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Lankford CK, Umino Y, Poria D, Kefalov V, Solessio E, Baker SA. Cone-Driven Retinal Responses Are Shaped by Rod But Not Cone HCN1. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4231-4249. [PMID: 35437278 PMCID: PMC9145265 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2271-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal integration of converging neural circuits is poorly understood. One example is in the retina where the integration of rod and cone signaling is responsible for the large dynamic range of vision. The relative contribution of rods versus cones is dictated by a complex function involving background light intensity and stimulus temporal frequency. One understudied mechanism involved in coordinating rod and cone signaling onto the shared retinal circuit is the hyperpolarization activated current (Ih) mediated by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 1 (HCN1) channels expressed in rods and cones. Ih opposes membrane hyperpolarization driven by activation of the phototransduction cascade and modulates the strength and kinetics of the photoreceptor voltage response. We examined conditional knock-out (KO) of HCN1 from mouse rods using electroretinography (ERG). In the absence of HCN1, rod responses are prolonged in dim light which altered the response to slow modulation of light intensity both at the level of retinal signaling and behavior. Under brighter intensities, cone-driven signaling was suppressed. To our surprise, conditional KO of HCN1 from mouse cones had no effect on cone-mediated signaling. We propose that Ih is dispensable in cones because of the high level of temporal control of cone phototransduction. Thus, HCN1 is required for cone-driven retinal signaling only indirectly by modulating the voltage response of rods to limit their output.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperpolarization gated hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 1 (HCN1) channels carry a feedback current that helps to reset light-activated photoreceptors. Using conditional HCN1 knock-out (KO) mice we show that ablating HCN1 from rods allows rods to signal in bright light when they are normally shut down. Instead of enhancing vision this results in suppressing cone signaling. Conversely, ablating HCN1 from cones was of no consequence. This work provides novel insights into the integration of rod and cone signaling in the retina and challenges our assumptions about the role of HCN1 in cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colten K Lankford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Deepak Poria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Vladimir Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Eduardo Solessio
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Denda M, Umino Y, Nakata S, Kumazwa N. 196 Relationship between the physicochemical effect of compounds on phospholipid membranes and their influence on epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jin N, Zhang Z, Keung J, Youn SB, Ishibashi M, Tian LM, Marshak DW, Solessio E, Umino Y, Fahrenfort I, Kiyama T, Mao CA, You Y, Wei H, Wu J, Postma F, Paul DL, Massey SC, Ribelayga CP. Molecular and functional architecture of the mouse photoreceptor network. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba7232. [PMID: 32832605 PMCID: PMC7439306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mouse photoreceptors are electrically coupled via gap junctions, but the relative importance of rod/rod, cone/cone, or rod/cone coupling is unknown. Furthermore, while connexin36 (Cx36) is expressed by cones, the identity of the rod connexin has been controversial. We report that FACS-sorted rods and cones both express Cx36 but no other connexins. We created rod- and cone-specific Cx36 knockout mice to dissect the photoreceptor network. In the wild type, Cx36 plaques at rod/cone contacts accounted for more than 95% of photoreceptor labeling and paired recordings showed the transjunctional conductance between rods and cones was ~300 pS. When Cx36 was eliminated on one side of the gap junction, in either conditional knockout, Cx36 labeling and rod/cone coupling were almost abolished. We could not detect direct rod/rod coupling, and cone/cone coupling was minor. Rod/cone coupling is so prevalent that indirect rod/cone/rod coupling via the network may account for previous reports of rod coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nange Jin
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joyce Keung
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean B. Youn
- Summer Research Program, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Undergraduate Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Munenori Ishibashi
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lian-Ming Tian
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W. Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Solessio
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Iris Fahrenfort
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanan You
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Friso Postma
- Department of Neurobiology, Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L. Paul
- Department of Neurobiology, Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen C. Massey
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Summer Research Program, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Elizabeth Morford Distinguished Chair in Ophthalmology and Research Director, Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christophe P. Ribelayga
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Summer Research Program, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Bernice Weingarten Chair in Ophthalmology, Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Umino Y, Ipponjima S, Denda M. 626 Effects of polyols on lipid in an epidermal-equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ipponjima S, Umino Y, Nagayama M, Denda M. 628 Live imaging of granular cells during cornification in the epidermal equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bushnell M, Umino Y, Solessio E. A system to measure the pupil response to steady lights in freely behaving mice. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:74-85. [PMID: 27494989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic mice are widely used for the study of basic visual function and retinal disease, including in psychophysical tests. Mice have a robust pupillary light reflex that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, and the attenuating effects of the pupil must be considered during such tests. Measurement of the size of pupils at various luminance levels requires that mice remain stable over prolonged periods of time; however, sedation of mice with anesthesia and/or manual restraint can influence the size of their pupils. NEW METHOD We present a system to measure the pupillary light response to steady lights of freely behaving mice using a custom-built, portable device that automatically acquires close-up images of their eyes. The device takes advantage of the intrinsic nature of mice to inspect objects of interest and can be used to measure pupillary responses in optomotor or operant behavior testing chambers. RESULTS The size of the pupils in freely behaving mice decreased gradually with luminance from a maximal area in the dark of 3.8mm2 down to a minimum 0.14mm2 at 80 scotopic cd/m2. The data was well fit with a Hill equation with Lo equal to 0.21cd/m2 and coefficient h=0.48. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS These values agree with prior measurements of the pupillary response of unrestrained mice that use more laborious and time consuming approaches. CONCLUSIONS Our new method facilitates practical, straightforward and accurate measurements of pupillary responses made under the same experimental conditions as those used during psychophysical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bushnell
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Eduardo Solessio
