1
|
Spelman T, Herring WL, Acosta C, Hyde R, Jokubaitis VG, Pucci E, Lugaresi A, Laureys G, Havrdova EK, Horakova D, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Ozakbas S, Alroughani R, Kalincik T, Duquette P, Girard M, Petersen T, Patti F, Csepany T, Granella F, Grand'Maison F, Ferraro D, Karabudak R, Jose Sa M, Trojano M, van Pesch V, Van Wijmeersch B, Cartechini E, McCombe P, Gerlach O, Spitaleri D, Rozsa C, Hodgkinson S, Bergamaschi R, Gouider R, Soysal A, Castillo-Triviño, Prevost J, Garber J, de Gans K, Ampapa R, Simo M, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Iuliano G, Sas A, van der Walt A, John N, Gray O, Hughes S, De Luca G, Onofrj M, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Terzi M, Slee M, Solaro C, Oreja-Guevara, Ramo-Tello C, Fragoso Y, Shaygannejad V, Moore F, Rajda C, Aguera Morales E, Butzkueven H. Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natalizumab and fingolimod in rapidly evolving severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom. J Med Econ 2024; 27:109-125. [PMID: 38085684 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2023.2293379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the real-world comparative effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness, from a UK National Health Service perspective, of natalizumab versus fingolimod in patients with rapidly evolving severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RES-RRMS). METHODS Real-world data from the MSBase Registry were obtained for patients with RES-RRMS who were previously either naive to disease-modifying therapies or had been treated with interferon-based therapies, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, or teriflunomide (collectively known as BRACETD). Matched cohorts were selected by 3-way multinomial propensity score matching, and the annualized relapse rate (ARR) and 6-month-confirmed disability worsening (CDW6M) and improvement (CDI6M) were compared between treatment groups. Comparative effectiveness results were used in a cost-effectiveness model comparing natalizumab and fingolimod, using an established Markov structure over a lifetime horizon with health states based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Additional model data sources included the UK MS Survey 2015, published literature, and publicly available sources. RESULTS In the comparative effectiveness analysis, we found a significantly lower ARR for patients starting natalizumab compared with fingolimod (rate ratio [RR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.73) or BRACETD (RR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.42-0.53). Similarly, CDI6M was higher for patients starting natalizumab compared with fingolimod (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.55) and BRACETD (HR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.85). In patients starting fingolimod, we found a lower ARR (RR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.80) compared with starting BRACETD, but no difference in CDI6M (HR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.91-1.50). Differences in CDW6M were not found between the treatment groups. In the base-case cost-effectiveness analysis, natalizumab dominated fingolimod (0.302 higher quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] and £17,141 lower predicted lifetime costs). Similar cost-effectiveness results were observed across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS This MSBase Registry analysis suggests that natalizumab improves clinical outcomes when compared with fingolimod, which translates to higher QALYs and lower costs in UK patients with RES-RRMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Spelman
- MSBase Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W L Herring
- Health Economics, RTI Health Solutions, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Acosta
- Value and Access, Biogen, Baar, Switzerland
| | - R Hyde
- Medical, Biogen, Baar, Switzerland
| | - V G Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Pucci
- Neurology Unit, AST-Fermo, Fermo, Italy
| | - A Lugaresi
- Dipartamento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E K Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Izquierdo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - S Eichau
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - S Ozakbas
- Izmir University of Economics, Medical Point Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - R Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - T Kalincik
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Duquette
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Girard
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - T Petersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Arhus C, Denmark
| | - F Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy
- UOS Sclerosi Multipla, AOU Policlinico "G Rodloico-San Marco", University of Catania, Italy
| | - T Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - F Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - D Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | | | - M Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Trojano
- School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - V van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - B Van Wijmeersch
- University MS Centre, Hasselt-Pelt and Noorderhart Rehabilitation & MS, Pelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - P McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - O Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyd, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - C Rozsa
- Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - R Gouider
- Department of Neurology, LR18SP03 and Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Razi University Hospital -, Mannouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Castillo-Triviño
- Hospital Universitario Donostia and IIS Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Prevost
- CSSS Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jerome, Canada
| | - J Garber
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K de Gans
- Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, Netherlands
| | - R Ampapa
- Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - M Simo
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J L Sanchez-Menoyo
- Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Galdakao, Spain
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - G Iuliano
- Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - A Sas
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, BAZ County Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - A van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N John
- Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - O Gray
- South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S Hughes
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - G De Luca
- MS Centre, Neurology Unit, "SS. Annunziata" University Hospital, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - M Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - K Buzzard
- Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - O Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy
- Department of Rehabilitation, ML Novarese Hospital Moncrivello
| | - Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ramo-Tello
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Y Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - F Moore
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Rajda
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Aguera Morales
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)
| | - H Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hardy TA, Aouad P, Barnett MH, Blum S, Broadley S, Carroll WM, Crimmins D, Griffiths D, Hodgkinson S, Lechner-Scott J, Lee A, Malhotra R, McCombe P, Parratt J, Plummer C, Van der Walt A, Martel K, Walker RA. Onboarding of siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients in Australia: Novel, real-world evidence from the MSGo digital support programme. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2024; 10:20552173231226106. [PMID: 38222025 PMCID: PMC10787529 DOI: 10.1177/20552173231226106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Siponimod is approved for use in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (pwSPMS). An integrated digital platform, MSGo, was developed for pwSPMS and clinicians to help navigate the multiple steps of the pre-siponimod work-up. Objective To explore real-world onboarding experiences of siponimod amongst pwSPMS in Australia. Methods Retrospective, non-interventional, longitudinal, secondary analysis of data extracted from MSGo (20 April 2022). The primary endpoint was the average time for siponimod onboarding; secondary endpoints were adherence and sub-group analyses of variables influencing onboarding. Results Mixed-cure modelling estimated that 58% of participants (N = 368, females 71%, median age of 59 years) registered in MSGo would ever initiate siponimod. The median time to initiation was 56 days (95% CI [47-59] days). Half of the participants cited 'waiting for vaccination' as the reason for initiation delay. Cox regression analyses found participants with a nominated care partner had faster onboarding (HR 2.1, 95% CI [1.5-3.0]) and were more likely to continue self-reporting daily siponimod dosing than were those without a care partner (HR 2.2, 95% CI [1.3-3.7]). Conclusions Despite the limitations of self-reported data and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study provides insights into siponimod onboarding in Australia and demonstrates the positive impact of care partner support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- TA Hardy
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - P Aouad
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - MH Barnett
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Blum
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Broadley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - WM Carroll
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - D Crimmins
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - D Griffiths
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - J Lechner-Scott
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Lee
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - R Malhotra
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - P McCombe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - J Parratt
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - C Plummer
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Van der Walt
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - K Martel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - RA Walker
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diouf I, Malpas CB, Sharmin S, Roos I, Horakova D, Kubala Havrdova E, Patti F, Shaygannejad V, Ozakbas S, Eichau S, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Alroughani R, Prat A, Duquette P, Terzi M, Boz C, Grand'Maison F, Sola P, Ferraro D, Grammond P, Yamout B, Altintas A, Gerlach O, Lechner-Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Karabudak R, Iuliano G, McGuigan C, Cartechini E, Hughes S, Sa MJ, Solaro C, Kappos L, Hodgkinson S, Slee M, Granella F, de Gans K, McCombe PA, Ampapa R, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Sánchez-Menoyo JL, Vucic S, Laureys G, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Castillo-Trivino T, Gray O, Aguera-Morales E, Al-Asmi A, Shaw C, Al-Harbi TM, Csepany T, Sempere AP, Treviño Frenk I, Stuart EA, Kalincik T. Effectiveness of multiple disease-modifying therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: causal inference to emulate a multiarm randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:1004-1011. [PMID: 37414534 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous comparisons of multiple disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) over an extended follow-up are lacking. Here we emulate a randomised trial simultaneously comparing the effectiveness of six commonly used therapies over 5 years. METHODS Data from 74 centres in 35 countries were sourced from MSBase. For each patient, the first eligible intervention was analysed, censoring at change/discontinuation of treatment. The compared interventions included natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate and no treatment. Marginal structural Cox models (MSMs) were used to estimate the average treatment effects (ATEs) and the average treatment effects among the treated (ATT), rebalancing the compared groups at 6-monthly intervals on age, sex, birth-year, pregnancy status, treatment, relapses, disease duration, disability and disease course. The outcomes analysed were incidence of relapses, 12-month confirmed disability worsening and improvement. RESULTS 23 236 eligible patients were diagnosed with RRMS or clinically isolated syndrome. Compared with glatiramer acetate (reference), several therapies showed a superior ATE in reducing relapses: natalizumab (HR=0.44, 95% CI=0.40 to 0.50), fingolimod (HR=0.60, 95% CI=0.54 to 0.66) and dimethyl fumarate (HR=0.78, 95% CI=0.66 to 0.92). Further, natalizumab (HR=0.43, 95% CI=0.32 to 0.56) showed a superior ATE in reducing disability worsening and in disability improvement (HR=1.32, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.60). The pairwise ATT comparisons also showed superior effects of natalizumab followed by fingolimod on relapses and disability. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of natalizumab and fingolimod in active RRMS is superior to dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, glatiramer acetate and interferon beta. This study demonstrates the utility of MSM in emulating trials to compare clinical effectiveness among multiple interventions simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Diouf
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health and Biosecurity Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles B Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital City Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
- General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
- General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania 'G.F. Ingrassia', Catania, Italy
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Deptartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM MS Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Murat Terzi
- CHUM MS Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cavit Boz
- School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Samsun, Turkey
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, Koc Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Centre Sittard-Geleen, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- University of Newcastle Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Foundation National Neurological Institute C Mondino Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy
- Department of Rehabilitaiton, Casa di Cura Centro di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale Mons Luigi Novarese, Moncrivello, Italy
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) and MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- UQCCR, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tamara Castillo-Trivino
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Orla Gray
- South and East Belfast Health and Social Services Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Seeb, Oman
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Cameron Shaw
- University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talal M Al-Harbi
- Department of Neurology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel P Sempere
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Irene Treviño Frenk
- Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital City Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharmin S, Roos I, Simpson-Yap S, Malpas C, Sánchez MM, Ozakbas S, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Patti F, Alroughani R, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Boz C, Zakaria M, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Weinstock-Guttman B, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Terzi M, Amato MP, Karabudak R, Grand’Maison F, Khoury SJ, Grammond P, Lechner-Scott J, Buzzard K, Skibina O, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Turkoglu R, Altintas A, Maimone D, Kermode A, Shalaby N, Pesch VV, Butler E, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Mrabet S, Gerlach O, Soysal A, Barnett M, Kuhle J, Hughes S, Sa MJ, Hodgkinson S, Oreja-Guevara C, Ampapa R, Petersen T, Ramo-Tello C, Spitaleri D, McCombe P, Taylor B, Prevost J, Foschi M, Slee M, McGuigan C, Laureys G, Hijfte LV, de Gans K, Solaro C, Oh J, Macdonell R, Aguera-Morales E, Singhal B, Gray O, Garber J, Wijmeersch BV, Simu M, Castillo-Triviño T, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Khurana D, Al-Asmi A, Al-Harbi T, Deri N, Fragoso Y, Lalive PH, Sinnige LGF, Shaw C, Shuey N, Csepany T, Sempere AP, Moore F, Decoo D, Willekens B, Gobbi C, Massey J, Hardy T, Parratt J, Kalincik T. The risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is geographically determined but modifiable. Brain 2023; 146:4633-4644. [PMID: 37369086 PMCID: PMC10629760 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical variations in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis have been reported globally. Latitude as a surrogate for exposure to ultraviolet radiation but also other lifestyle and environmental factors are regarded as drivers of this variation. No previous studies evaluated geographical variation in the risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, an advanced form of multiple sclerosis that is characterized by steady accrual of irreversible disability. We evaluated differences in the risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in relation to latitude and country of residence, modified by high-to-moderate efficacy immunotherapy in a geographically diverse cohort of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The study included relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients from the global MSBase registry with at least one recorded assessment of disability. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis was identified as per clinician diagnosis. Sensitivity analyses used the operationalized definition of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and the Swedish decision tree algorithm. A proportional hazards model was used to estimate the cumulative risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis by country of residence (latitude), adjusted for sex, age at disease onset, time from onset to relapsing-remitting phase, disability (Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score) and relapse activity at study inclusion, national multiple sclerosis prevalence, government health expenditure, and proportion of time treated with high-to-moderate efficacy disease-modifying therapy. Geographical variation in time from relapsing-remitting phase to secondary progressive phase of multiple sclerosis was modelled through a proportional hazards model with spatially correlated frailties. We included 51 126 patients (72% female) from 27 countries. The median survival time from relapsing-remitting phase to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis among all patients was 39 (95% confidence interval: 37 to 43) years. Higher latitude [median hazard ratio = 1.21, 95% credible interval (1.16, 1.26)], higher national multiple sclerosis prevalence [1.07 (1.03, 1.11)], male sex [1.30 (1.22, 1.39)], older age at onset [1.35 (1.30, 1.39)], higher disability [2.40 (2.34, 2.47)] and frequent relapses [1.18 (1.15, 1.21)] at inclusion were associated with increased hazard of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Higher proportion of time on high-to-moderate efficacy therapy substantially reduced the hazard of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis [0.76 (0.73, 0.79)] and reduced the effect of latitude [interaction: 0.95 (0.92, 0.99)]. At the country-level, patients in Oman, Tunisia, Iran and Canada had higher risks of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis relative to the other studied regions. Higher latitude of residence is associated with a higher probability of developing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. High-to-moderate efficacy immunotherapy can mitigate some of this geographically co-determined risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Steve Simpson-Yap
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Marina M Sánchez
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Konak/Izmir 35220, Turkey
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Eva K Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq 73767, Kuwait
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | - Sara Eichau
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | - Cavit Boz
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Karadeniz Technical University Farabi Hospital, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Magd Zakaria
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, Chieti 66013, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40139, Italy
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo 14202, USA
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM MS Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Murat Terzi
- Faculty of Medicine, 19 Mayis University, Samsun 55160, Turkey
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 6100, Turkey
| | | | - Samia J Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Pierre Grammond
- Médecine spécialisée, CISSS Chaudière-Appalaches, Levis G6X 0A1, Canada
| | | | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne 3128, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne 3128, Australia
| | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Davide Maimone
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, UOC Neurologia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Allan Kermode
- Perron Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Nevin Shalaby
- Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy MS Research Unit (KAMSU), Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Vincent V Pesch
- Service de Neurologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels 1200 BXL, Belgium
| | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Mrabet
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen 5500, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6131 BK, The Netherlands
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul 34147, Turkey
| | - Michael Barnett
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel 4000, Switzerland
| | - Stella Hughes
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Maria J Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Immune tolerance laboratory Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | | | - Radek Ampapa
- MS centrum, Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava 58633, Czech Republic
| | - Thor Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Arhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 8916, Spain
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino 83100, Italy
| | - Pamela McCombe
- Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart 7000, Australia
| | - Julie Prevost
- Département de neurologie, CSSS Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jerome J7Z 5T3, Canada
| | - Matteo Foschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital of Ravenna, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Mark Slee
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Chris McGuigan
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin D04 T6F4, Ireland
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth V Hijfte
- Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital Ghent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Koen de Gans
- Department of Neurology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda 2800 BB, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Rehabilitation, CRRF ‘Mons. Luigi Novarese’, Moncrivello (VC) 16153, Italy
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto M5B1W8, Canada
| | | | | | - Bhim Singhal
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai 400020, India
| | - Orla Gray
- Department of Neurology, South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast BT16, UK
| | - Justin Garber
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia
| | - Bart V Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt, Hasselt University, Hasselt 3900, Belgium
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Clinic of Neurology II, Emergency Clinical County Hospital ‘Pius Brinzeu’, Timisoara 300723, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara 300041, Romania
| | | | | | - Dheeraj Khurana
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Talal Al-Harbi
- Neurology Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norma Deri
- Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Yara Fragoso
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos 11045-002, Brazil
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - L G F Sinnige
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden 8934 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Cameron Shaw
- Neuroscience Department, Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Neil Shuey
- Department of Neurology, St Vincents Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne 3065, Australia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Angel P Sempere
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante 3010, Spain
| | - Fraser Moore
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Danny Decoo
- Department of Neurology & Neuro-Rehabilitation, AZ Alma Ziekenhuis, Sijsele-Damme 8340, Belgium
| | - Barbara Willekens
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem 2650, Belgium
- Translational Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk 2650, Belgium
| | | | | | - Todd Hardy
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney 2139, Australia
| | - John Parratt
