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Kang SO, Kwak MK. Antimicrobial Cyclic Dipeptides from Japanese Quail ( Coturnix japonica) Eggs Supplemented with Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:314-329. [PMID: 38111307 PMCID: PMC10940788 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2311.11006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) containing proline, one cyclo(Phe-Ala) without proline, and a non-peptidyl DL-3-phenyllactic acid were previously identified in the culture filtrates of Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10, an isolate from kimchi. In this study, we used Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs to examine the effects of probiotic supplementation on the antimicrobial CDPs extracted from quail eggs (QE). Eggshell-free QE were obtained from two distinct groups of quails. The first group (K10N) comprised eggs from unsupplemented quails. The second group (K10S) comprised eggs from quails supplemented with Lb. plantarum LBP-K10. The QE samples were extracted using methylene chloride through a liquid-liquid extraction process. The resulting extract was fractionated into 16 parts using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Two fractions, Q6 and Q9, were isolated from K10S and identified as cis-cyclo(L-Ser-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro). The Q9 fraction, containing cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro), has shown significant inhibitory properties against the proliferation of highly pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as human-specific and phytopathogenic fungi. Some of the ten combinations between the remaining fourteen unidentified fractions and two fractions, Q6 and Q9, containing cis-cyclo(L-Ser-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) respectively, demonstrated a significant increase in activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria only when combined with Q9. The activity was 7.17 times higher compared to a single cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro). This study presents new findings on the efficacy of proline-containing CDPs in avian eggs. These CDPs provide antimicrobial properties when specific probiotics are supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bio-Convergence, and Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
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Kang SO, Kwak MK. Methylglyoxal-Scavenging Enzyme Activities Trigger Erythroascorbate Peroxidase and Cytochrome c Peroxidase in Glutathione-Depleted Candida albicans. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:79-91. [PMID: 33203822 PMCID: PMC9705698 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gcs1) and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity maintains minimal levels of cellular methylglyoxal in Candida albicans. In glutathione-depleted Δgcs1, we previously saw that NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) are the most active methylglyoxal scavengers. With methylglyoxal accumulation, disruptants lacking MGD1 or ADH1 exhibit a poor redox state. However, there is little convincing evidence for a reciprocal relationship between methylglyoxal scavenger genes-disrupted mutants and changes in glutathione-(in)dependent redox regulation. Herein, we attempt to demonstrate a functional role for methylglyoxal scavengers, modeled on a triple disruptant (Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1), to link between antioxidative enzyme activities and their metabolites in glutathione-depleted conditions. Despite seeing elevated methylglyoxal in all of the disruptants, the result saw a decrease in pyruvate content in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 which was not observed in double gene-disrupted strains such as Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. Interestingly, Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 exhibited a significantly decrease in H2O2 and superoxide which was also unobserved in Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes erythroascorbate peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase were noticeably higher in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 than in the other disruptants. Meanwhile, Glr1 activity severely diminished in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Monitoring complementary gene transcripts between double gene-disrupted Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1 supported the concept of an unbalanced redox state independent of the Glr1 activity for Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Our data demonstrate the reciprocal use of Eapx1 and Ccp1 in the absence of both methylglyoxal scavengers; that being pivotal for viability in non-filamentous budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S-O.Kang Phone: +82-2-880-6703 Fax: +82-2-888-4911 E-mail:
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea,M-K.Kwak Phone: +82-31-740-7418 Fax: +82-31-740-7370 E-mail:
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Kang SO, Kwak MK. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase reciprocally regulate glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in Candida albicans. J Microbiol 2020; 59:76-91. [PMID: 33355888 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity controls cellular glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated two predominant methylglyoxal scavengers-NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1)-in glutathione-depleted γ-glutamyl cysteinyl synthetase-disrupted Candida albicans. However, experimental evidence for Candida pathophysiology lacking the enzyme activities of Mgd1 and Adh1 on glutathione-dependent redox regulation remains unclear. Herein, we have aimed to demonstrate that glutathione-dependent enzyme activities coupled with cellular ROS changes is regulated by methylglyoxal accumulation in Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptants. Δmgd1/Δadh1 showed severe growth defects and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. The observed complementary and reciprocal methylglyoxal-oxidizing and methylglyoxalreducing activities between Δmgd1 and Δadh1 were not always exhibited in Δmgd1/Δadh1. Although intracellular accumulation of methylglyoxal and pyruvate was shown in all disruptants, to a greater or lesser degree, methylglyoxal was particularly accumulated in the Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptant. While cellular ROS significantly increased in Δmgd1 and Δadh1 as compared to the wild-type, Δmgd1/Δadh1 underwent a decrease in ROS in contrast to Δadh1. Despite the experimental findings underlining the importance of the undergoing unbalanced redox state of Δmgd1/Δadh1, glutathione-independent antioxidative enzyme activities did not change during proliferation and filamentation. Contrary to the significantly lowered glutathione content and Glr1 enzyme activity, the activity staining-based glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly increased in this mutant. Additionally, the enhanced GLR1 transcript supported our results in Δmgd1/Δadh1, indicating that deficiencies of both Adh1 and Mgd1 activities stimulate specific glutathione-dependent enzyme activities. This suggests that glutathione-dependent redox regulation is evidently linked to C. albicans pathogenicity under the control of methylglyoxal-scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Present address: Irwee Institute, B-503, Seongnam, 13510, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Republic of Korea.