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Boye SL, Peshenko IV, Huang WC, Min SH, McDoom I, Kay CN, Liu X, Dyka FM, Foster TC, Umino Y, Karan S, Jacobson SG, Baehr W, Dizhoor A, Hauswirth WW, Boye SE. AAV-mediated gene therapy in the guanylate cyclase (RetGC1/RetGC2) double knockout mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:189-202. [PMID: 23210611 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GUCY2D are associated with recessive Leber congenital amaurosis-1 (LCA1). GUCY2D encodes photoreceptor-specific, retinal guanylate cyclase-1 (RetGC1). Reports of retinal degeneration in LCA1 are conflicting; some describe no obvious degeneration and others report loss of both rods and cones. Proof of concept studies in models representing the spectrum of phenotypes is warranted. We have previously demonstrated adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated RetGC1 is therapeutic in GC1ko mice, a model exhibiting loss of cones only. The purpose of this study was to characterize AAV-mediated gene therapy in the RetGC1/RetGC2 double knockout (GCdko) mouse, a model lacking rod and cone function and exhibiting progressive loss of both photoreceptor subclasses. Use of this model also allowed for the evaluation of the functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 isozyme. Subretinal delivery of AAV8(Y733F) vector containing the human rhodopsin kinase (hGRK1) promoter driving murine Gucy2e was performed in GCdko mice at various postnatal time points. Treatment resulted in restoration of rod and cone function at all treatment ages and preservation of retinal structure in GCdko mice treated as late as 7 weeks of age. Functional gains and structural preservation were stable for at least 1 year. Treatment also conferred cortical- and subcortical-based visually-guided behavior. Functional efficiency of transgenic RetGC1 was indistinguishable from that of endogenous isozyme in congenic wild-type (WT) mice. This study clearly demonstrates AAV-mediated RetGC1 expression restores function to and preserves structure of rod and cone photoreceptors in a degenerative model of retinal guanylate cyclase deficiency, further supporting development of an AAV-based vector for treatment of LCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Wu F, Li R, Umino Y, Kaczynski TJ, Sapkota D, Li S, Xiang M, Fliesler SJ, Sherry DM, Gannon M, Solessio E, Mu X. Onecut1 is essential for horizontal cell genesis and retinal integrity. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13053-65, 13065a. [PMID: 23926259 PMCID: PMC3735885 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0116-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal cells are interneurons that synapse with photoreceptors in the outer retina. Their genesis during development is subject to regulation by transcription factors in a hierarchical manner. Previously, we showed that Onecut 1 (Oc1), an atypical homeodomain transcription factor, is expressed in developing horizontal cells (HCs) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the mouse retina. Herein, by knocking out Oc1 specifically in the developing retina, we show that the majority (∼80%) of HCs fail to form during early retinal development, implying that Oc1 is essential for HC genesis. However, no other retinal cell types, including RGCs, were affected in the Oc1 knock-out. Analysis of the genetic relationship between Oc1 and other transcription factor genes required for HC development revealed that Oc1 functions downstream of FoxN4, in parallel with Ptf1a, but upstream of Lim1 and Prox1. By in utero electroporation, we found that Oc1 and Ptf1a together are not only essential, but also sufficient for determination of HC fate. In addition, the synaptic connections in the outer plexiform layer are defective in Oc1-null mice, and photoreceptors undergo age-dependent degeneration, indicating that HCs are not only an integral part of the retinal circuitry, but also are essential for the survival of photoreceptors. In sum, these results demonstrate that Oc1 is a critical determinant of HC fate, and reveal that HCs are essential for photoreceptor viability, retinal integrity, and normal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Renzhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Yumiko Umino
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Tadeusz J. Kaczynski
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Darshan Sapkota
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Shengguo Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Steven J. Fliesler
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York 14215
| | - David M. Sherry
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma Center for Neurosciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Eduardo Solessio
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
- Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Xiuqian Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Ross Eye Institute and
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203
- CCSG Genetics Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes reduces retinal and visual sensitivity to dim light flashes. However, the impact of diabetes on contrast sensitivity in dim light is unknown. Based on the lowered visual sensitivity previously observed, we hypothesized that contrast sensitivity would similarly be reduced. We therefore examined scotopic contrast sensitivity of the optomotor response in the Ins2(Akita/+) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS A longitudinal study of spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity in Ins2(Akita/+) mice and wild-type Ins2(+/+) littermates was conducted. Contrast sensitivity of the optomotor response to rotating gratings of various spatial and temporal frequencies was measured at a dim luminance level (2.6 · 10(-5) cd/m2) known to elicit rod- but not cone-driven responses. RESULTS An early, progressive loss in scotopic contrast sensitivity was observed in Ins2(Akita/+) mice that was absent from Ins2(+/+) littermate controls. The loss in contrast sensitivity developed over a 3- to 4-month period after the onset of hyperglycemia. Ins2(Akita/+) mice exhibited a nonselective 40% loss in sensitivity to all spatial frequencies and a selective loss in sensitivity to fast but not to slow varying gratings (temporal frequencies > 0.1 Hz or, equivalently, speeds > 3 deg/s). Such losses in sensitivity were prevented by glycemic control with insulin treatment. CONCLUSIONS An association between a model of type 1 diabetes and scotopic contrast sensitivity of the optomotor response is indicated. Ins2(Akita/+) mice exhibit a uniform loss in optomotor contrast sensitivity to all spatial frequencies that, unexpectedly, can be explained as being secondary to a retinal or central loss in sensitivity to high temporal frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Umino Y, Cuenca N, Everhart D, Fernandez-Sanchez L, Barlow RB, Solessio E. Partial rescue of retinal function in chronically hypoglycemic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:915-23. [PMID: 22232430 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice rendered hypoglycemic by a null mutation in the glucagon receptor gene Gcgr display late-onset retinal degeneration and loss of retinal sensitivity. Acute hyperglycemia induced by dextrose ingestion does not restore their retinal function, which is consistent with irreversible loss of vision. The goal of this study was to establish whether long-term administration of high dietary glucose rescues retinal function and circuit connectivity in aged Gcgr-/- mice. METHODS Gcgr-/- mice were administered a carbohydrate-rich diet starting at 12 months of age. After 1 month of treatment, retinal function and structure were evaluated using electroretinographic (ERG) recordings and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with a carbohydrate-rich diet raised blood glucose levels and improved retinal function in Gcgr-/- mice. Blood glucose increased from moderate hypoglycemia to euglycemic levels, whereas ERG b-wave sensitivity improved approximately 10-fold. Because the b-wave reflects the electrical activity of second-order cells, we examined for changes in rod-to-bipolar cell synapses. Gcgr-/- retinas have 20% fewer synaptic pairings than Gcgr+/- retinas. Remarkably, most of the lost synapses were located farthest from the bipolar cell body, near the distal boundary of the outer plexiform layer (OPL), suggesting that apical synapses are most vulnerable to chronic hypoglycemia. Although treatment with the carbohydrate-rich diet restored retinal function, it did not restore these synaptic contacts. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exposure to diet-induced euglycemia improves retinal function but does not reestablish synaptic contacts lost by chronic hypoglycemia. These results suggest that retinal neurons have a homeostatic mechanism that integrates energetic status over prolonged periods of time and allows them to recover functionality despite synaptic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Boye SE, Boye SL, Pang J, Ryals R, Everhart D, Umino Y, Neeley AW, Besharse J, Barlow R, Hauswirth WW. Functional and behavioral restoration of vision by gene therapy in the guanylate cyclase-1 (GC1) knockout mouse. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11306. [PMID: 20593011 PMCID: PMC2892468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recessive mutations in guanylate cyclase-1 (Gucy2d) are associated with severe, early onset Leber congenital amaurosis-1(LCA1). Gucy2d encodes guanylate cyclase (GC1) is expressed in photoreceptor outer segment membranes and produces cGMP in these cells. LCA1 patients present in infancy with severely impaired vision and extinguished electroretinogram (ERG) but retain some photoreceptors in both their macular and peripheral retina for years. Like LCA1 patients, loss of cone function in the GC1 knockout (GC1KO) mouse precedes cone degeneration. The purpose of this study was to test whether delivery of functional GC1 to cone cells of the postnatal GC1KO mouse could restore function to these cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Serotype 5 AAV vectors containing either a photoreceptor-specific, rhodopsin kinase (hGRK1) or ubiquitous (smCBA) promoter driving expression of wild type murine GC1 were subretinally delivered to one eye of P14 GC1KO mice. Visual function (ERG) was analyzed in treated and untreated eyes until 3 months post injection. AAV-treated, isogenic wild type and uninjected control mice were evaluated for restoration of visual behavior using optomotor testing. At 3 months post injection, all animals were sacrificed, and their treated and untreated retinas assayed for expression of GC1 and localization of cone arrestin. Cone-mediated function was restored to treated eyes of GC1KO mice (ERG amplitudes were ∼45% of normal). Treatment effect was stable for at least 3 months. Robust improvements in cone-mediated visual behavior were also observed, with responses of treated mice being similar or identical to that of wild type mice. AAV-vectored GC1 expression was found in photoreceptors and cone cells were preserved in treated retinas. Conclusions/Significance This is the first demonstration of gene-based restoration of both visual function/vision-elicited behavior and cone preservation in a mammalian model of GC1 deficiency. Importantly, results were obtained using a well characterized, clinically relevant AAV vector. These results lay the ground work for the development of an AAV-based gene therapy vector for the treatment of LCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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Pang J, Boye SE, Lei B, Boye SL, Everhart D, Ryals R, Umino Y, Rohrer B, Alexander J, Li J, Dai X, Li Q, Chang B, Barlow R, Hauswirth WW. Self-complementary AAV-mediated gene therapy restores cone function and prevents cone degeneration in two models of Rpe65 deficiency. Gene Ther 2010; 17:815-26. [PMID: 20237510 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To test whether fast-acting, self-complimentary (sc), adeno-associated virus-mediated RPE65 expression prevents cone degeneration and/or restores cone function, we studied two mouse lines: the Rpe65-deficient rd12 mouse and the Rpe65-deficient, rhodopsin null ('that is, cone function-only') Rpe65(-/-)::Rho(-/-) mouse. scAAV5 expressing RPE65 was injected subretinally into one eye of rd12 and Rpe65(-/-)::Rho(-/-) mice at postnatal day 14 (P14). Contralateral rd12 eyes were injected later, at P35. Rd12 behavioral testing revealed that rod vision loss was prevented with either P14 or P35 treatment, whereas cone vision was only detected after P14 treatment. Consistent with this observation, P35 treatment only restored rod electroretinogram (ERG) signals, a result likely due to reduced cone densities at this time point. For Rpe65(-/-)::Rho(-/-) mice in which there is no confounding rod contribution to the ERG signal, cone cells and cone-mediated ERGs were also maintained with treatment at P14. This work establishes that a self-complimentary AAV5 vector can restore substantial visual function in two genetically distinct models of Rpe65 deficiency within 4 days of treatment. In addition, this therapy prevents cone degeneration but only if administered before extensive cone degeneration, thus supporting continuation of current Leber's congenital amaurosis-2 clinical trials with an added emphasis on cone subtype analysis and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Tamalu F, Umino Y, Sun Y, Solessio E, Watanabe SI, Barlow R. Response of retinal rod bipolar cells in chronically hypoglycemic mice. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Ding XQ, Harry CS, Umino Y, Matveev AV, Fliesler SJ, Barlow RB. Impaired cone function and cone degeneration resulting from CNGB3 deficiency: down-regulation of CNGA3 biosynthesis as a potential mechanism. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4770-80. [PMID: 19767295 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cone cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel is essential for central and color vision and visual acuity. This channel is composed of two structurally related subunits, CNGA3 and CNGB3; CNGA3 is the ion-conducting subunit, whereas CNGB3 is a modulatory subunit. Mutations in both subunits are associated with achromatopsia and progressive cone dystrophy, with mutations in CNGB3 alone accounting for 50% of all known cases of achromatopsia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cone diseases that result from CNGB3 deficiency are unknown. This study investigated the role of CNGB3 in cones, using CNGB3(-/-) mice. Cone dysfunction was apparent at the earliest time point examined (post-natal day 30) in CNGB3(-/-) mice. When compared with wild-type (WT) controls: photopic electroretingraphic (ERG) responses were decreased by approximately 75%, whereas scotopic ERG responses were unchanged; visual acuity was decreased by approximately 20%, whereas contrast sensitivity was unchanged; cone density was reduced by approximately 40%; photoreceptor apoptosis was detected; and outer segment disorganization was observed in some cones. Notably, CNGA3 protein and mRNA levels were significantly decreased in CNGB3(-/-) mice; in contrast, mRNA levels of S-opsin, Gnat2 and Pde6c were unchanged, relative to WT mice. Hence, we show that loss of CNGB3 reduces biosynthesis of CNGA3 and impairs cone CNG channel function. We suggest that down-regulation of CNGA3 contributes to the pathogenic mechanism by which CNGB3 mutations lead to human cone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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15
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Solessio E, Umino Y, Cameron DA, Loew E, Engbretson GA, Knox BE, Barlow RB. Light responses in rods of vitamin A-deprived Xenopus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:4477-86. [PMID: 19407019 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulation of free opsin by mutations in rhodopsin or insufficiencies in the visual cycle can lead to retinal degeneration. Free opsin activates phototransduction; however, the link between constitutive activation and retinal degeneration is unclear. In this study, the photoresponses of Xenopus rods rendered constitutively active by vitamin A deprivation were examined. Unlike their mammalian counterparts, Xenopus rods do not degenerate. Contrasting phototransduction in vitamin A-deprived Xenopus rods with phototransduction in constitutively active mammalian rods may provide new understanding of the mechanisms that lead to retinal degeneration. METHODS The photocurrents of Xenopus tadpole rods were measured with suction electrode recordings, and guanylate cyclase activity was measured with the IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) jump technique. The amount of rhodopsin in rods was determined by microspectrophotometry. RESULTS The vitamin A-deprived rod outer segments were 60% to 70% the length and diameter of the rods in age-matched animals. Approximately 90% of its opsin content was in the free or unbound form. Analogous to bleaching adaptation, the photoresponses were desensitized (10- to 20-fold) and faster. Unlike bleaching adaptation, the vitamin A-deprived rods maintained near normal saturating (dark) current densities by developing abnormally high rates of cGMP synthesis. Their rate of cGMP synthesis in the dark (15 seconds(-1)) was twofold greater than the maximum levels attainable by control rods ( approximately 7 seconds(-1)). CONCLUSIONS Preserving circulating current density and response range appears to be an important goal for rod homeostasis. However, the compensatory changes associated with vitamin A deprivation in Xenopus rods come at the high metabolic cost of a 15-fold increase in basal ATP consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Solessio