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montoya CA, Rohleff I, Hodgkinson S, Stoklosinski HM, Moughan PJ. Type and Amount of Dietary Fiber Influence the Hindgut Synthesis of Organic Acids from Fermentable Material of Both Total and Nondietary Origin in a Pig Model of the Adult Human. J Nutr 2023; 153:2868-2877. [PMID: 37604383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic acid synthesis by the hindgut microbiota is commonly believed to be mainly of fermentable material of dietary origin. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the hindgut organic acid synthesis from fermentable material of dietary (mainly fiber) or nondietary origin for different types and amounts of dietary fiber in growing pigs used as a model for adult humans. METHOD Seven fiber-containing diets were formulated: 4 fiber types (cellulose, gum acacia, oligofructose, and pectin) at 6% of the diet and 3 (gum acacia, oligofructose, and pectin) at 3% as the sole fiber source. Ileal cannulated female pigs (n = 14; Landrace/Large white) were fed the fiber-containing diets (n = 6 pigs/diet) for 11 days (fiber phase) followed by 3 days on a fiber-free diet (fiber-free phase), using a replicated Youden square. Ileal digesta for each phase were collected and fermented in vitro with a pooled fecal microbial inoculum prepared from feces collected during the fiber phase to determine the organic acids synthesized from fermentable material of dietary (fiber phase) and nondietary (fiber-free phase) origins. RESULTS The total amount of each individual organic acid synthesized during in vitro hindgut fermentation differed (P ≤ 0.05) across the types and amounts of dietary fiber intake. For example, the amount of acetate was 3.6-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) for pigs fed the 6% pectin-containing diet than those fed the 6% oligofructose-containing diet. The nondietary substrate contributed between 36% (hexanoate) and 70% (succinate) to the total hindgut organic acid synthesis. The adaptation to the different fiber-containing diets led to different amounts of some organic acids of nondietary origin. CONCLUSIONS The total amount of organic acids synthesized in the hindgut by the resident microbes is influenced by the type and amount of dietary fiber consumed. This study quantifies the interaction between both dietary and nondietary fermentable materials in hindgut fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Montoya
- Smart Foods & Bioproducts, AgResearch, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ina Rohleff
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harding-Forrester S, Roos I, Nguyen AL, Malpas CB, Diouf I, Moradi N, Sharmin S, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Patti F, Horakova D, Kubala Havrdova E, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Grand'Maison F, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Grammond P, Ozakbas S, Amato MP, Gerlach O, Sola P, Ferraro D, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Lechner-Scott J, Alroughani R, Boz C, Van Pesch V, Cartechini E, Terzi M, Maimone D, Ramo-Tello C, Yamout B, Khoury SJ, La Spitaleri D, Sa MJ, Blanco Y, Granella F, Slee M, Butler E, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Bergamaschi R, Karabudak R, Ampapa R, Sánchez-Menoyo JL, Prevost J, Castillo-Trivino T, McCombe PA, Macdonell R, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Oh J, Altintas A, de Gans K, Turkoglu R, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Vucic S, Barnett M, Cristiano E, Hodgkinson S, Iuliano G, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Shaygannejad V, Soysal A, Weinstock-Guttman B, Van Wijmeersch B, Kalincik T. Disability accrual in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:707-717. [PMID: 37068931 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies comparing primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS, SPMS) report similar ages at onset of the progressive phase and similar rates of subsequent disability accrual. Others report later onset and/or faster accrual in SPMS. Comparisons have been complicated by regional cohort effects, phenotypic differences in sex ratio and management and variable diagnostic criteria for SPMS. METHODS We compared disability accrual in PPMS and operationally diagnosed SPMS in the international, clinic-based MSBase cohort. Inclusion required PPMS or SPMS with onset at age ≥18 years since 1995. We estimated Andersen-Gill hazard ratios for disability accrual on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), adjusted for sex, age, baseline disability, EDSS score frequency and drug therapies, with centre and patient as random effects. We also estimated ages at onset of the progressive phase (Kaplan-Meier) and at EDSS milestones (Turnbull). Analyses were replicated with physician-diagnosed SPMS. RESULTS Included patients comprised 1872 with PPMS (47% men; 50% with activity) and 2575 with SPMS (32% men; 40% with activity). Relative to PPMS, SPMS had older age at onset of the progressive phase (median 46.7 years (95% CI 46.2-47.3) vs 43.9 (43.3-44.4); p<0.001), greater baseline disability, slower disability accrual (HR 0.86 (0.78-0.94); p<0.001) and similar age at wheelchair dependence. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate later onset of the progressive phase and slower disability accrual in SPMS versus PPMS. This may balance greater baseline disability in SPMS, yielding convergent disability trajectories across phenotypes. The different rates of disability accrual should be considered before amalgamating PPMS and SPMS in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Harding-Forrester
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ai-Lan Nguyen
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles B Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nahid Moradi
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Sara Eichau
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Francesco Patti
- Neuroscience, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University First Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University First Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierre Grammond
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches du Québec Centre de Recherche, Levis, Québec, Canada
| | - Serkan Ozakbas
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department of Neurological Siences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Department of Medicine, Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Cavit Boz
- Department of Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samia Joseph Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Maria Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences Faculty, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Franco Granella
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mark Slee
- Department of Neurology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ernest Butler
- Department of Neurology, Monash Medical Centre Clayton, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Hopital Razi, La Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Rasht, Gilan, Iran
| | | | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Radek Ampapa
- Department of Neurology, Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Julie Prevost
- Centre integre de sante et de services sociaux des Laurentides point de service de Saint-Jerome, Saint-Jerome, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- UQCCR, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Macdonell
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Van Hijfte
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, Koc Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koen de Gans
- Department of Neurology, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Unit, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edgardo Cristiano
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Federal District, Argentina
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Universitair MS Centrum, Hasselt University, Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium
- Rehabilitation & MS Centre, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalincik T, Sharmin S, Roos I, Freedman MS, Atkins H, Burman J, Massey J, Sutton I, Withers B, Macdonell R, Grigg A, Torkildsen Ø, Bo L, Lehmann AK, Havrdova EK, Krasulova E, Trněný M, Kozak T, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, McCombe P, Skibina O, Lechner-Scott J, Willekens B, Cartechini E, Ozakbas S, Alroughani R, Kuhle J, Patti F, Duquette P, Lugaresi A, Khoury SJ, Slee M, Turkoglu R, Hodgkinson S, John N, Maimone D, Sa MJ, van Pesch V, Gerlach O, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Karabudak R, Spitaleri D, Csepany T, Gouider R, Castillo-Triviño T, Taylor B, Sharrack B, Snowden JA. Comparative Effectiveness of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant vs Fingolimod, Natalizumab, and Ocrelizumab in Highly Active Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:702-713. [PMID: 37437240 PMCID: PMC10186210 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) is available for treatment of highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To compare the effectiveness of AHSCT vs fingolimod, natalizumab, and ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting MS by emulating pairwise trials. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative treatment effectiveness study included 6 specialist MS centers with AHSCT programs and international MSBase registry between 2006 and 2021. The study included patients with relapsing-remitting MS treated with AHSCT, fingolimod, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab with 2 or more years study follow-up including 2 or more disability assessments. Patients were matched on a propensity score derived from clinical and demographic characteristics. Exposure AHSCT vs fingolimod, natalizumab, or ocrelizumab. Main outcomes Pairwise-censored groups were compared on annualized relapse rates (ARR) and freedom from relapses and 6-month confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score worsening and improvement. Results Of 4915 individuals, 167 were treated with AHSCT; 2558, fingolimod; 1490, natalizumab; and 700, ocrelizumab. The prematch AHSCT cohort was younger and with greater disability than the fingolimod, natalizumab, and ocrelizumab cohorts; the matched groups were closely aligned. The proportion of women ranged from 65% to 70%, and the mean (SD) age ranged from 35.3 (9.4) to 37.1 (10.6) years. The mean (SD) disease duration ranged from 7.9 (5.6) to 8.7 (5.4) years, EDSS score ranged from 3.5 (1.6) to 3.9 (1.9), and frequency of relapses ranged from 0.77 (0.94) to 0.86 (0.89) in the preceding year. Compared with the fingolimod group (769 [30.0%]), AHSCT (144 [86.2%]) was associated with fewer relapses (ARR: mean [SD], 0.09 [0.30] vs 0.20 [0.44]), similar risk of disability worsening (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 0.91-3.17), and higher chance of disability improvement (HR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.71-4.26) over 5 years. Compared with natalizumab (730 [49.0%]), AHSCT (146 [87.4%]) was associated with marginally lower ARR (mean [SD], 0.08 [0.31] vs 0.10 [0.34]), similar risk of disability worsening (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.54-2.09), and higher chance of disability improvement (HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.72-4.18) over 5 years. AHSCT (110 [65.9%]) and ocrelizumab (343 [49.0%]) were associated with similar ARR (mean [SD], 0.09 [0.34] vs 0.06 [0.32]), disability worsening (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 0.61-5.08), and disability improvement (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.66-2.82) over 3 years. AHSCT-related mortality occurred in 1 of 159 patients (0.6%). Conclusion In this study, the association of AHSCT with preventing relapses and facilitating recovery from disability was considerably superior to fingolimod and marginally superior to natalizumab. This study did not find evidence for difference in the effectiveness of AHSCT and ocrelizumab over a shorter available follow-up time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalincik
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark S. Freedman
- University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold Atkins
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Massey
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Macdonell
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Grigg
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Bo
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Krasulova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Trněný
- Department of Haematology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kozak
- Department of Haematology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Willekens
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Translational Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samia J. Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Nevin John
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Maria Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Bruce Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Basil Sharrack
- Department of Neurology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spelman T, Ozakbas S, Alroughani R, Terzi M, Hodgkinson S, Laureys G, Kalincik T, Der Walt AV, Yamout B, Lechner-Scott J, Soysal A, Kuhle J, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Morgado YB, Spitaleri DLA, Pesch VV, Horakova D, Ampapa R, Patti F, Macdonell R, Al-Asmi A, Gerlach O, Oh J, Altintas A, Tundia N, Wong SL, Butzkueven H. A plain language summary on the effectiveness of cladribine tablets compared with other oral treatments for multiple sclerosis: results from the MSBase registry. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2023. [PMID: 37287269 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT? Patient registries contain anonymous data from people who share the same medical condition. The MSBase registry contains information from over 80,000 people living with multiple sclerosis (MS) across 41 countries. Using information from the MSBase registry, the GLIMPSE (Generating Learnings In MultiPle SclErosis) study looked at real-life outcomes in 3475 people living with MS who were treated with cladribine tablets (Mavenclad®) compared with other oral treatments. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS? Results showed that people treated with cladribine tablets stayed on treatment for longer than other treatments given by mouth. They also had fewer relapses (also called flare ups of symptoms) than people who received a different oral treatment for their MS. WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN? The results provide evidence that, compared with other oral treatments for MS, cladribine tablets are an effective medicine for people living with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Murat Terzi
- Department of Neurology 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anneke Van Der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Neurology Institute, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education & Research Hospital for Psychiatric & Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Neurology, Departments of Head, Spine & Neuromedicine, Biomedicine & Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology & Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital & University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Menoyo
- Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Yolanda Blanco Morgado
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniele LA Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology & Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague & General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences & Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences & Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, SQU, Al Khodh, Oman
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Koc University School of Medicine & Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM) Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Namita Tundia
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Schiffon L Wong
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- MSBase Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu C, Kalincik T, Horakova D, Zhou Z, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Alroughani R, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Kuhle J, Patti F, Grand'Maison F, Hodgkinson S, Grammond P, Lechner-Scott J, Butler E, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Macdonell RAL, Weinstock-Guttman B, Ozakbas S, Slee M, Sa MJ, Van Pesch V, Barnett M, Van Wijmeersch B, Gerlach O, Prevost J, Terzi M, Boz C, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Kermode AG, Garber J, Yamout B, Khoury SJ, Merlo D, Monif M, Jokubaitis V, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H. Comparison Between Dimethyl Fumarate, Fingolimod, and Ocrelizumab After Natalizumab Cessation. JAMA Neurol 2023:2805561. [PMID: 37273217 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Natalizumab cessation is associated with a risk of rebound disease activity. It is important to identify the optimal switch disease-modifying therapy strategy after natalizumab to limit the risk of severe relapses. Objectives To compare the effectiveness and persistence of dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, and ocrelizumab among patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who discontinued natalizumab. Design, Setting, and Participants In this observational cohort study, patient data were collected from the MSBase registry between June 15, 2010, and July 6, 2021. The median follow-up was 2.7 years. This was a multicenter study that included patients with RRMS who had used natalizumab for 6 months or longer and then were switched to dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, or ocrelizumab within 3 months after natalizumab discontinuation. Patients without baseline data were excluded from the analysis. Data were analyzed from May 24, 2022, to January 9, 2023. Exposures Dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, and ocrelizumab. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were annualized relapse rate (ARR) and time to first relapse. Secondary outcomes were confirmed disability accumulation, disability improvement, and subsequent treatment discontinuation, with the comparisons for the first 2 limited to fingolimod and ocrelizumab due to the small number of patients taking dimethyl fumarate. The associations were analyzed after balancing covariates using an inverse probability of treatment weighting method. Results Among 66 840 patients with RRMS, 1744 had used natalizumab for 6 months or longer and were switched to dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, or ocrelizumab within 3 months of natalizumab discontinuation. After excluding 358 patients without baseline data, a total of 1386 patients (mean [SD] age, 41.3 [10.6] years; 990 female [71%]) switched to dimethyl fumarate (138 [9.9%]), fingolimod (823 [59.4%]), or ocrelizumab (425 [30.7%]) after natalizumab. The ARR for each medication was as follows: ocrelizumab, 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04-0.08); fingolimod, 0.26 (95% CI, 0.12-0.48); and dimethyl fumarate, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.12-0.56). The ARR ratio of fingolimod to ocrelizumab was 4.33 (95% CI, 3.12-6.01) and of dimethyl fumarate to ocrelizumab was 4.50 (95% CI, 2.89-7.03). Compared with ocrelizumab, the hazard ratio (HR) of time to first relapse was 4.02 (95% CI, 2.83-5.70) for fingolimod and 3.70 (95% CI, 2.35-5.84) for dimethyl fumarate. The HR of treatment discontinuation was 2.57 (95% CI, 1.74-3.80) for fingolimod and 4.26 (95% CI, 2.65-6.84) for dimethyl fumarate. Fingolimod use was associated with a 49% higher risk for disability accumulation compared with ocrelizumab. There was no significant difference in disability improvement rates between fingolimod and ocrelizumab. Conclusion and Relevance Study results show that among patients with RRMS who switched from natalizumab to dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, or ocrelizumab, ocrelizumab use was associated with the lowest ARR and discontinuation rates, and the longest time to first relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Clinical Outcomes Research Unit (CORe), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jens Kuhle
- University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Patti
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest Butler
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM MS Center and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Jose Sa
- Centro Hospitalar Universitario de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | - Allan G Kermode
- University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Justin Garber
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bassem Yamout
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samia J Khoury
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Daniel Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diouf I, Malpas CB, Sharmin S, Roos I, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Patti F, Shaygannejad V, Ozakbas S, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Alroughani R, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Terzi M, Boz C, Grand'Maison F, Hamdy S, Sola P, Ferraro D, Grammond P, Turkoglu R, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Yamout B, Altintas A, Gerlach O, van Pesch V, Blanco Y, Maimone D, Lechner‐Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Karabudak R, Iuliano G, McGuigan C, Cartechini E, Barnett M, Hughes S, Sa MJ, Solaro C, Kappos L, Ramo‐Tello C, Cristiano E, Hodgkinson S, Spitaleri D, Soysal A, Petersen T, Slee M, Butler E, Granella F, de Gans K, McCombe P, Ampapa R, Van Wijmeersch B, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Prevost J, Sinnige LGF, Sanchez‐Menoyo JL, Vucic S, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Khurana D, Macdonell R, Gouider R, Castillo‐Triviño T, Gray O, Aguera‐Morales E, Al‐Asmi A, Shaw C, Deri N, Al‐Harbi T, Fragoso Y, Csepany T, Perez Sempere A, Trevino‐Frenk I, Schepel J, Moore F, Kalincik T. Variability of the response to immunotherapy among subgroups of patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:1014-1024. [PMID: 36692895 PMCID: PMC10946605 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study assessed the effect of patient characteristics on the response to disease-modifying therapy (DMT) in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We extracted data from 61,810 patients from 135 centers across 35 countries from the MSBase registry. The selection criteria were: clinically isolated syndrome or definite MS, follow-up ≥ 1 year, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≥ 3, with ≥1 score recorded per year. Marginal structural models with interaction terms were used to compare the hazards of 12-month confirmed worsening and improvement of disability, and the incidence of relapses between treated and untreated patients stratified by their characteristics. RESULTS Among 24,344 patients with relapsing MS, those on DMTs experienced 48% reduction in relapse incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-0.60), 46% lower risk of disability worsening (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.41-0.71), and 32% greater chance of disability improvement (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.09-1.59). The effect of DMTs on EDSS worsening and improvement and the risk of relapses was attenuated with more severe disability. The magnitude of the effect of DMT on suppressing relapses declined with higher prior relapse rate and prior cerebral magnetic resonance imaging activity. We did not find any evidence for the effect of age on the effectiveness of DMT. After inclusion of 1985 participants with progressive MS, the effect of DMT on disability mostly depended on MS phenotype, whereas its effect on relapses was driven mainly by prior relapse activity. CONCLUSIONS DMT is generally most effective among patients with lower disability and in relapsing MS phenotypes. There is no evidence of attenuation of the effect of DMT with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Diouf
- Department of MedicineCORe, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Charles B. Malpas
- Department of MedicineCORe, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyNeuroimmunology Centre, Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- Department of MedicineCORe, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Izanne Roos
- Department of MedicineCORe, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyNeuroimmunology Centre, Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague and General University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced TechnologiesGF IngrassiaCataniaItaly
| | | | | | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen MacarenaSevilleSpain
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical SciencesD'Annunzio UniversityChietiItaly
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e NeuromotorieUniversità di BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of MedicineAmiri HospitalSharqKuwait
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM Mississippi Center and University of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM Mississippi Center and University of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM Mississippi Center and University of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Murat Terzi
- School of MedicineOndokuz Mayis UniversitySamsunTurkey
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty, Farabi HospitalTrabzonTurkey
| | | | - Sherif Hamdy
- NeurologyKasr Al Ainy MS Research UnitCairoEgypt
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of NeuroscienceAzienda Ospedaliera UniversitariaModenaItaly
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of NeuroscienceAzienda Ospedaliera UniversitariaModenaItaly
| | | | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Olga Skibina
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis CenterAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterBeirutLebanon
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineKoc UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational MedicineIstanbulTurkey
| | | | | | - Yolanda Blanco
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Jeannette Lechner‐Scott
