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Kumar A, Mishra SK, Jhanwar M, Muthu Kamal VKB, Gaur S, Karan S. Optic disc granuloma with retinal vein occlusion: rare presentation of neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis. QJM 2021; 114:200-201. [PMID: 32458978 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
| | - S K Mishra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
| | - M Jhanwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
| | - V K B Muthu Kamal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
| | - S Gaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
| | - S Karan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army College of Medical Sciences & Base Hospital Delhi Cantt, 110010, India
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Karan S, Choudhury D, Dixit A. Enhanced expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli by co-expression with Vibrio parahaemolyticus CsgG, a pore-forming protein of the curli biogenesis pathway. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1611-1629. [PMID: 33025668 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test whether engineered nanopores on the outer membrane (OM) of Escherichia coli can increase expression of heterologous proteins by making additional nutrients available to the host. METHODS AND RESULTS Outer membrane nanopores were generated by expressing recombinant Vibrio parahaemolyticus CsgG (rVpCsgG), which spontaneously assembles into a pore-forming channel on the OM, allowing spontaneous diffusion of small chemical entities from the exterior. Protein expression was probed using a reporter protein, sfGFP, expressed on a second compatible plasmid. OM pore formation was shown by acquired erythromycin sensitivity in cells transformed with rVpCsgG, influx of propidium iodide as well as by surface localization of recombinant CsgG by immunogold-labeled transmission electron microscopy. Expression of recombinant CsgG showed increased growth and also enhanced expression of sfGFP in minimal medium and is due to both enhanced transcription as well as translation. Similar enhancement of expression was also observed for a number of different proteins of different origin, sizes and nature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly demonstrate that engineered nanopores on the OM of E. coli enhance expression of different heterologous proteins in minimal medium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Vibrio parahaemolyticus CsgG β-nanopore mediated co-expression strategy to improve recombinant protein expression is fully compatible with other methods of protein expression enhancement, and therefore can be a useful tool in biotechnology particularly for whole-cell bio-transformations for production of secondary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - D Choudhury
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - A Dixit
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Figueroa KP, Paul S, Calì T, Lopreiato R, Karan S, Frizzarin M, Ames D, Zanni G, Brini M, Dansithong W, Milash B, Scoles DR, Carafoli E, Pulst SM. Spontaneous shaker rat mutant - a new model for X-linked tremor/ataxia. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:553-62. [PMID: 27013529 PMCID: PMC4892658 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shaker rat is an X-linked recessive spontaneous model of progressive Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration exhibiting a shaking ataxia and wide stance. Generation of Wistar Furth (WF)/Brown Norwegian (BN) F1 hybrids and genetic mapping of F2 sib-sib offspring using polymorphic markers narrowed the candidate gene region to 26 Mbp denoted by the last recombinant genetic marker DXRat21 at 133 Mbp to qter (the end of the long arm). In the WF background, the shaker mutation has complete penetrance, results in a stereotypic phenotype and there is a narrow window for age of disease onset; by contrast, the F2 hybrid phenotype was more varied, with a later age of onset and likely non-penetrance of the mutation. By deep RNA-sequencing, five variants were found in the candidate region; four were novel without known annotation. One of the variants caused an arginine (R) to cysteine (C) change at codon 35 of the ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 3 (Atp2b3) gene encoding PMCA3 that has high expression in the cerebellum. The variant was well supported by hundreds of overlapping reads, and was found in 100% of all affected replicas and 0% of the wild-type (WT) replicas. The mutation segregated with disease in all affected animals and the amino acid change was found in an evolutionarily conserved region of PMCA3. Despite strong genetic evidence for pathogenicity, in vitro analyses of PMCA3R35C function did not show any differences to WT PMCA3. Because Atp2b3 mutation leads to congenital ataxia in humans, the identified Atp2b3 missense change in the shaker rat presents a good candidate for the shaker rat phenotype based on genetic criteria, but cannot yet be considered a definite pathogenic variant owing to lack of functional changes. Summary: The shaker rat mutant: a new model for essential tremors and ataxia characterized by Purkinje cell degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla P Figueroa