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Center for Vision Research, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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16
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Kim KH, Puoris'haag M, Maguluri GN, Umino Y, Cusato K, Barlow RB, de Boer JF. Monitoring mouse retinal degeneration with high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. J Vis 2008; 8:17.1-11. [PMID: 18318620 DOI: 10.1167/8.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of retinal degeneration in a mouse model was studied in vivo with high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Imaging in 3D with high depth resolution (<3 mum), SD-OCT resolved all the major layers of the retina of control C57BL/6J mice. Images of transgenic mice having a null mutation of the rhodopsin gene revealed the anatomical consequences of retinal degeneration: thinning of the outer retina, including the outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and inner and outer segments (IS/OS). We monitored the progression of retinal degeneration in rd1 mice (C3H/HeJ) by periodically imaging the same mice from the time the pups opened their eyes on P13 to P34. SD-OCT images showed that the outer retina (OPL, ONL, IS/OS) had already thinned by 73% (100 to 27 mum) at eye opening. The retina continued to degenerate, and by P20 the outer retina was not resolvable. The thickness of entire retina decreased from 228 mum (control) to 152 mum on P13 and to 98 mum by P34, a 57% reduction with the complete loss in the outer retina. In summary, we show that SD-OCT can monitor the progression of retinal degeneration in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hean Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Everhart D, Stachowiak A, Umino Y, Barlow R. Loss of Visual and Retinal Function in Light-stressed Mice. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2008; 613:157-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74904-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Alexander JJ, Umino Y, Everhart D, Chang B, Min SH, Li Q, Timmers AM, Hawes NL, Pang JJ, Barlow RB, Hauswirth WW. Restoration of cone vision in a mouse model of achromatopsia. Nat Med 2007; 13:685-7. [PMID: 17515894 PMCID: PMC3985124 DOI: 10.1038/nm1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cone function in the central retina is a pivotal event in the development of severe vision impairment for many prevalent blinding diseases. Complete achromatopsia is a genetic defect resulting in cone vision loss in 1 in 30,000 individuals. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, we show that it is possible to target cones and rescue both the cone-mediated electroretinogram response and visual acuity in the Gnat2 ( cpfl3 ) mouse model of achromatopsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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20
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Umino Y, Everhart D, Solessio E, Cusato K, Pan JC, Nguyen TH, Brown ET, Hafler R, Frio BA, Knox BE, Engbretson GA, Haeri M, Cui L, Glenn AS, Charron MJ, Barlow RB. Hypoglycemia leads to age-related loss of vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19541-5. [PMID: 17159157 PMCID: PMC1697832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604478104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is among the most metabolically active tissues in the body, requiring a constant supply of blood glucose to sustain function. We assessed the impact of low blood glucose on the vision of C57BL/6J mice rendered hypoglycemic by a null mutation of the glucagon receptor gene, Gcgr. Metabolic stress from moderate hypoglycemia led to late-onset loss of retinal function in Gcgr(-/-) mice, loss of visual acuity, and eventual death of retinal cells. Retinal function measured by the electroretinogram b-wave threshold declined >100-fold from age 9 to 13 months, whereas decreases in photoreceptor function measured by the ERG a-wave were delayed by 3 months. At 10 months of age Gcgr(-/-) mice began to lose visual acuity and exhibit changes in retinal anatomy, including an increase in cell death that was initially more pronounced in the inner retina. Decreases in retinal function and visual acuity correlated directly with the degree of hypoglycemia. This work demonstrates a metabolic-stress-induced loss of vision in mammals, which has not been described previously. Linkage between low blood glucose and loss of vision in mice may highlight the importance for glycemic control in diabetics and retinal diseases related to metabolic stress as macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Umino
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - D. Everhart
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - E. Solessio
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - K. Cusato
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - J. C. Pan
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - T. H. Nguyen
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - E. T. Brown
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - R. Hafler
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - B. A. Frio
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - B. E. Knox
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - G. A. Engbretson
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - M. Haeri
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - L. Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - A. S. Glenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - M. J. Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and
| | - R. B. Barlow
- *Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, 3258 Weiskotten Hall, 750 East Adams Street, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210. E-mail:
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Brown ET, Umino Y, Loi T, Solessio E, Barlow R. Anesthesia can cause sustained hyperglycemia in C57/BL6J mice. Vis Neurosci 2005; 22:615-8. [PMID: 16332272 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523805225105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Effects of anesthesia on the blood glucose of C57/BL6J mice were evaluated under conditions commonly used for testing retinal sensitivity with electroretinographic (ERG) recordings. We evaluated the effects of four anesthetics: nembutal (50 mg/kg), pentothal (100 mg/kg), avertin (240 mg/kg), and ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/kg) using saline as control. We measured blood glucose (BG) levels from tail vein blood before and 15 and 60 min following intraperitoneal injections. Fifteen minutes postinjection, all four anesthetics and saline elevated BG with ketamine/xylazine and avertin having substantially greater effects than nembutal, pentothal, and saline. Only the effects of ketamine/xylazine and avertin persisted throughout the test period. Sixty minutes after injecting ketamine/xylazine BG remained elevated at 400 +/- 42 mg/dl, a 167% increase over preinjection levels. Sixty minutes after injecting avertin BG was 288 +/- 10 mg/dl, a 59% increase over preinjection levels. No sustained elevation in BG was detected 60 min following injection of nembutal, pentothal, or saline. Because BG can affect the amplitude of the ERG, caution should be exercised in the use of ketamine/xylazine or avertin. The choice of anesthesia may also be important in diabetes and metabolism research where changes in blood glucose could impact physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Brown
- Center for Vision Research, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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22