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Kwak MK, Liu R, Kang SO. Antimicrobial activity of cyclic dipeptides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10 against multidrug-resistant bacteria, pathogenic fungi, and influenza A virus. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kwak MK, Ku M, Kang SO. Inducible NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase regulates cellular methylglyoxal and pyruvate through enhanced activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal-oxidizing enzymes in glutathione-depleted Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shin Y, Lee S, Ku M, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Cytochrome c peroxidase regulates intracellular reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal via enzyme activities of erythroascorbate peroxidase and glutathione-related enzymes in Candida albicans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:183-201. [PMID: 29031807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
D-erythroascorbate peroxidase (EAPX1) deficiency causes glutathione deprivation, leading to the accumulation of methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and especially, induction of cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1) in Candida albicans. Nevertheless, reciprocal effects between changes in Ccp1 activity and the antioxidative D-erythroascorbic acid- and glutathione-dependent redox status, which reflects methylglyoxal biosynthesis altering pathophysiology are unclear in eukaryotes. To elucidate the effect of CCP1 expression on EAPX1 and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity-mediated D-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, the CCP1 gene was disrupted and overexpressed. First, we demonstrated both glutathione-independent and-dependent metabolite contents and their corresponding gene transcripts and enzyme activities (i.e., Ccp1, catalase-peroxidase [KatG], superoxide dismutase [Sod], Eapx1, and Glr1) in CCP1 mutants. Second, methylglyoxal-oxidizing alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) and methylglyoxal-reducing oxidoreductase activity on glycolytic methylglyoxal and pyruvate production and NAD(P)H content were determined in these mutants. Contrary to our expectation, CCP1 disruption (42.19±3.22nmolO2h-1mgwetcell-1) failed to affect cell respiration compared to the wild-type strain (41.62±7.11nmolO2h-1mgwetcell-1) under cyanide treatment, and in contrast to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment (21.74±1.03nmol O2h-1mgwetcell-1). Additionally, Ccp1 predominantly detoxified H2O2 rather than negligible scavenging activities towards methylglyoxal and other oxidants. CCP1 deficiency stimulated Sod and Adh1 activity but downregulated Glr1, Eapx1, catalase, and peroxidase activity while enhancing KatG, EAPX1, and GLR1 transcription by decreasing glutathione and D-erythroascorbic acid and increasing pyruvate. Noticeably, the ROS-accumulating CCP1-deficient mutant maintained steady-state levels of methylglyoxal, which was revealed to be regulated by methylglyoxal-oxidizing and -reducing activity with drastic changes in NAD(P)H. We confirmed and clarified our results by showing that CCP1/EAPX1 double disruptants underwent severe growth defects due to the D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione depletion because of pyruvate overaccumulation. These observations were made in both budding and hyphal-growing CCP1 mutants. The revealed metabolic network involving Ccp1 and other redox regulators affected ROS and methylglyoxal through D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione-dependent metabolites, thereby influencing dimorphism. This is the first report of the Ccp1-mediated D-erythroascorbic acid and glutathione biosynthesis accompanying methylglyoxal scavengers for full fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungHo Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Shin SM, Song SH, Lee JW, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Methylglyoxal synthase regulates cell elongation via alterations of cellular methylglyoxal and spermidine content in Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:14-28. [PMID: 28807600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal regulates cell division and differentiation through its interaction with polyamines. Loss of their biosynthesizing enzyme causes physiological impairment and cell elongation in eukaryotes. However, the reciprocal effects of methylglyoxal and polyamine production and its regulatory metabolic switches on morphological changes in prokaryotes have not been addressed. Here, Bacillus subtilis methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA) and polyamine biosynthesizing genes encoding arginine decarboxylase (SpeA), agmatinase (SpeB), and spermidine synthase (SpeE), were disrupted or overexpressed. Treatment of 0.2mM methylglyoxal and 1mM spermidine led to the elongation and shortening of B. subtilis wild-type cells to 12.38±3.21μm (P<0.05) and 3.24±0.73μm (P<0.01), respectively, compared to untreated cells (5.72±0.68μm). mgsA-deficient (mgsA-) and -overexpressing (mgsAOE) mutants also demonstrated cell shortening and elongation, similar to speB- and speE-deficient (speB- and speE-) and -overexpressing (speBOE and speEOE) mutants. Importantly, both mgsA-depleted speBOE and speEOE mutants (speBOE/mgsA- and speEOE/mgsA-) were drastically shortened to 24.5% and 23.8% of parental speBOE and speEOE mutants, respectively. These phenotypes were associated with reciprocal alterations of mgsA and polyamine transcripts governed by the contents of methylglyoxal and spermidine, which are involved in enzymatic or genetic metabolite-control mechanisms. Additionally, biophysically detected methylglyoxal-spermidine Schiff bases did not affect morphogenesis. Taken together, the findings indicate that methylglyoxal triggers cell elongation. Furthermore, cells with methylglyoxal accumulation commonly exhibit an elongated rod-shaped morphology through upregulation of mgsA, polyamine genes, and the global regulator spx, as well as repression of the cell division and shape regulator, FtsZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Song
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HM, Seo JH, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Methylglyoxal upregulates Dictyostelium discoideum slug migration by triggering glutathione reductase and methylglyoxal reductase activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:81-92. [PMID: 28760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH)-deprived Dictyostelium discoideum accumulates methylglyoxal (MG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during vegetative growth. However, the reciprocal effects of the production and regulation of these metabolites on differentiation and cell motility are unclear. Based on the inhibitory effects of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gcsA) disruption and GSH reductase (gsr) overexpression on aggregation and culmination, respectively, we overexpressed GSH-related genes encoding superoxide dismutase (Sod2), catalase (CatA), and Gcs, in D. discoideum. Wild-type KAx3 and gcsA-overexpressing (gcsAOE) slugs maintained GSH levels at levels of approximately 2.1-fold less than the reference GSH synthetase-overexpressing mutant; their GSH levels did not correlate with slug migration ability. Through prolonged KAx3 migration by treatment with MG and H2O2, we found that MG increased after the mound stage in this strain, with a 2.6-fold increase compared to early developmental stages; in contrast, ROS were maintained at high levels throughout development. While the migration-defective sod2- and catA-overexpressing mutant slugs (sod2OE and catAOE) decreased ROS levels by 50% and 53%, respectively, these slugs showed moderately decreased MG levels (36.2±5.8 and 40.7±1.6nmolg-1 cells wet weight, P<0.05) compared to the parental strain (54.2±3.5nmolg-1). Importantly, defects in the migration of gcsAOE slugs decreased MG considerably (13.8±4.2nmolg-1, P<0.01) along with a slight decrease in ROS. In contrast to the increase observed in migrating sod2OE and catAOE slugs by treatment with MG and H2O2, the migration of gcsAOE slugs appeared unaffected. This behavior was caused by MG-triggered Gsr and NADPH-linked aldolase reductase activity, suggesting that GSH biosynthesis in gcsAOE slugs is specifically used for MG-scavenging activity. This is the first report showing that MG upregulates slug migration via MG-scavenging-mediated differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hui Seo
