RNA sequencing of olfactory bulb in Parkinson's disease reveals gene alterations associated with olfactory dysfunction

The olfactory bulb is involved early in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is consistent with the early onset of olfactory dysfunction. Identifying the molecular mechanisms through which PD affects the olfactory bulb could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD. We specifically aimed to assess gene expression changes, affected pathways and co-expression network by whole transcriptomic profiling of the olfactory bulb in subjects with clinicopathologically defined PD. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on frozen human olfactory bulbs of 20 PD and 20 controls without dementia or any other neurodegenerative disorder, from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative disorders and the Brain and Body Donation Program. Differential expression analysis (19 PD vs 19 controls) revealed 2164 significantly differentially expressed genes (1090 upregulated and 1074 downregulated) in PD. Pathways enriched in downregulated genes included oxidative phosphorylation, olfactory transduction, metabolic pathways, and neurotransmitters synapses while immune and inflammatory responses as well as cellular death related pathways were enriched within upregulated genes. An overrepresentation of microglial and astrocyte-related genes was observed amongst upregulated genes, and excitatory neuron-related genes were overrepresented amongst downregulated genes. Co-expression network analysis revealed significant modules highly correlated with PD and olfactory dysfunction that were found to be involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cholinergic synapse, and metabolic pathways. LAIR1 (leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1) and PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) were identified as hub genes with a high discriminative power between PD and controls reinforcing an important role of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of PD subjects. Olfactory identification test score positively correlated with expression of genes coding for G-coupled protein, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic receptor proteins and negatively correlated with genes for proteins expressed in glial olfactory ensheathing cells. In conclusion, this study reveals gene alterations associated with neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and disruptions of factors involved in the initiation of olfactory transduction signaling that may be involved in PD-related olfactory dysfunction.

Population and risk assessment of sympatric pheasant species in Palas Valley, Pakistan

Abstract Pheasants are declining everywhere in the world and therefore updated information about their population and habitats are important for conservation and management. The present study was conducted in the Palas Valley, District Kohistan, Pakistan in late spring (May and June) 2020 and early spring (March and April) 2021 to assess the population and anthropogenic stress. The major focus was on three sympatric pheasant species, including Western Horned Tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), and Koklass Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha). We used the “Call Count Method” for the population assessment in the field, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to document the risk assessment of local residents of the valley. The population assessments revealed that the Koklass Pheasant is more adapted to increasing anthropogenic activities and its population appeared more or less similar as 22 years ago. In the past 22 years, Western Tragopan and Himalayan Monal have lost about 40–50% of their populations. Human interference in the form of illegal hunting, deforestation, and overgrazing was found to be common in the valley. The study concludes that the Palas Valley habitat is ideal for pheasant species; however, human interference in the form of urbanization, habitat fragmentation, illegal hunting, and deforestation is occurring at a rapid pace, causing havoc in the pheasant population.

The facile synthesis of and light-driven water splitting on a hetero-metallic bismuth oxide catalyst

The process of water photo-electrolysis possesses the capability to generate sustainable and renewable hydrogen fuels, consequently addressing the challenge of the irregularity of solar energy. Thus, developing highly-efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for the use in contemporary renewable energy devices is critical. Herein, we report the fabrication of a novel BaCeFex-yBixO6 nanocrystalline material through a one-step solvothermal route using a post-annealing process at 500 °C. The synthesized material was investigated for its light-induced electrochemical HER and OER activities in alkaline media and the results revealed that the as-prepared BaCeFex-yBixO6-500 °C exhibited an excellent OER activity with an overpotential of 100 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2, thus outperforming the IrO2 electrocatalyst. Besides its excellent water oxidation performance, the catalyst also demonstrated an admirable HER activity comparable to that of the Pt/C catalyst, indicating that the higher temperature treatment plays a significant role in achieving the maximum performance of the developed electrocatalyst. This work provides insights into the enhancement of light-induced OER and HER activities of bismuth oxides for a wide range of catalytic applications.

Hyperon Polarization along the Beam Direction Relative to the Second and Third Harmonic Event Planes in Isobar Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

The polarization of Λ and Λ[over ¯] hyperons along the beam direction has been measured relative to the second and third harmonic event planes in isobar Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. This is the first experimental evidence of the hyperon polarization by the triangular flow originating from the initial density fluctuations. The amplitudes of the sine modulation for the second and third harmonic results are comparable in magnitude, increase from central to peripheral collisions, and show a mild p_{T} dependence. The azimuthal angle dependence of the polarization follows the vorticity pattern expected due to elliptic and triangular anisotropic flow, and qualitatively disagrees with most hydrodynamic model calculations based on thermal vorticity and shear induced contributions. The model results based on one of existing implementations of the shear contribution lead to a correct azimuthal angle dependence, but predict centrality and p_{T} dependence that still disagree with experimental measurements. Thus, our results provide stringent constraints on the thermal vorticity and shear-induced contributions to hyperon polarization. Comparison to previous measurements at RHIC and the LHC for the second-order harmonic results shows little dependence on the collision system size and collision energy.

Cydonia oblonga-Seed-Mucilage-Based pH-Sensitive Graft Copolymer for Controlled Drug Delivery-In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

The primary objective of this study was to assess the potential utility of quince seed mucilage as an excipient within a graft copolymer for the development of an oral-controlled drug delivery system. The Cydonia oblonga-mucilage-based graft copolymer was synthesized via a free radical polymerization method, employing potassium per sulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. Various concentrations of monomers, namely acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), were used in the graft copolymerization process. Metoprolol tartarate was then incorporated into this graft copolymer matrix, and the resultant drug delivery system was subjected to comprehensive characterization using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling behavior of the drug delivery system was evaluated under different pH conditions, and in vitro drug release studies were conducted. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and half-life (t1/2) were determined for metoprolol-loaded hydrogel formulations in rabbit plasma, and these results were compared with those obtained from a commercially available product. The key findings from the study include observations that higher concentrations of acrylic acid (AA) and Cydonia oblonga mucilage (CM) in the graft copolymer enhanced swelling, while the opposite trend was noted at elevated concentrations of methacrylic acid (MAA) and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of the graft copolymer and established the compatibility between the drug and the polymer. SEM imaging revealed a porous structure in the prepared formulations. Additionally, the swelling behavior and drug release profiles indicated a pH-sensitive pattern. The pharmacokinetic assessment revealed sustained release patterns of metoprolol from the hydrogel network system. Notably, the drug-loaded formulation exhibited a higher Cmax (156.48 ng/mL) compared to the marketed metoprolol product (96 ng/mL), and the AUC of the hydrogel-loaded metoprolol was 2.3 times greater than that of the marketed formulation. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of quince seed mucilage as an intelligent material for graft-copolymer-based oral-controlled release drug delivery systems.

