hindered the identification of actionable therapeutic targets, especially in G3 MB which has a particularly poor prognosis. Therefore, we took a (phospho)-proteomics approach to identify active pathways and potential therapeutic opportunities in twenty orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of MB comprising SHH, G3 and G4 subtypes. Through our enrichment analysis, we identified processes and pathways specifically upregulated in each MB subgroup. We also utilized neural network derived kinase-substrate predictions and kinase activity scores inferred by a heuristic machine learning algorithm to further characterize phosphosignaling activity. We found that MB PDX models recapitulate many features of primary MB tumors including two distinct proteomic subtypes of G3. G3a was enriched for transcription, translation and MYC target genes while G3b was enriched for axon guidance and neurotrophin signaling pathways. Notably, both G3a and G3b contained higher abundance of mitochondrial proteins, suggesting altered tumor metabolism in G3 MB. SHH PDXs displayed increased NFκB and JNK-MAPK signaling. Group 4 MBs most closely resembled differentiated neuronal cells and were enriched for PKC and AMPK signaling as well as DNA repair pathways. In conclusion, we have provided a comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic characterization of commonly studied MB PDX models and revealed new insights into subgroup enriched pathways and kinase activity in MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Leskoske
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Krystine Garcia-Mansfield
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Aparna Krishnan
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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14
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Chapman O, Luebeck J, Wang S, Garancher A, Larson J, Lange J, Wong ITL, Crawford J, Pomeroy S, Mischel P, Fraenkel E, Wechsler-Reya R, Bafna V, Mesirov J, Chavez L. OMIC-01. THE LANDSCAPE OF EXTRACHROMOSOMAL CIRCULAR DNA IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA SUBGROUPS. Neuro Oncol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8168199 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab090.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA) is an important driver of particularly aggressive human cancers. However, the prevalence of ecDNA, and its role in tumor development and progression in the different molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma (MB), remain unknown. To answer these questions, we have assembled a multi-institutional retrospective cohort of 472 MB patients with available whole genome sequencing (WGS) data, drawing from three cancer genomic data repositories and covering all MB subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4). Using recent computational methods to detect and reconstruct ecDNA, we find ecDNA in 66 patients (14%) and observe that the presence of ecDNA is associated with significantly poorer outcomes. By subgroup, ecDNA was found in 0/24 WNT (0%), 22/109 SHH (20%), 15/107 Group 3 (14%) and 20/181 Group 4 (11%) patients. Affected genomic loci harbor up to hundredfold amplification of oncogenes including MYC, MYCN, TERT, and other novel putative oncogenes. We further analyzed 24 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and four cell line models of MB tumors. ecDNA was substantially more frequent in patient-derived models (17 of 29, 59%) than in our patient cohort. To elucidate the functional regulatory landscapes of ecDNAs in MB, we generated transcriptional (RNA-seq), accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq), and chromatin interaction (Hi-C) profiles of 6 MB tumor samples. In each case, we identify regulatory interactions that cross fusion breakpoints on the ecDNA, representing potential “enhancer rewiring” events which may contribute to transcriptional activation of co-amplified oncogenes. To test this hypothesis, we are currently conducting in-vitro CRISPRi screens targeting regulatory regions on the ecDNA of a MB cell line to determine whether these enhancers promote proliferation. In summary, our study analyzes the frequency, diversity and functional relevance of ecDNA across MB subgroups and provides strong justification for continued mechanistic studies of ecDNA in MB with the potential to uncover new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jon Larson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Katsushima K, Joshi P, Stapleton S, Garancher A, Vibhakar R, Raabe E, Eberhart C, Wechsler-Reya R, Jallo G, Perera R. MBRS-16. MYC REGULATED LONG NONCODING RNA LNC-HLX-2–7 IS A PUTATIVE MOLECULAR MARKER AND A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMAS IN CHILDREN. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715764 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), a central nervous system tumor that predominantly affects children, requires aggressive therapy. Recent advances in the noncoding RNA genome could contribute to the sub-classification of medulloblastoma. The focus of this study is to identify novel long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets within each subgroup of MBs, in particular within Group 3. We analyzed publicly available 175 RNA-seq datasets to identify a group of putative lncRNA signatures that may be able to differentiate medulloblastoma subgroups accurately. Among those, lncRNA lnc-HLX-2–7 was highly upregulated in Group 3 MB cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, FFPE samples compared to other groups. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the lnc-HLX-2–7 followed by the fluorescence-activated sorting and generating monoclonal Group 3 MB cells significantly reduced the cell growth and 3-D colony formation together with the induction of apoptosis. Intracranial injection to mouse cerebellum using lnc-HLX-2–7 deleted cells resulted in reduced tumor growth compared to parental cells, and tumors were further characterized by single-cell sequencing. We identified that oncogene MYC regulates lnc-HLX-2–7 and its expression can be controlled by the small molecule JQ1, a BET-bromodomain (BRD4) inhibitor that disrupts interactions with MYC. RNA-FISH analysis using FFPE, PDX, and tissue microarrays revealed that lnc-HLX-2–7 expression is specific to Group 3 MB compared to other groups. We present supporting evidence that lnc-HLX-2–7 is a novel molecular marker and a potential therapeutic target for Group 3 MBs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Raabe
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Kameda-Smith M, Zhu H, Luo E, Venugopal C, Xella A, Brown K, Fox R, Yee B, Xing S, Tan F, Bakhshinyan D, Adile A, Subapanditha M, Picard D, Moffat J, Fleming A, Hope K, John P, Remke M, Lu Y, Reya T, Reimand J, Wechsler-Reya R, Yeo G, Singh S. MBRS-01. DISSECTING REGULATORS OF THE ABERRANT POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE IN MYC-AMPLIFIED GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715904 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common solid malignant pediatric brain neoplasm, with Group 3 (G3) MB representing the most aggressive subgroup. MYC amplification is an independent poor prognostic factor in G3 MB, however, therapeutic targeting of the MYC pathway remains limited and alternative therapies for G3 MB are urgently needed. Here we show that an RNA-binding protein, Musashi-1 (MSI1) is an essential mediator of G3 MB in both MYC-overexpressing mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. Unbiased integrative multi-omics analysis of MSI1 function in human G3 MB suggests a paradigm shift beyond traditional gene-based profiling of oncogenes. Here we identify MSI1 as an oncogene in G3 MB driving stem cell self-renewal through stabilization of HIPK1 mRNA, a downstream context-specific therapeutic target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Zhu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Agata Xella
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Brown
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Remke
- University Hospital Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Yu Lu
- McMaster, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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17