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sharan Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sukanya Karan
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Martina Frizzarin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Darren Ames
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Warunee Dansithong
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brett Milash
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel R Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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4
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Karan G, Wang H, Chakrabarti A, Karan S, Liu Z, Xia Z, Gundluru M, Moreton S, Saunthararajah Y, Jackson MW, Agarwal MK, Wald DN. Identification of a Small Molecule That Overcomes HdmX-Mediated Suppression of p53. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:574-582. [PMID: 26883273 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor by mutation or overexpression of negative regulators occurs frequently in cancer. As p53 plays a key role in regulating proliferation or apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging chemotherapies, strategies aimed at reactivating p53 are increasingly being sought. Strategies to reactivate wild-type p53 include the use of small molecules capable of releasing wild-type p53 from key, cellular negative regulators, such as Hdm2 and HdmX. Derivatives of the Hdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 are in clinical trials. However, Nutlin-3 specifically disrupts Hdm2-p53, leaving tumors harboring high levels of HdmX resistant to Nutlin-3 treatment. Here, we identify CTX1, a novel small molecule that overcomes HdmX-mediated p53 repression. CTX1 binds directly to HdmX to prevent p53-HdmX complex formation, resulting in the rapid induction of p53 in a DNA damage-independent manner. Treatment of a panel of cancer cells with CTX1 induced apoptosis or suppressed proliferation and, importantly, CTX1 demonstrates promising activity as a single agent in a mouse model of circulating primary human leukemia. CTX1 is a small molecule HdmX inhibitor that demonstrates promise as a cancer therapeutic candidate. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 574-82. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | | | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mukesh K Agarwal
- Invenio Therapeutics, Lexington, KY.,MirX Pharmaceuticals, Cleveland, OH
| | - David N Wald
- Invenio Therapeutics, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.,MirX Pharmaceuticals, Cleveland, OH
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Boye SL, Peshenko IV, Huang WC, Min SH, McDoom I, Kay CN, Liu X, Dyka FM, Foster TC, Umino Y, Karan S, Jacobson SG, Baehr W, Dizhoor A, Hauswirth WW, Boye SE. AAV-mediated gene therapy in the guanylate cyclase (RetGC1/RetGC2) double knockout mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:189-202. [PMID: 23210611 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GUCY2D are associated with recessive Leber congenital amaurosis-1 (LCA1). GUCY2D encodes photoreceptor-specific, retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1). Reports of retinal degeneration in LCA1 are conflicting; some describe no obvious degeneration and others report loss of both rods and cones. Proof of concept studies in models representing the spectrum of phenotypes is warranted. We have previously demonstrated adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RetGC1 is therapeutic in GC1ko mice, a model exhibiting loss of cones only. The purpose of this study was to characterize AAV-mediated gene therapy in the RetGC1/RetGC2 double knockout (GCdko) mouse, a model lacking rod and cone function and exhibiting progressive loss of both photoreceptor subclasses. Use of this model also allowed for the evaluation of the functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 isozyme. Subretinal delivery of AAV8(Y733F) vector containing the human rhodopsin kinase (hGRK1) promoter driving murine Gucy2e was performed in GCdko mice at various postnatal time points. Treatment resulted in restoration of rod and cone function at all treatment ages and preservation of retinal structure in GCdko mice treated as late as 7 weeks of age. Functional gains and structural preservation were stable for at least 1 year. Treatment also conferred cortical- and subcortical-based visually-guided behavior. Functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 was indistinguishable from that of endogenous isozyme in congenic wild-type (WT) mice. This study clearly demonstrates AAV-mediated RetGC1 expression restores function to and preserves structure of rod and cone photoreceptors in a degenerative model of retinal guanylate cyclase deficiency, further supporting development of an AAV-based vector for treatment of LCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Dey A, Das K, Karan S, De SK. Vibrational spectroscopy and ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide-NaClO4-CuO nanocomposite. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 83:384-391. [PMID: 21945351 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Structure, morphology and thermal properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with sodium perchlorate (NaClO(4)) as electrolytic salt have been investigated by incorporating cupric monoxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Monoclinic CuO affects melting and glass transition temperatures of PEO-NaClO(4). Crystallinity and free ion concentration change with the variation of CuO concentration. The maximum ionic conductivity is observed for 10 wt.% CuO. Ionic conductivity follows Arrhenius type behavior as a function of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Dey