Measuring Up: A Comparison of TapeStation 4200 and Bioanalyzer 2100 as Measurement Tools for RNA Quality in Postmortem Human Brain Samples

The determination of RNA integrity is a critical quality assessment tool for gene expression studies where the experiment's success is highly dependent on the sample quality. Since its introduction in 1999, the gold standard in the scientific community has been the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer's RNA integrity number (RIN), which uses a 1-10 value system, from 1 being the most degraded, to 10 being the most intact. In 2015, Agilent launched 4200 TapeStation's RIN equivalent, and reported a strong correlation of r2 of 0.936 and a median error < ±0.4 RIN units. To evaluate this claim, we compared the Agilent 4200 TapeStation's RIN equivalent (RINe) and DV200 to the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer's RIN for 183 parallel RNA samples. In our study, using RNA from a total of 183 human postmortem brain samples, we found that the RIN and RINe values only weakly correlate, with an r2 of 0.393 and an average difference of 3.2 RIN units. DV200 also only weakly correlated with RIN (r2 of 0.182) and RINe (r2 of 0.347). Finally, when applying a cut-off value of 6.5 for both metrics, we found that 95.6% of samples passed with RIN, while only 23.5% passed with RINe. Our results suggest that even though RIN (Bioanalyzer) and RINe (TapeStation) use the same 1-10 value system, they should not be used interchangeably, and cut-off values should be calculated independently.

Measuring up: A Comparison of Tapestation 4200 and Bioanalyzer 2100 as Measurement Tools for RNA Quality in Postmortem Human Brain Samples

Determining RNA integrity is a critical quality assessment tool for gene expression studies where the experiment's success is highly dependent on sample quality. Since its introduction in 1999, the gold standard in the scientific community has been the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer's RNA Integrity Number (RIN) which uses a 1-10 value system with 1 being the most degraded to 10 being the most intact. In 2015, Agilent launched the 4200 Tapestation's RIN equivalent and reported a strong correlation of r 2 of 0.936 and median error < ± 0.4 RIN units. To evaluate this claim, we compared the Agilent 4200 Tapestation's RIN equivalent (RINe) and DV200 to the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer's RIN for 183 parallel RNA samples. In our study, using RNA from a total of 183 human postmortem brain samples, we found that the RIN and RINe values only weakly correlate with an r 2 of 0.393 and an average difference of 3.2 RIN units. DV200 also only weakly correlated with RIN (r 2 of 0.182) and RINe (r 2 of 0.347). Finally, when applying a cut-off value of 6.5 for both metrics, we found that 95.6% of samples passed with RIN, while only 23.5% passed with RINe. Our results suggest that even though RIN (Bioanalyzer) and RINe (Tapestation) use the same 1-10 value system, they should not be used interchangeably, and cut-off values should be calculated independently.

Measurements of the Elliptic and Triangular Azimuthal Anisotropies in Central ^{3}He+Au, d+Au and p+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

The elliptic (v_{2}) and triangular (v_{3}) azimuthal anisotropy coefficients in central ^{3}He+Au, d+Au, and p+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV are measured as a function of transverse momentum (p_{T}) at midrapidity (|η|<0.9), via the azimuthal angular correlation between two particles both at |η|<0.9. While the v_{2}(p_{T}) values depend on the colliding systems, the v_{3}(p_{T}) values are system independent within the uncertainties, suggesting an influence on eccentricity from subnucleonic fluctuations in these small-sized systems. These results also provide stringent constraints for the hydrodynamic modeling of these systems.

Beam Energy Dependence of Triton Production and Yield Ratio (N_{t}×N_{p}/N_{d}^{2}) in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

We report the triton (t) production in midrapidity (|y|<0.5) Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=7.7-200  GeV measured by the STAR experiment from the first phase of the beam energy scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The nuclear compound yield ratio (N_{t}×N_{p}/N_{d}^{2}), which is predicted to be sensitive to the fluctuation of local neutron density, is observed to decrease monotonically with increasing charged-particle multiplicity (dN_{ch}/dη) and follows a scaling behavior. The dN_{ch}/dη dependence of the yield ratio is compared to calculations from coalescence and thermal models. Enhancements in the yield ratios relative to the coalescence baseline are observed in the 0%-10% most central collisions at 19.6 and 27 GeV, with a significance of 2.3σ and 3.4σ, respectively, giving a combined significance of 4.1σ. The enhancements are not observed in peripheral collisions or model calculations without critical fluctuation, and decreases with a smaller p_{T} acceptance. The physics implications of these results on the QCD phase structure and the production mechanism of light nuclei in heavy-ion collisions are discussed.