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Liu R, Kim AH, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Proline-Based Cyclic Dipeptides from Korean Fermented Vegetable Kimchi and from Leuconostoc mesenteroides LBP-K06 Have Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:761. [PMID: 28512456 PMCID: PMC5411444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides play a prominent role as functional starters and predominant isolates in the production of various types of antimicrobial compound-containing fermented foods, especially including kimchi. In the case of the bioactive cyclic dipeptides, their racemic diastereomers inhibitory to bacteria and fungi have been suggested to come solely from Lactobacillus spp. of these strains. We previously demonstrated the antifungal and antiviral activities of proline-based cyclic dipeptides, which were fractionated from culture filtrates of Lb. plantarum LBP-K10 originated from kimchi. However, cyclic dipeptides have not been identified in the filtrates, either from cultures or fermented subject matter, driven by Ln. mesenteroides, which have been widely used as starter cultures for kimchi fermentation. Most importantly, the experimental verification of cyclic dipeptide-content changes during kimchi fermentation have also not been elucidated. Herein, the antibacterial fractions, including cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro), from Ln. mesenteroides LBP-K06 culture filtrates, which exhibited a typical chromatographic retention behavior (tR), were identified by using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on this finding, the proline-based cyclic dipeptides, including cyclo(Ser-Pro), cyclo(Tyr-Pro), and cyclo(Leu-Pro), were additionally identified in the filtrates only when fermenting Chinese cabbage produced with Ln. mesenteroides LBP-K06 starter cultures. The detection and isolation of cyclic dipeptides solely in controlled fermented cabbage were conducted under the control of fermentation-process parameters concomitantly with strong CDP selectivity by using a two-consecutive-purification strategy. Interestingly, cyclic dipeptides in the filtrates, when using this strain as a starter, increased with fermentation time. However, no cyclic dipeptides were observed in the filtrates of other fermented products, including other types of kimchi and fermented materials of plant and animal origin. This is the first report to conclusively demonstrate evidence for the existence of antimicrobial cyclic dipeptides produced by Ln. mesenteroides in kimchi. Through filtrates from lactic acid bacterial cultures and from fermented foods, we have also proved a method of combining chromatographic fractionation and mass spectrometry-based analysis for screening cyclic dipeptide profiling, which may allow evaluation of the fermented dairy foods from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Andrew H Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Park SJ, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Schiff bases of putrescine with methylglyoxal protect from cellular damage caused by accumulation of methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species in Dictyostelium discoideum. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 86:54-66. [PMID: 28330789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines protect protein glycation in cells against the advanced glycation end product precursor methylglyoxal, which is inevitably produced during glycolysis, and the enzymes that detoxify this α-ketoaldehyde have been widely studied. Nonetheless, nonenzymatic methylglyoxal-scavenging molecules have not been sufficiently studied either in vitro or in vivo. Here, we hypothesized reciprocal regulation between polyamines and methylglyoxal modeled in Dictyostelium grown in a high-glucose medium. We based our hypothesis on the reaction between putrescine and methylglyoxal in putrescine-deficient (odc-) or putrescine-overexpressing (odcoe) cells. In these strains, growth and cell cycle were found to be dependent on cellular methylglyoxal and putrescine contents. The odc- cells showed growth defects and underwent G1 phase cell cycle arrest, which was efficiently reversed by exogenous putrescine. Cellular methylglyoxal, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione levels were remarkably changed in odcoe cells and odc̄ cells. These results revealed that putrescine may act as an intracellular scavenger of methylglyoxal and ROS. Herein, we observed interactions of putrescine and methylglyoxal via formation of a Schiff base complex, by UV-vis spectroscopy, and confirmed this adduct by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry via electrospray ionization. Schiff bases were isolated, analyzed, and predicted to have molecular masses ranging from 124 to 130. We showed that cellular putrescine-methylglyoxal Schiff bases were downregulated in proportion to the levels of endogenous or exogenous putrescine and glutathione in the odc mutants. The putrescine-methylglyoxal Schiff base affected endogenous metabolite levels. This is the first report showing that cellular methylglyoxal functions as a signaling molecule through reciprocal interactions with polyamines by forming Schiff bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HM, Kim JS, Kang SO. Glutathione upregulates cAMP signalling via G protein alpha 2 during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4361-4371. [PMID: 27718249 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of glutathione in Dictyostelium, the role of glutathione synthetase (gshB/GSS) has not been clearly investigated. In this study, we observed that increasing glutathione content by constitutive expression of gshB leads to mound-arrest and defects in 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated aggregation and developmental gene expression. The overexpression of gpaB encoding G protein alpha 2 (Gα2), an essential component of the cAMP signalling pathway, results in a phenotype similar to that caused by gshB overexpression, whereas gpaB knockdown in gshB-overexpressing cells partially rescues the above-mentioned phenotypic defects. Furthermore, Gα2 is highly enriched at the plasma membrane of gshB-overexpressing cells compared to wild-type cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that glutathione upregulates cAMP signalling via Gα2 modulation during Dictyostelium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
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Ku M, Baek YU, Kwak MK, Kang SO. Candida albicans glutathione reductase downregulates Efg1-mediated cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway and leads to defective hyphal growth and virulence upon decreased cellular methylglyoxal content accompanied by activating alcohol dehydrogenase and glycolytic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:772-788. [PMID: 27751952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione reductase maintains the glutathione level in a reduced state. As previously demonstrated, glutathione is required for cell growth/division and its biosynthesizing-enzyme deficiency causes methylglyoxal accumulation. However, experimental evidences for reciprocal relationships between Cph1-/Efg1-mediated signaling pathway regulation and methylglyoxal production exerted by glutathione reductase on yeast morphology remain unclear. METHODS Glutathione reductase (GLR1) disruption/overexpression were performed to investigate aspects of pathological/morphological alterations in Candida albicans. These assumptions were proved by observations of cellular susceptibility to oxidants and thiols, and measurements of methylglyoxal and glutathione content in hyphal-inducing conditions mainly through the activity of GLR1-overexpressing cells. Additionally, the transcriptional/translational levels of bioenergetic enzymes and dimorphism-regulating protein kinases were examined in the strain. RESULTS The GLR1-deficient strain was non-viable when GLR1 expression under the control of a CaMAL2 promoter was conditionally repressed, despite partial rescue of growth by exogenous thiols. During filamentation, non-growing hyphal GLR1-overexpressing cells exhibited resistance against oxidants and cellular methylglyoxal was significantly decreased, which concomitantly increased expressions of genes encoding energy-generating enzymes, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1), with remarkable repression of Efg1-signaling cascades. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that GLR1-triggered Efg1-mediated signal transduction repression strictly reduces dimorphic switching and virulence by maintaining the basal level of methylglyoxal following the enhanced gene expressions of glycolytic enzymes and ADH1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The Efg1 downregulatory mechanism by GLR1 expression has possibilities to involve in other complex network of signal pathways. Understanding how GLR1 overexpression affects multiple signaling pathways can help identify attractive targets for antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Un Baek