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria José Sa
- Department of NeurologyCentro Hospitalar Universitário de São JoãoPortoPortugal
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of NeurologyASL3 GenoveseGenoaItaly
- Department of RehabilitationML Novarese Hospital MoncrivelloGenoaItaly
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, Neurologic Clinic and PoliclinicUniversity Hospital and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati AvellinoAvellinoItaly
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological DiseasesIstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Anneke van der Walt
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | | | - Dheeraj Khurana
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarhIndia
| | | | | | - Tamara Castillo‐Triviño
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario DonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | | | | | | | - Cameron Shaw
- University Hospital GeelongGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Talal Al‐Harbi
- Neurology DepartmentKing Fahad Specialist Hospital–DammamDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Yara Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de SantosSantosBrazil
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | | | - Irene Trevino‐Frenk
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador ZubiranMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of MedicineCORe, University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyNeuroimmunology Centre, Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roos I, Diouf I, Sharmin S, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Patti F, Shaygannejad V, Ozakbas S, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Alroughani R, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Terzi M, Boz C, Grand'Maison F, Sola P, Ferraro D, Grammond P, Turkoglu R, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Yamou B, Altintas A, Gerlach O, van Pesch V, Blanco Y, Maimone D, Lechner-Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Karabudak R, McGuigan C, Cartechini E, Barnett M, Hughes S, Sa MJ, Solaro C, Ramo-Tello C, Hodgkinson S, Spitaleri D, Soysal A, Petersen T, Granella F, de Gans K, McCombe P, Ampapa R, Van Wijmeersch B, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Prevost J, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Laureys G, Gouider R, Castillo-Triviño T, Gray O, Aguera-Morales E, Al-Asmi A, Shaw C, Deri N, Al-Harbi T, Fragoso Y, Csepany T, Sempere AP, Trevino-Frenk I, Schepel J, Moore F, Malpas C, Kalincik T. Comparative effectiveness in multiple sclerosis: A methodological comparison. Mult Scler 2023; 29:326-332. [PMID: 36800908 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231151394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of evidence from randomised controlled trials, observational data can be used to emulate clinical trials and guide clinical decisions. Observational studies are, however, susceptible to confounding and bias. Among the used techniques to reduce indication bias are propensity score matching and marginal structural models. OBJECTIVE To use the comparative effectiveness of fingolimod vs natalizumab to compare the results obtained with propensity score matching and marginal structural models. METHODS Patients with clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing remitting MS who were treated with either fingolimod or natalizumab were identified in the MSBase registry. Patients were propensity score matched, and inverse probability of treatment weighted at six monthly intervals, using the following variables: age, sex, disability, MS duration, MS course, prior relapses, and prior therapies. Studied outcomes were cumulative hazard of relapse, disability accumulation, and disability improvement. RESULTS 4608 patients (1659 natalizumab, 2949 fingolimod) fulfilled inclusion criteria, and were propensity score matched or repeatedly reweighed with marginal structural models. Natalizumab treatment was associated with a lower probability of relapse (PS matching: HR 0.67 [95% CI 0.62-0.80]; marginal structural model: 0.71 [0.62-0.80]), and higher probability of disability improvement (PS matching: 1.21 [1.02 -1.43]; marginal structural model 1.43 1.19 -1.72]). There was no evidence of a difference in the magnitude of effect between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS The relative effectiveness of two therapies can be efficiently compared by either marginal structural models or propensity score matching when applied in clearly defined clinical contexts and in sufficiently powered cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Catania, Italy/Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy/IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Neuroimmunology Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bassem Yamou
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands/School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium/Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Maimone
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, UOC Neurologia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria José Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy/Department of Rehabilitation, M.L. Novarese Hospital Moncrivello, Moncrivello, Italy
| | | | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy/Department of Emergency and General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Pamela McCombe
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia/Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation & MS Centre, University MS Centre, Noorderhart Hospital, Pelt, Belgium/Pelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Orla Gray
- South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Al-Khodh, Oman
| | | | - Norma Deri
- Hospital Fernandez, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Talal Al-Harbi
- Neurology Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Irene Trevino-Frenk
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Stefano N, Achiron A, Barkhof F, Chan A, Derfuss T, Hodgkinson S, Leocani L, Montalban X, Prat A, Schmierer K, Sellebjerg F, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Keller B, Smyk A, Gardner L. Early onset of Action and Sustained Efficacy of MRI Outcomes during Cladribine Tablets Treatment in Highly Active Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Results of the 2-Year MAGNIFY-MS Study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
13
|
Oreja-Guevara C, Brownlee W, Celius EG, Centonze D, Giovannoni G, Hodgkinson S, Kleinschnitz C, Havrdova EK, Magyari M, Selchen D, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Van Wijmeersch B, Salloukh H, Yamout B. Expert Opinion on Long-Term Use of Cladribine Tablets for Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Literature Review of Real-World Evidence. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
14
|
Daruwalla C, Shaygannejad V, Ozakbas S, Havrdova EK, Horakova D, Alroughani R, Boz C, Patti F, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Eichau S, Girard M, Prat A, Duquette P, Yamout B, Khoury SJ, Sajedi SA, Turkoglu R, Altintas A, Skibina O, Buzzard K, Grammond P, Karabudak R, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Maimone D, Lechner-Scott J, Soysal A, John N, Prevost J, Spitaleri D, Ramo-Tello C, Gerlach O, Iuliano G, Foschi M, Ampapa R, van Pesch V, Barnett M, Shalaby N, D'hooghe M, Kuhle J, Sa MJ, Fabis-Pedrini M, Kermode A, Mrabet S, Gouider R, Hodgkinson S, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Macdonell R, Oreja-Guevara C, Cristiano E, McCombe P, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Singhal B, Blanco Y, Hughes S, Garber J, Solaro C, McGuigan C, Taylor B, de Gans K, Habek M, Al-Asmi A, Mihaela S, Castillo Triviño T, Al-Harbi T, Rojas JI, Gray O, Khurana D, Van Wijmeersch B, Grigoriadis N, Inshasi J, Oh J, Aguera-Morales E, Fragoso Y, Moore F, Shaw C, Baghbanian SM, Shuey N, Willekens B, Hardy TA, Decoo D, Sempere AP, Field D, Wynford-Thomas R, Cunniffe NG, Roos I, Malpas CB, Coles AJ, Kalincik T, Brown JWL. Early non-disabling relapses are important predictors of disability accumulation in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2023:13524585231151951. [PMID: 36851894 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of non-disabling relapses in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether early non-disabling relapses predict disability accumulation in RRMS. METHODS We redefined mild relapses in MSBase as 'non-disabling', and moderate or severe relapses as 'disabling'. We used mixed-effects Cox models to compare 90-day confirmed disability accumulation events in people with exclusively non-disabling relapses within 2 years of RRMS diagnosis to those with no early relapses; and any early disabling relapses. Analyses were stratified by disease-modifying therapy (DMT) efficacy during follow-up. RESULTS People who experienced non-disabling relapses within 2 years of RRMS diagnosis accumulated more disability than those with no early relapses if they were untreated (n = 285 vs 4717; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00-1.68) or given platform DMTs (n = 1074 vs 7262; HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.15-1.54), but not if given high-efficacy DMTs (n = 572 vs 3534; HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.71-1.13) during follow-up. Differences in disability accumulation between those with early non-disabling relapses and those with early disabling relapses were not confirmed statistically. CONCLUSION This study suggests that early non-disabling relapses are associated with a higher risk of disability accumulation than no early relapses in RRMS. This risk may be mitigated by high-efficacy DMTs. Therefore, non-disabling relapses should be considered when making treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Daruwalla
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Seyed Aidin Sajedi
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Davide Maimone
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, UOC Neurologia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin John
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matteo Foschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital of Ravenna, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | - Vincent van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Nevin Shalaby
- Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy MS Research Unit (KAMSU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marie D'hooghe
- Department of Neurology, National MS Center, Melsbroek, Belgium
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurology, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marzena Fabis-Pedrini
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Allan Kermode
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Saloua Mrabet
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Razi - Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Razi - Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Edgardo Cristiano
- Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Buenos Aires (CEMBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela McCombe
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bhim Singhal
- Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy Department of Rehabilitation, M.L. Novarese Hospital, Moncrivello, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mario Habek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Oman
| | - Simu Mihaela
- Department of Neurology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | | | - Talal Al-Harbi
- Neurology Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Orla Gray
- South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Dheeraj Khurana
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- University MS Centre, Hasselt-Pelt, Belgium Noorderhart Rehabilitation & MS Center, Pelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jiwon Oh
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yara Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Seyed Mohammad Baghbanian
- Booali Sina Hospital, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Neil Shuey
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbara Willekens
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium Translational Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Todd A Hardy
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Deborah Field
- Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, SA, Australia
| | - Ray Wynford-Thomas
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK Helen Durham Centre for Neuroinflammation, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nick G Cunniffe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Izanne Roos
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles B Malpas
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J William L Brown
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kviat L, Hodgkinson S, Lees K. Kent Oncology Centre Early Experience in the use of Biodegradable Pre-rectal Hydrogel in External Beam Radiotherapy or Brachytherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
16
|
Spelman T, Ozakbas S, Alroughani R, Terzi M, Hodgkinson S, Laureys G, Kalincik T, Van Der Walt A, Yamout B, Lechner-Scott J, Soysal A, Kuhle J, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Blanco Morgado Y, Spitaleri DLA, van Pesch V, Horakova D, Ampapa R, Patti F, Macdonell R, Al-Asmi A, Gerlach O, Oh J, Altintas A, Tundia N, Wong SL, Butzkueven H. Comparative effectiveness of cladribine tablets versus other oral disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis: Results from MSBase registry. Mult Scler 2023; 29:221-235. [PMID: 36433775 PMCID: PMC9925904 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221137502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectiveness of cladribine tablets, an oral disease-modifying treatment (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS), was established in clinical trials and confirmed with real-world experience. OBJECTIVES Use real-world data to compare treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in people with MS (pwMS) treated with cladribine tablets versus other oral DMTs. METHODS Retrospective treatment comparisons were based on data from the international MSBase registry. Eligible pwMS started treatment with cladribine, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, or teriflunomide tablets from 2018 to mid-2021 and were censored at treatment discontinuation/switch, death, loss to follow-up, pregnancy, or study period end. Treatment persistence was evaluated as time to discontinuation/switch; relapse outcomes included time to first relapse and annualized relapse rate (ARR). RESULTS Cohorts included 633 pwMS receiving cladribine tablets, 1195 receiving fingolimod, 912 receiving dimethyl fumarate, and 735 receiving teriflunomide. Individuals treated with fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, or teriflunomide switched treatment significantly more quickly than matched cladribine tablet cohorts (adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 4.00 (2.54-6.32), 7.04 (4.16-11.93), and 6.52 (3.79-11.22), respectively). Cladribine tablet cohorts had significantly longer time-to-treatment discontinuation, time to first relapse, and lower ARR, compared with other oral DMT cohorts. CONCLUSION Cladribine tablets were associated with a significantly greater real-world treatment persistence and more favorable relapse outcomes than all oral DMT comparators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Spelman
- MSBase Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Murat Terzi
- Department of Neurology, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke Van Der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Neurology Institute, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates/American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Neurology, Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland/Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Menoyo
- Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Galdakao, Spain
| | - Yolanda Blanco Morgado
- Center of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniele LA Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Ital
| | | | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Asmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Al Khodh, Oman
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyderland, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands/School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Koc University School of Medicine and Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Namita Tundia
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Schiffon L Wong
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- MSBase Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhong M, van der Walt A, Monif M, Hodgkinson S, Eichau S, Kalincik T, Lechner-Scott J, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Van Pesch V, Butler E, Prevost J, Girard M, Oh J, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis V. Prediction of relapse activity when switching to cladribine for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2023; 29:119-129. [PMID: 35894247 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis commonly switch between disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Identifying predictors of relapse when switching could improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of relapse hazard when switching to cladribine. METHODS Data of patients who switched to cladribine, grouped by prior disease-modifying therapy (pDMT; interferon-β/glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod or natalizumab (NTZ)), were extracted from the MSBase Registry. Predictors of relapse hazard during the treatment gap and the first year of cladribine therapy were determined. RESULTS Of 513 patients, 22 relapsed during the treatment gap, and 38 within 1 year of starting cladribine. Relapse in the year before pDMT cessation predicted treatment gap relapse hazard (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-5.71). After multivariable adjustment, relapse hazard on cladribine was predicted by relapse before pDMT cessation (HR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.01-4.02), treatment gap relapse (HR = 6.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.65-14.41), switch from NTZ (HR compared to injectable therapies 4.08, 95% CI = 1.35-12.33) and age at cladribine start (HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99). CONCLUSION Relapse during or prior to the treatment gap, and younger age, are of prognostic relevance in the year after switching to cladribine. Switching from NTZ is also independently associated with greater relapse hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Marc Girard
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oreja-Guevara C, Brownlee W, Celius EG, Centonze D, Giovannoni G, Hodgkinson S, Kleinschnitz C, Havrdova EK, Magyari M, Selchen D, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Van Wijmeersch B, Salloukh H, Yamout B. Expert opinion on the long-term use of cladribine tablets for multiple sclerosis: Systematic literature review of real-world evidence. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104459. [PMID: 36565573 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with cladribine tablets (CladT), an immune reconstitution therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), involves two short courses of treatment in Year 1 and Year 2. Most patients achieve sustained efficacy with CladT, but a small proportion may experience new disease activity (DA). Following completion of the indicated dose, physicians may have questions relating to the long-term management of these patients. Since the EU approval of CladT over 5 years ago, real-world evidence (RWE) is increasing and may provide some insights and guidance for clinical practice. We describe a systematic literature review (SLR) of RWE and provide expert opinions relating to six questions regarding the long-term use of CladT. METHODS Pertinent clinical questions were developed by a steering committee (SC) of 14 international multiple sclerosis (MS) experts regarding breakthrough DA in Year 1, new DA after 2 years or more of treatment, long-term management of stable patients, and whether additional courses of CladT may be required or safe. An SLR was performed in EMBASE and PubMed using the population, intervention, comparators, outcomes, study design (PICOS) framework to identify relevant studies within the last 15 years. Searches of key congress proceedings for the last 2-3 years were also performed. Following review of the results and RWE, the SC drafted and agreed on expert opinion statements for each question. RESULTS A total of 35 publications reporting RWE for CladT were included in this review. In the real world, breakthrough DA in Year 1 is of low incidence (1.1-21.9%) but can occur, particularly in patients switching from anti-lymphocyte trafficking agents. In most patients, this DA did not lead to treatment discontinuation. Reported rates of DA after the full therapeutic effect of CladT has been achieved (end of Year 2, 3 or 4) range from 12.0 to 18.7% in the few studies identified. No RWE was identified to support management decisions for stable patients in Year 5 or later. Views among the group were also diverse on this question and voting on expert opinion statements was required. Only two studies reported the administration of additional courses of CladT, but detailed safety outcomes were not provided. CONCLUSIONS RWE for the long-term use of CladT in the treatment of RMS is increasing, however, gaps in knowledge remain. Where possible, the RWE identified through the SLR informed expert statements, but, where RWE is still lacking, these were based solely on experiences and opinion, providing some guidance on topics and questions that occur in daily clinical practice. More real-world studies with longer-term follow-up periods are needed and highly anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Wallace Brownlee
- Queen Square MS Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth G Celius
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, and UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational and Behavioural Neurosciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Daniel Selchen
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hashem Salloukh
- Ares Trading SA, Eysins, Switzerland (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA)
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Neurology Institute, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE; American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu C, Zhou Z, Roos I, Merlo D, Kalincik T, Ozakbas S, Skibina O, Kuhle J, Hodgkinson S, Boz C, Alroughani R, Lechner-Scott J, Barnett M, Izquierdo G, Prat A, Horakova D, Kubala Havrdova E, Macdonell R, Patti F, Khoury SJ, Slee M, Karabudak R, Onofrj M, Van Pesch V, Prevost J, Monif M, Jokubaitis V, van der Walt A, Butzkueven H. Comparing switch to ocrelizumab, cladribine or natalizumab after fingolimod treatment cessation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:1330-1337. [PMID: 36261289 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the effectiveness and treatment persistence of ocrelizumab, cladribine and natalizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis switching from fingolimod. METHODS Using data from MSBase registry, this multicentre cohort study included subjects who had used fingolimod for ≥6 months and then switched to ocrelizumab, cladribine or natalizumab within 3 months after fingolimod discontinuation. We analysed relapse and disability outcomes after balancing covariates using an inverse-probability-treatment-weighting method. Propensity scores for the three treatments were obtained using multinomial-logistic regression. Due to the smaller number of cladribine users, comparisons of disability outcomes were limited to natalizumab and ocrelizumab. RESULTS Overall, 1045 patients switched to ocrelizumab (n=445), cladribine (n=76) or natalizumab (n=524) after fingolimod. The annualised relapse rate (ARR) for ocrelizumab was 0.07, natalizumab 0.11 and cladribine 0.25. Compared with natalizumab, the ARR ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) for ocrelizumab and 2.31 (1.30 to 4.10) for cladribine; the hazard ratio (95% CI) for time to first relapse was 0.57 (0.40 to 0.83) for ocrelizumab and 1.18 (0.47 to 2.93) for cladribine. Ocrelizumab users had an 89% lower discontinuation rate (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.20) than natalizumab, but also a 51% lower probability of confirmed disability improvement (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.73). There was no difference in disability accumulation. CONCLUSION After fingolimod cessation, ocrelizumab and natalizumab were more effective in reducing relapses than cladribine. Due to the low ARRs in all three treatment groups, additional observation time is required to determine if statistical difference in ARRs results in long-term disability differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Clinical Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Departments of Nephrology and Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Alexandre Prat
- Hôpital Notre Dame, CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Samia Joseph Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Julie Prevost