Bombax ceiba flower extract mediated synthesis of Se nanoparticles for antibacterial activity and urea detection

Plant mediated synthesis of metallic nanomaterials has emerged as a non-toxic and economical approach to their applications in diverse fields especially in biomedical sciences. Herein, this study first time reporting the use of Bombax ceiba flower extract for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Initially, SeNPs were confirmed by turning the color of reaction mixtures from light yellow to brick-red. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical shaped nanoparticles with smooth surface, size ranges between 30 and 150 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed 100-150 nm for the distribution of particle size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed SeNPs crystallinity and confirmed by matching with selenium JCPD card No. 06-362. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra showed presence of pure Se peaks that corroborate the conversion of selenium ions into its elemental form by bio-reduction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that involvement of -OH, C-H, C=C, and C=O functional groups for SeNPs formation. Raman Spectra peaks at 250 cm^-1 represent asymmetric trigonal selenium (t-Se). Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) peaks at 296 and 306 nm which is an indication of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Moreover, maximum antibacterial activity of SeNPs were observed against Staphylococcus aureus- a gram positive bacteria that possess zone of inhibition (ZOI) 20 mm and Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-gram negative bacteria with ZOI 28 mm, respectively, at concentration 100 µg/ml. In addition, the surface functionalities induced through extract components adhere over Se binds with urea and give its detection up to 1mM in milk sample. Conclusively, synthesized SeNPs may function as a potential antibacterial pharmaceutical candidate.

Integrated Pangenome Analysis and Pharmacophore Modeling Revealed Potential Novel Inhibitors against Enterobacter xiangfangensis

Enterobacter xiangfangensis is a novel, multidrug-resistant pathogen belonging to the Enterobacter genus and has the ability to acquire resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. However, there is currently no registered E. xiangfangensis drug on the market that has been shown to be effective. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets and effective treatments for E. xiangfangensis. In the current study, a bacterial pan genome analysis and subtractive proteomics approach was employed to the core proteomes of six strains of E. xiangfangensis using several bioinformatic tools, software, and servers. However, 2611 nonredundant proteins were predicted from the 21,720 core proteins of core proteome. Out of 2611 nonredundant proteins, 372 were obtained from Geptop2.0 as essential proteins. After the subtractive proteomics and subcellular localization analysis, only 133 proteins were found in cytoplasm. All cytoplasmic proteins were examined using BLASTp against the virulence factor database, which classifies 20 therapeutic targets as virulent. Out of these 20, 3 cytoplasmic proteins: ferric iron uptake transcriptional regulator (FUR), UDP-2,3diacylglucosamine diphosphatase (UDP), and lipid-A-disaccharide synthase (lpxB) were chosen as potential drug targets. These drug targets are important for bacterial survival, virulence, and growth and could be used as therapeutic targets. More than 2500 plant chemicals were used to molecularly dock these proteins. Furthermore, the lowest-binding energetic docked compounds were found. The top five hit compounds, Adenine, Mollugin, Xanthohumol C, Sakuranetin, and Toosendanin demonstrated optimum binding against all three target proteins. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA analyses validated the stability of ligand-protein complexes and revealed that these compounds could serve as potential E. xiangfangensis replication inhibitors. Consequently, this study marks a significant step forward in the creation of new and powerful drugs against E. xiangfangensis. Future studies should validate these targets experimentally to prove their function in E. xiangfangensis survival and virulence.

Insulin-like growth factor-I signaling plays a pivotal role in the development of oral premalignant lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus

<p>Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the metabolic system that is diagnosed by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Diabetic patients are frequently prone to developing oral health complications, such as being at a higher risk for developing oral precancerous conditions like lichen planus, leukoplakia, and erythroplakia. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a peptide hormone with a structure similar to insulin and belongs to the family of growth factors that play a vital role in the development of embryonic, postembryonic, and normal physiological functions of the human body. IGF-I, through autophosphorylation of its receptor, activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway that leads to the expression of IGF-I hormone. In oral premalignant conditions, like lichen planus, submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia, and erythroplakia, the levels of the IGF-I hormone are increased. Subsequently, IGF-I can be used as a marker for early detection of malignancy in oral premalignant lesions.</p>

Bombax Ceiba Flower Extract Induced Surface Groups on Se Nanoparticles to Enhance Antibacterial Activity and Urea Detection.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2026172/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Biosynthesis of metallic-nanomaterials has emerged as a non-toxic and economical approach to their applications in diverse fields especially in biomedical sciences. Herein, this study first time reporting the use of Bombax ceiba flower extract for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Initially, SeNPs were confirmed by turning the color of reaction mixtures from light yellow to red-brick. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical shaped nanoparticles with smooth surface, size ranges between 30–150 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed 100–150 nm for the distribution of particle size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed SeNPs crystallinity and confirmed by matching with selenium JCPD card No. 06-362. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra showed presence of pure Se peaks that corroborate the conversion of selenium ions into its elemental form by bio-reduction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that involvement of -OH, C-H, C = C, and C = O functional groups for SeNPs formation. Raman Spectra peaks at 250 cm− 1 represent asymmetric trigonal selenium (t-Se). Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) peaks at 296 and 306 nm which is an indication of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Moreover, maximum antibacterial activity of SeNPs were observed against Staphylococcus aureus- a gram positive bacteria that possess zone of inhibition (ZOI) 20 mm and Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-gram negative bacterias with ZOI 28 mm, respectively, at concentration 100 µg/ ml. In addition, the surface functionalities induced through extract components adhere over Se binds with urea and give its detection up to 1mM in milk sample. Conclusively, synthesized SeNPs may act as a potent potential antibacterial pharmaceutical candidate.

Screening of drug candidates against Endothelin-1 to treat hypertension using computational based approaches: Molecular docking and dynamics simulation

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and a prime underlying cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is a complex condition and a strong interplay of multiple genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors is involved in its etiology. Previous studies showed an association of overexpression of genes with hypertension. Satisfactory control of Blood Pressure (BP) levels is not achieved in a major portion of hypertensive patients who take antihypertensive drugs. Since existing antihypertensive drugs have many severe or irreversible side effects and give rise to further complications like frequent micturition and headaches, dizziness, dry irritating cough, hypoglycemia, GI hemorrhage, impaired left ventricular function, hyperkalemia, Anemia, angioedema and azotemia. There is a need to identify new antihypertensive agents that can inhibit the expression of these overexpressed genes contributing to hypertension. The study was designed to identify drug-able targets against overexpressed genes involved in hypertension to intervene the disease. The structure of the protein encoded by an overexpressed gene Endothelin-1 was retrieved from Protein Database (PDB). A library of five thousand phytochemicals was docked against Endothelin-1. The top four hits against Endothelin-1 protein were selected based on S score and Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). S score is a molecular docking score which is used to determine the preferred orientation, binding mode, site of the ligand and binding affinity. RMSD refines value for drug target identification. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profiling (ADMET) was done. The study provides novel insights into HTN etiology and improves our understanding of BP pathophysiology. These findings help to understand the impact of gene expression on BP regulation. This study might be helpful to develop an antihypertensive drug with a better therapeutic profile and least side effects.