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Karan S, Tam BM, Moritz OL, Baehr W. Targeting of mouse guanylate cyclase 1 (Gucy2e) to Xenopus laevis rod outer segments. Vision Res 2011; 51:2304-11. [PMID: 21945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptor guanylate cyclase (GC1) is a transmembrane protein and responsible for synthesis of cGMP, the secondary messenger of phototransduction. It consists of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. It is unknown how GC1 targets to the outer segments where it resides. To identify a putative GC1 targeting signal, we generated a series of peripheral membrane and transmembrane constructs encoding extracellular and intracellular mouse GC1 fragments fused to EGFP. The constructs were expressed in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors under the control of the rhodopsin promoter. We examined the localization of GFP-GC1 fusion proteins containing the complete GC1 sequence, or partial GC1 sequences, which were membrane-associated via either the GC1 transmembrane domain or the rhodopsin C-terminal palmitoyl chains. Full-length GFP-GC1 targeted to the rod outer segment disk rims. As a group, fusion proteins containing the entire cytoplasmic domain of GC1 targeted to the OS, whereas other fusion proteins containing portions of the cytoplasmic or the extracellular domains did not. We conclude that GC1 likely has no single linear peptide-based OS targeting signal. Our results suggest targeting is due to either multiple weak signals in the cytoplasmic domain of GC1, or co-transport to the OS with an accessory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Karan
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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9
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Peshenko IV, Olshevskaya EV, Savchenko AB, Karan S, Palczewski K, Baehr W, Dizhoor AM. Enzymatic properties and regulation of the native isozymes of retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC) from mouse photoreceptors. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5590-600. [PMID: 21598940 DOI: 10.1021/bi200491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse photoreceptor function and survival critically depend on Ca(2+)-regulated retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC), comprised of two isozymes, RetGC1 and RetGC2. We characterized the content, catalytic constants, and regulation of native RetGC1 and RetGC2 isozymes using mice lacking guanylyl cyclase activating proteins GCAP1 and GCAP2 and deficient for either GUCY2F or GUCY2E genes, respectively. We found that the characteristics of both native RetGC isozymes were considerably different from other reported estimates made for mammalian RetGCs: the content of RetGC1 per mouse rod outer segments (ROS) was at least 3-fold lower, the molar ratio (RetGC2:RetGC1) 6-fold higher, and the catalytic constants of both GCAP-activated isozymes between 12- and 19-fold higher than previously measured in bovine ROS. The native RetGC isozymes had different basal activity and were accelerated 5-28-fold at physiological concentrations of GCAPs. RetGC2 alone was capable of contributing as much as 135-165 μM cGMP s(-1) or almost 23-28% to the maximal cGMP synthesis rate in mouse ROS. At the maximal level of activation by GCAP, this isozyme alone could provide a significantly high rate of cGMP synthesis compared to what is expected for normal recovery of a mouse rod, and this can help explain some of the unresolved paradoxes of rod physiology. GCAP-activated native RetGC1 and RetGC2 were less sensitive to inhibition by Ca(2+) in the presence of GCAP1 (EC(50Ca) ∼132-139 nM) than GCAP2 (EC(50Ca) ∼50-59 nM), thus arguing that Ca(2+) sensor properties of GCAP in a functional RetGC/GCAP complex are defined not by a particular target isozyme but the intrinsic properties of GCAPs themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Peshenko
- Department of Basic Sciences and Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania 19027, USA
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10