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Liu R, Wang JH, Xu C, Sun B, Kang SO. Activin pathway enhances colorectal cancer stem cell self-renew and tumor progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:715-720. [PMID: 27693580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activin belongs to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β super family of growth and differentiation factors and activin pathway participated in broad range of cell process. Studies elaborated activin pathway maintain pluripotency in human stem cells and suggest that the function of activin/nodal signaling in self-renew would be conserved across embryonic and adult stem cells. In this study, we tried to determine the effect of activin signaling pathway in regulation of cancer stem cells as a potential target for cancer therapy in clinical trials. A population of colorectal cancer cells was selected by the treatment of activin A. This population of cell possessed stem cell character with sphere formation ability. We demonstrated activin pathway enhanced the colorectal cancer stem cells self-renew and contribute to colorectal cancer progression in vivo. Targeting activin pathway potentially provide effective strategy for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chengxiong Xu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Kwak MK, Lee MH, Park SJ, Shin SM, Liu R, Kang SO. Polyamines regulate cell growth and cellular methylglyoxal in high-glucose medium independently of intracellular glutathione. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:739-49. [PMID: 26898161 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines can presumably inhibit protein glycation, when associated with the methylglyoxal inevitably produced during glycolysis. Herein, we hypothesized a nonenzymatic interaction between putrescine and methylglyoxal in putrescine-deficient or -overexpressing Dictyostelium cells in high-glucose medium, which can control methylglyoxal production. Putrescine was essentially required for growth rescue accompanying methylglyoxal detoxification when cells underwent growth defect and cell cycle G1-arrest when supplemented with high glucose. Furthermore, methylglyoxal regulation by putrescine seemed to be a parallel pathway independent of the changes in cellular glutathione content in high-glucose medium. Consequently, we suggest that Dictyostelium cells need polyamines for normal growth and cellular methylglyoxal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Mun-Hyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Korea
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15
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Kim MK, Kim JH, Kim JS, Kang SO. Structure of the 34 kDa F-actin-bundling protein ABP34 from Dictyostelium discoideum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1835-49. [PMID: 26327373 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471501264x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the 34 kDa F-actin-bundling protein ABP34 from Dictyostelium discoideum was solved by Ca(2+)/S-SAD phasing and refined at 1.89 Å resolution. ABP34 is a calcium-regulated actin-binding protein that cross-links actin filaments into bundles. Its in vitro F-actin-binding and F-actin-bundling activities were confirmed by a co-sedimentation assay and transmission electron microscopy. The co-localization of ABP34 with actin in cells was also verified. ABP34 adopts a two-domain structure with an EF-hand-containing N-domain and an actin-binding C-domain, but has no reported overall structural homologues. The EF-hand is occupied by a calcium ion with a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination as in the canonical EF-hand. The C-domain structure resembles a three-helical bundle and superposes well onto the rod-shaped helical structures of some cytoskeletal proteins. Residues 216-244 in the C-domain form part of the strongest actin-binding sites (193-254) and exhibit a conserved sequence with the actin-binding region of α-actinin and ABP120. Furthermore, the second helical region of the C-domain is kinked by a proline break, offering a convex surface towards the solvent area which is implicated in actin binding. The F-actin-binding model suggests that ABP34 binds to the side of the actin filament and residues 216-244 fit into a pocket between actin subdomains -1 and -2 through hydrophobic interactions. These studies provide insights into the calcium coordination in the EF-hand and F-actin-binding site in the C-domain of ABP34, which are associated through interdomain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kwak MK, Song SH, Ku M, Kang SO. Candida albicans erythroascorbate peroxidase regulates intracellular methylglyoxal and reactive oxygen species independently of D-erythroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1863-71. [PMID: 25957768 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans D-erythroascorbate peroxidase (EAPX1), which can catalyze the oxidation of D-erythroascorbic acid (EASC) to water, was observed to be inducible in EAPX1-deficient and EAPX1-overexpressing cells via activity staining. EAPX1-deficient cells have remarkably increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal independent of the intracellular EASC content. The increased methylglyoxal caused EAPX1-deficient cells to activate catalase-peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase, which led to defects in cell growth, viability, mitochondrial respiration, filamentation and virulence. These findings indicate that EAPX1 mediates cell differentiation and virulence by regulating intracellular methylglyoxal along with oxidative stresses, regardless of endogenous EASC biosynthesis or alternative oxidase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Song
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lee JE, Oh JH, Ku M, Kim J, Lee JS, Kang SO. Ssn6 has dual roles in Candida albicans filament development through the interaction with Rpd31. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:513-20. [PMID: 25601565 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ssn6 is a crucial regulator of morphological transition and virulence in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Ssn6 has previously been reported to act in complex with the transcriptional repressor Tup1. Here, we report that Ssn6 also interacts with the histone deacetylase Rpd31, independently of Tup1. The ssn6/rpd31 double mutant strain formed elongated filaments, but failed to form filament extension, and this coincided with the down-regulation of the filament extension gene UME6. Occupancy patterns of Ssn6 and Rpd31 differed at the promoters of UME6 and the metabolic gene INO1. These findings indicate that, in C. albicans, Ssn6 has dual roles in filament development, depending on the interaction with Rpd31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
Dehydro-ʟ-ascorbic acid, the oxidation product of L-ascorbic acid, is unstable in aqueous solution and decomposed by a hydrolytic disruption of its ring structure to 2,3-diketo-ʟ-gulonic acid. It is shown by means of UV, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy that after decarboxylation 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-keto-ʟ-valeraldehyde, an α-ketoaldehyde, is formed. This substance is oxidized further to ʟ-erythroascorbic acid, coupled with a reduction of 2,3-diketo-ʟ-gulonic acid to L-ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ouk Kang
- Institut für Biophysik der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Leihgestemer Weg 217, D-6300 Gießen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| | - Helmut Sapper
- Institut für Biophysik der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Leihgestemer Weg 217, D-6300 Gießen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Lohmann
- Institut für Biophysik der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Leihgestemer Weg 217, D-6300 Gießen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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19
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Kim JS, Seo JH, Kang SO. Glutathione initiates the development of Dictyostelium discoideum through the regulation of YakA. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1843:664-74. [PMID: 24373846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) is an essential metabolite that performs multiple indispensable roles during the development of Dictyostelium. We show here that disruption of the gene (gcsA-) encoding y-glutamylcysteine synthetase, an essential enzyme in GSH biosynthesis, inhibited aggregation, and that this developmental defect was rescued by exogenous GSH, but not by other thiols or antioxidants. In GSH-depleted gcsA- cells, the expression ofa growth-stage-specific gene (cprD) was not inhibited, and we did not detect the expression of genes that encode proteins required for early development (cAMP receptor, carA/cAR1; adenylyl cyclase, acaA/ACA; and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, pkaC/PKA-C). The defects in gcsA cells were not restored by cAMP stimulation or by cAR1 expression. Further, the expression of yakA, which initiates development and induces the expression of PKA-C, ACA, and cAR1, was regulated by the intracellular concentration of GSH. Constitutive expression of YakA in gcsA- cells (YakA(OE)/gcsA-) rescued the defects in developmental initiation and the expression of early developmental genes in the absence of GSH. Taken together, these findings suggest that GSH plays an essential role in the transition from growth to development by modulating the expression of the genes encoding YakA as well as components thatact downstream in the YakA signaling pathway.