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Okonechnikov K, Hübner JM, Chapman O, Chakraborty A, Pagadala M, Bump R, Chandran S, Kraft K, Hidalgo RA, Mundlos S, Wechsler-Reya R, Juarez EF, Coufal N, Levy M, Crawford J, Pajtler K, Reid D, Schmitt A, Carter H, Ay F, Dixon J, Mesirov J, Pfister SM, Kool M, Chavez L. EPEN-04. ONCOGENIC 3D TUMOR GENOME ORGANIZATION IDENTIFIES NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN EPENDYMOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715851 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By profiling enhancers in primary ependymoma tumors, we have recently identified putative oncogenes, molecular targets, and functional pathways. Inhibition of selected targets diminished the proliferation of patient-derived neurospheres and increased survival in mouse models of ependymoma. While enhancers frequently regulate the nearest gene, identification of enhancer target genes remains to be a challenge in the absence of chromosome conformation information. Consequently, we have now used HiC to map the 3-dimensional organization of tumor chromatin in the two most common and aggressive ependymoma subgroups: posterior fossa group A (PF-EPN-A) and supratentorial ependymomas with gene fusions involving the NF-κB subunit gene RELA (ST-EPN-RELA). By an integrative analysis of enhancer and gene expression in the context of the newly derived HiC data, we find that a large number of the predicted enhancer target genes are enriched for strong physical interactions. Importantly, we also identify many new putative tumor-dependency genes activated by long-range promoter-enhancer interactions and complex tumor-specific chromatin clusters of regulatory elements. Complementary to the analysis of gene-enhancer interactions, we have also leveraged the HiC data for resolving structural rearrangements underlying copy number alterations. Copy number gains of the 1q arm of chromosome 1 are especially associated with poor survival. Our preliminary results in PFA relapse samples show complex structural variants underlying 1q gain that lead to inter-chromosomal rearrangements and affect several genes that potentially contribute to poor survival. In ongoing work we are testing the relevance of the novel candidate genes for tumor cell growth and proliferation in-patient derived ependymoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens-Martin Hübner
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Owen Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Meghana Pagadala
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rosalind Bump
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Katerina Kraft
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Research Discovery Institute, San Diego, USA
| | - Edwin F Juarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego – Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Crawford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego – Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristian Pajtler
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ferhat Ay
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Dixon
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
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18
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Donson A, Riemondy K, Venkataraman S, Gilani A, Sanford B, Griesinger A, Amani V, Hankinson T, Handler M, Hesselberth J, Gershon T, Wechsler-Reya R, Foreman N, Vibhakar R. MBRS-46. CHARTING NEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNE CELL HETEROGENEITY IN HUMAN AND GEM MODELS OF MEDULLOBLASTOMA USING scRNAseq. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715400 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored cellular heterogeneity in medulloblastoma using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), immunohistochemistry and deconvolution of bulk transcriptomic data. Over 45,000 cells from 31 patients from all main subgroups of medulloblastoma (2 WNT, 10 SHH, 9 GP3, 11 GP4 and 1 GP3/4) were clustered using Harmony alignment to identify conserved subpopulations. Each subgroup contained subpopulations exhibiting mitotic, undifferentiated and neuronal differentiated transcript profiles, corroborating other recent medulloblastoma scRNAseq studies. The magnitude of our present study builds on the findings of existing studies, providing further characterization of conserved neoplastic subpopulations, including identification of a photoreceptor-differentiated subpopulation that was predominantly, but not exclusively, found in GP3 medulloblastoma. Deconvolution of MAGIC transcriptomic cohort data showed that neoplastic subpopulations are associated with major and minor subgroup subdivisions, for example, photoreceptor subpopulation cells are more abundant in GP3-alpha. In both GP3 and GP4, higher proportions of undifferentiated subpopulations is associated with shorter survival and conversely, differentiated subpopulation is associated with longer survival. This scRNAseq dataset also afforded unique insights into the immune landscape of medulloblastoma, and revealed an M2-polarized myeloid subpopulation that was restricted to SHH medulloblastoma. Additionally, we performed scRNAseq on 16,000 cells from genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of GP3 and SHH medulloblastoma. These models showed a level of fidelity with corresponding human subgroup-specific neoplastic and immune subpopulations. Collectively, our findings advance our understanding of the neoplastic and immune landscape of the main medulloblastoma subgroups in both humans and GEM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Donson
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kent Riemondy
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ahmed Gilani
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Griesinger
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vladimir Amani
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd Hankinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Handler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jay Hesselberth
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy Gershon
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Foreman
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya R. IMMU-48. CD4+ T CELLS RESTRICT MEDULLOBLASTOMA GROWTH AND DISSEMINATION. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The immune system serves as a powerful defense not only against pathogens and parasites but also against neoplastic cells. Emerging immunotherapies that boost the activity of tumor-reactive immune cells or counteract immune suppressive mechanisms have shown promising effects in certain types of cancer. However, the success of immunotherapy for brain tumors has been limited, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the immune microenvironment in these tumors. Our previous studies have shown that T cells critically affect growth of the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma. In particular, depletion of CD4+ T cells results in more aggressive growth of medulloblastoma cells and allows these cells to metastasize to the spinal cord. The anti-tumoral effects of CD4+ T cells are not due to their function as helpers for CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, since CD8+ T cell depletion did not enhance tumor growth to the same extent as CD4+ T cell depletion. To test whether CD4+ T cells can recognize MHC class II molecules on tumor cells and attack these cells directly, we generated tumors from MHC class II knockout mice. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4+ cells in these animals still enhanced tumor growth and metastasis. These results suggest that CD4+ T cells regulate medulloblastoma growth and metastasis in a manner that is independent of CD8+ T cells and independent of MHC-II on tumor cells. Ongoing studies are aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells regulate medulloblastoma growth, including the antigen-presenting cells that activate them and the effector cells responsible for killing tumor cells following their activation. These studies will advance our understanding of the immune microenvironment in medulloblastoma and allow us to design more effective therapies for controlling tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eisemann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Beigi Masihi M, Lee C, Garancher A, Furnari G, Wechsler-Reya R. TMOD-30. IDENTIFYING NEW DRIVERS OF GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. MB can be divided into four major subgroups – WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 (G3-MB), and Group 4 (G4-MB) – that exhibit distinct genetic alterations, gene expression profiles, and clinical outcomes. Patients with G3-MB have the worst prognosis, and a deeper understanding of this form of the disease is critical for development of new therapies. Most G3-MBs express high levels of the MYC oncogene, suggesting that MYC plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, MYC overexpression is not sufficient to drive tumor formation. To identify genes that cooperate with MYC to promote development of G3-MB, we performed an in vivo mutagenesis screen using mice expressing the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon. Cerebellar stem cells isolated from transposon/transposase-expressing transgenic mice were infected with viruses encoding Myc, and these cells were transplanted into the cerebellum of adult hosts. Tumors that arose were subjected to DNA and RNA sequencing to identify candidate genes, and these genes were subjected to functional analysis to determine whether they could cooperate with Myc to drive G3-MB. These studies identified the transcription factor Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (Rreb1) as a potent Myc-cooperating gene. Tumors driven by Myc and Rreb1 (MR tumors) resemble G3-MB at a histological and molecular level. Moreover, RREB1 is overexpressed in human G3-MB, and knockdown of RREB1 expression impairs growth of G3-MB cell lines and patient-derived xenografts. Ongoing studies are aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms by which Rreb1 contributes to tumor growth. Our studies demonstrate an important role for RREB1 in G3-MB, and provide a new model that can be used to identify therapeutic targets and develop more effective and less toxic therapies for this devastating pediatric brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Lee
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Grace Furnari
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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21
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Koga T, Miki S, Skinner KR, Venneti S, Malicki D, Wechsler-Reya R, Gruener R, Huang RS, Chen C, Miller CR, Furnari F. TMOD-07. HUMAN DIFFUSE MIDLINE GLIOMA AVATARS AS A PLATFORM TO SEARCH FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse midline glioma is the leading cause of brain tumor death among the pediatric population. Drugs that show notable promise in preclinical models inevitably fail to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials, likely due to the inadequacy of preclinical models. We have recently proposed glioblastoma models derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) genetically engineered with different combinations of glioblastoma-associated genetic alterations as a platform to search for therapeutic targets. These glioblastoma avatars authentically recapitulated the different pathobiology of glioblastoma subtypes, depending on what genetic alterations to be introduced. To investigate the biology and to develop novel therapeutics for diffuse midline glioma with H3K27M mutation, we have established a novel model by introducing H3.3 K27M mutation together with one of the most common concurrent genetic alterations, TP53 R248Q mutation, into hiPSCs through CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering. Orthotopic engraftment of the neural progenitor cells derived from these edited hiPSCs formed diffusely invasive brainstem tumors with histological features of the diffuse midline glioma. These tumor avatars presented a global reduction in H3K27me3 accompanied by the expression of H3K27M. Transcriptome analyses of these models revealed that these avatars with H3K27M cluster apart from the pediatric glioma samples without this particular mutation, and that they present signatures of oligodendroglial progenitor differentiation as discovered in patient samples with this mutation. Using these models faithfully recapitulating histology and pathobiology of the patient tumors, we have performed drug screening and confirmed that their sensitivity to known drugs, including an EZH2 inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitors. On these faithful human avatars of diffuse midline glioma with H3K27M, we have applied bioinformatics algorithms of drug sensitivity prediction aiming at developing novel therapeutics for this devastating pediatric glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kasey R Skinner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - R Stephanie Huang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clark Chen
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C Ryan Miller
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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22
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Prabhu VV, Morrow S, Cuoco CA, Kawakibi AR, Jung J, Madhukar N, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Benes CH, Wechsler-Reya R, Anantharaman L, Charter N, Rucker JB, Doranz BJ, Basken J, Elemento O, Free RB, Sibley DR, Stogniew M, Oster W, Gilbert MR, DeMorrow S. Abstract 5688: IND-enabling characterization of ONC206 as the next bitopic antagonist for oncology. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ONC201 is the first clinical bitopic antagonist of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), that is well tolerated and induces durable tumor regressions in H3 K27M-mutant glioma patients. ONC206, a derivative of ONC201 that shares the imipridone core structure, is also a bitopic DRD2 antagonist that exhibits enhanced non-competitive effects, high specificity, nanomolar potency, and disruption of DRD2 homodimers. ONC206 exhibited a Ki of ~320nM for DRD2 with complete specificity across human GPCRs and complete DRD2 antagonism. Schild analyses of ONC206 in cAMP and β-Arrestin recruitment assays revealed hallmarks of non-competitive DRD2 antagonism, unlike antipsychotics but similar to ONC201. Shotgun mutagenesis across DRD2 identified 7 residues critical for ONC206-mediated antagonism at orthosteric and allosteric sites. Six residues were critical for ONC201 and ONC206, however the impact varied between the two compounds and one allosteric residue was exclusive to ONC206 located at the region that mediates the DRD2 homodimer interface. Gene expression profiling revealed ONC206 and ONC201 (upon 200nM treatment, 72 h) induce distinct signatures in U87 glioblastoma cells, further supporting distinct functional effects. Cell lines resistant to ONC201 and ONC206 are being generated to profile acquired-resistance mechanisms. Broad nanomolar efficacy of ONC206 (GI50 <78-889nM, 72h) was observed in >1,000 GDSC cancer cell lines with the highest sensitivity in cell lines exhibiting a DRD2+/DRD5- RNA expression signature. ONC206 reduced the viability of normal human fibroblasts at higher doses (GI50 > 5µM), suggesting a wide therapeutic window. Antitumor efficacy without body weight loss was observed with 50 mg/kg weekly oral ONC206 in a dopamine-secreting HuCCT1 cholangiocarcinoma subcutaneous xenograft model. Oral ONC206 at 50mg/kg exhibited a ~12 µM plasma Cmax and ~6 hours terminal half-life in Sprague-Dawley rats. Additionally, 5-10 fold higher ONC206 concentrations were observed in adrenal gland, bile duct, brain and bone marrow relative to plasma. Nanomolar concentrations were also observed in the CSF above DRD2 antagonism thresholds, unlike ONC201. GLP toxicology studies with weekly oral ONC206 in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs revealed no dose-limiting toxicities. Mild and reversible body weight changes were observed at the highest evaluated dose in both species. The no observed adverse effect level was ≥ 16.7 mg/kg in dogs and ≥ 50 mg/kg in rats that exceed efficacious doses. A 50 mg starting dose of ONC206 was selected for the first-in-human clinical trial in biomarker-enriched adult recurrent CNS tumors. In summary, ONC206 is poised for clinical introduction as the next imipridone bitopic DRD2 antagonist for oncology that exhibits differentiated target engagement, signaling, and biodistribution profiles.
Citation Format: Varun Vijay Prabhu, Sara Morrow, Caroline A. Cuoco, Abed R. Kawakibi, Jinkyu Jung, Neel Madhukar, Matthew J. Garnett, Ultan McDermott, Cyril H. Benes, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Lakshmi Anantharaman, Neil Charter, Joseph B. Rucker, Benjamin J. Doranz, Joel Basken, Olivier Elemento, R. Benjamin Free, David R. Sibley, Martin Stogniew, Wolfgang Oster, Mark R. Gilbert, Sharon DeMorrow. IND-enabling characterization of ONC206 as the next bitopic antagonist for oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5688.