Comparative evaluation of different techniques for herniorrhaphy in calves

Umbilical hernia is one of the most common problems in young calves. This problem occurs in dairy sector as well as in the local farmers. Present study was conducted to compare outcomes of four different techniques of herniorrhaphy. Twenty four young calves (n=24) were divided in 4 groups (A, B, C, and D) which underwent four different surgical techniques. Group A underwent vicryl plus suture material and pants-over-west technique, Group B underwent mesh application with Dexon suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern, Group C underwent closed method with Nylon No. 3 suture material by using vertical mattress suture pattern and Group D underwent clamp application method with Silk No. 2 suture material by using simple interrupted suture pattern. The result showed that mesh application method was comparatively better with respect to feed intake, body weight gain and healing time. There was no reoccurrence with non-significant hematological changes (p≤0.05). It is concluded that mesh application method is safer than other three techniques and there are no systemic effects of this surgical intervention on calves' health.

Proteome based mapping and reverse vaccinology techniques to contrive multi-epitope based subunit vaccine (MEBSV) against Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes is a root cause of human infection like pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and respiratory tract infections. About 11 million individuals in the US suffer from pharyngitis every year. Unfortunately, no vaccine against S. pyogenes is available yet. The purpose of this study is to create a multiepitope-based subunit vaccine (MEBSV) targeting S. pyogenes top four highly antigenic proteins by using a combination of immunological techniques and molecular docking to tackle term group A streptococcal (GAS) infections. T-cell (HTL & CTL), B-cell, and IFN-γ of target proteins were forecasted and epitopes having high antigenic properties being selected for subsequent research. For designing of final vaccine, 5LBL, 9CTL, and 4HTL epitopes were joined by the KK, AAY, and GPGPG linkers. To enhance the immune response, the N-end of the vaccine was linked by adjuvant (Cholera enterotoxin subunit B) with a linker named EAAAK. With the addition of adjuvants and linkers, the construct size was 421 amino acids. IFN-γ and B-cell epitopes illustrate that the modeled construct is optimized for cell-mediated immune or humoral responses. The developed MEBSV structure was assessed to be highly antigenic, non-toxic, and non-allergenic. Moreover, disulphide engineering further enhanced the stability of the final vaccine protein. Molecular docking of the MEBSV with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was conducted to check the vaccine's compatibility with the receptor. Besides, in-silico cloning has been carried out for credibility validation and proper expression of vaccine construct. These findings suggested that the multi-epitope vaccine produced might be a potential immunogenic against Group A streptococcus infections but further experimental testing is required to validate this study.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Approach Reveals the Multi-Target Pharmacological Mechanism of Fumaria indica in the Treatment of Liver Cancer

Liver cancer (LC), a frequently occurring cancer, has become the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. The small number of reported data and diverse spectra of pathophysiological mechanisms of liver cancer make it a challenging task and a serious economic burden in health care management. Fumaria indica is a herbaceous annual plant used in various regions of Asia to treat a variety of ailments, including liver cancer. Several in vitro investigations have revealed the effectiveness of F. indica in the treatment of liver cancer; however, the exact molecular mechanism is still unrevealed. In this study, the network pharmacology technique was utilized to characterize the mechanism of F. indica on liver cancer. Furthermore, we analyzed the active ingredient-target-pathway network and uncovered that Fumaridine, Lastourvilline, N-feruloyl tyramine, and Cryptopine conclusively contributed to the development of liver cancer by affecting the MTOR, MAPK3, PIK3R1, and EGFR gene. Afterward, molecular docking was used to verify the effective activity of the active ingredients against the prospective targets. The results of molecular docking predicted that several key targets of liver cancer (along with MTOR, EGFR, MAPK3, and PIK3R1) bind stably with the corresponding active ingredient of F. indica. We concluded through network pharmacology methods that multiple biological processes and signaling pathways involved in F. indica exerted a preventing effect in the treatment of liver cancer. The molecular docking results also provide us with sound direction for further experiments. In the framework of this study, network pharmacology integrated with docking analysis revealed that F. indica exerted a promising preventive effect on liver cancer by acting on liver cancer-associated signaling pathways. This enables us to understand the biological mechanism of the anti liver cancer activity of F. indica.

Association of Candida Species with Novel SARS-CoV-2 and Biomarkers for Fungal Premalignant Oral Lesions

Oral fungal infections can be caused by certain species of fungi among which candida albicans is the most implicated. Oral candidiasis is correlated with multiple conditions, such as coronavirus disease-2019, oral leukoplakia and oral erythroplakia. Tenascin is a glycoprotein and is present at the site of tissue injury and chronic inflammation, and tends to be over-expressed in cases of malignancy. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 belongs to a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases and is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, leading to tissue invasion and metastasis. The current narrative review was planned to shed light on the fungal co-infections of coronavirus disease-2019 and molecular mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tenascin involved in the pathogenesis of fungus-associated oral leukoplakia and oral erythroplakia. Key Words: Oral, fungal, COVID-19, Tenascin, MMP-9.