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20
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Kwak MK, Ku M, Kang SO. NAD(+)-linked alcohol dehydrogenase 1 regulates methylglyoxal concentration in Candida albicans. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1144-53. [PMID: 24607541 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We purified a fraction that showed NAD(+)-linked methylglyoxal dehydrogenase activity, directly catalyzing methylglyoxal oxidation to pyruvate, which was significantly increased in glutathione-depleted Candida albicans. It also showed NADH-linked methylglyoxal-reducing activity. The fraction was identified as a NAD(+)-linked alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) through mass spectrometric analyses. In ADH1-disruptants of both the wild type and glutathione-depleted cells, the intracellular methylglyoxal concentration increased significantly; defects in growth, differentiation, and virulence were observed; and G2-phase arrest was induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungHee Ku
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kwak MK, Liu R, Kim MK, Moon D, Kim AH, Song SH, Kang SO. Cyclic dipeptides from lactic acid bacteria inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic fungi. J Microbiol 2014; 52:64-70. [PMID: 24390839 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10 was identified to be the most potent antifungal strain from Korean traditional fermented vegetables. The culture filtrate of this strain showed remarkable antifungal activity against Ganoderma boninense. Five fractions from the culture filtrate were observed to have an inhibitory effect against G. boninense. Also, the electron ionization and chemical ionization indicated that these compounds might be cyclic dipeptides. Of the five active fractions, two fractions showed the most significant anti-Ganoderma activity, and one of these fractions inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. These compounds were identified to be cis-cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), as confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kwak MK, Liu R, Kwon JO, Kim MK, Kim AH, Kang SO. Cyclic dipeptides from lactic acid bacteria inhibit proliferation of the influenza A virus. J Microbiol 2013; 51:836-43. [PMID: 24385362 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We isolated Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10 from the traditional Korean fermented food kimchi. When organic acids were removed, the culture filtrate of this isolate showed high antiviral activity (measured using a plaque-forming assay) against the influenza A (H3N2) virus. Two fractions that were active against influenza A virus were purified from the culture filtrate using a C18 column with high-performance liquid chromatography. These active fractions were crystallized and identified to be the cyclic dipeptides cis-cyclo (L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; this identification was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. These cyclic dipeptides were identified in the culture filtrate of other lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Weissella spp., and Lactococcus lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kwak
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Kim JM, Won HS, Kang SO. The C-terminal domain of the transcriptional regulator BldD from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) constitutes a novel fold of winged-helix domains. Proteins 2013; 82:1093-8. [PMID: 24356916 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BldD regulates transcription of key developmental genes in Streptomyces coelicolor. While the N-terminal domain is responsible for both dimerization and DNA binding, the structural and functional roles of the C-terminal domain (CTD) remain largely unexplored. Here, the solution structure of the BldD-CTD shows a novel winged-helix domain fold not compatible with DNA binding, due to the negatively charged surface and presence of an additional helix. Meanwhile, a small elongated groove with conserved hydrophobic patches surrounded by charged residues suggests that the BldD-CTD could be involved in protein-protein interactions that provide transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mok Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Kim JM, Won HS, Kang SO. Mainchain NMR Assignments and secondary structure prediction of the C-terminal domain of BldD, a developmental transcriptional regulator from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society 2013. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2013.17.1.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Kim JS, Seo JH, Yim HS, Kang SO. Homeoprotein Hbx4 represses the expression of the adhesion molecule DdCAD-1 governing cytokinesis and development. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1864-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Kim MK, Yim HS, Kang SO. Crystal Structures of NAD(P)(H) Sensing NmrA-Like Proteins from Dictyostelium Discoideum. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kim MK, Yim HS, Kang SO. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the NmrA-like DDB_G0286605 protein from the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:94-7. [PMID: 21206034 PMCID: PMC3079982 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110046580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The DDB_G0286605 gene product from Dictyostelium discoideum, an NmrA-like protein that belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, has been crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 295 K. A 1.64 Å resolution data set was collected using synchrotron radiation. The DDB_G0286605 protein crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a=67.598, b=54.935, c=84.219 Å, β = 109.620°. Assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the solvent content was estimated to be about 43.25% with 99% probability. Molecular-replacement trials were attempted with three NmrA-like proteins, NmrA, HSCARG and QOR2, as search models, but failed. This may be a consequence of the low sequence identity between the DDB_G0286605 protein and the search models (DDB_G0286605 has a primary-sequence identity of 28, 32 and 19% to NmrA, HCARG and QOR2, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Yim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Lee SR, Joo WJ, Baek YU, Lee YK, Yu SW, Kim YR, Chay KO, Cho SH, Kang SO. Erratum to: Intracellular Substrates of a Heme-Containing Ascorbate Oxidase in Pleurotus ostreatus. J Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Egorova OA, Tsay OG, Khatua S, Meka B, Maiti N, Kim MK, Kwon SJ, Huh JO, Bucella D, Kang SO, Kwak J, Churchill DG. Synthetic, Cyclic Voltammetric, Structural, EPR, and UV−Vis Spectroscopic Studies of Thienyl-Containing meso-A2B-cor(CrV═O) Systems: Consideration of Three Interrelated Molecular Detection Modalities. Inorg Chem 2009; 49:502-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9021432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Egorova
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Snehadrinarayan Khatua
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhupal Meka
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nilkamal Maiti
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jung Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Oh Huh
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniela Bucella
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry, and School of Molecular Science (BK 21), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Choi JS, Hwang IR, Hong SH, Oh GT, Choi JA, Jeon SH, Kang SO, Yalishev VS, Park BH, Choi CH, Ahn CW, Nahm S, Ahn SJ. BaTiO3 doped Na0.5K0.5NbO3 thin films deposited by using eclipse shutter enhanced pulsed laser deposition method. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2009; 9:7354-7358. [PMID: 19908787 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2009.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated structural, electrical, and electro-mechanical properties of lead-free piezoelectric BaTiO3 doped Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (BTO-NKN) thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) methods. BTO-NKN thin films have been deposited on La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) bottom electrodes with LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates. X-ray diffraction data have shown that all the BTO-NKN and bottom electrodes are highly oriented with their c-axes normal to the substrates. In order to improve the morphology of BTO-NKN thin films, we have located an eclipse shutter between a target and a substrate. Root-mean-square roughness was changed from 91 nm to 21 nm with eclipse shutter enhanced PLD (E-PLD) method. Furthermore, the enhanced surface morphology leads to the improvement in electrical or electro-mechanical properties mainly due to increased density. Typical capacitance and d33 values of a BTO-NKN film deposited by E-PLD method are 1000 pF and 30 pmN, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Choi