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23
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Yeerna H, Briggs B, Rusert J, Chavez L, Mesirov J, Wechsler-Reya R, Tamayo P. Abstract B21: Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedca19-b21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Medulloblastoma is a heterogenous group of tumors that collectively are the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Advances in treatment are required as one third of patients die from the disease, and those who survive suffer severe long-term side effects from therapy. The ability to sequence entire genome, methylome, and transcriptome of tumors provides the opportunity to identify underlying drivers of malignancy, predict treatment response, and develop novel therapies. A lack of reproducibility when comparing identified genetic mutations with treatment response is challenging because a single genetic change does not reflect the cellular state of a cancer cell in its entirety, which is expressing a multitude of genes. Computational methods allow for the creation of mapping systems that may more accurately describe the cellular state and thereby predict treatment response.
Objective: We used Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response using patient-derived xenografts (PDX).
Methods: RNA transcription abundance from medulloblastoma samples published by Cho et al. were used to create C2M2. This was accomplished by analyzing the distribution of transcriptional abundance for each gene across all samples in order to select the genes that display the most asymmetric and non-Gaussian behavior. This delineated a “context score” for each gene, emphasizing those over- and underexpressed, allowing for the creation of a unique signature to model cellular states. The medulloblastoma samples from Cho et al. were then plotted onto the map based upon their RNA transcriptional abundance signatures, creating clusters of similar cellular states. Likewise, RNA transcription abundance from 20 PDX samples, for which drug response was known, was then mapped.
Results: C2M2 identified ten cellular states for medulloblastoma by which to define patient samples: SHH DNA repair, SHH glutamate signaling, SHH RNA repair, WNT, Photoreceptor and MYC (in which Group 3 medulloblastoma falls), Neuronal migration, Neuronal MAPK activation and Axonal (in which Group 4 medulloblastoma falls), and Homeobox activation. PDX samples for which drug response was known clustered similarly onto the map.
Conclusion: C2M2 using RNA transcriptional abundance from medulloblastoma samples could be used to predict drug response.
Citation Format: Huwate Yeerna, Benjamin Briggs, Jessica Rusert, Lukas Chavez, Jill Mesirov, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Pablo Tamayo. Childhood Cancer Molecular Map (C2M2) to define medulloblastoma heterogeneity and predict treatment response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwate Yeerna
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- 3Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA,
| | - Lukas Chavez
- 4University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,
| | - Jill Mesirov
- 4University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,
| | | | - Pablo Tamayo
- 5University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
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24
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Prabhu V, Rahman Kawakibi A, Madhukar N, Garnett M, McDermott U, Benes C, Wechsler-Reya R, Elemento O, Stogniew M, Oster W, DeMorrow S, Allen J. EXTH-71. IND-ENABLING CHARACTERIZATION OF ONC206 AS THE NEXT BITOPIC DRD2 ANTAGONIST FOR NEURO-ONCOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
ONC201 is the first clinical bitopic antagonist of DRD2, an oncogenic receptor in brain and neuroendocrine tumors. ONC206, a derivative of ONC201 that shares the imipridone core structure, is also a bitopic DRD2 antagonist that exhibits enhanced non-competitive effects, high specificity, nanomolar potency, and disruption of DRD2 homodimers. Broad nanomolar efficacy of ONC206 (GI50 < 78-889nM, CellTitre-Glo, 72h) was observed in >1,000 GDSC cancer cell lines. Maximal ONC206 sensitivity was observed in pheochromocytoma, high-grade gliomas, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, sarcoma and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines exhibiting a DRD2+/DRD5- RNA expression signature. An exposure time of 48h at nanomolar concentrations was sufficient for maximal inhibition of tumor cell viability. ONC206 reduced the viability of normal human fibroblasts at higher doses (GI50 > 5µM), suggesting a wide therapeutic window. Antitumor efficacy without body weight loss was observed with 50 mg/kg weekly oral ONC206 in a dopamine-secreting HuCCT1 cholangiocarcinoma subcutaneous xenograft model. Biodistribution studies in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed a ~12 µM plasma Cmax with a systemic terminal half-life of ~6 hours upon a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Additionally, 5–10 fold higher ONC206 concentrations were observed in adrenal gland, bile duct, brain and bone marrow relative to plasma. Nanomolar concentrations were also observed in the CSF above DRD2 antagonism thresholds, unlike ONC201. GLP toxicology studies with weekly oral ONC206 in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs revealed no dose-limiting toxicities. Mild and reversible decreased body weight and/or body weight gain with no effects on food consumption were observed at the highest evaluated dose in both species. The highest non-severely toxic dose (HNSTD) was ≥ 16.7 mg/kg in dogs and ≥ 50 mg/kg in rats that exceeds efficacious doses in preclinical models. Using standard allometric scaling, a 90 mg starting dose of ONC206 was selected for the first-in-human clinical trial in biomarker-defined adult recurrent CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cyril Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Koga T, Chaim I, Markmiller S, Benitez J, Parisian A, Miki S, Hessenauer F, Turner K, Venneti S, Malicki D, Wechsler-Reya R, Mischel P, Chen C, Yeo G, Furnari F. TMOD-28. AUTHENTIC HUMAN GLIOMA MODELING USING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many mouse and human glioma models have been utilized to study the genetic alterations involved in the genesis of these tumors, but they have not been fully evaluated for how closely they recapitulate pathobiology, including tumor heterogeneity, which is an inherent feature making patient treatment difficult. Here we present new glioma models using genetically engineered human pluripotent stem cells, in which authentic pathobiology is recapitulated through precision gene editing. Specifically, we show that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with different combinations of genetic drivers introduced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing give rise to distinct intracranial tumors recapitulating authentic pathobiology of the disease when engrafted in immunocompromised mice. NPCs deficient in PTEN and NF1, a genotype associated with the mesenchymal molecular subtype, and NPCs deficient in TP53 and expressing a PDGFRA activating mutation (PDGFRAΔ8–9), a genotype associated with the proneural glioblastoma molecular subtype, give rise to distinct tumors resembling glioblastoma. Both models presented inter and intra-tumor heterogeneity based on single-cell RNA sequencing, with the former model showing proneural signature and the latter a mesenchymal signature, and both having different degrees of cycling, and stem cell-enriched populations. The TP53/PDGFRA model had more clonal variability related with striking karyotype abnormalities including extrachromosomal DNA. Additionally, we expanded this approach to pediatric gliomas. Brainstem tumors derived from NPCs introduced with TP53 R248Q and H3F3A K27M mutations presented features of glial tumors with global expression of histone H3 K27M accompanied by suppression of histone H3K27 trimethylation, compatible with H3 K27M-mutant pediatric diffuse midline glioma. Using these isogenic human brain tumor models, we aim to advance our understanding of the pathobiology associated with different driver mutations and further, to provide a platform for development of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Isaac Chaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Mischel