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Uemura H, Yasui T, Umino Y, Yamada M, Kuwahara A, Matsuzaki T, Maegawa M, Irahara M. Regulatory factors on parathyroid hormone-related peptide production by primary culture of lactating rat mammary gland. Horm Metab Res 2005; 37:463-7. [PMID: 16138257 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a major cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, but has also been widely found in fetal and adult non-neoplastic tissues. Lactating mammary gland has been shown to produce large amounts of PTHrP, and high levels of PTHrP have been measured in milk. We have examined the influences of several substances on the secretion of two different forms of PTHrP by primary cultures of mammary cells isolated from lactating rats to examine the regulatory mechanisms of PTHrP production by mammary cells. Primary cultures of mammary cells seeded at a density of 10(5) cells per 35 mm culture dish were grown on collagen gels. First, after cells were left 24 hours for attachment and incubated in 2 % FCS containing medium with for 12 hours, PTHrP (1 - 87) secretions were measured in conditioned medium with hormone supplementation for 1, 24 and 48 hours. Progesterone (10(-7) - 10(-5) mol/l) significantly suppressed PTHrP (1 - 87) secretion in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01), while 17beta-estradiol had no influence on PTHrP (1 - 87) secretion. Prolactin, a known stimulator of PTHrP expression in vivo, had no effect in this in vitro model. Second, PTHrP (1 - 34) secretion levels from confluent lactating mammary cells for 24 hours were evaluated. The same results were obtained in the case of PTHrP (1 - 87) secretion from non-confluent cells. Furthermore, dexamethasone (10(-6) mol/l) significantly suppressed PTHrP (1 - 34) secretion (p < 0.01). These results suggest that PTHrP production from the lactating mammary gland is suppressed by progesterone as well as dexamethasone. Progesterone dramatically falls after delivery, thus possibly accelerating PTHrP production by lactating mammary glands and resulting in considerable amounts of PTHrP secreted into the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan.
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23
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Kanbe M, Shibata S, Umino Y, Jenal U, Aizawa SI. Protease susceptibility of the Caulobacter crescentus flagellar hook–basal body: a possible mechanism of flagellar ejection during cell differentiation. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:433-438. [PMID: 15699192 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When motile swarmer cells of Caulobacter crescentus differentiate into sessile stalked cells, the flagellum is ejected. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the flagellar ejection, flagellar hook–basal body (HBB) complexes from C. crescentus were purified and characterized. The purified HBBs were less stable against acidic pH or protease treatment than HBBs of Salmonella typhimurium, supporting the view that flagellar ejection from C. crescentus is initiated by destruction of the fragile basal structures. In addition, protease treatment of the purified flagella resulted in the specific digestion of the MS ring complex, revealing for the first time the intact structure of the whole rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanbe
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1064-18 Takahori, Hirata, Takanezawa, Shioya-gun, Tochigi 329-1206, Japan
| | - S Shibata
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1064-18 Takahori, Hirata, Takanezawa, Shioya-gun, Tochigi 329-1206, Japan
| | - Y Umino
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1064-18 Takahori, Hirata, Takanezawa, Shioya-gun, Tochigi 329-1206, Japan
| | - U Jenal
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S-I Aizawa
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 1064-18 Takahori, Hirata, Takanezawa, Shioya-gun, Tochigi 329-1206, Japan
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Abstract
Morphological and functional organization of ON and OFF pathways in the adult newt retina were examined by intracellular recording and staining techniques and immunohistochemistry. Synaptotagmin immunoreactivity discriminated three broad bands within the IPL: the distal band (sublamina I), the middle band (sublamina II) consisting of two dense punctate bands (sublaminae II(a) and II(b)), and proximal band (sublamina III). The Lucifer-yellow labeled OFF amacrine and ganglion cells send their processes mainly in sublamina I and/or II(a) where OFF bipolar cells extend their axon terminals, while ON amacrine and ganglion cells send their processes in sublamina III and/or II(b) where ON bipolar cells extend their axon terminals. Processes of ON-OFF amacrine and ganglion cells ramify broadly in the whole thickness of the IPL. Many bipolar cells responded to light spot with a transient hyperpolarization at both light onset and offset. They are probably subtypes of ON bipolar cells, because their axon terminals branch mainly in sublaminae III and/or II(b), although a few cells ramified the axon at both sublaminae II(a) and III. Two immunohistochemical markers for bipolar cells, PKC and RB-1, identified axon terminals in sublaminae III and/or II(b). From the ramification pattern of axon terminal, they are probably subtypes of ON bipolar cells. ChAT-ir amacrine cells ramified their dendrites in either sublamina I or II(b). Altogether, present studies support the general idea of segregation of ON and OFF pathways in sublaminae a and b of the IPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Umino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
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Umino Y, Saito T. Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of the gap junctional protein connexin43 during retinal regeneration of adult newt. J Comp Neurol 2002; 454:255-62. [PMID: 12442316 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Newts possess the ability to regenerate a functional retina after complete removal of the original retina. We performed immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses of newt retinas at different stages of regeneration by using an antibody against a gap junction channel protein, connexin43 (Cx43). The specificity of the antibody was shown on immunoblots as well as immunohistochemical staining pattern in the normal retina. Punctate Cx43 immunolabeling was detected intensely between proliferating cell nuclear antigen-immunoreactive progenitor cells in the regenerating retinas, and the amount of this labeling tended to be prominent along both scleral and vitreal sides. The amount of Cx43 became less abundant as regeneration proceeded. This temporal loss of Cx43 during regeneration was also shown on the immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, the loss of Cx43 was observed in a spatial manner in the peripheral retina, where progenitor cells clustered at the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) are adding new cells of all types in order toward the central retina. Immunolabeling often extended longitudinally throughout the retina when regenerating retinas became thick. Double immunolabeling with Cx43 and glial fibrillary acidic protein indicated the overlapping between the Cx43 and Müller cell processes. At the beginning of the synaptic formation, immunolabeling almost disappeared in the entire retina. However, in the completely regenerated retina, Cx43 reappeared in the distal end of Müller cells and pigment epithelial cells in the same pattern as in the normal retina. The above observations lead us to speculate that Cx43-mediated gap junctions may play an important role in regenerating events. Possible roles of Cx43 during regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Umino
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Tsuji S, Umino Y, Amakura Y, Nakamura Y, Tonogai Y. [Estimated production by the official inspection of tar colors (including aluminum lakes) in fiscal year 2000]. Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku 2002:70-3. [PMID: 11915289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
There were 176 official inspections of tar colors and their lakes in fiscal year 2000, and 175 samples were qualified. The quantity of tar colors that passed inspection in Japan in fiscal year 2000 reached 137.5 tons. Tar color production is estimated by month and by manufacturer. The food tar color produced in the largest quantity was Food Yellow No. 4, accounting for 43.4% during this period.