Fungal conversion of chicken-feather waste into biofortified compost

Poultry industry is amongst highly developed industries of Pakistan, fulfilling the protein demand of rapidly increasing population. On the other hand, the untreated poultry waste is causing several health and environmental problems. The current study was designed to check the potential of keratinolytic fungal species for the conversion of chicken-feather waste into biofortified compost. For the purpose, three fungal species were isolated from soil samples. These strains were pure cultured and then characterized phenotypically and genotypically. BLAST searches of 18S rDNA nucleotide sequence of the fungal isolates revealed that the two fungal isolates belonged to genus Aspergillus and one belonged to genus Chrysosporium. Optimum temperature for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Chrysosporium queenslandicum was 29, 26 and 25 oC, respectively. A. flavus showed maximum (53%) feather degradation, A. niger degraded feather waste up to 37%, while C. queenslandicum showed 21% keratinolytic activity on chicken feathers at their respective temperature optima. The degradation potential of these fungal species showed their ability to form compost that has agro-industrial importance.

Comprehensive computational analysis reveals H5N1 influenza virus-encoded miRNAs and host-specific targets associated with antiviral immune responses and protein binding

H5N1 virus (H5N1V) is highly contagious among birds and it was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong. As the mechanism of its pathogenesis inside the host is still lacking, in this in-silico study we hypothesized that H5N1V might create miRNAs, which could target the genes associated with host cellular regulatory pathways, thus provide persistent refuge to the virus. Using bioinformatics approaches, several H5N1V produced putative miRNAs as well as the host genes targeted by these miRNAs were found. Functional enrichment analysis of targeted genes revealed their involvement in many biological pathways that facilitate their host pathogenesis. Eventually, the microarray dataset (GSE28166) was analyzed to validate the altered expression level of target genes and found the genes involved in protein binding and adaptive immune responses. This study presents novel miRNAs and their targeted genes, which upon experimental validation could facilitate in developing new therapeutics against H5N1V infection.

Breakthrough Infections and Low Mortality Observed in Heart Transplant Recipients Infected with COVID-19 at UC San Diego

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Immunologic Monitoring of a Breakthrough Infection in a Heart and Kidney Transplant Recipient

Introduction

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) have lower SARS-CoV-2 spike seroconversion than healthy subjects (HS) following vaccination. A breakthrough (BT) infection is defined as the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a respiratory specimen after a person is ≥14 days after completing the recommended doses for a vaccine. We report a case of SARS-CoV-2 BT infection in a SOTR who was immunologically followed longitudinally following vaccination.

Case Report

A 44-year-old man with a history of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and end stage renal disease had undergone heart and kidney transplantation in December 2017 with thymoglobulin induction. His NICM was secondary to radiation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with autologous bone marrow transplant in 2001. Maintenance immunosuppression consisted of sirolimus 2mg daily, tacrolimus 2mg twice daily (BID), and prednisone 5mg daily at his 1^st Moderna vaccine in April 2021. In anticipation of surgery, sirolimus was stopped and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 500mg BID was started. He was on this regimen at the time of his 2^nd Moderna vaccine. Sirolimus was restarted in July and increased to 1mg daily while continuing MMF 500mg BID, tacrolimus, and prednisone. At the end of July, the patient was exposed to several family members with COVID-19. He tested positive 89 days after his 2^nd Moderna vaccine (cycle threshold of 33.5). He was asymptomatic at the time, but later developed fever, myalgias, headache, and loss of taste and smell and was treated with casirivimab and imdevimab monoclonal antibody (mAb) infusion. We assessed the patient's immunologic response 14 days post 2^nd Moderna vaccination and at BT infection prior to mAb infusion and compared this to HS. The patient developed SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells at 14 days post 2^nd mRNA vaccine at a frequency below the average frequency for HS. At BT infection, the patient did not have SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4⁺ T cells, partly due to virus induced lymphopenia. The patient did not develop spike-specific CD8⁺ T cells, spike IgG or neutralizing antibodies at 14 days post 2^nd Moderna vaccination or at BT infection.

Summary

The patient developed SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4⁺ T cells following vaccination. His uneventful recovery may be secondary to these SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4⁺ T cells post vaccination as well as receiving mAb therapy 8 days post infection.

Long COVID-19 in Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose

The goal of this study was to assess the frequency and common symptoms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (Long COVID-19) in heart transplant recipients (HTR).

Methods

After obtaining IRB approval, we conducted telephone surveys of HTR (n=30) who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate their experience with acute COVID-19 illness and assess symptoms of Long COVID-19. Symptoms at onset and also beyond 6, 12, and 24 weeks of the initial diagnosis were recorded. Additionally, medical charts were reviewed for detailed information regarding transplant history, immunosuppression, COVID-19 management and hospitalization, and COVID-19 vaccination status.

Results

As noted in Table 1, among the 30 participants, 10 (33%) had symptoms consistent with Long COVID-19. Those with Long COVID-19 were more symptomatic during acute illness, with 40% of patients reporting cough, fevers or chills, and headaches, compared with 15%, 25%, and 20% respectively in those without Long COVID-19. Emergency department visits at initial illness (80% vs. 20%) and admission to the intensive care unit were more frequent (60% vs. 5%) in the Long COVID-19. Symptoms of Long COVID-19 lasted for a median of 9 weeks with 30% reporting ongoing symptoms at week 24. The most common persistent symptoms were depression, confusion, and difficulty concentrating.

Conclusion

This study is an early investigation of a complex syndrome of Long COVID-19 in transplant patients. Long COVID-19 is not well described in the transplant setting. HTR at our center with Long COVID-19 were sicker at their initial COVID-19 diagnosis and had more emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and longer hospital stays than those without subsequent Long COVID-19. Although, recall bias could affect participants’ ability to remember details and symptoms, this would have impacted both groups similarly as the time since COVID-19 diagnosis to study enrollment was similar between the two groups. These are preliminary findings and the study is currently ongoing.

Impact of the introduction of an integrated multi-professional pathway for atrial fibrillation on long-term outcomes

Background

An integrated structured approach to atrial fibrillation (AF) management is recommended by ESC.1 However, limited data is available on its “real-world” impact on anticoagulation uptake and subsequent AF-related hospitalisation and stroke rates.

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term impact of the introduction of a community-wide integrated AF service based in a secondary care hospital.