- Ludwig Cancer Research at UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clark Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gene Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Bihannic L, Hovestadt V, Smith K, Filbin M, Shaw M, Baumgartner A, DeWitt J, Groves A, Mayr L, Weisman H, Richman A, Shore M, Goumnerova L, Rosencrance C, Carter R, Phoenix T, Hadley J, Tong Y, Houston J, Ashmun R, DeCuypere M, Sharma T, Ligon K, Pomeroy S, Rivera M, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Li XN, Peyrl A, Gojo J, Kirchhofer D, Lötsch D, Czech T, Dorfer C, Haberler C, Geyeregger R, Halfmann A, Gawad C, Easton J, Pfister S, Regev A, Gajjar A, Orr B, Slavc I, Robinson G, Bernstein B, Suvà M, Northcott P. PDTM-32. RESOLVING MEDULLOBLASTOMA CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE BY SINGLE-CELL GENOMICS. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant childhood cerebellar tumor comprised of distinct molecular subgroups. Whereas genomic characteristics of these subgroups are well defined, the extent to which cellular diversity underlies their divergent biology and clinical behaviour remains largely unexplored. We used single-cell transcriptomics to investigate intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity in twenty-five medulloblastomas spanning all molecular subgroups. WNT, SHH, and Group 3 tumors comprised subgroup-specific undifferentiated and differentiated neuronal-like malignant populations, whereas Group 4 tumors were exclusively comprised of differentiated neuronal-like neoplastic cells. SHH tumors closely resembled granule neurons of varying differentiation states that correlated with patient age. Group 3 and Group 4 tumors exhibited a developmental trajectory from primitive progenitor-like to more mature neuronal-like cells, whose relative proportions distinguished these subgroups. Cross-species transcriptomics defined distinct glutamatergic populations as putative cells-of-origin for SHH and Group 4 subtypes. Collectively, these data provide novel insights into the cellular and developmental states underlying subtype-specific medulloblastoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle Smith
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - McKenzie Shaw
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John DeWitt
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Groves
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Marni Shore
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liliana Goumnerova
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert Carter
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Yiai Tong
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jim Houston
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Tanvi Sharma
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Centre at National Centre for Tumour Diseases Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith Ligon
- Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Miguel Rivera
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Research Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Halfmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Gawad
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Easton
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Centre at National Centre for Tumour Diseases Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brent Orr
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Irene Slavc
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Mario Suvà
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Banerjee S, Tang CM, Yebra M, Medetgul K, Burgoyne AM, Tamayo P, Wechsler-Reya R, Sicklick JK. Abstract 263: KITlow cells mediate Imatinib resistance and disease persistence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is commonly driven by oncogenic KIT mutations that are effectively targeted by Imatinib (IM). However, IM does not cure GIST; adjuvant therapy only delays recurrence in high-risk tumors. Therefore, we hypothesized that GIST contains cells with primary IM resistance, representing a critical target for overcoming disease persistence.
METHODS: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed with publicly available data (GSE1596636). Human GIST cell lines (GIST-T1 and 882) and primary KIT-mutant GIST (IRB #090401) were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort KITloCD34+ (KITlo) vs KIThiCD34+ (KIThi) subpopulations using anti-human KIT and CD34 antibodies. RNA was extracted from cell lysates for analysis by quantitative RT-PCR. Cell viability was assessed by CellTiter-Glo or MTT assays following drug treatments.
RESULTS: We performed GSEA on 27 matched GISTs comparing pre- and post-neoadjuvant IM treatment (RTOG S0132). Post-IM samples had 50% lower KIT expression (P=0.002) and were enriched in “cancer stem cell” and Axl/Gas6/NF-κB signaling gene signatures. Similarly, in vitro IM treatment of GIST cell lines resulted in 2-fold reduction of KIT expression and 1.9 to 4.4-fold increased expression of stem-associated transcription factors (SATFs: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, NANOG). Parallel FACS analysis of IM-treated GIST cell lines (125 nM, 72-h) demonstrated the presence of a KITlo subpopulation (GIST-T1: 0.75%; GIST882: 4%) while untreated cells had 3- to 11-fold fewer KITlo cells. Primary human GISTs also had KITlo cells by FACS (4-8%; N=4), suggesting that the population is not an artifact of in vitro culture. KITlo GIST882 cells were IM-resistant (IC50: KITlo 3641 nM vs KIThi 180 nM) and significantly overexpressed all SATFs by qRT-PCR (2.0 to 4.1-fold; P<0.001) consistent with RTOG S0132 analysis. Moreover, RNAseq confirmed that KITlo cells (relative to KIThi) are enriched in factors present in the “cancer stem cell” gene signature identified by GSEA (KLF4, CCL5, ATF3, JUN, IFIT1, PMP22). Lastly, we tested candidate drugs against targets overexpressed in IM-treated tumors. Unsorted cells were pre-treated with IM (185 nM, 48-h) to enrich for KITlo cells. Subsequent treatment with R428 (AXL inhibitor) or bardoxolone (NF-κB inhibitor) resulted in 70% (R428, 5 μM) and 80% (bardoxolone, 5 μM) cell death. Finally, FACS-sorted KITlo cells were sensitive to both drugs (50% and 88% killing, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: KITlo cells are a distinct subpopulation in human GIST with intrinsic IM-resistance and may represent a novel mechanism of GIST persistence. These cells overexpress stem cell transcriptional programs, including the Axl/Gas6/NF-κB pathway, which represent novel therapeutic targets in vitro. Further studies are needed to explore the in vivo efficacy of combination or sequential targeting of KITlo cells in GIST.
Citation Format: Sudeep Banerjee, Chih-Min Tang, Mayra Yebra, Kwat Medetgul, Adam M. Burgoyne, Pablo Tamayo, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Jason K. Sicklick. KITlow cells mediate Imatinib resistance and disease persistence in gastrointestinal stromal tumor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 263.