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Tsuji S, Umino Y, Nakamura Y, Tonogai Y. [Studies on rejected food yellow no. 5 (sunset yellow FCF) aluminum lake]. Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku 2002:74-7. [PMID: 11915290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
One out of two sunset yellow FCF aluminum lakes (Y-5Als) did not comply with the specifications in JSFA-VII in the official inspection of tar colors in fiscal year 2000. A sub-spot was detected in the paper chromatography test. This rejected sample was analyzed by HPLC for the subsidiary color, raw materials and intermEdiates in Y-5. The sub-spot was identified as sulfanilic acid azo R salt color, and its content was estimated at 4.5% as the content of Y-5 in Y-5Al being 100.0%.
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Tsuji S, Umino Y, Amakura Y, Tonogai Y. [Preparation of HPLC test solutions for organic impurities in aluminum lakes of food red no. 40 (allura red AC) and food yellow no. 5 (sunset yellow FCF)]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2001; 42:379-84. [PMID: 11875823 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.42.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The HPLC determination of organic impurities in Food Red No. 40 aluminum lakes (R-40Als) as directed by Japan's Specifications and Standards for Food Additives, 7th Ed. (JSFA-VII), has problems, such as reproducibility and low recovery. ICP analyses suggested that the problem was caused by the aluminum in the test solution. In the improved method for preparation of the test solution, aluminum was precipitated as a hydroxide gel by boiling with 1% aqueous ammonia. After centrifugation, the supernatant was used for the HPLC analysis of the organic impurities in the lakes. Recoveries of organic impurities were more than 85% from R-40Al spiked at the 0.1 and 1.0% levels of R-40. The proposed method was also adapted for Food Yellow No. 5 aluminum lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuji
- Osaka Branch, National Institute of Health Sciences: 1-1-43, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
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Tsuji S, Amakura Y, Umino Y, Nishi M, Nakanishi T, Tonogai Y. Structural determination of the subsidiary colors in food blue No. 1 (brilliant blue FCF) aluminum lake detected by paper chromatography. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2001; 42:243-8. [PMID: 11817139 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.42.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of eight Food Blue No. 1 aluminum lakes (B-1Als) used in the official inspection of coal-tar colors in fiscal year 1999 had a violet sub-spot during paper chromatography and was rejected. To clarify the orgin of the sub-spot, the violet subsidiary color (Sub-V) was isolated from the sample. On the basis of NMR and MS analyses and ion chromatography, the structure of the subsidiary color was elucidated to be 2-[[4-[N-ethyl-N-(3- sulfophenylmethyl)amino]phenyl][4-hydroxyphenyl]methylio]benzenesulfonic acid. The relative content of Sub-V to that of m,m-B-1 in the rejected sample was determined to be 39.5% by HPLC. The relative contents in other submitted samples of B-1Al were in the range of 1.1-3.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuji
- Osaka Branch, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS): 1-1-43, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
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Abstract
Fungizone added to agar overlay medium inhibited plaque formation in both size and number by rubella virus in rabbit kidney 13 cells. In the presence of 1 microg/ml of Fungizone, the diameter of the plaques was reduced to one half of that in the absence of the drug, and at 5 microg/ml, plaque formation was inhibited by 80%. When the drug was added to the culture medium, the growth of infectious virus was also inhibited with reduction in the synthesis of envelope glycoprotein E1 and capsid protein C in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Viral Diseases and Vaccine Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, 208-0011, Tokyo,
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Amakura Y, Umino Y, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Influence of jam processing on the radical scavenging activity and phenolic content in berries. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:6292-6297. [PMID: 11312801 DOI: 10.1021/jf000849z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Six selected phenolic aglycons (caffeic and ellagic acids, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and morin) in nine types of berries, and their changes as influenced by jam processing, have been evaluated using optimized HPLC with diode-array detection. The berry samples, fresh and after jam processing, were analyzed, and the total amounts of selected phenolics as aglycons were identified and determined by acid hydrolysis. Their contents in fresh and jam samples did not indicate appreciable changes; therefore, the influence of jam processing on these selected phenolics in berries was suggested to be small, and was mostly present in berries as several conjugated forms that were glycosylated, esterified, etc., in the samples. The total phenolic content of each sample was also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The three samples of each berry, namely fresh, jam, and acid hydrolysate of the berry, had similar total phenolic contents. On the other hand, the scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was measured, and acid hydrolysates showed stronger activity than that of the fresh and jam-processed samples for all of the berry types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Amakura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Osaka Branch, 1-1-43, Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan.