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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31
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Lee HI, Lee JW, Yang TC, Kang SO, Hoffman BM. ENDOR and ESEEM investigation of the Ni-containing superoxide dismutase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:175-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi CH, Park SJ, Jeong SY, Yim HS, Kang SO. Methylglyoxal accumulation by glutathione depletion leads to cell cycle arrest inDictyostelium. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:1293-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Cha SS, Jung HI, Jeon H, An YJ, Kim IK, Yun S, Ahn HJ, Chung KC, Lee SH, Suh PG, Kang SO. Crystal structure of filamentous aggregates of human DJ-1 formed in an inorganic phosphate-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34069-75. [PMID: 18922803 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804243200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the DJ-1 gene have been implicated in the autosomal recessive early onset parkinsonism. DJ-1 is a soluble dimeric protein with critical roles in response to oxidative stress and in neuronal maintenance. However, several lines of evidence suggest the existence of a nonfunctional aggregated form of DJ-1 in the brain of patients with some neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we show that inorganic phosphate, an important anion that exhibits elevated levels in patients with Parkinson disease, transforms DJ-1 into filamentous aggregates. According to the 2.4-A crystal structure, DJ-1 dimers are linearly stacked through P(i)-mediated interactions to form protofilaments, which are then bundled into a filamentous assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Shin Cha
- Marine and Extreme Genome Research Center, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Huh WK, Song YB, Lee YS, Ha CW, Kim ST, Kang SO. d-Erythroascorbic acid activates cyanide-resistant respiration in Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Lee CJ, Won HS, Kim JM, Lee BJ, Kang SO. Molecular domain organization of BldD, an essential transcriptional regulator for developmental process of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Proteins 2007; 68:344-52. [PMID: 17427251 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A homodimeric protein, BldD is a key regulator for developmental process of Streptomyces coelicolor and the bldD mutant exhibits severely pleiotropic defects in the antibiotic production and morphological differentiation of the bacterium. In the present work, we approached domain organization of BldD, to structurally and functionally characterize the protein as a DNA-binding protein. We first observed a proteolytic cleavage of BldD by the cytoplasmic extracts of S. coelicolor, which was highly dependent on the developmental stage of the bacterium. The resulting fragment of BldD was identified by mass spectrometry as the N-terminal domain resistant to the proteolysis. Recombinant proteins corresponding to the intact BldD, the N-terminal domain (residues 1-79) and the rest part (C-terminal domain; residues 80-167) were used for comparative analyses by several spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and biochemical experiments, respectively. The results of circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies certified each of the two determined domains could be regarded as an individual folding unit possessing an independent thermodynamic cooperativity. Structural interaction between the two domains was little observed in the DNA-free and DNA-bound states. Strikingly, it was revealed by gel permeation chromatography, chemical crosslink, gel mobility shift, and NMR-monitored DNA-binding experiments, that only the N-terminal domain is responsible for the dimerization as well as DNA-binding of BldD. Detailed inspection of the present results suggests that BldD function in a unique and complicated mode to totally regulate the diverse developmental stages of S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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36
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Kim IK, Lee CJ, Kim MK, Kim JM, Kim JH, Yim HS, Cha SS, Kang SO. Crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain of BldD, a central regulator of aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Microbiol 2007; 60:1179-93. [PMID: 16689794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BldD is a central regulator of the developmental process in Streptomyces coelicolor. The 1.8 angstroms resolution structure of the DNA-binding domain of BldD (BldDN) reveals that BldDN forms a compact globular domain composed of four helices (alpha1-alpha4) containing a helix-turn-helix motif (alpha2-alpha3) resembling that of the DNA-binding domain of lambda repressor. The BldDN/DNA complex model led us to design a series of mutants, which revealed the important role of alpha3 and the 'turn' region between alpha2 and alpha3 for DNA recognition. Based on the fact that BldD occupies two operator sites of bldN and whiG and shows significant disparity in the affinity toward the two operator sites when they are disconnected, we propose a model of cooperative binding, which means that the binding of one BldD dimer to the high affinity site facilitates that of the second BldD dimer to the low affinity site. In addition, structural and mutational investigation reveals that the Tyr62Cys mutation, found in the first-identified bldD mutant, can destabilize BldD structure by disrupting the hydrophobic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kwon Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Jeong SY, Choi CH, Kim JS, Park SJ, Kang SO. Thioredoxin reductase is required for growth and regulates entry into culmination of Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:1443-56. [PMID: 16899077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system, consisting of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, has been well established to be critical for the redox regulation of protein function and signalling. To investigate the role of thioredoxin reductase (Trr) in Dictyostelium discoideum, we generated mutant cells that underexpress or overexpress Trr. Trr-underexpressing cells exhibited severe defects in axenic growth and development. Trr-overexpressing (TrrOE) cells formed very tiny plaques on a bacterial lawn and had a lower rate of bacterial uptake. When developed in the dark, TrrOE cells exhibited a slugger phenotype, defined by a prolonged migrating slug stage. Like other slugger mutants, they were hypersensitive to ammonia, which has been known to inhibit culmination by raising the pH of intracellular acidic compartments. Interestingly, TrrOE cells showed defective acidification of intracellular compartments and decreased activity of vacuolar H+-ATPase which functions in the acidification of intracellular compartments. Moreover, biochemical studies revealed that the thioredoxin system can directly reduce the catalytic subunit of vacuolar H+-ATPase whose activity is regulated by reversible disulphide bond formation. Taken together, these results suggest that Dictyostelium Trr may be essential for growth and play a role in regulation of phagocytosis and culmination, possibly through the modulation of vacuolar H+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jeong
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Jae Seok
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kap-Seok Yang
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Jae Seok
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kap-Seok Yang
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- a Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Center for Molecular Microbiology , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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40