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Prabhu VV, Kawakibi AR, Madhukar N, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Benes CH, Anantharaman L, Charter N, Deacon S, VanEngelenburg A, Rucker JB, Doranz BJ, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Elemento O, Stogniew M, Oster W, DeMorrow S, Free RB, Sibley DR, Allen JE. Abstract 3877: IND-enabling characterization of DRD2/3 imipridone antagonist ONC206 for oncology. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is overexpressed and critical for survival in several cancers. ONC201, an imipridone small molecule, is a DRD2/3 antagonist in Phase II advanced cancer clinical trials with a compelling safety and efficacy profile. We evaluated the binding target, anti-tumor activity, biodistribution and safety of ONC206, a chemical derivative of ONC201 with the same imipridone core structure. GPCR profiling with β-Arrestin recruitment revealed that ONC206 selectively antagonizes dopamine receptors DRD2 and DRD3. ONC206 exhibited a Ki of ~320nM for DRD2 with complete specificity across human GPCRs and complete DRD2 antagonism. Schild analyses of ONC206 in cAMP and β-Arrestin recruitment assays revealed hallmarks of non-competitive DRD2 antagonism, unlike antipsychotics but similar to ONC201. Shotgun mutagenesis across DRD2 identified 7 residues critical for ONC206-mediated antagonism at orthosteric and allosteric sites. While 6 mutated residues were also critical for ONC201-mediated antagonism, the impact and magnitude of different mutants varied between the two compounds and one of the allosteric residues was unique to ONC206. In vitro profiling of ONC206 in >1000 GDSC cancer cell lines demonstrated broad nanomolar efficacy (GI50 <78-889nM). TCGA and tissue microarrays analyses revealed that malignant DRD2 expression was highest in pheochromocytoma, high grade gliomas, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Accordingly, ONC206 demonstrated nanomolar in vitro sensitivity in these tumor types. Similar to ONC201, a DRD2+/DRD5- RNA expression signature in the GDSC panel predicted significantly enhanced ONC206 sensitivity. ONC206 reduced the viability of normal human fibroblasts at micromolar doses (GI50 > 5µM), suggesting a wide therapeutic window. Robust inhibition of tumor growth without body weight loss was observed in HuCCT1 cholangiocarcinoma and MHH-ES-1 Ewing’s sarcoma subcutaneous xenografts with 50-100 mg/kg oral ONC206 weekly or every 2 weeks. Biodistribution studies in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed a ~12 µM plasma Cmax with a half-life of ~6 hours upon a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Additionally, 5-10 fold higher ONC206 concentrations were observed in adrenal gland, bile duct, brain and bone marrow relative to plasma concentrations. GLP toxicology studies with weekly oral ONC206 in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs at doses above or equivalent to efficacious doses revealed no dose-limiting toxicities. In both species, observations at the highest dose were mild and reversible. The no observed adverse event level (NOAEL) was ≥ 16.7 mg/kg in dogs and ≥ 50 mg/kg in rats, which both correspond to a human dose of approximately 500 mg assuming standard allometric scaling. These results provide rationale for a 50 mg starting ONC206 dose in dose escalation clinical trials in patients with DRD2-dysregulated tumors.
Citation Format: Varun V. Prabhu, Abed Rahman Kawakibi, Neel Madhukar, Mathew J. Garnett, Ultan McDermott, Cyril H. Benes, Lakshmi Anantharaman, Neil Charter, Sean Deacon, Alexander VanEngelenburg, Joseph B. Rucker, Benjamin J. Doranz, Jessica Rusert, Robert Wechsler-Reya, Olivier Elemento, Martin Stogniew, Wolfgang Oster, Sharon DeMorrow, R. Benjamin Free, David R. Sibley, Joshua E. Allen. IND-enabling characterization of DRD2/3 imipridone antagonist ONC206 for oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3877.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- 8Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA
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29
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Wechsler-Reya R, Garancher A, Suzuki H, Haricharan S, Masihi MB, Rusert JM, Norris PS, Carrette F, Romero MM, Morrissy SA, Skowron P, Cavalli FM, Farooq H, Ramaswamy V, Jones SJ, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Ma Y, Thiessen N, Li Y, Morcavallo A, Qi L, Henderson JJ, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Olson JM, Cho YJ, Deshpande A, Li XN, Chesler L, Marra MA, Becher OJ, Bradley LM, Ware CF, Taylor MD. TNF superfamily cytokines overcome immune evasion in medulloblastoma. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.194.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many immunotherapies act by enhancing T cell killing of tumor cells. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) proteins on tumor cells. Here we show that medulloblastomas lacking the p53 tumor suppressor do not express surface MHC-I and are therefore resistant to immune rejection. Mechanistically, this is because p53 regulates expression of the peptide transporter Tap1 and the aminopeptidase Erap1, which are required for MHC-I trafficking to the cell surface. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or lymphotoxin beta receptor agonist (LTβRag) rescues expression of Erap1, Tap1 and MHC-I on p53-mutant tumor cells. In vivo, TNF treatment prolongs survival and markedly augments the efficacy of the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1. These studies identify p53 as a key regulator of immune evasion in vivo, and suggest that TNF could be used to enhance sensitivity of p53-mutant tumors to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wechsler-Reya
- 1Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- 1Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Svasti Haricharan
- 3Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Meher Beigi Masihi
- 1Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Jessica M. Rusert
- 1Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Paula S. Norris
- 4Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Florent Carrette
- 4Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | | | - Sorana A. Morrissy
- 6Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patryk Skowron
- 6Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Florence M.G. Cavalli
- 7Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hamza Farooq
- 6Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- 8Division of Haematology/Oncology and Division of Paediatrics, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven J.M. Jones
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Richard A. Moore
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mungall
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Nina Thiessen
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Yisu Li
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | - Alaide Morcavallo
- 10Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Qi
- 11Preclinical Neuro-Oncology Research Program, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Jacob J. Henderson
- 12Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - John R. Crawford
- 13Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
| | - Michael L. Levy
- 14Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego
| | - James M. Olson
- 15Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- 12Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Ani Deshpande
- 1Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- 11Preclinical Neuro-Oncology Research Program, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Louis Chesler
- 10Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. Marra
- 9Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Canada
| | | | - Linda M. Bradley
- 4Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Carl F. Ware
- 4Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Kameda-Smith M, Brown K, Zhu H, Luo E, Yee B, Xing S, Venugopal C, Nostrand EV, Bakhshinyan D, Subapanditha M, Adile A, Provias J, Fleming A, Hope K, Reimand J, Lu Y, Yeo G, Wechsler-Reya R, Singh S. MEDU-44. MUSASHI-1 IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ABERRANT TRANSLATION IN GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz036.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kameda-Smith
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster University, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Brown
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Zhu
- University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biophysics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - EnChing Luo
- UCSD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Yee
- UCSD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sansi Xing
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric van Nostrand