- Centre integre de sante et de services sociaux des Laurentides point de service de Saint-Jerome, Saint-Jerome, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wiendl H, Schmierer K, Hodgkinson S, Derfuss T, Chan A, Sellebjerg F, Achiron A, Montalban X, Prat A, De Stefano N, Barkhof F, Leocani L, Vermersch P, Chudecka A, Mwape C, Holmberg KH, Boschert U, Roy S. Specific Patterns of Immune Cell Dynamics May Explain the Early Onset and Prolonged Efficacy of Cladribine Tablets: A MAGNIFY-MS Substudy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 10:10/1/e200048. [PMID: 36411081 PMCID: PMC9679889 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cladribine tablets cause a reduction in lymphocytes with a predominant effect on B-cell and T-cell counts. The MAGNIFY-MS substudy reports the dynamic changes on multiple peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subtypes and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels over 12 months after the first course of cladribine tablets in patients with highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Immunophenotyping was performed at baseline (predose) and at the end of months 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 after initiating treatment with cladribine tablets. Assessments included lymphocyte subtype counts of CD19+ B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD16+ natural killer cells, plasmablasts, and Igs. Immune cell subtypes were analyzed by flow cytometry, and serum IgG and IgM were analyzed by nephelometric assay. Absolute cell counts and percentage change from baseline were assessed. RESULTS The full analysis set included 57 patients. Rapid reductions in median CD19+, CD20+, memory, activated, and naive B-cell counts were detected, reaching nadir by month 2. Thereafter, total CD19+, CD20+, and naive B-cell counts subsequently reconstituted, but memory B cells remained reduced by 93%-87% for the remainder of the study. The decrease in plasmablasts was slower, reaching nadir at month 3. Decrease in T-cell subtypes was also slower and more moderate compared with B-cell subtypes, reaching nadir between months 3 and 6. IgG and IgM levels remained within the normal range over the 12-month study period. DISCUSSION Cladribine tablets induce a specific pattern of early and sustained PBMC subtype dynamics in the absence of relevant Ig changes: While total B cells were reduced dramatically, T cells were affected significantly less. Naive B cells recovered toward baseline, naive CD4 and CD8 T cells did not, and memory B cells remained reduced. The results help to explain the unique immune depletion and repopulation architecture regarding onset of action and durability of effects of cladribine tablets while largely maintaining immune competence. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03364036. Date registered: December 06, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anat Achiron
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Letizia Leocani
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anita Chudecka
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claire Mwape
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kristina H Holmberg
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ursula Boschert
- From the Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany and Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Australia; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (Andrew Chan), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine (A.A.), Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and CRCHUM (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurological and Behavioural Sciences (N.D.S.), University of Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Cytel Inc (Anita Chudecka), Geneva, Switzerland; InScience Communications (C.M.), Springer Healthcare Ltd, Chester, UK; EMD Serono (K.H.H.), Billerica, MA; and Ares Trading SA (U.B., S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Roos I, Malpas C, Leray E, Casey R, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Debouverie M, Patti F, De Seze J, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Edan G, Prat A, Girard M, Ozakbas S, Grammond P, Zephir H, Ciron J, Maillart E, Moreau T, Amato MP, Labauge P, Alroughani R, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Terzi M, Laplaud DA, Berger E, Grand'Maison F, Lebrun-Frenay C, Cartechini E, Boz C, Lechner-Scott J, Clavelou P, Stankoff B, Prevost J, Kappos L, Pelletier J, Shaygannejad V, Yamout BI, Khoury SJ, Gerlach O, Spitaleri DLA, Van Pesch V, Gout O, Turkoglu R, Heinzlef O, Thouvenot E, McCombe PA, Soysal A, Bourre B, Slee M, Castillo-Trivino T, Bakchine S, Ampapa R, Butler EG, Wahab A, Macdonell RA, Aguera-Morales E, Cabre P, Ben NH, Van der Walt A, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Ramo-Tello CM, Maubeuge N, Hodgkinson S, Sánchez-Menoyo JL, Barnett MH, Labeyrie C, Vucic S, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Csepany T, Sotoca J, de Gans K, Al-Asmi A, Fragoso YD, Vukusic S, Butzkueven H, Kalincik T. Disease Reactivation After Cessation of Disease-Modifying Therapy in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 2022; 99:e1926-e1944. [PMID: 35977837 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the rate of return of disease activity after cessation of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study from two large observational MS registries: MSBase and OFSEP. Patients with relapsing-remitting MS who had ceased a disease-modifying therapy and were followed up for the subsequent 12-months were included in the analysis. The primary study outcome was annualised relapse rate in the 12 months after disease-modifying therapy discontinuation stratified by patients who did, and did not, commence a subsequent therapy. The secondary endpoint was the predictors of first relapse and disability accumulation after treatment discontinuation. RESULTS 14,213 patients, with 18,029 eligible treatment discontinuation epochs, were identified for seven therapies. Annualised rates of relapse (ARR) started to increase 2-months after natalizumab cessation (month 2-4 ARR, 95% confidence interval): 0.47, 0.43-0.51). Commencement of a subsequent therapy within 2-4 months reduced the magnitude of disease reactivation (mean ARR difference: 0.15, 0.08-0.22). After discontinuation of fingolimod, rates of relapse increased overall (month 1-2 ARR: 0.80, 0.70-0.89), and stabilised faster in patients who started a new therapy within 1-2 months (mean ARR difference: 0.14, -0.01-0.29). Magnitude of disease reactivation for other therapies was low, but reduced further by commencement of another treatment 1-10 months after treatment discontinuation. Predictors of relapse were higher relapse rate in the year before cessation, female sex, younger age and higher EDSS. Commencement of a subsequent therapy reduced both the risk of relapse (HR 0.76, 95%CI 0.72-0.81) and disability accumulation (0.73, 0.65-0.80). CONCLUSION The rate of disease reactivation after treatment cessation differs among MS treatments, with the peaks of relapse activity ranging from 1 to 10 months in untreated cohorts that discontinued different therapies. These results suggest that untreated intervals should be minimised after stopping anti-trafficking therapies (natalizumab and fingolimod). CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides class III that disease reactivation occurs within months of discontinuation of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies. Risk of disease activity is reduced by commencement of a subsequent therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Leray
- Rennes University, EHESP, REPERES EA 7449, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, CIC 1414 [(Centre dInvestigation Clinique de Rennes)], F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Romain Casey
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, F-69677 Bron, France.,Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292, F-69003 Lyon, France.,EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation against multiple sclerosis, state-approved foundation, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Debouverie
- Nancy University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jerome De Seze
- CHU de Strasbourg, Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilles Edan
- CHU Pontchaillou, CIC1414 INSERM, F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Helene Zephir
- CHU Lille, CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Department of Neurology, CRC-SEP, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Thibault Moreau
- CHU de Dijon, Department of Neurology, EA4184, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre Labauge
- CHU de Montpellier, MS Unit, F-34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,University of Montpellier (MUSE), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - David Axel Laplaud
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Neurologie & CIC015 INSERM, F-44093 Nantes, France.,CRTI-Inserm U1064, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Eric Berger
- CHU de Besançon, Service de Neurologie 25 030 Besançon, France
| | | | - Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- Neurology, UR2CA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Pierre Clavelou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Neurology, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand ; Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Brain and Spine Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine hospital, F-75000 Paris, France
| | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean Pelletier
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Service de Neurologie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Bassem I Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Daniele L A Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gout
- Fondation Rotschild, Department of Neurology, F-75000 Paris, France
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olivier Heinzlef
- Hôpital de Poissy, Departement of Neurology, F-78300 Poissy, France
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- Department of Neurology, Nimes University Hospital, F-30029 Nimes Cedex 9, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203, INSERM 1191, Univ. Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pamela Ann McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bertrand Bourre
- CHU de Rouen, Departement of Neurology, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tamara Castillo-Trivino
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Serge Bakchine
- CHU de Reims, Department of neurology, F-51092 Reims cedex, France
| | | | | | - Abir Wahab
- APHP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Department of neurology, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Cabre
- CHU de la Martinique, Department of Neurology, F-97200 Fort-de-France, France
| | - Nasr Haifa Ben
- Hôpital Sud Francilien, Department of neurology, F-91160 Corbeil Essonnes, France
| | - Anneke Van der Walt
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Universitary Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicolas Maubeuge
- CHU La Milétrie, Hôpital Jean Bernard, Department of neurology, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | | | | | | | - Celine Labeyrie
- . CHU Bicêtre, Department of neurology, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Javier Sotoca
- Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Lyon/Bron, France.,Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon, Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR5292, 69003 Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia .,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Stefano N, Barkhof F, Montalban X, Achiron A, Derfuss T, Chan A, Hodgkinson S, Prat A, Leocani L, Schmierer K, Sellebjerg F, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Keller B, Roy S. Early Reduction of MRI Activity During 6 Months of Treatment With Cladribine Tablets for Highly Active Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: MAGNIFY-MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:9/4/e1187. [PMID: 35701185 PMCID: PMC9197134 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The onset of action for high-efficacy immunotherapies in multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important parameter. This study (MAGNIFY-MS) evaluates the onset of action of cladribine tablets by observing changes in combined unique active (CUA) MRI lesion counts during the first 6 months of treatment in patients with highly active relapsing MS. Methods MRI was performed at screening, baseline, and at months 1, 2, 3, and 6 after initiating treatment with cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg. CUA lesion counts, defined as the sum of T1 gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions and new or enlarging active T2 lesions (without T1 Gd+), were compared between postbaseline and the baseline period and standardized to the period length and the number of MRIs performed. Results Included in this analysis were 270 patients who received ≥1 dose of cladribine tablets. After treatment initiation, significant reductions in mean CUA lesion counts were observed from month 1 onward compared with the baseline period (−1.193 between month 1 and month 6, −1.500 between month 2 and month 6, and −1.692 between month 3 and month 6; all p < 0.0001). Mean T1 Gd+ lesion counts were decreased from month 2 onward compared with baseline (−0.857 at month 2, −1.355 at month 3, and −1.449 at month 6; all p < 0.0001), whereas the proportion of patients without any CUA lesions increased from 52.0% between month 1 and month 6 to 80.5% between month 3 and month 6. Discussion Findings suggest an early onset of action for cladribine tablets, with an increasing reduction in active MRI lesions over time. Trial Registration Information NCT03364036; Date registered: December 06, 2017. Classification of Evidence Using frequent MRI assessments of the brain over the first 6 months of the MAGNIFY-MS study (NCT03364036), we aimed to determine the onset of action of cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg in adult patients with highly active relapsing MS. This study provides Class IV evidence that, in such patients, treatment with cladribine tablets is associated with an early onset of action with reductions in active MRI lesion counts from month 2 (day 60) onward, with an increasing reduction in such lesions over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola de Stefano
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Anat Achiron
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Andrew Chan
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Letizia Leocani
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Patrick Vermersch
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Birgit Keller
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Sanjeev Roy
- From the Department of Medicine (N.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Radiology (F.B.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; UCL Institute of Neurology (F.B.), London, UK; Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain; Multiple Sclerosis Center (A.A.), Sheba Academic Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (A.C.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research (S.H.), University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosciences (A.P.), Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit (L.L.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; The Blizard Institute (K.S.), Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK and; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience) (K.S.), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, UK; Danish MS Center (F.S.), Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine (F.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ. Lille (P.V.), Inserm U1172 LilNCog, CHU Lille, FHU Precise, France; Department of Neurology (H.W.), Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; the healthcare business of Merck KGaA (B.K.), Darmstadt, Germany; and Ares Trading S.A. (S.R.), Eysins, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sharmin S, Bovis F, Malpas C, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Trojano M, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Grand'Maison F, Grammond P, Sola P, Ferraro D, Terzi M, Gerlach O, Alroughani R, Boz C, Shaygannejad V, van Pesch V, Cartechini E, Kappos L, Lechner-Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Turkoglu R, Solaro C, Iuliano G, Granella F, Van Wijmeersch B, Spitaleri D, Slee M, McCombe P, Prevost J, Ampapa R, Ozakbas S, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Soysal A, Vucic S, Petersen T, de Gans K, Butler E, Hodgkinson S, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Cristiano E, Castillo-Triviño T, Saladino ML, Barnett M, Moore F, Rozsa C, Yamout B, Skibina O, van der Walt A, Buzzard K, Gray O, Hughes S, Perez Sempere A, Singhal B, Fragoso Y, Shaw C, Kermode A, Taylor B, Simo M, Shuey N, Al-Harbi T, Macdonell R, Dominguez JA, Csepany T, Sirbu CA, Sormani MP, Butzkueven H, Kalincik T. Confirmed disability progression as a marker of permanent disability in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:2321-2334. [PMID: 35582938 PMCID: PMC9539581 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose The prevention of disability over the long term is the main treatment goal in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, randomized clinical trials evaluate only short‐term treatment effects on disability. This study aimed to define criteria for 6‐month confirmed disability progression events of MS with a high probability of resulting in sustained long‐term disability worsening. Methods In total, 14,802 6‐month confirmed disability progression events were identified in 8741 patients from the global MSBase registry. For each 6‐month confirmed progression event (13,321 in the development and 1481 in the validation cohort), a sustained progression score was calculated based on the demographic and clinical characteristics at the time of progression that were predictive of long‐term disability worsening. The score was externally validated in the Cladribine Tablets Treating Multiple Sclerosis Orally (CLARITY) trial. Results The score was based on age, sex, MS phenotype, relapse activity, disability score and its change from baseline, number of affected functional system domains and worsening in six of the domains. In the internal validation cohort, a 61% lower chance of improvement was estimated with each unit increase in the score (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.29–0.52; discriminatory index 0.89). The proportions of progression events sustained at 5 years stratified by the score were 1: 72%; 2: 88%; 3: 94%; 4: 100%. The results of the CLARITY trial were confirmed for reduction of disability progression that was >88% likely to be sustained (events with score ˃1.5). Conclusions Clinicodemographic characteristics of 6‐month confirmed disability progression events identify those at high risk of sustained long‐term disability. This knowledge will allow future trials to better assess the effect of therapy on long‐term disability accrual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifat Sharmin
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Hopital Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada; CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Hopital Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada; CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Hopital Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada; CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italia; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | | | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Vincent van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Rehabilitaiton, ML Novarese Hospital Moncrivello, Italy
| | | | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pamela McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Tamara Castillo-Triviño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Csilla Rozsa
- Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Olga Skibina
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Orla Gray
- South East Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bhim Singhal
- Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Yara Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Allan Kermode
- Perron Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Neil Shuey
- St Vincents Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Talal Al-Harbi
- Neurology Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Carmen Adella Sirbu
- Titu Maiorescu University, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cordato D, Blair C, Thomas P, Firtko A, Miller M, Edwards LS, Thomas J, Balabanski AH, Dos Santos A, Lin L, Hodgkinson S, Cappelen-Smith C, Beran RG, McDougall A, Parsons M. Cerebrovascular Disease Profiles of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities in South Western Sydney and New South Wales. Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 51:744-754. [PMID: 35551130 DOI: 10.1159/000524242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities are growing globally. Understanding patterns of cerebrovascular disease in CALD communities may improve health outcomes through culturally specific interventions. We compared rates of transient ischaemic attack (TIA)/stroke (ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage) and stroke risk factor prevalence in overseas and Australian-born people in South Western Sydney (SWS) and New South Wales (NSW). METHODS This was a 10-year retrospective analysis (2011-2020) of SWS and NSW age-standardized rates per 100,000 person-years of TIA/stroke. Data were extracted from Health Information Exchange and Secure Analytics for Population Health Research and Intelligence systems. Rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atrial fibrillation (AF), smoking, and obesity were also calculated. RESULTS The SWS and NSW age-standardized rate of TIA/stroke for people born in Australia was 100 per 100,000 person-years (100/100,000/year). In SWS, 56.6% of people were overseas-born compared to 29.8% for NSW. The age-standardized rate of TIA/stroke for Polynesian-born people was more than double that of Australian-born people (p < 0.001). Hypertension (33 [SWS] vs. 27/100,000/year [NSW]) and T2DM (36 [SWS] vs. 26/100,000/year [NSW]) were the most common risk factors with rates >50/100,000/year (hypertension) and >80/100,000/year (T2DM) for people born in Polynesia, Melanesia, and Central America. Rates of T2DM, AF, and obesity for Polynesian-born people were over threefold greater than people born in Australia. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Greater rates of TIA/stroke were observed in specific CALD communities, with increased rates of cerebrovascular risk factors. Culturally specific, targeted interventions may bridge health inequalities in cerebrovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cordato
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Blair
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, .,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, .,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, .,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela Firtko
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Miller
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon Stephen Edwards
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna H Balabanski
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Dos Santos
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Longting Lin
- South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia Cappelen-Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy G Beran
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Broadbeach, Queensland, Australia.,Sechenov Moscow First State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alan McDougall
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Parsons
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Stroke and Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Brain Centre, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhong M, van der Walt A, Stankovich J, Kalincik T, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Boz C, Hodgkinson S, Slee M, Lechner-Scott J, Macdonell R, Prevost J, Kuhle J, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Alroughani R, Kermode AG, Butler E, Barnett M, Eichau S, van Pesch V, Grammond P, McCombe P, Karabudak R, Duquette P, Girard M, Taylor B, Yeh W, Monif M, Gresle M, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis VG. Prediction of multiple sclerosis outcomes when switching to ocrelizumab. Mult Scler 2022; 28:958-969. [PMID: 34623947 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211049986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are switched to highly effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) such as ocrelizumab. OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of relapse and disability progression when switching from another DMT to ocrelizumab. METHODS Patients with RRMS who switched to ocrelizumab were identified from the MSBase Registry and grouped by prior disease-modifying therapy (pDMT; interferon-β/glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod or natalizumab) and washout duration (<1 month, 1-2 months or 2-6 months). Survival analyses including multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify predictors of on-ocrelizumab relapse within 1 year, and 6-month confirmed disability progression (CDP). RESULTS After adjustment, relapse hazard when switching from fingolimod was greater than other pDMTs, but only in the first 3 months of ocrelizumab therapy (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57-11.11, p = 0.004). The adjusted hazard for CDP was significantly higher with longer washout (2-6 m compared to <1 m: HR = 9.57, 95% CI = 1.92-47.64, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION The risk of disability worsening during switch to ocrelizumab is reduced by short treatment gaps. Patients who cease fingolimod are at heightened relapse risk in the first 3 months on ocrelizumab. Prospective evaluation of strategies such as washout reduction may help optimise this switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty, Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Perron Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia/Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Pamela McCombe
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rana Karabudak
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Marc Girard
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Wei Yeh
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/MS Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Gresle
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vilija G Jokubaitis