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Hamann C, Woltmann R, Hong IP, Hauptmann N, Karan S, Berndt R. Ultrahigh vacuum deposition of organic molecules by electrospray ionization. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:033903. [PMID: 21456759 DOI: 10.1063/1.3553010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An electrospray apparatus for deposition of organic molecules on surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum is presented. The kinetic energy at the impact and mass to charge ratio of deposited ions can be controlled by an electrostatic quadrupole deflector and an in-line quadrupole mass spectrometer. With an ion funnel in the first two vacuum stages a high ion transmission is achieved. Experiments on porphyrin cations and deoxyribonucleic acid deposited on a Au(111) surface demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chr Hamann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Karan S, Frederick JM, Baehr W. Novel functions of photoreceptor guanylate cyclases revealed by targeted deletion. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 334:141-55. [PMID: 20012162 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of membrane guanylate cyclases (GCs) has yielded new information concerning their function. Here, we summarize briefly recent results of laboratory generated non-photoreceptor GC knockouts characterized by complex phenotypes affecting the vasculature, heart, brain, kidney, and other tissues. The main emphasis of the review, however, addresses the two GCs expressed in retinal photoreceptors, termed GC-E and GC-F. Naturally occurring GC-E (GUCY2D) null alleles in human and chicken are associated with an early onset blinding disorder, termed "Leber congenital amaurosis type 1" (LCA-1), characterized by extinguished scotopic and photopic ERGs, and retina degeneration. In mouse, a GC-E null genotype produces a recessive cone dystrophy, while rods remain functional. Rod function is supported by the presence of GC-F (Gucy2f), a close relative of GC-E. Deletion of Gucy2f has very little effect on rod and cone physiology and survival. However, a GC-E/GC-F double knockout (GCdko) phenotypically resembles human LCA-1 with extinguished ERGs and rod/cone degeneration. In GCdko rods, PDE6 and GCAPs are absent in outer segments. In contrast, GC-E(-/-) cones lack proteins of the entire phototransduction cascade. These results suggest that GC-E may participate in transport of peripheral membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the outer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Karan
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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12
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Karan S, Frederick JM, Baehr W. Involvement of guanylate cyclases in transport of photoreceptor peripheral membrane proteins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 613:351-9. [PMID: 18188964 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74904-4_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Karan
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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13
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Jensen JI, Varlese A, Karan S, Voter W, Palmer L, Ward DS. The Effects of Wakefulness State on the Temporal Characteristics of Ventilatory Variables in Man. Integration in Respiratory Control 2008; 605:475-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73693-8_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karan S, Zhang H, Li S, Frederick JM, Baehr W. A model for transport of membrane-associated phototransduction polypeptides in rod and cone photoreceptor inner segments. Vision Res 2007; 48:442-52. [PMID: 17949773 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We discuss putative mechanisms of membrane protein transport in photoreceptors based on Pde6d and Gucy2e/Gucy2f knockout mice. Knockout of the Pde6d gene encoding PrBP/delta, a prenyl binding protein present in the retina at relatively high levels, was shown to impair transport of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) and cone phosphodiesterase alpha' subunit (PDE6alpha') to the rod and cone outer segments. Other prenylated proteins are minimally affected, suggesting some specificity of interaction. Knockout of the Gucy2e gene encoding guanylate cyclase 1 (GC1) disrupted transport of G-protein coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1), cone PDE6alpha', cone transducin alpha and gamma subunits (cTalpha and cTgamma) to the cone outer segments, while a GC1/GC2 double knockout prevented transport of rod PDE6, but not transducin, GRK1, or rhodopsin, to the rod outer segments. These knockout phenotypes suggest that PrBP/delta functions in extracting prenylated proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they dock after prenylation, and that GC-bearing membranes may co-transport peripheral membrane proteins in vesicles. We conclude that distinct pathways have evolved in rods and cones for transport of integral and peripherally membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Karan
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Baehr W, Karan S, Maeda T, Luo DG, Li S, Bronson JD, Watt CB, Yau KW, Frederick JM, Palczewski K. The function of guanylate cyclase 1 and guanylate cyclase 2 in rod and cone photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8837-47. [PMID: 17255100 PMCID: PMC2043484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610369200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal guanylate cyclases 1 and 2 (GC1 and GC2) are responsible for synthesis of cyclic GMP in rods and cones, but their individual contributions to phototransduction are unknown. We report here that the deletion of both GC1 and GC2 rendered rod and cone photoreceptors nonfunctional and unstable. In the rod outer segments of GC double knock-out mice, guanylate cyclase-activating proteins 1 