- UCSD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Adile
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Provias
- McMaster University, Department of Neuropathology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Fleming
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hemalogy and Oncology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin Hope
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Juri Reimand
- University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biophysics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Lu
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gene Yeo
- UCSD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Sheila Singh
- McMaster University, Department of Biochemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster University, Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Rosen G, Garancher A, Rahmanto AS, Hutter S, Mainwaring O, Olausson KH, Rusert J, Sundstrom A, Richardson S, Fotaki G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Kalushkova A, Remke M, Cancer M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Ramaswamy V, Taylor M, Sangfelt O, Clifford S, Schuller U, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. MEDU-26. LATENT SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz036.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the leading cause of death among children with medulloblastoma, the most common type of malignant pediatric brain tumors. The mechanisms behind medulloblastoma recurrence are not fully understood. We previously showed that the transcription factor SOX9 promotes cisplatin treatment resistance in medulloblastoma. Here we show that SOX9 levels correlate with poor prognosis in Group 3 tumors. By studying paired primary-recurrent medulloblastoma samples and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models we further identified rare SOX9-positive slow-cycling, therapy-resistant tumor cells that accumulate in relapses and in leptomenigeal metastases of Group 3 and Group 4 patients. By using an inducible Tet-OFF transgenic (GTML) mouse model for malignant MYCN-driven Group 3 tumors we identified rare SOX9-positive, quiescent brain tumor cells that are more resistant to cisplatin. Dox treatment normally cures GTML transgenic animals that developed aggressive medulloblastoma by turning MYCN off. However, when crossing the Tet-OFF GTML model with a Tet-ON rtTA-Sox9 model we can redirect MYCN expression to the Sox9 promoter ultimately driving brain tumor recurrence from rare SOX9-positive cells with 100% penetrance. In this novel animal model, recurrent tumors were actively disseminating from the hindbrain to the spinal cord and into the forebrain similar to distant relapses found in patients. By overexpressing SOX9 in human Group 3 tumor cells, MYC was directly inhibited and cell proliferation was decreased. PDX models of Group 3 tumors further showed increased levels of SOX9-positivity and less proliferative cells in metastatic compartments. Expression profiling revealed that recurrences were more inflammatory, metastatic, immune evasive and showed elevated MGMT methyltransferase levels which depleted recurrent cells and sensitized them for chemotherapy when using the MGMT inhibitor lomeguatrib. To summarize, our data clarify important and complex mechanisms by which latent medulloblastoma cells fail to respond to standard therapy and generate relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolin
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Hill
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Clifford
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Schuller
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Prabhu VV, Madhukar NS, Gilvary C, Kline CLB, Oster S, El-Deiry WS, Elemento O, Doherty F, VanEngelenburg A, Durrant J, Tarapore RS, Deacon S, Charter N, Jung J, Park DM, Gilbert MR, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Arrillaga-Romany I, Batchelor TT, Wen PY, Oster W, Allen JE. Dopamine Receptor D5 is a Modulator of Tumor Response to Dopamine Receptor D2 Antagonism. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2305-2313. [PMID: 30559168 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) is a G protein-coupled receptor antagonized by ONC201, an anticancer small molecule in clinical trials for high-grade gliomas and other malignancies. DRD5 is a dopamine receptor family member that opposes DRD2 signaling. We investigated the expression of these dopamine receptors in cancer and their influence on tumor cell sensitivity to ONC201. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Cancer Genome Atlas was used to determine DRD2/DRD5 expression broadly across human cancers. Cell viability assays were performed with ONC201 in >1,000 Genomic of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and NCI60 cell lines. IHC staining of DRD2/DRD5 was performed on tissue microarrays and archival tumor tissues of glioblastoma patients treated with ONC201. Whole exome sequencing was performed in RKO cells with and without acquired ONC201 resistance. Wild-type and mutant DRD5 constructs were generated for overexpression studies. RESULTS DRD2 overexpression broadly occurs across tumor types and is associated with a poor prognosis. Whole exome sequencing of cancer cells with acquired resistance to ONC201 revealed a de novo Q366R mutation in the DRD5 gene. Expression of Q366R DRD5 was sufficient to induce tumor cell apoptosis, consistent with a gain-of-function. DRD5 overexpression in glioblastoma cells enhanced DRD2/DRD5 heterodimers and DRD5 expression was inversely correlated with innate tumor cell sensitivity to ONC201. Investigation of archival tumor samples from patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with ONC201 revealed that low DRD5 expression was associated with relatively superior clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate DRD5 as a negative regulator of DRD2 signaling and tumor sensitivity to ONC201 DRD2 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Oster
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Deacon
- Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, Fremont, California
| | - Neil Charter
- Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, Fremont, California
| | - Jinkyu Jung
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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Prabhu VV, Madhukar N, Tarapore R, Garnett M, McDermott U, Benes C, Anantharaman L, Charter N, Deacon S, VanEngelenburg A, Rucker J, Doranz B, Rusert J, Wechsler-Reya R, Elemento O, Stogniew M, Oster W, DeMorrow S, Free RB, Sibley D, Allen J. EXTH-17. SELECTIVE, NON-COMPETITIVE DRD2/3 ANTAGONISM BY IMIPRIDONE ONC206 IS EFFECTIVE IN TUMORS WITH DOPAMINE RECEPTOR DYSREGULATION. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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34
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Garancher A, Rosén G, Rahmanto A, Hutter S, Rusert J, Garzia L, Fotaki G, Hill RM, Dubuc AM, Remke M, aner M, Ramaswamy V, Clifford S, Sangfelt O, Schüller U, Taylor M, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-35. CAN RARE SOX9-POSITIVE CELLS INCITE MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE? Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy148.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Aldwin Rahmanto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jessica Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Livia Garzia
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca M Hill
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M Dubuc
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Clifford
- Newcastle University, Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrich Schüller
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
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Mollaoglu G, Chalishazar M, Huang F, Guthrie M, Bohm S, Br€Agelmann J, Sen T, Byers L, Johnson J, Wechsler-Reya R, Gazdar A, Deberardinis R, Sos M, Oliver T. MS32.01 Genetic Mouse Models (GEMMS). J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Rusert JM, Jensen J, Brabetz S, Garancher A, Udaka YT, Esparza LA, Milde T, Cho YJ, Li XN, Olson JM, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Kool M, Pfister S, Tamayo P, Mesirov J, Wechsler-Reya R. MBRS-65. CHEMI-GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF PATIENT-DERIVED XENOGRAFTS TO IDENTIFY PERSONALIZED THERAPIES FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy059.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rusert
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Jensen
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yoko T Udaka
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes A Esparza
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Till Milde
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - John R Crawford
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Levy