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vitkova M, Diouf I, Malpas C, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Patti F, Ozakbas S, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Shaygannejad V, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Alroughani R, Prat A, Larochelle C, Girard M, Duquette P, Terzi M, Boz C, Grand'Maison F, Sola P, Ferraro D, Grammond P, Butzkueven H, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Yamout BI, Karabudak R, Gerlach O, Lechner-Scott J, Maimone D, Bergamaschi R, Van Pesch V, Iuliano G, Cartechini E, Josà Sã M, Ampapa R, Barnett M, Hughes SE, Ramo-Tello CM, Hodgkinson S, Spitaleri DLA, Petersen T, Butler EG, Slee M, McGuigan C, McCombe PA, Granella F, Cristiano E, Prevost J, Taylor BV, Sã Nchez-Menoyo JL, Laureys G, Van Hijfte L, Vucic S, Macdonell RA, Gray O, Olascoaga J, Deri N, Fragoso YD, Shaw C, Kalincik T. Association of Latitude and Exposure to Ultraviolet B Radiation With Severity of Multiple Sclerosis: An International Registry Study. Neurology 2022; 98:e2401-e2412. [PMID: 35410900 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies widely among individuals. Understanding the determinants of this heterogeneity will help clinicians optimize the management of MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between latitude of residence, ultraviolet B radiation exposure (UVB) and the severity of MS. METHODS This observational study used the MSBase registry data. The included patients met the 2005 or 2010 McDonald diagnostic criteria for MS and had a minimum dataset recorded in the registry (date of birth, sex, clinic location, date of MS symptom onset, disease phenotype at baseline and censoring, and ≥1 EDSS [Expanded Disability Status Scale] score recorded). The latitude of each study center and cumulative annualized UVB dose at study center (calculated from NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) at ages 6 and 18 and the year of disability assessment were calculated. Disease severity was quantified with MS Severity Score (MSSS). Quadratic regression was used to model the associations between latitude, UVB and MSSS. RESULTS 46,128 patients contributing 453,208 visits and a cumulative follow-up of 351,196 patient-years (70% women, mean age 39.2±12, resident between latitudes 19°35´ and 56°16´) were included in this study. Latitude showed a non-linear association with MS severity. In latitudes greater than 40°, more severe disease was associated with higher latitudes (β=0.08, 95%CI: 0.04 to 0.12). For example, this translates into a mean difference of 1.3 points of MSSS between patients living in Madrid and Copenhagen. No such association was observed in latitudes <40° (β=-0.02, 95% CI:-0.06 to 0.03). The overall disability accrual was faster in those with a lower level of estimated UVB exposure before the age of 6 (β=- 0.5, 95% CI: -0.6 to 0.4) and 18 years (β=- 0.6, 95%CI:-0.7 to 0.4), as well as with lower life-time UVB exposure at the time of disability assessment (β=-1.0, 95%CI:-1.1 to 0.9). DISCUSSION In temperate zones, MS severity is associated with latitude. This association is mainly, but not exclusively, driven by UVB exposure contributing to both MS susceptibility and severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Vitkova
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia.,Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center (INRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena, OB, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bassem I Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Oliver Gerlach
- Zuyderland Medical Centre, Department of Neurologie. Dr. H. van der Hoffplein 1, 6162 BG, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Davide Maimone
- MS Center, Neurology Unit, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | | | | | - Maria Josà Sã
- Hospital de Sao Joao, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Liverpool Hospital and Ingham Institute, Liverpool
| | - Daniele L A Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Chris McGuigan
- University College Dublin & St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pamela Ann McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Emergency and General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10,Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Orla Gray
- South East Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Olascoaga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Norma Deri
- Hospital Fernandez, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | | | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Malpas CB, Roos I, Sharmin S, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Butzkueven H, Kappos L, Patti F, Alroughani R, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Hodgkinson S, Grammond P, Lechner-Scott J, Kalincik T. Multiple Sclerosis Relapses Following Cessation of Fingolimod. Clin Drug Investig 2022; 42:355-364. [PMID: 35303292 PMCID: PMC8989797 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in the issue of disease reactivation in multiple sclerosis following fingolimod cessation. Relatively little is known about modifiers of the risk of post-cessation relapse, including the delay to commencement of new therapy and prior disease activity. Objective We aimed to determine the rate of relapse following cessation of fingolimod and to identify predictors of relapse following cessation. Methods Data were extracted from the MSBase registry in March 2019. Inclusion criteria were (a) clinically definite relapsing multiple sclerosis, (b) treatment with fingolimod for ≥ 12 months, (c) follow-up after cessation for ≥ 12 months, and (d) at least one Expanded Disability Status Scale score recorded in the 12 months before cessation. Results A total of 685 patients were identified who met criteria. The mean annualised relapse rate was 1.71 (95% CI 1.59, 1.85) in the year prior to fingolimod, 0.50 (95% CI 0.44, 0.55) on fingolimod and 0.43 (95% CI 0.38, 0.49) after fingolimod. Of these, 218 (32%) patients experienced a relapse in the first 12 months. Predictors of a higher relapse rate in the first year were: younger age at fingolimod cessation, higher relapse rate in the year prior to cessation, delaying commencement of new therapy and switching to low-efficacy therapy. Conclusions Disease reactivation following fingolimod cessation is more common in younger patients, those with greater disease activity prior to cessation and in those who switch to a low-efficacy therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40261-022-01129-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Malpas
- Department of Medicine, CORe, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne MS Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Izanne Roos
- Department of Medicine, CORe, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne MS Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- Department of Medicine, CORe, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne MS Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne MS Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Patti
- GF Ingrassia Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Policlinico G Rodolico, Catania, Italy
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Medicine, CORe, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne MS Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,L4 Centre, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Butzkueven H, Spelman T, Hodgkinson S, Madueño SE, Izquierdo G, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Van Der Walt A, Kalincik T, Grand-Maison F. Real-World Experience with Cladribine in the MSBase Registry. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
29
|
Clarke L, Bukhari W, O'Gorman CM, Khalilidehkordi E, Arnett S, Woodhall M, Prain KM, Parratt JDE, Barnett MH, Marriott MP, McCombe PA, Sutton I, Boggild M, Brownlee W, Carroll WM, Hodgkinson S, Macdonell RAL, Mason DF, Pereira J, Slee M, Das C, Henderson APD, Kermode AG, Lechner-Scott J, Waters P, Sun J, Broadley SA. Response to treatment in NMOSD: the Australasian experience. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 58:103408. [PMID: 35216788 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several therapies have been recommended for NMOSD and more recently clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy for three monoclonal antibody therapies. We present a retrospective observational study of treatment response in NMOSD. METHODS This was a retrospective, unblinded, observational study of treatment efficacy for rituximab and traditional immunosuppressive therapy in patients with AQP4 antibody positive NMOSD. Treatment efficacy was assessed using annualised relapse rates (ARR), time to first relapse and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores. RESULTS Complete relapse and treatment data were available for 43/68 (63%) of AQP4 antibody positive NMOSD cases covering 74 episodes of treatment. In a time to first relapse analysis rituximab showed a risk ratio of 0.23 (95% CI 0.08 - 0.65) when compared with no treatment and there was a non-significant reduction in ARR of 35% compared to pre-treatment. β-interferon (p = 0.0002) and cyclophosphamide (p = 0.0034) were associated with an increased ARR compared to pre-treatment. Rituximab (median 4.0 [range 0.0 - 7.0]; p = 0.042) and traditional immunosuppressive therapy (median 4.0 [range 0.0 - 8.0]; p = 0.016) were associated with a lower final EDSS compared to β-interferon (median 6.0 [range 4.0 - 7.5]). CONCLUSIONS These data provide additional support for the use of rituximab in preference to traditional immunosuppressive agents and MS disease modifying therapies as first line treatment of NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clarke
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; Department of Neurology Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wajih Bukhari
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy VIC 3065, AustraliA
| | - Cullen M O'Gorman
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; Department of Neurology Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Neurology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Elham Khalilidehkordi
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Simon Arnett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kerri M Prain
- Department of Immunology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - John D E Parratt
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark P Marriott
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4029, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4029, AustraliA
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mike Boggild
- Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Douglas QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Wallace Brownlee
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton 1023, New Zealand; Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, AustraliA
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- South Western Sydney Medical School, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool NSW 2170, Australia
| | | | - Deborah F Mason
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia
| | - Chandi Das
- Department of Neurology, Canberra Hospital, Garran ACT 2605, Australia
| | | | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, AustraliA; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, AustraliA
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, AustralIA
| | | | - Patrick Waters
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University QLD 4222, Australia; Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport QLD 4215, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maltby VE, Lea RA, Monif M, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Buzzard K, Kalincik T, Kermode AG, Taylor B, Hodgkinson S, McCombe P, Butzkueven H, Barnett M, Lechner-Scott J. Efficacy of Cladribine Tablets as a Treatment for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol for the CLOBAS Study (Cladribine, a Multicenter, Long-term Efficacy and Biomarker Australian Study). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e24969. [PMID: 34665152 PMCID: PMC8564661 DOI: 10.2196/24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cladribine tablets (marketed as Mavenclad) are a new oral therapy, which has recently been listed on the pharmaceutical benefits scheme in Australia for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The current dosing schedule is for 2 courses given a year apart, which has been shown to be effective for treatment of MS for up to 4 years in 75% of patients (based on annualized relapse rate). However, the reinitiation of therapy after year 4 has not been studied. Objective This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets over a 6-year period, according to no evidence of disease activity 3. Methods This will be a multicenter, 6-year, phase IV, low interventional, observational study that incorporates clinical, hematological, biochemical, epigenetic, radiological and cognitive biomarkers of disease. Participants considered for treatment with cladribine as part of their routine clinical care will be consented to take part in the study. They will be monitored at regular intervals during the initial course of medication administration in years 1 and 2. After year 3, patients will have the option of redosing, if clinically indicated, or to switch to another disease-modifying therapy. Throughout the duration of the study, we will assess blood-based biomarkers including lymphocyte subsets, serum neurofilament light chain, DNA methylation, and RNA analysis as well as magnetic resonance imaging findings (brain volume and/or lesion load) and cognitive performance. Results This study has been approved by the Hunter New England Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee. Recruitment began in March of 2019 and was completed by June 2021. Conclusions This will be the first long-term efficacy trial of cladribine, which offers reinitiation of therapy in the 3rd year, based on disease activity, after the initial 2 courses. We expect that this study will indicate whether any of the assessed biomarkers can be used to predict treatment efficacy or the need for future reinitiation of cladribine in people with MS. Trial Registration This study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000257167) with Universal Trial Number (U1111-1228-2165). International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24969
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki E Maltby
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,School for Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- School for Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovations, Genomics Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Clinical Outcomes Research (CORe) Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Ingham Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pamela McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Clinical Outcomes Research (CORe) Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,School for Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clarke L, Arnett S, Bukhari W, Khalilidehkordi E, Jimenez Sanchez S, O'Gorman C, Sun J, Prain KM, Woodhall M, Silvestrini R, Bundell CS, Abernethy DA, Bhuta S, Blum S, Boggild M, Boundy K, Brew BJ, Brownlee W, Butzkueven H, Carroll WM, Chen C, Coulthard A, Dale RC, Das C, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Gillis D, Hawke S, Heard R, Henderson APD, Heshmat S, Hodgkinson S, Kilpatrick TJ, King J, Kneebone C, Kornberg AJ, Lechner-Scott J, Lin MW, Lynch C, Macdonell RAL, Mason DF, McCombe PA, Pereira J, Pollard JD, Ramanathan S, Reddel SW, Shaw CP, Spies JM, Stankovich J, Sutton I, Vucic S, Walsh M, Wong RC, Yiu EM, Barnett MH, Kermode AGK, Marriott MP, Parratt JDE, Slee M, Taylor BV, Willoughby E, Brilot F, Vincent A, Waters P, Broadley SA. MRI Patterns Distinguish AQP4 Antibody Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder From Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:722237. [PMID: 34566866 PMCID: PMC8458658 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.722237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are inflammatory diseases of the CNS. Overlap in the clinical and MRI features of NMOSD and MS means that distinguishing these conditions can be difficult. With the aim of evaluating the diagnostic utility of MRI features in distinguishing NMOSD from MS, we have conducted a cross-sectional analysis of imaging data and developed predictive models to distinguish the two conditions. NMOSD and MS MRI lesions were identified and defined through a literature search. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive NMOSD cases and age- and sex-matched MS cases were collected. MRI of orbits, brain and spine were reported by at least two blinded reviewers. MRI brain or spine was available for 166/168 (99%) of cases. Longitudinally extensive (OR = 203), "bright spotty" (OR = 93.8), whole (axial; OR = 57.8) or gadolinium (Gd) enhancing (OR = 28.6) spinal cord lesions, bilateral (OR = 31.3) or Gd-enhancing (OR = 15.4) optic nerve lesions, and nucleus tractus solitarius (OR = 19.2), periaqueductal (OR = 16.8) or hypothalamic (OR = 7.2) brain lesions were associated with NMOSD. Ovoid (OR = 0.029), Dawson's fingers (OR = 0.031), pyramidal corpus callosum (OR = 0.058), periventricular (OR = 0.136), temporal lobe (OR = 0.137) and T1 black holes (OR = 0.154) brain lesions were associated with MS. A score-based algorithm and a decision tree determined by machine learning accurately predicted more than 85% of both diagnoses using first available imaging alone. We have confirmed NMOSD and MS specific MRI features and combined these in predictive models that can accurately identify more than 85% of cases as either AQP4 seropositive NMOSD or MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clarke
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Arnett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Wajih Bukhari
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Elham Khalilidehkordi
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Sofia Jimenez Sanchez
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Cullen O'Gorman
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerri M Prain
- Department of Immunology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Silvestrini
- Department of Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine S Bundell
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sandeep Bhuta
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Stefan Blum
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike Boggild
- Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Karyn Boundy
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Wallace Brownlee
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Cella Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alan Coulthard
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Chandi Das
- Department of Neurology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David Gillis
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Heard
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Saman Heshmat
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- South Western Sydney Medical School, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John King
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Kornberg
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Deborah F Mason
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pereira
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - John D Pollard
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Neuroimmunology Group, Kids Neurosciences Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron P Shaw
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Judith M Spies
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James Stankovich
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard C Wong
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan G K Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark P Marriott
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D E Parratt
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ernest Willoughby
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Neuroimmunology Group, Kids Neurosciences Centre, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Waters
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yeh WZ, Widyastuti PA, Van der Walt A, Stankovich J, Havrdova E, Horakova D, Vodehnalova K, Ozakbas S, Eichau S, Duquette P, Kalincik T, Patti F, Boz C, Terzi M, Yamout BI, Lechner-Scott J, Sola P, Skibina OG, Barnett M, Onofrj M, Sá MJ, McCombe PA, Grammond P, Ampapa R, Grand'Maison F, Bergamaschi R, Spitaleri DLA, Van Pesch V, Cartechini E, Hodgkinson S, Soysal A, Saiz A, Gresle M, Uher T, Maimone D, Turkoglu R, Hupperts RM, Amato MP, Granella F, Oreja-Guevara C, Altintas A, Macdonell RA, Castillo-Trivino T, Butzkueven H, Alroughani R, Jokubaitis VG. Natalizumab, Fingolimod and Dimethyl Fumarate Use and Pregnancy-Related Relapse and Disability in Women With Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 2021; 96:e2989-e3002. [PMID: 33879599 PMCID: PMC8253565 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate pregnancy-related disease activity in a contemporary multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort. METHODS Using data from the MSBase Registry, we included pregnancies conceived after 31 Dec 2010 from women with relapsing-remitting MS or clinically isolated syndrome. Predictors of intrapartum relapse, and postpartum relapse and disability progression were determined by clustered logistic regression or Cox regression analyses. RESULTS We included 1998 pregnancies from 1619 women with MS. Preconception annualized relapse rate (ARR) was 0.29 (95% CI 0.27-0.32), fell to 0.19 (0.14-0.24) in third trimester, and increased to 0.59 (0.51-0.67) in early postpartum. Among women who used fingolimod or natalizumab, ARR before pregnancy was 0.37 (0.28-0.49) and 0.29 (0.22-0.37), respectively, and increased during pregnancy. Intrapartum ARR decreased with preconception dimethyl fumarate use. ARR spiked after delivery across all DMT groups. Natalizumab continuation into pregnancy reduced the odds of relapse during pregnancy (OR 0.76 per month [0.60-0.95], p=0.017). DMT re-initiation with natalizumab protected against postpartum relapse (HR 0.11 [0.04-0.32], p<0.0001). Breastfeeding women were less likely to relapse (HR 0.61 [0.41-0.91], p=0.016). 5.6% of pregnancies were followed by confirmed disability progression, predicted by higher relapse activity in pregnancy and postpartum. CONCLUSION Intrapartum and postpartum relapse probabilities increased among women with MS after natalizumab or fingolimod cessation. In women considered to be at high relapse risk, use of natalizumab before pregnancy and continued up to 34 weeks gestation, with early re-initiation after delivery is an effective option to minimize relapse risks. Strategies of DMT use have to be balanced against potential fetal/neonatal complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhen Yeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Putu Ayu Widyastuti
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anneke Van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jim Stankovich
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Vodehnalova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Spain
| | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies
- GF Ingrassia, University of Catania - AOU Policlinico-San Marco, University of Catania
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Turkey
| | | | - Bassem I Yamout
- American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Nehme and Therese Multiple Sclerosis Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Olga G Skibina
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Maria José Sá
- Department of Neurology, São João Universitary Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pamela Ann McCombe
- St Andrews Place, Australia, & Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Australia
| | - Pierre Grammond
- Centre de réadaptation déficience physique Chaudière-Appalache, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | | | | | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Turkey
| | - Albert Saiz
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melissa Gresle
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomas Uher
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Davide Maimone
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, UOC Neurologia, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | | | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
- IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, Koc University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | | | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Box Hill Hospital, Australia
| | | | - Vilija G Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chian FM, Kaur L, Oey I, Astruc T, Hodgkinson S, Boland M. Effects of Pulsed Electric Field Processing and Sous Vide Cooking on Muscle Structure and In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Beef Brisket. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030512. [PMID: 33804354 PMCID: PMC8001486 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEF) in conjunction with sous vide (SV) cooking has been explored for meat tenderisation. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of PEF–SV treatment on the muscle structure and in vitro protein digestibility of beef brisket. Pulsed electric field treatment (specific energy of 99 ± 5 kJ/kg) was applied to bovine Deep and Superficial pectoral muscles in combination with sous vide (SV) cooking (60 °C for 24 h). A similar micro- and ultrastructure was detected between the control SV-cooked and PEF-treated SV-cooked pectoral muscles. The combined PEF–SV treatment increased the in vitro protein digestibility of the pectoral muscles by approximately 29%, in terms of ninhydrin-reactive free amino nitrogen released at the end of simulated digestion. An increment in proteolysis of the PEF-treated SV-cooked meat proteins (e.g., myosin heavy chains and C-protein) during simulated digestion was also observed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. More damaged muscle micro- and ultrastructure was detected in PEF-treated SV-cooked muscles at the end of in vitro digestion, showing its enhanced digestive proteolysis compared to the control cooked meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ming Chian
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (F.M.C.); (I.O.); (S.H.); (M.B.)