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32
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Umino Y, Hohjoh H, Tokunaga K. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions 497 (T/G) and 829 (T/C) in the human c-FOS gene and haplotype association Communicated by: Mark H. Paalman Online Citation: Human Mutation, Mutation and Polymorphism Report #156 (2000) Online http://journals.wiley.com/1059-7794/pdf/mutation/mpr156.pdf Acknowledgments: We would like thank Dr. J. Ohashi for his helpful discussion. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. Hum Mutat 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-1004(200009)16:3<279::aid-humu33>3.3.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Abstract
To estimate the extent of axonal growth in various areas of the cerebral cortex, we measured the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the cerebral cortex of developing macaque monkeys. In four areas, i.e., the prefrontal area (FD delta), the temporal association area (TE), the primary somatosensory area (PC), and the primary visual area (OC), the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured from the intermediate fetal period [embryonic day 120 (E120)] to the adult stage. In two other areas, i.e., the parietal association area (PG) and the secondary visual area (OB), the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured during the postnatal period. The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at E120, decreased roughly exponentially, and approached the asymptote by postnatal day 70 (P70). The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was higher in the association areas (FD delta, TE, and PG) than in the primary sensory areas (PC and OC) during development and at the adult stage. These findings suggest that axonal growth in the cerebral cortex is most exuberant before or during the intermediate fetal period and approximately ends by P70. Furthermore, axonal growth is evidently more intensive in the association areas than in the primary sensory areas during the stage following the intermediate fetal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oishi
- Neuroscience Section, Electrotechnical Laboratory, Ibaraki, Japan.
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35
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Fukuda A, Sengün F, Sarpay HE, Konobe T, Saito S, Umino Y, Kohama T. Parameters for plaque formation in the potency assay of Japanese measles vaccines. J Virol Methods 1996; 61:1-6. [PMID: 8882932 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parameters for plaque formation by measles vaccine strains licensed in Japan were studied. For the plaque test, inoculum volume was one of the critical factors for obtaining an appropriate titre of the sample. A linear relationship between the inoculum volume and the apparent reciprocal titre was discovered, enabling the comparison of absolute titres. Another factor affecting the infectivity was the strain-specific temperature sensitivity in the plaque assay. Although all the vaccine strains tested showed the highest titre at 35 degrees C, the pattern of the temperature sensitivity differed from one strain to another. These factors must be taken into consideration in order to obtain an appropriate titre of a vaccine virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fukuda
- Department of Virus Disease and Vaccine Control, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Takahashi H, Umino Y, Sato TA, Kohama T, Ikeda Y, Iijima M, Fujisawa R. Detection and comparison of viral antigens in measles and rubella rashes. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:36-9. [PMID: 8824963 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/22.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles and rubella skin lesions were immunocytochemically compared by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method for detecting viral antigens. Cryostat sections of biopsied specimens of the skin were stained with mouse monoclonal antibodies to P protein of measles virus and to E1 protein of rubella virus. The measles virus antigen was concentrated in the corneal layer and the keratinocytes of the epidermis and in the surface part of the dermis in the biopsy secimens taken within 6 days after the onset of rash. On the other hand, the rubella virus antigen was dispersed in all parts of the dermis and the subcutaneous layer but not in the epidermis in the biopsy specimens taken within 2 days after the onset of rash. The differences in the distribution and density of the viral antigen and in the times of its detection suggest distinct patterns of spread of infection with each virus in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Virus Disease and Vaccine Control, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Umino Y, Udias JM. Exchange current corrections to neutrino-nucleus scattering. I. Nuclear matter. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1995; 52:3399-3415. [PMID: 9970885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Parameters for plaque formation by rubella vaccine strains licensed in Japan were studied. Formation of clear and large plaques on RK13 cells depends on several essential parameters. Plaques differed in morphology among five vaccine strains and the distinctiveness of the plaques was affected by pH of the agar overlay medium during incubation at 35 degrees C. Plaques became progressively larger in size as the concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the agar overlay medium increased from 0.04% to 0.15%, but the contrast of plaques to the background cells decreased markedly. The most distinct plaques of all vaccine strains were formed in the agar overlay medium containing 0.07% of sodium bicarbonate, i.e., pH 6.83, incubated in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The number of plaques formed by vaccine strains decreased at 37 degrees C. Vaccine strains other than MEQ11 and TCRB19 formed larger and more contrasted plaques with sharp outline at 35 degrees C than at 32 degrees C. MEQ11 and TCRB19 strains yielded higher infective virus titres at 32 degrees C, but they formed distinct plaques at 35 degrees C and 32 degrees C. For the plaque test, the inoculum volume was another critical factor for obtaining an approximate titre that reflected the absolute titre of the sample. A volume of 0.1 ml was feasible for a well with a diameter of 35 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Virus Disease and Vaccine Control, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Oishi T, Matsuda K, Higo N, Umino Y, Hayashi M. GAP-43 gene expression during postnatal development in the central nervous system of macaque monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-8696(94)92605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Umino Y, Kohama T, Sato TA, Sugiura A, Klenk HD, Rott R. Monoclonal antibodies to three structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus: biological characterization with particular reference to the conformational change of envelope glycoproteins associated with proteolytic cleavage. J Gen Virol 1990; 71 ( Pt 5):1189-97. [PMID: 1693166 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-5-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F) and matrix (M) proteins of Newcastle disease virus were prepared and characterized. At least three non-overlapping or partially overlapping antigenic sites were delineated on the HN, three on the F and three on the M proteins by competitive binding assays. Antigenic sites on the HN and F proteins roughly represented functional domains defined by serological tests. Two antigenic sites on the F protein were involved in virus neutralizing and haemolysis-inhibiting activity. These antigenic determinants were readily affected by treatment with certain surfactants and acetone. Proteolytic cleavage of the HN and F proteins was associated with conformational change, revealed by altered reactivity with MAbs and by altered topological arrangements of some epitopes. None of the anti-M MAbs inhibited any biological activities of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Measles Virus, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