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Choi CH, Kim BJ, Jeong SY, Lee CH, Kim JS, Park SJ, Yim HS, Kang SO. Reduced glutathione levels affect the culmination and cell fate decision in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol 2006; 295:523-33. [PMID: 16678813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins have been known to be glutathione-dependent oxidoreductases that participate in the redox regulation of various cellular processes. To understand the role of glutaredoxins in the development, we examined glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) of Dictyostelium discoideum. Its mRNA was highly accumulated at the mound and the culmination stages. When Grx1-overexpressing cells were developed, their culmination was delayed, and the expression of marker genes for prespore and spore decreased. Interestingly, they had about 1.5-fold higher amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) compared with parental cells and their prolonged migration was repressed by the oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide. To confirm the effect of GSH on the culmination, glutathione reductase (Gsr) was overexpressed or underexpressed. Similar to Grx1-overexpressing cells, Gsr-overexpressing cells contained about 1.5-fold higher amount of GSH and exhibited the delayed culmination. In contrast, the knockdown mutant of Gsr had nearly 50% lower amount of GSH and showed accelerated culmination. Taken together, these data suggest that the culmination of Dictyostelium is controlled by GSH. In addition, the cells having higher GSH levels showed a prestalk tendency in the chimeric slugs with parental cells, indicating that the difference in the amount of GSH may affect the determination of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Choi
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Ryu HB, Shin I, Yim HS, Kang SO. YlaC is an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor contributing to hydrogen peroxide resistance in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol 2006; 44:206-16. [PMID: 16728958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have attempted to characterize the functions of YlaC and YlaD encoded by ylaC and ylaD genes in Bacillus subtilis. The GUS reporter gene, driven by the yla operon promoter, was expressed primarily during the late exponential and early stationary phase, and its expression increased as the result of hydrogen peroxide treatment. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that the level of ylaC transcripts and YlaC increased as the result of challenge with hydrogen peroxide. A YlaC-overexpressing strain evidenced hydrogen peroxide resistance and a three-fold higher peroxidase activity as compared with a deletion mutant. YlaC-overexpressing and YlaD-disrupted strains evidenced higher sporulation rates than were observed in the YlaC-disrupted and YlaD-overexpressing strains. Analyses of the results of native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of recombinant YlaC and YlaD indicated that interaction between YlaC and YlaD was regulated by the redox state of YlaD in vitro. Collectively, the results of this study appear to suggest that YlaC regulated by the YlaD redox state, contribute to oxidative stress resistance in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bong Ryu
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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42
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Kim IK, Kim MK, Yim HS, Cha SS, Kang SO. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the pediocin immunity protein (PedB) from Pediococcus pentosaceus at 1.35 A resolution. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1751:205-8. [PMID: 16019271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PedB, a bacterial immunity protein conferring immunity to a newly identified pediocin (pediocin PP-1), was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method at 296 K. A 1.35 A data set has been collected from a single crystal at 100 K using synchrotron-radiation source. The PedB crystals belong to the hexagonal space group P6(2) or P6(4), with unit cell parameters a = b = 62.2, c = 39.9 A. Analysis of the packing density shows that the asymmetric unit probably contains one molecule with a solvent content of 33.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kwon Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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43
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Kim BJ, Choi CH, Lee CH, Jeong SY, Kim JS, Kim BY, Yim HS, Kang SO. Glutathione is required for growth and prespore cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol 2005; 284:387-98. [PMID: 15993406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol in eukaryotic cells and acts as reducing equivalent in many cellular processes. We investigated the role of glutathione in Dictyostelium development by disruption of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), an essential enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. GCS-null strain showed glutathione auxotrophy and could not grow in medium containing other thiol compounds. The developmental progress of GCS-null strain was determined by GSH concentration contained in preincubated media before development. GCS-null strain preincubated with 0.2 mM GSH was arrested at mound stage or formed bent stalk-like structure during development. GCS-null strain preincubated with more than 0.5 mM GSH formed fruiting body with spores, but spore viability was significantly reduced. In GCS-null strain precultured with 0.2 mM GSH, prestalk-specific gene expression was delayed, while prespore-specific gene and spore-specific gene expressions were not detected. In addition, GCS-null strain precultured with 0.2 mM GSH showed prestalk tendency and extended G1 phase of cell cycle. Since G1 phase cells at starvation differentiate into prestalk cells, developmental defect of GCS-null strain precultured with 0.2 mM GSH may result from altered cell cycle. These results suggest that glutathione itself is essential for growth and differentiation to prespore in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Jun Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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44
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Lee CH, Jeong SY, Kim BJ, Choi CH, Kim JS, Koo BM, Seok YJ, Yim HS, Kang SO. Dictyostelium CBP3 associates with actin cytoskeleton and is related to slug migration. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1743:281-90. [PMID: 15843041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein 3 (CBP3) expression was up-regulated under the control of the actin 15 promoter and down-regulated by RNA interference in Dictyostelium discoideum. The overexpression of CBP3 accelerated cell aggregation and formed small aggregates and fruiting body. CBP3-inhibited cells showed uneven aggregation and increased slug trail lengths toward the directed light, whereas CBP3-overexpressing cells showed the opposite phenomena. Under dark condition, the enhanced slug trail length was also observed in the CBP3-inhibited cells. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified actin 8 as interacting protein with CBP3. The interaction between CBP3 and actin was confirmed by beta-galactosidase assay and surface plasmon resonance. CBP3 was associated with Triton X-100-insoluble cytoskeleton in the presence of Ca(2+) and the interaction of CBP3 with cytoskeleton was increased by the addition of Ca(2+). Using fluorescence microscopy, CBP3 was also shown to associate with the actin cytoskeleton during development. Subcellular fractionation indicated that CBP3 was enriched in cytosolic fraction. Taken together, these results suggest that CBP3 interacts with actin cytoskeleton and has a role during cell aggregation and slug migration of Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hun Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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45