and 2, and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase were undetectable, although rhodopsin and transducin alpha-subunit were mostly unaffected. Outer segment membranes of GC1-/- and GC double knock-out cones were destabilized and devoid of cone transducin (alpha- and gamma-subunits), cone phosphodiesterase, and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, whereas cone pigments were present at reduced levels. Real time reverse transcription-PCR analyses demonstrated normal RNA transcript levels for the down-regulated proteins, indicating that down-regulation is posttranslational. We interpret these results to demonstrate an intrinsic requirement of GCs for stability and/or transport of a set of membrane-associated phototransduction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Abstract
A case of congenital methemoglobinemia presenting at birth is reported. The clinical signs, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of this disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tariq
- Princess Durru Shehwar Children's Hospital, Purani Haveli, Hyderabad
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Kochar D, Kumawat BL, Karan S, Kochar SK, Agarwal RP. Severe and complicated malaria in Bikaner (Rajasthan), western India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28:259-67. [PMID: 9444003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe and complicated malaria is an important cause of mortality in Plasmodium falciparum infection. We describe in this study the details of 532 cases of such syndromes admitted to hospital during an outbreak of malaria between September-December 1994. Increase in the annual rain fall, collection of water around Indra Gandhi Canal, forestation of shrubs around it and migration of labor, adaptation of Anopheles stephensi to desert climate and favorable breeding of An. culicifacies in the areas under impact of irrigation were presumptive causes of the outbreak in this region. Cerebral malaria (25.75%), hepatic involvement (11.47%), spontaneous bleeding (9.58%), hemoglobinuria (7.89%), severe anemia (5.83%), algid malaria (5.26%), ARDS (3%) and renal failure (2.07%) were the important manifestations. The overall mortality was 11.09%, which was high because of infection in the non-immune population of this area. Ignorance about the severity of this disease and lack of transportation facility was another important factor. Morality was highest in ARDS (81.25%) followed by severe anemia (70.97%), algid malaria (46.43%), renal failure (45.45%), jaundice (36.06%) and cerebral malaria (33.57%). Pregnancy was an important determinant increasing the mortality in female patients. Mortality was very high (82.35%) in those persons who presented with more than 3 syndromes together.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kochar
- Department of Medicine, Sardar Patel Medical College, PBM, Bikaner (Raj) India
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Abstract
The importance of taurine in diet is poorly understood. The present evidence suggests that it is a conditionally essential aminoacid in man wherein deficiency states may result in adverse changes which will be improved with supplementation. It has a role in fat absorption in preterm infants and children with cystic fibrosis, retinal dysfunction in patients receiving TPN and those with blind loop gut syndromes. Taurine is also reported to improve maturation of ABER in pre-term infants and has a role in osmoregulation of CNS and may act as neuroinhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karan
- Department of Pediatrics, Niloufer Hospital for Women and Children, Red Hills, Hyderabad
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19
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Karan S. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Indian Pediatr 1988; 25 Suppl:87-93. [PMID: 3268515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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21
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22
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Karan S. Mothers in neonatal nurseries--can they be admitted with their high risk infants. Indian Pediatr 1986; 23:1037-44. [PMID: 3570449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Nair PA, Karan S. Indomethacin for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. Indian J Pediatr 1986; 53:499-503. [PMID: 3804391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Mohan VM, Karan S. Maternal involvement in the care of high risk infants in a sick newborn nursery--a prospective study. Indian Pediatr 1986; 23:121-5. [PMID: 3710566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Neonatal meningitis is characterized by unusual clinical manifestations caused by unusual organisms (with a marked predominance of gram-negative organisms), a poor prognosis due to the failure of antibiotics to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and frequent complications (ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, and brain damage). The literature is reviewed and our personal experience described. The clinical and bacteriological findings, the complications and results of various therapeutic regimes, and the factors affecting prognosis are discussed.