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lovedeep Kaur
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (F.M.C.); (I.O.); (S.H.); (M.B.)
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (F.M.C.); (I.O.); (S.H.); (M.B.)
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (F.M.C.); (I.O.); (S.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Mike Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand; (F.M.C.); (I.O.); (S.H.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lizak N, Hodgkinson S, Butler E, Lechner-Scott J, Slee M, McCombe PA, Shaw C, Skibina O, Vucic S, Shuey N, Barnett MH, Parratt J, Butzkueven H, Jack D, Fabris J, Kalincik T. Real-world effectiveness of cladribine for Australian patients with multiple sclerosis: An MSBase registry substudy. Mult Scler 2021; 27:465-474. [PMID: 32530363 PMCID: PMC7897790 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520921087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Observational clinical data from cladribine-treated patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) were recorded in the Australian MS registry powered by the MSBase registry platform (5-year follow-up) and analysed to complement information from the pivotal cladribine clinical trials in MS. METHODS A cohort of 90 cladribine-treated patients with follow-up data reported by treating physicians and recorded in the Australian MSBase registry (database lock February 2016) were examined. Clinical data included Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, relapses and other disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) administered before and after cladribine treatment. RESULTS Mean age on starting cladribine was 47 years; mean age at MS onset was 34 years, and median baseline EDSS score was 5.25. Disability trajectories in patients with sufficient follow-up suggested an overall increasing trend prior to cladribine treatment which was reduced during the 2-year post-treatment. Approximately 80% of patients were EDSS progression-free, 65% remained relapse-free after 2 years and median time to next DMD was 1.7 years. CONCLUSION These observational data suggest a disease-modifying effect in this cohort of relapsing MS patients characterised by older and more disabled patients. Since these data represent a single-arm cohort, clinical trials and larger comparative post-marketing studies are needed to validate and extend these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Lizak
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, UNSW Medicine, Liverpool, NSW, Australia/Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernest Butler
- Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter New England Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pamela Ann McCombe
- Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cameron Shaw
- Geelong Hospital, Geelong, VIC, Australia/Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Neil Shuey
- St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - John Parratt
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Eastern Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Fabris
- Merck Serono Australia Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kalincik T, Diouf I, Sharmin S, Malpas C, Spelman T, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Trojano M, Izquierdo G, Lugaresi A, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Grammond P, Jokubaitis V, van der Walt A, Grand'Maison F, Sola P, Ferraro D, Shaygannejad V, Alroughani R, Hupperts R, Terzi M, Boz C, Lechner-Scott J, Pucci E, Van Pesch V, Granella F, Bergamaschi R, Spitaleri D, Slee M, Vucic S, Ampapa R, McCombe P, Ramo-Tello C, Prevost J, Olascoaga J, Cristiano E, Barnett M, Saladino ML, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Hodgkinson S, Rozsa C, Hughes S, Moore F, Shaw C, Butler E, Skibina O, Gray O, Kermode A, Csepany T, Singhal B, Shuey N, Piroska I, Taylor B, Simo M, Sirbu CA, Sas A, Butzkueven H. Effect of Disease-Modifying Therapy on Disability in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Over 15 Years. Neurology 2020; 96:e783-e797. [PMID: 33372028 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that immunotherapy prevents long-term disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), we modeled disability outcomes in 14,717 patients. METHODS We studied patients from MSBase followed for ≥1 year, with ≥3 visits, ≥1 visit per year, and exposed to MS therapy, and a subset of patients with ≥15-year follow-up. Marginal structural models were used to compare the cumulative hazards of 12-month confirmed increase and decrease in disability, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) step 6, and the incidence of relapses between treated and untreated periods. Marginal structural models were continuously readjusted for patient age, sex, pregnancy, date, disease course, time from first symptom, prior relapse history, disability, and MRI activity. RESULTS A total of 14,717 patients were studied. During the treated periods, patients were less likely to experience relapses (hazard ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.82, p = 0.0016), worsening of disability (0.56, 0.38-0.82, p = 0.0026), and progress to EDSS step 6 (0.33, 0.19-0.59, p = 0.00019). Among 1,085 patients with ≥15-year follow-up, the treated patients were less likely to experience relapses (0.59, 0.50-0.70, p = 10-9) and worsening of disability (0.81, 0.67-0.99, p = 0.043). CONCLUSION Continued treatment with MS immunotherapies reduces disability accrual by 19%-44% (95% CI 1%-62%), the risk of need of a walking aid by 67% (95% CI 41%-81%), and the frequency of relapses by 40-41% (95% CI 18%-57%) over 15 years. This study provides evidence that disease-modifying therapies are effective in improving disability outcomes in relapsing-remitting MS over the long term. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that, for patients with relapsing-remitting MS, long-term exposure to immunotherapy prevents neurologic disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalincik
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sifat Sharmin
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Malpas
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Spelman
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Trojano
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Girard
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pierre Duquette
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pierre Grammond
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francois Grand'Maison
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrizia Sola
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Diana Ferraro
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raed Alroughani
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Terzi
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cavit Boz
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eugenio Pucci
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franco Granella
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Radek Ampapa
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pamela McCombe
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cristina Ramo-Tello
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie Prevost
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Olascoaga
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edgardo Cristiano
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Barnett
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Laura Saladino
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Menoyo
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Csilla Rozsa
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stella Hughes
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fraser Moore
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron Shaw
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ernest Butler
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga Skibina
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Orla Gray
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan Kermode
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bhim Singhal
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neil Shuey
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Imre Piroska
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Magdolna Simo
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmen-Adella Sirbu
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Attila Sas
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- From CORe (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; MS Centre (T.K., I.D., S.S., C.M.), Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia; Karolinska Institute (T.S.), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience (T.S., V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne; Burnet Institute (T.S.), Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience (D.H., E.K.H.), General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G.I.), Sevilla, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (A.L.), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (A.L.), University of Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy; Hopital Notre Dame (A.P., M.G., P.D.), Montreal; CHUM and Universite de Montreal (A.P., M.G., P.D.); CISSS Chaudière-Appalache (P.G.), Levis, Canada; Department of Neurology (V.J., A.v.d.W., O.S., H.B.), Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience (P.S., D.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (V.S.), Isfahan, Iran; Amiri Hospital (R. Alroughani), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Zuyderland Ziekenhuis (R.H.), Sittard, the Netherlands; Medical Faculty (M. Terzi), 19 Mayis University, Samsun; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (C.B.), Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; School of Medicine and Public Health (J.L.-S.), University Newcastle; Department of Neurology (J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia; UOC Neurologia (E.P.), Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (V.V.P.), Brussels, Belgium; University of Parma (F. Granella); C. Mondino National Neurological Institute (R.B.), Pavia; Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino (D.S.), Italy; Flinders University (M. Slee), Adelaide; Westmead Hospital (S.V.), Sydney, Australia; Nemocnice Jihlava (R. Ampapa), Czech Republic; University of Queensland (P.M.), Brisbane; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (P.M.), Brisbane, Australia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (C.R.-T.), Badalona, Spain; CSSS Saint-Jérôme (J.P.), Canada; Hospital Universitario Donostia (J.O.), Paseo de Begiristain, San Sebastián, Spain; Hospital Italiano (E.C.), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brain and Mind Centre (M.B.), University of Sydney, Australia; INEBA-Institute of Neuroscience Buenos Aires (M.L.S.), Argentina; Hospital de Galdakao-Usansolo (J.L.S.-M.), Galdakao, Spain; Liverpool Hospital (S. Hodgkinson), Sydney, Australia; Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital (C.R.), Budapest, Hungary; Craigavon Area Hospital (S. Hughes), UK; Jewish General Hospital (F.M.), Montreal, Canada; Deakin University (C.S.), Geelong; Monash Medical Centre (E.B.), Melbourne, Australia; South East Trust (O.G.), Belfast, UK; Perron Institute (A.K.), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (A.K.), Murdoch University; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (A.K.), Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (T.C.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences (B.S.), Mumbai, India; St Vincents Hospital (N.S.), Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia; Veszprém Megyei Csolnoky Ferenc Kórház zrt (I.P.), Veszprem, Hungary; Royal Hobart Hospital (B.T.), Australia; Semmelweis University Budapest (M. Simo), Hungary; Central Military Emergency University Hospital (C.-A.S.), Bucharest; Titu Maiorescu University (C.-A.S.), Bucharest, Romania; BAZ County Hospital (A.S.), Miskolc, Hungary; and Box Hill Hospital (H.B.), Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chian FM, Kaur L, Astruc T, Vénien A, Stübler AS, Aganovic K, Loison O, Hodgkinson S, Boland M. Shockwave processing of beef brisket in conjunction with sous vide cooking: Effects on protein structural characteristics and muscle microstructure. Food Chem 2020; 343:128500. [PMID: 33221107 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of shockwave processing and subsequent sous vide cooking on meat proteins (molecular size and thermal stability) and muscle structures (molecular, micro- and ultrastructure). Beef briskets were subjected to shockwave (11 kJ/pulse) and were sous vide-cooked at 60 °C for 12 h. Shockwave processing alone decreased the enthalpy and thermal denaturation temperature of the connective tissue proteins (second peak in the DSC thermogram, p < 0.05) compared to the control raw samples, while the protein gel electrophoresis profile remained unaffected. It led to disorganisation of the sarcomere structure and also modified the protein secondary structure. More severe muscle fibre coagulation and denaturation were observed in the shockwave-treated cooked meat compared to the cooked control. The results show that shockwave processing, with and without sous vide cooking, promotes structural changes in meat, and thus may have the potential to improve the organoleptic quality of the tough meat cuts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ming Chian
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Lovedeep Kaur
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | - Annie Vénien
- INRAE, QuaPA, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Anna-Sophie Stübler
- German Institute of Food Technologies DIL e.V., Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany.
| | - Kemal Aganovic
- German Institute of Food Technologies DIL e.V., Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrueck, Germany.
| | | | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Mike Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roos I, Leray E, Frascoli F, Casey R, Brown JWL, Horakova D, Havrdova EK, Trojano M, Patti F, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Prat A, Girard M, Grammond P, Sola P, Ferraro D, Ozakbas S, Bergamaschi R, Sá MJ, Cartechini E, Boz C, Granella F, Hupperts R, Terzi M, Lechner-Scott J, Spitaleri D, Van Pesch V, Soysal A, Olascoaga J, Prevost J, Aguera-Morales E, Slee M, Csepany T, Turkoglu R, Sidhom Y, Gouider R, Van Wijmeersch B, McCombe P, Macdonell R, Coles A, Malpas CB, Butzkueven H, Vukusic S, Kalincik T, Duquette P, Grand'Maison F, Iuliano G, Ramo-Tello C, Solaro C, Cabrera-Gomez JA, Rio ME, Bolaños RF, Shaygannejad V, Oreja-Guevara C, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Petersen T, Altintas A, Barnett M, Flechter S, Fragoso Y, Amato MP, Moore F, Ampapa R, Verheul F, Hodgkinson S, Cristiano E, Yamout B, Laureys G, Dominguez JA, Zwanikken C, Deri N, Dobos E, Vrech C, Butler E, Rozsa C, Petkovska-Boskova T, Karabudak R, Rajda C, Alkhaboori J, Saladino ML, Shaw C, Shuey N, Vucic S, Sempere AP, Campbell J, Piroska I, Taylor B, van der Walt A, Kappos L, Roullet E, Gray O, Simo M, Sirbu CA, Brochet B, Cotton F, De Sèze J, Dion A, Douek P, Guillemin F, Laplaud D, Lebrun-Frenay C, Moreau T, Olaiz J, Pelletier J, Rigaud-Bully C, Stankoff B, Marignier R, Debouverie M, Edan G, Ciron J, Ruet A, Collongues N, Lubetzki C, Vermersch P, Labauge P, Defer G, Cohen M, Fromont A, Wiertlewsky S, Berger E, Clavelou P, Audoin B, Giannesini C, Gout O, Thouvenot E, Heinzlef O, Al-Khedr A, Bourre B, Casez O, Cabre P, Montcuquet A, Créange A, Camdessanché JP, Faure J, Maurousset A, Patry I, Hankiewicz K, Pottier C, Maubeuge N, Labeyrie C, Nifle C. Delay from treatment start to full effect of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis. Brain 2020; 143:2742-2756. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, treatment start or switch is prompted by evidence of disease activity. Whilst immunomodulatory therapies reduce disease activity, the time required to attain maximal effect is unclear. In this study we aimed to develop a method that allows identification of the time to manifest fully and clinically the effect of multiple sclerosis treatments (‘therapeutic lag’) on clinical disease activity represented by relapses and progression-of-disability events. Data from two multiple sclerosis registries, MSBase (multinational) and OFSEP (French), were used. Patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, minimum 1-year exposure to treatment, minimum 3-year pretreatment follow-up and yearly review were included in the analysis. For analysis of disability progression, all events in the subsequent 5-year period were included. Density curves, representing incidence of relapses and 6-month confirmed progression events, were separately constructed for each sufficiently represented therapy. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify the first local minimum of the first derivative after treatment start; this point represented the point of stabilization of treatment effect, after the maximum treatment effect was observed. The method was developed in a discovery cohort (MSBase), and externally validated in a separate, non-overlapping cohort (OFSEP). A merged MSBase-OFSEP cohort was used for all subsequent analyses. Annualized relapse rates were compared in the time before treatment start and after the stabilization of treatment effect following commencement of each therapy. We identified 11 180 eligible treatment epochs for analysis of relapses and 4088 treatment epochs for disability progression. External validation was performed in four therapies, with no significant difference in the bootstrapped mean differences in therapeutic lag duration between registries. The duration of therapeutic lag for relapses was calculated for 10 therapies and ranged between 12 and 30 weeks. The duration of therapeutic lag for disability progression was calculated for seven therapies and ranged between 30 and 70 weeks. Significant differences in the pre- versus post-treatment annualized relapse rate were present for all therapies apart from intramuscular interferon beta-1a. In conclusion we have developed, and externally validated, a method to objectively quantify the duration of therapeutic lag on relapses and disability progression in different therapies in patients more than 3 years from multiple sclerosis onset. Objectively defined periods of expected therapeutic lag allows insights into the evaluation of treatment response in randomized clinical trials and may guide clinical decision-making in patients who experience early on-treatment disease activity. This method will subsequently be applied in studies that evaluate the effect of patient and disease characteristics on therapeutic lag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izanne Roos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Leray
- Rennes University, EHESP, REPERES (Pharmaco-epidemiology and Health services research) - EA 7449, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Frascoli
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, School of Science, Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, 3122, Australia
| | - Romain Casey
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, F-69677 Bron, France
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292, F-69003 Lyon, France
- EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation against multiple sclerosis, state-approved foundation, F-69677 Bron, France
| | - J William L Brown
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Eva K Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, 12808, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, 70122, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- GF Ingrassia Department, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Policlinico G Rodolico, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Sara Eichau
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, 41009, Spain
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna, 40139, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexandre Prat
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- CHUM MS Center and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, H2L 4M1, Canada
| | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, 41100, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria José Sá
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João and Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabetta Cartechini
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche - AV3, Macerata, 62100, Italy
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, 61080, Turkey
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
- Department of General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Zuyderland Ziekenhuis, Sittard, Sittard, 6131 BK, The Netherlands
| | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Kurupelit, Samsun, 55160, Turkey
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, 2308, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, 2305, Australia
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Contrada Amoretta, Avellino, 83100, Italy
| | | | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, 34142, Turkey
| | - Javier Olascoaga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San San Sebastián, Spain, 20014, Spain
| | | | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Selimiye Mahallesi, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Gouider
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, 2010, Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, 3900, Belgium
| | - Pamela McCombe
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Australia
| | - Richard Macdonell
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidlberg, 3084, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Dental Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
| | - Alasdair Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Charles B Malpas
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, 3128, Australia
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- University of Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, F-69677 Bron, France
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
- Melbourne MS Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khalilidehkordi E, Clarke L, Arnett S, Bukhari W, Jimenez Sanchez S, O'Gorman C, Sun J, Prain KM, Woodhall M, Silvestrini R, Bundell CS, Abernethy D, Bhuta S, Blum S, Boggild M, Boundy K, Brew BJ, Brown M, Brownlee W, Butzkueven H, Carroll WM, Chen C, Coulthard A, Dale RC, Das C, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Fulcher D, Gillis D, Hawke S, Heard R, Henderson APD, Heshmat S, Hodgkinson S, Kilpatrick TJ, King J, Kneebone C, Kornberg AJ, Lechner-Scott J, Lin MW, Lynch C, Macdonell RAL, Mason DF, McCombe PA, Pereira J, Pollard JD, Ramanathan S, Reddel SW, Shaw C, Spies J, Stankovich J, Sutton I, Vucic S, Walsh M, Wong RC, Yiu EM, Barnett MH, Kermode AG, Marriott MP, Parratt J, Slee M, Taylor BV, Willoughby E, Brilot F, Vincent A, Waters P, Broadley SA. Relapse Patterns in NMOSD: Evidence for Earlier Occurrence of Optic Neuritis and Possible Seasonal Variation. Front Neurol 2020; 11:537. [PMID: 32612571 PMCID: PMC7308484 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) show overlap in their clinical features. We performed an analysis of relapses with the aim of determining differences between the two conditions. Cases of NMOSD and age- and sex-matched MS controls were collected from across Australia and New Zealand. Demographic and clinical information, including relapse histories, were recorded using a standard questionnaire. There were 75 cases of NMOSD and 101 MS controls. There were 328 relapses in the NMOSD cases and 375 in MS controls. Spinal cord and optic neuritis attacks were the most common relapses in both NMOSD and MS. Optic neuritis (p < 0.001) and area postrema relapses (P = 0.002) were more common in NMOSD and other brainstem attacks were more common in MS (p < 0.001). Prior to age 30 years, attacks of optic neuritis were more common in NMOSD than transverse myelitis. After 30 this pattern was reversed. Relapses in NMOSD were more likely to be treated with acute immunotherapies and were less likely to recover completely. Analysis by month of relapse in NMOSD showed a trend toward reduced risk of relapse in February to April compared to a peak in November to January (P = 0.065). Optic neuritis and transverse myelitis are the most common types of relapse in NMOSD and MS. Optic neuritis tends to occur more frequently in NMOSD prior to the age of 30, with transverse myelitis being more common thereafter. Relapses in NMOSD were more severe. A seasonal bias for relapses in spring-summer may exist in NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khalilidehkordi
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura Clarke
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Arnett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Wajih Bukhari
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Sofia Jimenez Sanchez
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Cullen O'Gorman
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerri M Prain
- Division of Immunology, HSQ Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Silvestrini
- Department of Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine S Bundell
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David Abernethy
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital, Newtown, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Bhuta
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Stefan Blum
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike Boggild
- Department of Neurology, Townsville University Hospital, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Karyn Boundy
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, Centre for Applied Medical Research and Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Brown
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Wallace Brownlee
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Celia Chen
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alan Coulthard
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Chandi Das
- Department of Neurology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David Fulcher
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gillis
- Division of Immunology, HSQ Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Heard
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Saman Heshmat
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- South Western Sydney Medical School, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John King
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Kneebone
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kornberg
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Deborah F Mason
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pereira
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - John D Pollard
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron Shaw
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Judith Spies
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James Stankovich
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard C Wong
- Division of Immunology, HSQ Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark P Marriott
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Parratt
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ernest Willoughby
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Waters
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lau FS, Mitchelle A, Cheung A, Wenderoth J, Cappelen-Smith C, Cordato D, Hodgkinson S, McDougall A, Zagami AS, Manning NW. Abstract TMP9: Use of Immediate Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Carotid Stenting for Tandem Occlusion Stroke is Associated With Acceptable Symptomatic Intracranial Haemorrhage Rates. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.tmp9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Observational studies have shown conflicting data on safety and efficacy of carotid stenting in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. We evaluated our stent patency, functional outcomes and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage rates in acute strokes with tandem occlusions treated with endovascular thrombectomy and concurrent carotid stenting.
Methods:
Prospectively maintained EVT databases at two comprehensive stroke centres were interrogated for patients with anterior circulation tandem occlusion stroke who were treated with EVT and extracranial carotid artery stenting. Intracranial haemorrhage on post-operative CT & MRI brain was assessed on European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II criteria. Stent patency was assessed on CTA 12-24 hours post-operatively. Clinical and neuroimaging endpoints were modified treatment in cerebral ischaemia (mTICI) score, stent patency, any intracranial haemorrhage, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH), and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
Results:
Between 2016 and 2019, 105 patients were identified (mean age 70 years, 78% male, median NIHSS 15). Median time to reperfusion was 9.26 hours, with 97.1% achieving mTICI 2b/3. Immediate dual antiplatelet therapy was used in 102 (97.1%) patients. Good functional outcomes (mRS 0-2) were achieved in 53 (51%) patients. Acute stent thrombosis occurred in 12 (11.4%) patients with 7 (58.3%) still achieving good functional outcomes. Any intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 46 (44%) of all patients. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 8 (7.6%). All sICH patients had 90-day mRS of 3-6.
Conclusion:
Acute tandem occlusion stroke patients present complex management challenges. Despite immediate dual antiplatelet therapy, acute stent occlusions may still occur. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage rates are acceptable in these complex patients, however, all patients with sICH had poorer outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Lau
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | - Amer Mitchelle
- Dept of Neurointervention, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Andrew Cheung
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | - Jason Wenderoth
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | | | - Dennis Cordato
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alessandro S Zagami
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | - Nathan W Manning
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mitchelle A, Lau FS, Cheung A, Wenderoth J, McQuinn A, Cappelen-Smith C, Cordato D, Hodgkinson S, Blair C, McDougall A, Zagami AS, Manning NW. Abstract WP57: Acute Carotid Stenting Following Intracranial Thrombectomy Has Comparable Safety and Efficacy in Early versus Late Time Window Stroke. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is beneficial in late time window stroke. However, patients with tandem extracranial carotid and intracranial occlusions are under-represented in previous trials. We analysed our acute anterior circulation strokes with tandem occlusions treated with EVT and extracranial internal carotid artery stenting.
Methods:
A prospectively maintained database of EVT patients treated in two Australian comprehensive stroke centres between January 2016 and May 2019 was screened for acute anterior circulation ischaemic stroke patients treated with EVT and extracranial internal carotid artery stenting. The cohort was divided into patients treated in early (
<
6 hours from symptom onset) and late (>6 hours from symptom onset) time windows.
Results:
Endovascular thrombectomy with acute carotid stenting was performed in 96 patients (mean age 71years, 78.3% male, mean time to reperfusion 13.5 +/- 10.1 hours, median NIHSS 15). Treatment >6hours after symptom onset occurred in 61 (63.5%) patients. No significant difference was seen between the two groups with respect to age, sex, presenting NIHSS, or mTICI score. At 90-day follow-up, good functional outcome (mRS 0-2) was similar for patients treated in the late versus early time windows, 19 (54.3%) vs 34 (55.7%), p=0.89 respectively. No difference was seen for symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, 5 (7.2%) vs 3 (8.1%) p=0.87, or mortality at 90-day follow-up, 15 (24.6%) vs 6 (17.1%) p=0.40.
Conclusion:
Carotid stenting in late time window has comparable safety and efficacy to early time window stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Mitchelle
- Dept of Neurointervention, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Fiona S Lau
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | - Andrew Cheung
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Randwick, Australia
| | - Jason Wenderoth
- Dept of Neurointervention, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | | | | | - Dennis Cordato
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Christopher Blair
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shivakumar N, Jackson AA, Courtney-Martin G, Elango R, Ghosh S, Hodgkinson S, Xipsiti M, Lee WTK, Kurpad AV, Tomé D. Protein Quality Assessment of Follow-up Formula for Young Children and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods: Recommendations by the FAO Expert Working Group in 2017. J Nutr 2020; 150:195-201. [PMID: 31724705 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAO of the UN convened an Expert Working Group meeting to provide recommendations related to protein quality evaluation of Follow-up Formula for Young Children (FUF-YC) and Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs). The protein and amino acid (AA) scoring patterns for the target age groups were defined and recommendations provided on the use of currently available protein and indispensable AA digestibility data. For FUF-YC, an age category of 1-2.9 y was identified, and a matching protein requirement of 0.86 g · kg-1 · d-1 with corresponding AA requirements were recommended. For RUTF, the protein requirement recommended was 2.82 g · kg-1 · d-1, to achieve a catch-up weight gain of 10 g · kg-1 · d-1 in children recovering from severe acute malnutrition. The AA requirements were factorially derived based on the adult protein requirement for maintenance and tissue AA composition. A flowchart was proposed for the best available methods to estimate digestibility coefficients (of either protein or AAs), in the following order: human, growing pig, and rat true ileal AA digestibility values. Where this is not possible, fecal protein digestibility values should be used. The Expert Working Group recommends the use of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), with existing protein digestibility values, or the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score provided that individual AA digestibility values are available for protein quality evaluation using the latter score. The Group also recommends the use of ileal digestibility of protein or of AAs for plant-based protein sources, recognizing the possible effects of antinutritional factors and impaired gut function. A PDCAAS score of ≥90% can be considered adequate for these formulations, whereas with a score <90%, the quantity of protein should be increased to meet the requirements. Regardless of the protein quality score, the ability of formulations to support growth in the target population should be evaluated. Future research recommendations are also proposed based on the knowledge gaps identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Shivakumar
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Alan Anthony Jackson
- University Hospitals Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria Xipsiti
- Nutrition and Food Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Warren T K Lee
- Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior), AgroParisTech, INRA (National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McQuinn A, Cheung A, Wenderoth J, Mitchelle A, Blair C, Cappelen-Smith C, Cordato D, Hodgkinson S, McDougall A, Zagami AS, Manning NW. Abstract TP32: Efficacy and Safety of Hyper-acute Stenting for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Stroke 2020. [DOI: 10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.tp32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Recent data suggests stenting of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) in the hyper-acute period (< 8 days of symptom onset) is associated with a high incidence of early postoperative morbidity and mortality. We assessed the efficacy and safety of this select group of patients at our institutions.
Methods:
Between December 2017 to May 2019, anterior circulation stroke patients who underwent acute stenting of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease with the Atlas stent (Stryker) were identified from a prospectively maintained database of stroke patients at two comprehensive stroke centres. Baseline characteristics, imaging, and clinical outcomes are reported.
Results:
Nine cases were identified (mean age 71years, 44.4% male, median NIHSS 9 (range 5-18)). All patients had baseline mRS of 3 or less. Median time from symptom onset to groin puncture was 10hours (range 4-96hours). All patients received dual-antiplatelet therapy with Aspirin and Prasugrel(DAPT) either immediately before or after the procedure. In patients who did not receive pre-procedure loading with DAPT (55.6%), a single intravenous dose of Abciximab (mean 9mg +/- 4mg) or Tirofiban (1mg) was given intra-operatively. No thromboembolic complications or mortality occurred in the early postoperative period (within 72hours). All patients showed improvement in target vessel perfusion on day-one CT-perfusion. At 90-days, 7 (77.8%) patients were either functionally independent (mRS 0-2) or at their pre-operative baseline. No symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred. No recurrent target vessel strokes were recorded. One patient died of medical complications unrelated to intracranial stenting and one patient was mRS 3 at 90-days.