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Shin I, Ryu HB, Yim HS, Kang SO. Cytochrome c550 is related to initiation of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol 2005; 43:244-50. [PMID: 15995641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cytochrome c550 encoded by cccA in Bacillus subtilis during the event of sporulation was investigated. The sporulation of cccA-overexpressing mutant was significantly accelerated, while disruptant strain showed delayed sporulation in spite of the same growth rate. Activity of sporulation stage-0-specific enzyme, extracellular alpha-amylase of mutant strains was similar to that of the control strain, but cccA-overexpressing mutant exhibited higher activity of stage-II-specific alkaline phosphatase and stage-III-specific glucose dehydrogenase when compared to deletion mutant and control strain. Northern blot analysis also revealed that cccA-overexpressing mutant showed high level of spo0A transcripts, while the disruptant rarely expressed spo0A. These results suggested that although cytochrome c550 is dispensable for growth and sporulation, expression of cccA may play an important role for initiation of sporulation through regulation of spo0A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inji Shin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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46
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Mishig-Ochiriin T, Lee CH, Jeong SY, Kim BJ, Choi CH, Yim HS, Kang SO. Calcium-induced conformational changes of the recombinant CBP3 protein from Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1748:157-64. [PMID: 15769592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins play various and significant roles in biological systems. Conformational changes in their structures are closely related to their physiological functions. To understand the role of calcium-binding protein 3 (CBP3) in Dictyostelium discoideum, its recombinant proteins were analyzed using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Gel mobility shift analysis showed that Ca2+ induced a mobility shift of the recombinant CBP3. Far ultra-violet CD spectra and intrinsic fluorescence spectra on CBP3 and its N- and C-terminal domains exhibited that they underwent a conformational rearrangement depending upon Ca2+ binding. Measurement of Ca2+ dissociation constants demonstrated that CBP3 had high affinity toward Ca2+ in the sub-micromolar range and N-terminal domain had higher affinity than C-terminal domain. The changes of fluorescence spectra by an addition of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid indicated that the hydrophobic patches of CBP3 and its C-terminal domain are likely to be more exposed in the presence of Ca2+. Since the exposure of hydrophobic patches is thermodynamically unfavorable, Ca2+-bound CBP3 may interact with other proteins in vivo. All these data suggest that Ca2+ induces CBP3 to be more favorable conformation to interact with target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsogbadrakh Mishig-Ochiriin
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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47
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Wuerges J, Lee JW, Yim YI, Yim HS, Kang SO, Djinovic Carugo K. Crystal structure of nickel-containing superoxide dismutase reveals another type of active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8569-74. [PMID: 15173586 PMCID: PMC423235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308514101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs, EC 1.15.1.1) are ubiquitous enzymes that efficiently catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radical anions to protect biological molecules from oxidative damage. The crystal structure of nickel-containing SOD (NiSOD) from Streptomyces seoulensis was determined for the resting, x-ray-reduced, and thiosulfate-reduced enzyme state. NiSOD is a homohexamer consisting of four-helix-bundle subunits. The catalytic center resides in the N-terminal active-site loop, where a Ni(III) ion is coordinated by the amino group of His-1, the amide group of Cys-2, two thiolate groups of Cys-2 and Cys-6, and the imidazolate of His-1 as axial ligand that is lost in the chemically reduced state as well as after x-ray-induced reduction. This structure represents a third class of SODs concerning the catalytic metal species, subunit structure, and oligomeric organization. It adds a member to the small number of Ni-metalloenzymes and contributes with its Ni(III) active site to the general understanding of Ni-related biochemistry. NiSOD is shown to occur also in bacteria other than Streptomyces and is predicted to be present in some cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Wuerges
- International School for Advanced Studies, Via Beirut 2-4, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
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Cho SH, Youn SH, Lee SR, Yim HS, Kang SO. Redox property and regulation of PpsR, a transcriptional repressor of photosystem gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:697-706. [PMID: 14993319 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PpsR from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is involved in the repression of photosystem gene expression. The PpsR protein was heterologously overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. Gel mobility shift assay showed that the purified PpsR has DNA-binding activity. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that some portions of PpsR were oxidized, indicating that intramolecular or intermolecular disulphide bonds were formed between the two cysteines in each subunit. When the disulphide bond of PpsR was reduced by DTT, the binding activity of PpsR to the puc promoter region distinctly increased. The changes in protein level and DNA-binding activity of PpsR were observed in a conjugant with an extra copy of the ppsR gene and in a PpsR-null mutant (PPS1), respectively. Both cysteines in PpsR existed in their reduced form under aerobic, anaerobic-dark and anaerobic-light growth conditions, as determined using thiol-specific chemical modification. In an AppA-null mutant (APP11), the binding activity and the amount of PpsR decreased compared to those of the wild-type and an appA-complemented strain, and decreased even more under anaerobic-dark conditions than under aerobic conditions. PpsR had a redox-sensitive property but retained its reduced state in the cell, and its amount was reduced by disruption of AppA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Cho
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Youn
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Rock Lee
- Center for Cell Signalling Research, Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Yim
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Ouk Kang
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Baek YU, Kim YR, Yim HS, Kang SO. Disruption of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase results in absolute glutathione auxotrophy and apoptosis in Candida albicans. FEBS Lett 2004; 556:47-52. [PMID: 14706824 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol and a major source of reducing equivalents in eukaryotes. We examined the role of glutathione in Candida albicans by the disruption of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS1), an essential enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. The gcs1/gcs1 null mutants exhibited glutathione auxotrophy, which could be rescued by supplementing with reduced and oxidized glutathione and gamma-glutamylcysteine. When the mutants were depleted of glutathione, they showed typical markers of apoptosis. These results suggest that glutathione itself is an essential metabolite and C. albicans lacking GCS1 undergoes apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Un Baek
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, 151-742, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim IK, Yim HS, Kim DW, Kim YM, Lee HS, Cha SS, Kang SO. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of aytfGgene product fromEscherichia coli. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2004; 60:365-7. [PMID: 14747727 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444903027781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli ytfG gene product, with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity, was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 296 K. A 1.78 A data set has been collected using synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source, South Korea. The crystal belongs to the primitive trigonal system, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 81.7, c = 76.8 A. Analysis of the packing density shows that the asymmetric unit probably contains one monomer, with a solvent content of 48.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kwon Kim
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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