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26
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27
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Mathur BP, Karan S. Non-immune hydrops fetalis due to osteopetrosis congenita. Indian Pediatr 1984; 21:651-3. [PMID: 6519793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Reddy MD, Karan S, Reddy SV, Anjaneyulu C. Glomerular filtration rate in term and preterm infants in the first three weeks of life. Indian Pediatr 1984; 21:267-9. [PMID: 6480073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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30
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31
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Rao SS, Karan S. Neonatal pleural effusion due to chylothorax. Indian J Pediatr 1982; 49:149-50. [PMID: 7106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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Karan S. Editorial comment: the changing concepts of neonatal care in developing countries. Indian J Pediatr 1980; 47:37-9. [PMID: 7216335 DOI: 10.1007/bf02900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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34
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Rao SS, Karan S. Patent ductus arteriosus in low birth weight infants. Indian Pediatr 1979; 16:997-1004. [PMID: 541071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Rao SS, Bopardikar KV, Karan S. Distal femoral epiphysis as an indicator of foetal maturity in low birth weight infants. Indian Pediatr 1979; 16:975-7. [PMID: 541069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Rao DB, Rao SS, Karan S. Persistent foetal circulation syndrome. Indian Pediatr 1979; 16:363-5. [PMID: 511311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Rao SS, Chary R, Karan S. Freeman Sheldon syndrome in a newborn (whistling face)--a case report. Indian Pediatr 1979; 16:291-2. [PMID: 110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Kumar A, Karan S, Waghrey B, Waghrey V. A short case report of sirenomelia associated with the potter's syndrome. Indian Pediatr 1978; 15:1049-50. [PMID: 751943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Karan S, Pathak A, Urmila S, Gowd VC. "The diabetes mellitus syndrome in the newborn". Indian Pediatr 1978; 15:629-34. [PMID: 751949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Karan S, Mukberjee V, Mukberjee L. Assessment of safety of Lomotil in infants. Indian Pediatr 1976; 13:295-300. [PMID: 939595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Karan S, Rao MN, Urmila S, Rajaji S. The incidence, clinical profile, morbidity and mortality of hypothermia in the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1975; 12:1205-10. [PMID: 1228139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Karan S, Pathak A. Systemic bone disease associated with low serum copper levels in preterm low-birth weight twin infants. Indian Pediatr 1975; 12:903-6. [PMID: 1213837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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Karan S, Devi PS, Laxman S. Hypoglycemia in the newborn with special reference to starvation and feeding on blood glucose levels in low birth weight & full sized infants during the first 24 hours of life. Indian Pediatr 1975; 12:469-76. [PMID: 1184145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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44
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Mathur BC, Karan S, Vijaya Devi KK. Congenital malformations in the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1975; 12:179-83. [PMID: 1171821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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45
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Karan S, Pathak A. Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1973; 10:279-86. [PMID: 4760068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
MESH Headings
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnostic imaging
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/pathology
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Intestines/pathology
- Male
- Radiography
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46
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Karan S, Surainder Y, Hymavathi V, Reddy KS. "Assessment of gestational age by neurological examination of the newborn". Indian Pediatr 1972; 9:658-72. [PMID: 4658683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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Chandra H, Rao CS, Karan S, Mathur YC. Evaluation of betamethasone and isoniazid along with chloramphenicol in the management of whooping cough. Indian Pediatr 1972; 9:70-4. [PMID: 5034795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Karan S, Mathur BP, Surainder YA, Seetha T. Incidence and causes of perinatal mortality at the Institute of Child Health-Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad-A.P. Indian Pediatr 1972; 9:99-106. [PMID: 5034799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Krishnamurthy DI, Karan S, Krishnamurthi D, Chandra H. Skeletal muscle changes in kwashiorkor. A clinicopathologic study. Indian Pediatr 1971; 8:814-21. [PMID: 5141874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Surainder YA, Karan S, Rao AD, Marar S. A study of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1971; 8:758-61. [PMID: 5150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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