Conclusion:
Hyper-acute stenting of symptomatic ICAD may be safe and effective. Antiplatelet treatment strategies and advances in stent devices may be critical in the success of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Cheung
- Neurointervention, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher Blair
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | | | - Dennis Cordato
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Liverpool, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bukhari W, Clarke L, O'Gorman C, Khalilidehkordi E, Arnett S, Prain KM, Woodhall M, Silvestrini R, Bundell CS, Ramanathan S, Abernethy D, Bhuta S, Blum S, Boggild M, Boundy K, Brew BJ, Brownlee W, Butzkueven H, Carroll WM, Chen C, Coulthard A, Dale RC, Das C, Dear K, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Fulcher D, Gillis D, Hawke S, Heard R, Henderson APD, Heshmat S, Hodgkinson S, Jimenez-Sanchez S, Kilpatrick TJ, King J, Kneebone C, Kornberg AJ, Lechner-Scott J, Lin MW, Lynch C, Macdonnell RAL, Mason DF, McCombe PA, Pereira J, Pollard JD, Reddel SW, Shaw C, Spies J, Stankovich J, Sutton I, Vucic S, Walsh M, Wong RC, Yiu EM, Barnett MH, Kermode AG, Marriott MP, Parratt J, Slee M, Taylor BV, Willoughby E, Wilson RJ, Brilot F, Vincent A, Waters P, Broadley SA. The clinical profile of NMOSD in Australia and New Zealand. J Neurol 2020; 267:1431-1443. [PMID: 32006158 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are an inflammation of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies to aquaporin-4. We have undertaken a clinic-based survey of NMOSD in the Australia and New Zealand populations with the aim of characterising the clinical features and establishing the value of recently revised diagnostic criteria. Cases of possible NMOSD and age and sex-matched controls with multiple sclerosis (MS) were referred from centres across Australia and New Zealand. Cases were classified as NMOSD if they met the 2015 IPND criteria and remained as suspected NMOSD if they did not. Clinical and paraclinical data were compared across the three groups. NMOSD was confirmed in 75 cases and 89 had suspected NMOSD. There were 101 controls with MS. Age at onset, relapse rates and EDSS scores were significantly higher in NMOSD than in MS. Lesions and symptoms referable to the optic nerve were more common in NMOSD whereas brainstem, cerebellar and cerebral lesions were more common in MS. Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions were seen in 48/71 (68%) of cases with NMOSD. Elevations of CSF, white cell count and protein were more common in NMOSD. We have confirmed a clinical pattern of NMOSD that has been seen in several geographical regions. We have demonstrated the clinical utility of the current diagnostic criteria. Distinct patterns of disease are evident in NMOSD and MS, but there remains a large number of patients with NMOSD-like features who do not meet the current diagnostic criteria for NMOSD and remain a diagnostic challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Bukhari
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Laura Clarke
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wooloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Cullen O'Gorman
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wooloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Elham Khalilidehkordi
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Simon Arnett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Kerri M Prain
- Department of Immunology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Roger Silvestrini
- Department of Immunopathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Christine S Bundell
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - David Abernethy
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital, Newtown, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Sandeep Bhuta
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Stefan Blum
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Mike Boggild
- Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Karyn Boundy
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Wallace Brownlee
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Celia Chen
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alan Coulthard
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Chandi Das
- Department of Neurology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, 2605, Australia
| | - Keith Dear
- Global Health Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David Fulcher
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David Gillis
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Heard
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | - Saman Heshmat
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- South Western Sydney Medical School, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Sofia Jimenez-Sanchez
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John King
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chris Kneebone
- Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Andrew J Kornberg
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher Lynch
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Deborah F Mason
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pereira
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Grafton, 1142, New Zealand
| | - John D Pollard
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Cameron Shaw
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Judith Spies
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - James Stankovich
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital, Newtown, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Richard C Wong
- School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- School of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark P Marriott
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John Parratt
- Sydney Medical School, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Ernest Willoughby
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Grafton, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Wilson
- Department of Neurology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wooloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Angela Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Patrick Waters
- Department of Immunology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chan A, Rose J, Alvarez E, Bar-Or A, Butzkueven H, Fox RJ, Gold R, Gudesblatt M, Haartsen J, Spelman T, Wright K, Ferraro D, Sola P, Hodgkinson S, Kalincik T, Lechner-Scott J, McGuigan C, Spach K, Chen C, Fam S, Wu F, Miller C. Lymphocyte reconstitution after DMF discontinuation in clinical trial and real-world patients with MS. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 10:510-519. [PMID: 33510947 PMCID: PMC7837440 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has demonstrated robust efficacy in treating patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Decreases in absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) are a well-known pharmacodynamic effect of DMF treatment, but lymphocyte recovery dynamics are not well characterized after discontinuation of DMF. Methods Data sources included the Biogen DMF integrated clinical trial data set, a retrospective US chart abstraction study, and data from MSBase. We assessed rate and time course of lymphocyte reconstitution after DMF discontinuation. Results The majority of patients who developed lymphopenia while treated with DMF and subsequently discontinued treatment experienced ALC reconstitution. The median time to reach ALC ≥0.8 × 109/L was 2-4 months after discontinuation for patients treated in real-world data sets; the median time to reach ALC ≥0.91 × 109/L was 2 months after discontinuation in DMF clinical trials. Severity of lymphopenia on treatment and decline in ALC within the first 6 months did not affect the ALC reconstitution rate after DMF discontinuation; rather, on-treatment lymphopenia duration influenced the reconstitution rate. In patients with severe, prolonged lymphopenia for ≥3 years, lymphocyte reconstitution to ≥0.91 × 109/L was 12-18 months vs 2-3 months in patients with lymphopenia persisting <6 months. Conclusions The majority of patients who discontinued DMF due to lymphopenia experienced ALC reconstitution within 2-4 months following DMF discontinuation. This may help guide clinicians in managing patients who develop lymphopenia during DMF treatment. Prolonged lymphopenia on DMF treatment is associated with slow lymphocyte recovery after DMF discontinuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - John Rose
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert J Fox
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark Gudesblatt
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jodi Haartsen
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Tim Spelman
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Katy Wright
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Karen Spach
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Chongshu Chen
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Sami Fam
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Catherine Miller
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fambiatos A, Jokubaitis V, Horakova D, Kubala Havrdova E, Trojano M, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Lugaresi A, Izquierdo G, Grand’Maison F, Grammond P, Sola P, Ferraro D, Alroughani R, Terzi M, Hupperts R, Boz C, Lechner-Scott J, Pucci E, Bergamaschi R, Van Pesch V, Ozakbas S, Granella F, Turkoglu R, Iuliano G, Spitaleri D, McCombe P, Solaro C, Slee M, Ampapa R, Soysal A, Petersen T, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Verheul F, Prevost J, Sidhom Y, Van Wijmeersch B, Vucic S, Cristiano E, Saladino ML, Deri N, Barnett M, Olascoaga J, Moore F, Skibina O, Gray O, Fragoso Y, Yamout B, Shaw C, Singhal B, Shuey N, Hodgkinson S, Altintas A, Al-Harbi T, Csepany T, Taylor B, Hughes J, Jun JK, van der Walt A, Spelman T, Butzkueven H, Kalincik T. Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study. Mult Scler 2019; 26:79-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458519868990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The risk factors for conversion from relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis remain highly contested. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and paraclinical features that influence the risk of conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Methods: Patients with adult-onset relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis and at least four recorded disability scores were selected from MSBase, a global observational cohort. The risk of conversion to objectively defined secondary progressive multiple sclerosis was evaluated at multiple time points per patient using multivariable marginal Cox regression models. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: A total of 15,717 patients were included in the primary analysis. Older age (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.02, p < 0.001), longer disease duration (HR = 1.01, p = 0.038), a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score (HR = 1.30, p < 0.001), more rapid disability trajectory (HR = 2.82, p < 0.001) and greater number of relapses in the previous year (HR = 1.07, p = 0.010) were independently associated with an increased risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Improving disability (HR = 0.62, p = 0.039) and disease-modifying therapy exposure (HR = 0.71, p = 0.007) were associated with a lower risk. Recent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging activity, evidence of spinal cord lesions and oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid were not associated with the risk of conversion. Conclusion: Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis increases with age, duration of illness and worsening disability and decreases with improving disability. Therapy may delay the onset of secondary progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fambiatos
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada/CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada/CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Hopital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada/CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, Bologna, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Pierre Grammond
- CISSS de Chaudière-Appalache, Centre-Hospitalier, Levis, Canada
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Cavit Boz
- TU Medical Faculty, Farabi Hospital, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia/Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugenio Pucci
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche, Macerata, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale, San Giuseppe Moscati – Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Pamela McCombe
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia/Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Youssef Sidhom
- Department of Neurology, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Norma Deri
- Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Javier Olascoaga
- Hospital Universitario Donostia–Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Yara Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Bassem Yamout
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Bhim Singhal
- Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Neil Shuey
- St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ayse Altintas
- Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Talal Al-Harbi
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tunde Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Jordana Hughes
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae-Kwan Jun
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Spelman
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/L4 Centre, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lechner-Scott J, Maltby V, Lyndon A, Monif M, Kilpatrick T, Butzkueven H, Taylor B, McCombe P, Hodgkinson S, Fabis-Pedrini M, Kermode A, Barnett M, Kalincik T. 134 Cladribine: a multicentre long-term efficacy biomarker australian study (CLOBAS). J Neurol Psychiatry 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-anzan.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionCladribine tablets (marketed as Mavenclad®) is a new oral therapy, which has recently been listed on the pharmaceuticals benefit scheme (PBS) in Australia for treatment of relapsing MS. The current dosing schedule is for 2 courses given a year apart, which has been shown to be effective for treatment of MS up to 4 years in 75% of patients (based on annualised relapse rate). However, re-initiation of therapy after year 4 has not been studied.MethodsThis will be a multicentre, 6-year, phase IV, low interventional trial. Subjects considered for treatment with cladribine will receive an initial treatment course in year 1 and a continuing treatment course in year 2. After year 3, patients will have the option for re-dosing, if clinically indicated or to switch to another disease modifying therapy. Throughout the duration of the study we will assess blood based biomarkers including lymphocyte subsets, serum neurofilament light chain, DNA methylation and RNA analysis as well as MRI findings (brain volume/lesion load) and cognitive performance.ResultsThis study has been approved by the Hunter New England Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee. The study is due to commence on March 14th.ConclusionsThis will be the first long-term efficacy trial of cladribine which offers re-initiation of therapy after the initial two courses. We expect this study will be an indication if any of the assessed biomarkers can be used to predict treatment efficacy or the need for re-initiation of Cladribine in MS patients.
Collapse
|
47
|
Bhaskar S, Thomas P, Cheng Q, Clement N, McDougall A, Hodgkinson S, Cordato D. Trends in acute stroke presentations to an emergency department: implications for specific communities in accessing acute stroke care services. Postgrad Med J 2019; 95:258-264. [PMID: 31097575 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE South Western Sydney comprises of a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and lower socioeconomic status population group within the state of New South Wales. Geographic location and sociodemographic factors play important roles in access to healthcare and may be crucial in the success of time-critical acute stroke intervention. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in the delayed presentation to emergency department (ED) and identify factors associated with prehospital delay for an acute stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) at a comprehensive stroke centre. METHODS Patient health-related data were extracted for stroke/TIA discharges for the period 2009-2017. Electronic medical record data were used to determine sociodemographic characteristics and prehospital factors, and their associations with delayed presentation≥4.5 hours from stroke onset were studied. RESULTS During the 9-year period, population-adjusted stroke/TIA discharge rates increased from 540 to 676 per 100 000. A significant reduction in the proportion of patients presenting to ED<4.5 hours (56% in 2009 versus 46% in 2017, p<0.001) was observed. Younger patients aged 55-64 and 65-74 years, those belonging to Polynesia, South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia, and those not using state ambulance as the mode of arrival to the hospital were at increased risk of prehospital delay. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive reappraisal of educational programmes for early stroke recognition is required in our region due to delayed ED presentations of younger and specific CALD communities of stroke/TIA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhaskar
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South West Sydney Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nik Clement
- Business Intelligence Unit, Liverpool Hospital and South West Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis Cordato
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Stroke and Neurology Research Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South West Sydney Clinical School, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kalincik T, Kubala Havrdova E, Horakova D, Izquierdo G, Prat A, Girard M, Duquette P, Grammond P, Onofrj M, Lugaresi A, Ozakbas S, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Terzi M, Lechner-Scott J, Boz C, Grand'Maison F, Prevost J, Sola P, Ferraro D, Granella F, Trojano M, Bergamaschi R, Pucci E, Turkoglu R, McCombe PA, Pesch VV, Van Wijmeersch B, Solaro C, Ramo-Tello C, Slee M, Alroughani R, Yamout B, Shaygannejad V, Spitaleri D, Sánchez-Menoyo JL, Ampapa R, Hodgkinson S, Karabudak R, Butler E, Vucic S, Jokubaitis V, Spelman T, Butzkueven H. Comparison of fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:458-468. [PMID: 30636699 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral immunotherapies have become a standard treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Direct comparison of their effect on relapse and disability is needed. METHODS We identified all patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate or fingolimod, with minimum 3-month treatment persistence and disability follow-up in the global MSBase cohort study. Patients were matched using propensity scores. Three pairwise analyses compared annualised relapse rates and hazards of disability accumulation, disability improvement and treatment discontinuation (analysed with negative binomial models and weighted conditional survival models, with pairwise censoring). RESULTS The eligible cohorts consisted of 614 (teriflunomide), 782 (dimethyl fumarate) or 2332 (fingolimod) patients, followed over the median of 2.5 years. Annualised relapse rates were lower on fingolimod compared with teriflunomide (0.18 vs 0.24; p=0.05) and dimethyl fumarate (0.20 vs 0.26; p=0.01) and similar on dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide (0.19 vs 0.22; p=0.55). No differences in disability accumulation (p≥0.59) or improvement (p≥0.14) were found between the therapies. In patients with ≥3-month treatment persistence, subsequent discontinuations were less likely on fingolimod than teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate (p<0.001). Discontinuation rates on teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate were similar (p=0.68). CONCLUSION The effect of fingolimod on relapse frequency was superior to teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate. The effect of the three oral therapies on disability outcomes was similar during the initial 2.5 years on treatment. Persistence on fingolimod was superior to the two comparator drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alexandre Prat
- Montreal, Quebec, Hopital Notre-Dame, Canada.,CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Montreal, Quebec, Hopital Notre-Dame, Canada.,CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Montreal, Quebec, Hopital Notre-Dame, Canada.,CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Bologna, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Emergency and General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Pucci
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche-AV3, Macerata, Italy
| | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pamela A McCombe
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Rehabilitation and MS-Centre Overpelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, and Department of Rehabilitation, ML Novarese Hospital Moncrivello, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - Bassem Yamout
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernest Butler
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Spelman
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Desai M, Alsahli K, Cheung A, Wenderoth J, Kohli A, Cappelen-Smith C, Cordato D, Tay K, Hodgkinson S, McDougall A, Zagami AS, Manning NW. Abstract 154: Non-Contrast Computed Tomography Based Patient Selection Achieves Similar Outcomes to Advanced Neuroimaging in Late Time Window Endovascular Thrombectomy. Stroke 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/str.50.suppl_1.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims:
Endovascular Thrombectomy (EVT) for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion(LVO) in late time windows (over 6 hours) has been validated. Studies utilised advanced neuroimaging to select patients with small ischaemic cores. We have evaluated if routine imaging with non-contrast CT (NCCT) is inferior to CT Perfusion (CTP) to select patients for EVT in late time windows.
Method:
A prospectively maintained database of all EVT patients at two tertiary referral centres was retrospectively interrogated to identify anterior circulation LVO patients, with groin puncture times over 6 hours from symptom onset or time last seen well. Subjects were divided into those that underwent CTP in addition to routine NCCT and CT angiography (CTA) and those that were selected by NCCT/CTA alone.
Results:
A total of 85 patients were included, 39 (46%) had CTP (CTP+). No significant difference between baseline characteristics of CTP+ vs CTP- groups such as age (mean 66 vs 74, p=0.26), gender (male 49% vs 59%, p=0.36), median ASPECT (8 vs 8, p=0.84) and median NIHSS (13 vs 13, p=0.42) were observed. The two groups were also well matched with respect to time metrics including onset to imaging time (mean 519 vs 477 mins, p=0.41), time to groin puncture (mean 733 vs 690 mins, p=0.90) and procedure time (mean 41 vs 38 mins, p=0.94). No significant difference between early neurological recovery (36% vs 44%, p=0.48), 90 day mean utility weighted mRS (6.2, 95% CI [5.1, 7.4] vs 6.4, 95% CI [5.2, 7.5] p=0.75), rates of functional independence at 90 days (60% vs 64%, p=0.76), and rates of symptomatic haemorrhage (8 vs 9%, p=0.41) was observed between the groups.
Conclusion:
In late time windows, anterior circulation LVO patients selected for EVT based on routine imaging had non-inferior outcomes to those who underwent CTP. Our data suggests that late time window patients who do not have access to advanced neuroimaging should not be excluded from EVT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Cheung
- Dept of Interventional Neuroradiology, Prince of Wales Hosp, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Wenderoth
- Dept of Interventional Neuroradiology, Prince of Wales Hosp, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Cecilia Cappelen-Smith
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Univ of New South Wales, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis Cordato
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin Tay
- Radiology, Prince of Wales Hosp, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alan McDougall
- Dept of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alessandro S Zagami
- Dept of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Prince of Wales Hosp, Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan W Manning
- Dept of Interventional Neuroradiology, Prince of Wales Hosp, Liverpool Hosp, Ingham Institute for Applied Med Rsch, Univ of New South Wales, Florey Institute of Neuroscience, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nguyen AL, Havrdova EK, Horakova D, Izquierdo G, Kalincik T, van der Walt A, Terzi M, Alroughani R, Duquette P, Girard M, Prat A, Boz C, Sola P, Ferraro D, Lugaresi A, Lechner-Scott J, Barnett M, Grand'Maison F, Grammond P, Ramo-Tello C, Turkoglu R, McCombe P, Pucci E, Trojano M, Granella F, Spitaleri D, Van Pesch V, Soysal A, Oreja-Guevara C, Verheul F, Vucic S, Hodgkinson S, Slee M, Ampapa R, Prevost J, Menoyo JLS, Skibina O, Solaro C, Olascoaga J, Shaw C, Madsen KG, Naidoo K, Hyde R, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis V. Incidence of pregnancy and disease-modifying therapy exposure trends in women with multiple sclerosis: A contemporary cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 28:235-243. [PMID: 30623864 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to disease-modifying therapy (DMT) during early pregnancy in women with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) may be increasing. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively determine incidence of pregnancy, DMT exposure and pregnancy outcomes in women with RRMS. METHODS We identified all women with RRMS aged 15-45 years in the MSBase Registry between 2005-2016. Annualised pregnancy incidence rates were calculated using Poisson regression models. DMT exposures and pregnancy outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Of 9,098 women meeting inclusion criteria, 1,178 (13%) women recorded 1,521 pregnancies. The annualised incidence rate of pregnancy was 0.042 (95% CI 0.040, 0.045). A total of 635 (42%) reported pregnancies were conceived on DMT, increasing from 27% in 2006 to 62% in 2016. The median duration of DMT exposure during pregnancy was 30 days (IQR: 9, 50). There were a higher number of induced abortions on FDA pregnancy class C/D drugs compared with pregnancy class B and no DMT (p = 0.010); but no differences in spontaneous abortions, term or preterm births. CONCLUSIONS We report low pregnancy incidence rates, with increasing number of pregnancies conceived on DMT over the past 12-years. The median duration of DMT exposure in pregnancy was relatively short at one month.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Raed Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cavit Boz
- KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Ospedale Civile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Ospedale Civile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università "Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS "Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna", Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Recai Turkoglu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pamela McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eugenio Pucci
- UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche - AV3, Macerata, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Turkey
| | - Celia Oreja-Guevara
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISCC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Neurology ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy; Department of Rehabilitation M.L. Novarese Hospital Moncrivello, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|