A series of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins and the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were tested for protective effects in passive immunization of newborn chickens against challenge with a virulent heterologous strain of NDV (Italien). MAbs with high virus-neutralizing activity directed to one antigenic site of the HN protein delayed virus growth and significantly prolonged survival time, but all chickens eventually succumbed to infection. MAbs directed to two antigenic sites of the F protein completely suppressed virus growth and prevented death of chickens, although the neutralizing activities of these anti-F MAbs were lower than those of the above anti-HN MAbs. Combined administration of the anti-HN and anti-F MAbs had a synergistic protective effect, but no protective effects were shown by MAbs against the M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Measles Virus, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Umino Y, Saito S, Fukuda A, Hishiyama M, Sugiura A. Improvement in potency assay of measles-mumps-rubella trivalent vaccine: interference between components and measures for its elimination. J Virol Methods 1990; 27:159-68. [PMID: 1690744 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(90)90132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the potency assay of trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine by the immunocytochemical focus assay reported previously (Fukuda et al., 1987), development of rubella foci in RK13 cells was inhibited in the presence of a large excess of mumps component, resulting in an underestimation of the titre of the rubella component. When RK13 cells are infected with the mixture of mumps and rubella viruses, mumps virus interfered with the growth of rubella virus. Interference was mediated most likely by interferon induced by mumps virus. The interference was eliminated by a partial neutralization of mumps component by the addition of anti-mumps serum to the inoculum to RK13 cells. Improved method of potency assay of MMR vaccine incorporating the above measures and other modifications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umino
- Department of Measles Virus, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Yasumasu S, Katow S, Umino Y, Iuchi I, Yamagami K. A unique proteolytic action of HCE, a constituent protease of a fish hatching enzyme: tight binding to its natural substrate, egg envelope. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 162:58-63. [PMID: 2751672 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High choriolytic enzyme (HCE), a constituent protease of the hatching enzyme of the teleost, Oryzias latipes, swells its natural substrate, egg envelope (chorion) by hydrolyzing it partially. This enzyme was found to be bound tightly to the chorion when it exerted catalytic action. This was evidenced by the experimental results showing (i) that the turnover of this enzyme seemed to be hindered by the chorion, (ii) that the enzyme bound to the chorion could be recovered by washing with an alkaline medium, and (iii) that the bound enzyme could be quantified by radioimmunological estimation. The bound enzyme sustained its original activity and the binding between the enzyme and the chorion seems to be stoichiometric.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yasumasu
- Life Science Institute, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Umino Y, Myhrer F. Hyperon resonances in the chiral bag model. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1989; 39:3391-3401. [PMID: 9959586 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.39.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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46
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Umino Y, Kohama T, Kohase M, Sugiura A, Klenk HD, Rott R. Protective effect of antibodies to two viral envelope glycoproteins on lethal infection with Newcastle disease virus. Arch Virol 1987; 94:97-107. [PMID: 3579609 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of humoral immunity against lethal infection of chickens with Newcastle disease virus was studied. Chickens hatched from eggs laid by hens vaccinated with live attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine possessed antibody to various components of the virus, and were resistant to a challenge with a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus which was 100 per cent fatal for the offspring of nonvaccinated hens. Passive administration of antiserum raised against whole virions provided susceptible chickens protection comparable to that seen in the birds with maternal antibody. When administered passively, both anti-HN serum with virus neutralizing activity, and anti-F serum with only marginal virus neutralizing activity significantly prolonged the survival of infected birds but failed to achieve the level of protection as afforded by the anti-whole NDV serum. The protection provided by the simultaneous presence of anti-HN and anti-F serum was significantly greater than that afforded by either alone and comparable to that of anti-whole NDV serum, indicating the complementary effect of anti-HN and anti-F antibodies not only in cell cultures as reported previously (19), but also in a natural host.
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Fukuda A, Hishiyama M, Umino Y, Sugiura A. Immunocytochemical focus assay for potency determination of measles-mumps-rubella trivalent vaccine. J Virol Methods 1987; 15:279-84. [PMID: 2438297 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immunocytochemically stained focus assay for the determination of potency of individual components in measles-mumps-rubella trivalent vaccine is described. The method involves the reaction of infected cultures maintained under the agar overlay medium sequentially with rabbit antiserum specific to each component, biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG serum, avidin-biotinylated-peroxidase complex, and substrate mixture. The potency of one component determined by the method was not influenced by the presence of two other components and was comparable to that determined by either dilution end point titration or plaque assay. The method offers a number of advantages over the current method based on neutralization of components other than the one to be titrated.
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48
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Umino Y. [Better communication methods discovered in process records]. Kangogaku Zasshi 1985; 49:1386-90. [PMID: 3854090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Ohtawara M, Kobune F, Umino Y, Sugiura A. Inability of Japanese rubella vaccines to induce antibody response in rabbits is due to growth restriction at 39 degrees C. Arch Virol 1985; 83:217-27. [PMID: 3970677 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the kinetic growth patterns of To-336, MEQ11, KRT, and SK2 rubella vaccine strains licensed in Japan at 37 degrees and 39 degrees C with those of progenitor wild strains of rubella virus. The growth of vaccine strains was depressed at 39 degrees C to a level about 3 log10 lower than that at 37 degrees C. The difference in virus titer attained by wild strains at 37 degrees and 39 degrees C was less than tenfold. The growth potential at 39 degrees C paralleled the immunogenic marker of rubella virus, i.e. the capability of virus to induce antibody response upon subcutaneous injection in rabbits for all wild and vaccine strains examined, including one strain at an intermediate level of attenuation. Several clones were isolated from the progeny produced by a vaccine strain during the growth at 39 degrees C. Among them were partial revertants in immunogenic marker as well as in the growth potential at 39 degrees C. It was concluded that the immunogenic marker of rubella virus in rabbits represented its capability to replicate at the body temperature of the animal.
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50
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Abstract
We have prepared four monoclonal antibodies to rubella virus E1 glycoprotein. Three nonoverlapping antigenic sites were delineated on E1 protein by competitive binding assays. Antibodies binding to one site were characterized by high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer but poor neutralizing activity. The addition of antiglobulin conferred neutralizing activity. Antibodies directed to two other antigenic sites had modest hemolysis inhibition but little or no HI and neutralizing activities. The addition of antiglobulin markedly augmented HI activity but had little effect on neutralizing activity. Epitopes defined by three antibodies were conserved among four rubella virus strains examined.
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