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcel Kool
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfister
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bolin S, Savov V, Borgenvik A, Garancher A, Rosén G, Rahmanto AS, Hutter S, Rusert J, Fotaki G, Hill R, Dubuc A, Remke M, Čančer M, Ramaswamy V, Clifford S, Sangfelt O, Schüller U, Taylor M, Wechsler-Reya R, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-31. RARE SOX9+ CELLS BEHIND MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA RECURRENCE. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Ecker J, Oehme I, Selt F, Kool M, Chavez L, Hohloch J, Valinciute G, van Tilburg CM, Schnölzer M, Warnken U, Wechsler-Reya R, Pfister SM, Witt O, Milde T. MEDU-20. TARGETING OF MYC BY HDAC INHIBITION IN MYC AMPLIFIED GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox083.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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39
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Garancher A, Lin C, Morabito M, Larcher M, Rocques N, Miquel C, Habeler C, Puget S, Ayrault O, Wechsler-Reya R, Bourdeaut F, Eychene A, Northcott P, Pouponnot C. MEDU-24. INSTRUMENTAL ROLE OF THE PHOTORECEPTOR PROGRAM IN GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRL. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox083.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Wright A, Stuart B, Ruggieri R, Chakraborty S, Kelley K, Wechsler-Reya R, Johnson F, Golub L, Scaduto J, Symons M. MEDU-36. MERIVA® AND A NOVEL CHEMICALLY-MODIFIED CURCUMIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox083.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Ecker J, Oehme I, Selt F, Kool M, Schnölzer M, Warnken U, Brabetz S, Wechsler-Reya R, Kulozik AE, Pfister SM, Witt O, Milde T. Targeting the interaction of HDAC2 and MYC in Group 3 medulloblastoma. Klin Padiatr 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Rusert J, Garancher A, Brabetz S, Udaka Y, Jensen J, Esparza L, Seker-Cin H, Qi L, Kogiso M, Schubert S, Milde T, Cho YJ, Li XN, Olson J, Tamayo P, Crawford J, Levy M, Kool M, Mesirov J, Pfister SM, Wechsler-Reya R. PDTB-23. CHEMI-GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF PATIENT-DERIVED XENOGRAFTS TO IDENTIFY PERSONALIZED THERAPIES FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Parisian A, Koga T, Wechsler-Reya R, Furnari F. PDTB-03. ROLE OF SMARCB1 IN PEDIATRIC RHABDOID TUMORS. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now212.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Ecker J, Oehme I, Selt F, Kool M, Schnölzer M, Warnken U, Brabetz S, Wechsler-Reya R, Kulozik AE, Pfister SM, Witt O, Milde T. MB-57INTERACTION OF HDAC2 AND MYC IN GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA - A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now076.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Gutova M, Tsaturyan L, Barish ME, Aboody KS, Wechsler-Reya R. 443. Neural Stem Cell-Mediated Enzyme/Prodrug Therapy for Medulloblastoma. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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46
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Langenau DM, Sweet-Cordero A, Wechsler-Reya R, Dyer MA. Preclinical Models Provide Scientific Justification and Translational Relevance for Moving Novel Therapeutics into Clinical Trials for Pediatric Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5176-5186. [PMID: 26627009 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in survival rates for children with cancer since the 1960s, progress for many pediatric malignancies has slowed over the past two decades. With the recent advances in our understanding of the genomic landscape of pediatric cancer, there is now enthusiasm for individualized cancer therapy based on genomic profiling of patients' tumors. However, several obstacles to effective personalized cancer therapy remain. For example, relatively little data from prospective clinical trials demonstrate the selective efficacy of molecular-targeted therapeutics based on somatic mutations in the patient's tumor. In this commentary, we discuss recent advances in preclinical testing for pediatric cancer and provide recommendations for providing scientific justification and translational relevance for novel therapeutic combinations for childhood cancer. Establishing rigorous criteria for defining and validating druggable mutations will be essential for the success of ongoing and future clinical genomic trials for pediatric malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical School. 265 Campus Drive, LLSCR Building Rm G2078b. Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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Pham C, Flores C, Yang C, Sayour E, Pei Y, Moore C, McLendon R, Huang J, Sampson J, Wechsler-Reya R, Mitchell D. IMPS-25DIFFERENTIAL TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENTS AND RESPONSE TO IMMUNE CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE IN MOLECULAR SUBTYPES OF MURINE MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov217.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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48
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Wang J, Merino D, Murphy B, Dhall G, Kiehna E, Judkins A, Eberhart C, Vandenberg S, Ellison D, Malkin D, Gilbertson R, Roussel M, Wechsler-Reya R. TMOD-13GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODELS OF CHOROID PLEXUS TUMORS. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov237.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Liu KW, Ramaswamy V, Taylor M, Wechsler-Reya R. PTPS-17LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASIS IN MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov228.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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50
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Pham CD, Flores C, Yang C, Pinheiro EM, Yearley JH, Sayour EJ, Pei Y, Moore C, McLendon RE, Huang J, Sampson JH, Wechsler-Reya R, Mitchell DA. Differential Immune Microenvironments and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade among Molecular Subtypes of Murine Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:582-95. [PMID: 26405194 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite significant strides in the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic targets for medulloblastoma, the role of the immune system and its interplay with the tumor microenvironment within these tumors are poorly understood. To address this, we adapted two syngeneic animal models of human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-driven and group 3 medulloblastoma for preclinical evaluation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Multicolor flow cytometric analyses were used to phenotype and characterize immune infiltrating cells within established cerebellar tumors. We observed significantly higher percentages of dendritic cells, infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in murine SHH model tumors compared with group 3 tumors. However, murine group 3 tumors had higher percentages of CD8(+) PD-1(+) T cells within the CD3 population. PD-1 blockade conferred superior antitumor efficacy in animals bearing intracranial group 3 tumors compared with SHH group tumors, indicating that immunologic differences within the tumor microenvironment can be leveraged as potential targets to mediate antitumor efficacy. Further analysis of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody localization revealed binding to PD-1(+) peripheral T cells, but not tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the brain tumor microenvironment. Peripheral PD-1 blockade additionally resulted in a marked increase in CD3(+) T cells within the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first immunologic characterization of preclinical models of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma and demonstration that response to immune checkpoint blockade differs across subtype classification. Our findings also suggest that effective anti-PD-1 blockade does not require that systemically administered antibodies penetrate the brain tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Pham
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Catherine Flores
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Changlin Yang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | | | - Elias J Sayour
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yanxin Pei
- Cancer and Immunology Department, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Colin Moore
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jianping Huang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John H Sampson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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