Methods

In September 2017 we implemented a new integrated pathway for patients with newly diagnosed “symptomatic” atrial arrhythmias across two regions (population 450,000) in England in collaboration with primary care. All patients were seen in a one-stop multi-professional clinic (Arrhythmia nurse and Electrophysiologist with ECG and echocardiogram) within 2 weeks. They underwent standardised screening for modifiable risk factors, counselling regarding diagnosis/ anticoagulation and received an individualised AF management plan as well as access to a nurse-led telephone helpline. We followed up the first 126 consecutive patients for a period of 12 months.

Results

Baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1, showing a high incidence of modifiable risk factors (previously un-identified in the majority). After review in clinic, 30-day AF-related readmission rates to hospital were low (1.6%, n=2) as compared to historical local data (5.8%). This was sustained at 3 months (4.7%, n=6) and at 12 months (7.9%, n=10). 99% of 83 of eligible patients (CHA2DS2-VASc score of &gt;2 with no major contra-indications) received oral anticoagulation. Over 12 months follow-up, rates of TIA/stroke was low (n=3, 2.4%). All-cause mortality was also low (n=1, 0.8%). NHS England region-wide data showed a marked reduction in percentage of total stroke admissions with history of AF not taking anticoagulation at stroke presentation in 2018/19 as compared to 2017/18 across our two regions; this was lower than the national average and the lowest within West Yorkshire (Figure 1).

Conclusions

An integrated service for AF management implemented community-wide was associated with high uptake of oral anticoagulation among eligible patients and low rates of AF-related hospitalisations and all-cause mortality. Across the community, among stroke admissions with AF at presentation, a lower percentage of patients without anticoagulation was observed in comparison with previous years and neighbouring regions.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Real world radiation exposure in left atrial appendage occlusion device implantation performed in a high volume center

 

Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an established and effective treatment to reduce the risk of thromboembolic stroke derived from the LAA in patient with non valvular atrial fibrillation. Per-cutaneous closure of the LAA is typically guided by fluoroscopic and echocardiographic guidance.

The purpose of our study is to ascertain real world radiation exposure during the LAAO performed in our institution and the interplay of different variables and patient characteristics.

Our study retrospectively analyzed all consecutive LAAO procedures performed at our Tertiary level Teaching Hospital. Data was collected using Hospital electronic records and cardiac catherization laboratory records.

A total of 261 patients who underwent LAAO were identified, 28% were female. Average age at the time of procedure was 77 years (range 54–93 years). Mean fluoroscopy time was 10.2 minutes (±7.0), average Radiation dose was 67 gy/cm2 (±73). Interestingly, gy/cm2 per minute of fluoroscopy averaged at 6.69 (±5.0).

Subgroup analysis focused on the effect of Body mass index (BMI) on radiation dose. Since the recent introduction of a partial electronic health record system, BMI data was only available on 161 patients. The cohort with BMI &lt;30 had a mean radiation dose of 57±62 gy/cm2, whereas for BMI &gt;30 mean dose was 96.8±68, p=0.0025 (95% CI (65 to 14)).

Analysis by the four different device types (Watchman, Watchman Flx, Wavecrest and ACP) were used for LAAO, with highest number been watchman (n=189). Upon comparing the radiation exposure in our study cohort watchman device had the least Dose adjusted Product (DAP) at 62gy/cm2 but the newer watchman flx (n=25) had slightly lower gy/cm2 per minute of fluoroscopy time 6.58±3.41 versus 6.83±5.56.

In addition, operator volume between our two implanters was assessed. Our highest volume operator implanted the majority of devices (n=235) whilst the Watchman Flx was predominantly implanted by our newer implanter (n=26). Despite the relatively modest numbers of the Watchman Flx, there was minimal difference in exposure time in favor of the more senior interventionist.

In conclusion, LAAO in our center has encouraging radiation safety data, which is comparable to previously published data in internationally recognized high volume centers. Normal BMI patients had the least radiation exposure, with the dose increasing with rising BMI.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Bar Graph, radiation dose vs BMIScatter Plot, radiation dose vs BMI

Identifying key genes and screening therapeutic agents associated with diabetes mellitus and HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis

Objective

Incidence of both Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rapidly increasing worldwide. One of the leading causes of HCC is hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a resource of blood-borne viral infection. HCV increases the risk for HCC probably by promoting fibrosis and cirrhosis. Association among T2DM and HCV related HCC remains significant, indicating that such association is clinically reliable and robust. Lawson was the first who uncovered HCC in person suffered from T2DM. Until now, genetic association between HCV related HCC and T2DM is poorly known. Current work was designed to figure out the molecular mechanisms of both diseases by identifying the hub genes and therapeutic drugs using integrated bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Four microarray datasets were downloaded from GEO database and analyzed using R in order to obtain different expressed genes (DEGs). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks was constructed using STRING tool and visualized by Cytoscape. Moreover, hub genes were identified on the basis of their degree of connectivity. Finally, Networkanalyst and DGIdb were used for the identification of transcription factors (TFs) and selection of candidate drugs, respectively.

Results

A total of 53 DEGs were identified, of which 41 were upregulated genes and 12 were downregulated genes. PPI network obtained from STRING were subjected to Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba, and top 10 genes (AURKA, JUN, AR, MELK, NCOA2, CENPF, NCAPG, PCK1, RAD51AP1, and GTSE1) were chosen as the target hub genes based on the highest degree of connectivity. Furthermore, 47 drugs of AURKA, JUN, AR, MELK, and NCOA2 were found having therapeutic potential to treat HCV-HCC in patients with T2DM.

Conclusion

This study updates the information and yield a new perspective in context of understanding the pathogenesis and development of HCV related HCC in affected persons with T2DM. In vivo and in vitro investigation of hub genes and pathway interaction is essential to delineate the specific roles of the novel hub genes, which may help to reveal the genetic association between HCV-HCC and T2DM. In future, hub genes along with their candidate drugs might be capable of improving the personalized detection and therapies for both diseases.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Safety Issues in Pakistan

The article's abstract is not available.  

Seroprevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections among Voluntary and Replacement Blood Donors at the Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Introduction  Blood transfusion is linked to several risks, most notably the transmission of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and malaria. The risk posed by these blood-borne infectious agents is high in developing countries, including Pakistan. This fact stresses the need for regular surveillance of TTIs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the seroprevalence of TTIs at a regional blood center.

Material and Methods  This was a retrospective 4-year descriptive study undertaken at the Regional Blood Centre in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, on the blood donor data from June 2016 to May 2020. A total of 41,817 donors donated blood during the study period and were screened for HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, and malaria. To ensure donor privacy, donors were identified via codes and no personal information was available. The data were extracted from the ZAAVIA blood transfusion information system database.

Results  The study included a total of 41,817 donors—41,493 (99.22%) males and 324 (0.78%) females. Of them, 22,343 (53.43%) were voluntary donors while 19,474 (46.57%) were replacement donors. An overall TTI prevalence rate of 4.61% was found. The TTI prevalence rate in voluntary donors was 3.90% while 5.42% in replacement donors. The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, and malaria was 1.95, 1.38, 0.23, 0.91, and 0.14%, respectively.

Conclusion  The current study documented a high prevalence (1,929 out of 41,817, 4.61%) of TTIs, especially in replacement donors (1,057 out of 19,474, 5.42%), and low participation of female donors. The recommendations include the promotion of voluntary blood donors, enrolment of female blood donors, and screening of donated blood through highly sensitive screening assay (i.e., nucleic acid testing).

Consequential study on different levels of C/N ratios used in biofloc-based aquaculture system

Biofloc technology is much highlighted these days because of its tremendous effects on aquaculture. Microbes were enriched on cheapest organic carbon source i. e., powdered banana peels and were incorporated in different aquaria rearing grass carp fingerlings under different C/N treatments (10:1, 15:1 and 20:1) and 10% water daily water exchange. The initial growth of fingerlings was recorded. The experiment was settled in triplicates for 60 days and run parallel to control group provided with commercial feed and daily water exchange. Its effect was evaluated by measuring the growth of fingerlings and water parameters of each aquarium. The average % gain in weight and length of fingerlings was obtained significantly highest (28.12 ± 0.30g and 17.29 ± 0.46cm respectively) in aquaria containing pure powdered banana peels with 10% water exchange and C/N ratio was adjusted at 20: 1 (T3) than other treatments and control. Ammonia and other water parameters were also under control in T3 than other experimental and control groups. By all counts, it was concluded that the highest C/N ratio in biofloc system had the potential to increment C. idella growth rate by reducing toxicity and could be used as fish meal substitute.

Recent Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

A silent monster, breast cancer, is a challenging medical task for researchers. Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women with respect to other cancers. A case of breast cancer is diagnosed among women every 19 seconds, and every 74 seconds, a woman dies of breast cancer somewhere in the world. Several risk factors, such as genetic and environmental factors, favor breast cancer development. This review tends to provide deep insights regarding the genetics of breast cancer along with multiple diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as problem-solving negotiators to prevent the progression of breast cancer. This assembled data mainly aims to discuss omics-based approaches to provide enthralling diagnostic biomarkers and emerging novel therapies to combat breast cancer. This review article intends to pave a new path for the discovery of effective treatment options.

Integrative bioinformatics approaches to map key biological markers and therapeutic drugs in Extramammary Paget's disease of the scrotum

Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is an intra-epidermal adenocarcinoma. Till now, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of scrotal EMPD is poorly known. This present study aims to explore the knowledge of molecular mechanism of scrotal EMPD by identifying the hub genes and candidate drugs using integrated bioinformatics approaches. Firstly, the microarray datasets (GSE117285) were downloaded from the GEO database and then analyzed using GEO2R in order to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Moreover, hub genes were identified on the basis of their degree of connectivity using Cytohubba plugin of cytoscape tool. Finally, GEPIA and DGIdb were used for the survival analysis and selection of therapeutic candidates, respectively. A total of 786 DEGs were identified, of which 10 genes were considered as hub genes on the basis of the highest degree of connectivity. After the survival analysis of ten hub genes, a total of 5 genes were found to be altered in EMPD patients. Furthermore, 14 drugs of CHEK1, CCNA2, and CDK1 were found to have therapeutic potential against EMPD. This study updates the information and yields a new perspective in the context of understanding the pathogenesis of EMPD. In future, hub genes and candidate drugs might be capable of improving the personalized detection and therapies for EMPD.

The Screening of Phytochemicals Against NS5 Polymerase to Treat Zika Virus Infection: Integrated Computational Based Approach

BACKGROUND

The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak provides a spur for new, efficient, and safe anti-Zika Virus agents. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is critical amongst the seven non-structural proteins for viral replication and is considered an attractive drug target.

METHODS

In this study, a molecular docking approach was used to rationally screen the library of 5000 phytochemicals to find inhibitors against NS5 RdRp. LigX tool was used to analyze the 2D plots of receptor-ligand interactions. The top-ranked compounds were then subjected to in-silico pharmacokinetic study.

RESULTS

The compounds, namely Polydatin, Dihydrogenistin, Liquiritin, Rhapontin, and Cichoriin, successfully bind inside the pocket of NS5 RdRp. Polydatin was the leading phytochemical that showed high docking score of -18.71 (kcal/mol) and bonding interaction at the active site of NS5 RdRp. They were subjected to analysis for drug-like properties that further reinforced their validation and showed that they could attach with the receptor more than SOFOSBUVIR control drugs. MD simulation of the top two complexes was performed, and the simulated complexes showed stability, and ligands were kept within the bonding pocket.

CONCLUSION

The study might facilitate the development of a natural and cost-effective drug against ZIKV. Further validation, however, is necessary to confirm its drug effectiveness and its biocompatibility.

Formulation and Evaluation of Linum usitatissimum Mucilage-Based Nanoparticles for Effective Delivery of Ezetimibe

Introduction

The aim of current study was to prepare Linum usitatissimum mucilage (LUM) based nanoparticles, capable of encapsulating hydrophobic drug ezetimibe as nanocarriers.

Methods

Solvent evaporation and nanoprecipitation techniques were used to develop nanoparticles by encapsulating ezetimibe in the articulated matrix of polysaccharide fractions. Developed nanoparticles were characterized to determine the particle size, zeta potential, polydispersibility index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). Morphology and physicochemical characterization were carried out through SEM, FTIR, PXRD and thermal analysis. Saturation solubility and in vitro release studies were also performed. Safety assessment of ezetimibe loaded nanoparticles was evaluated via oral acute toxicity study.

Results

The mean particle size, zeta potential, PDI and EE for emulsion solvent evaporation were 683.6 nm, -28.3 mV, 0.39, 63.7% and for nanoprecipitation were 637.7 nm, 0.07, -27.1 mV and 80%, respectively. Thermal analysis confirmed enhanced thermal stability, whereas PXRD confirmed amorphous nature of drug. Saturation solubility (p-value <0.05) demonstrated improved solubility of drug when enclosed in linseed nanoparticles. Nanoprecipitation surpasses emulsion solvent evaporation in dissolution test by possessing smaller size. Acute oral toxicity study indicated no significant changes in behavioral, clinical or histopathological parameters of control and experimental groups.

Conclusion

The in vitro release of ezetimibe was augmented by enhancing aqueous solubility through devised nanoparticles. Thus, linseed mucilage could act as biopolymer in the fabrication of nanoparticle formulation. The acute oral toxicological investigations provided evidence that LUMNs were safe after oral administration.

Doping of Mg on ZnO Nanorods Demonstrated Improved Photocatalytic Degradation and Antimicrobial Potential with Molecular Docking Analysis

Various concentrations of Mg-doped ZnO nanorods (NRs) were prepared using co-precipitation technique. The objective of this study was to improve the photocatalytic properties of ZnO. The effect of Mg doping on the structure, phase constitution, functional groups presence, optical properties, elemental composition, surface morphology and microstructure of ZnO was evaluated with XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, EDS, and HR-TEM, respectively. Optical absorption spectra obtained from the prepared samples showed evidence of blueshift upon doping. XRD results revealed hexagonal wurtzite phase of nanocomposite with a gradual decrease in crystallite size with Mg addition. PL spectroscopy showed trapping efficiency and migration of charge carriers with electron-hole recombination behavior, while HR-TEM estimated interlayer d-spacing. The presence of chemical bonding, vibration modes and functional groups at the interface of ZnO was revealed by FTIR and Raman spectra. In this study, photocatalytic, sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic performance of prepared NRs was systematically investigated by degrading a mixture of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin (MBCF). Experimental results suggested that improved degradation performance was shown by Mg-doped ZnO NRs. We believe that the product synthesized in this study will prove to be a beneficial and promising photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. Conclusively, Mg-doped ZnO exhibited substantial (p < 0.05) efficacy against gram-negative (G-ve) as compared to gram-positive (G+ve) bacteria. In silico molecular docking studies of Mg-doped ZnO NRs against DHFR (binding score: - 7.518 kcal/mol), DHPS (binding score: - 6.973 kcal/mol) and FabH (- 6.548 kcal/mol) of E. coli predicted inhibition of given enzymes as possible mechanism behind their bactericidal activity.

Elucidating silicon-mediated distinct morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and organic acid exudation patterns of cadmium stressed Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals [such as cadmium (Cd)] is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy. Silicon (Si), being an important fertilizer element, has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Si modulated the Cd tolerance of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seedlings when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for four weeks, by using sand, mixed with different levels of Cd i.e., 0, 1.5 and 3 mM together with the application of Si at 0, 1.5 and 3 mM levels to monitor different growth, gaseous exchange, oxidative stress, antioxidative responses, minerals accumulation, organic acid exudation patterns of T. ammi seedlings. Our results depicted that Cd addition to growth medium significantly decreased plant growth and biomass, gaseous exchange attributes and minerals uptake by T. ammi seedlings as compared to the plants grown without addition of Cd. However, Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in T. ammi seedlings and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles. Although, activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) initially increased up to a Cd level of 1.5 mM but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 3 mM. Results revealed that the anthocyanin and soluble proteins contents were decreased in seedlings grown under elevating Cd levels but increased the Cd accumulation of T. ammi roots and shoots. The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of Si which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of T. ammi by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts. Research findings, therefore, suggested that Si application can ameliorate Cd toxicity in T. ammi seedlings and resulted in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.

Reverse vaccinology assisted designing of multiepitope-based subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) linked with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause severe illness and life-threatening pneumonia in humans. The current COVID-19 pandemic demands an effective vaccine to acquire protection against the infection. Therefore, the present study was aimed to design a multiepitope-based subunit vaccine (MESV) against COVID-19.

METHODS

Structural proteins (Surface glycoprotein, Envelope protein, and Membrane glycoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for its prime functions. Sequences of proteins were downloaded from GenBank and several immunoinformatics coupled with computational approaches were employed to forecast B- and T- cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 highly antigenic structural proteins to design an effective MESV.

RESULTS

Predicted epitopes suggested high antigenicity, conserveness, substantial interactions with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding alleles, and collective global population coverage of 88.40%. Taken together, 276 amino acids long MESV was designed by connecting 3 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), 6 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) and 4 B-cell epitopes with suitable adjuvant and linkers. The MESV construct was non-allergenic, stable, and highly antigenic. Molecular docking showed a stable and high binding affinity of MESV with human pathogenic toll-like receptors-3 (TLR3). Furthermore, in silico immune simulation revealed significant immunogenic response of MESV. Finally, MEV codons were optimized for its in silico cloning into the Escherichia coli K-12 system, to ensure its increased expression.

CONCLUSION

The MESV developed in this study is capable of generating immune response against COVID-19. Therefore, if designed MESV further investigated experimentally, it would be an effective vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 to control and prevent COVID-19.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated hematological alterations in small ruminants of D.G. Khan district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.