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Jongmans MCJ, Admiraal RJ, van der Donk KP, Vissers LELM, Baas AF, Kapusta L, van Hagen JM, Donnai D, de Ravel TJ, Veltman JA, Geurts van Kessel A, De Vries BBA, Brunner HG, Hoefsloot LH, van Ravenswaaij CMA. CHARGE syndrome: the phenotypic spectrum of mutations in the CHD7 gene. J Med Genet 2005; 43:306-14. [PMID: 16155193 PMCID: PMC2563221 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.036061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHARGE syndrome is a non-random clustering of congenital anomalies including coloboma, heart defects, choanal atresia, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies, and deafness. A consistent feature in CHARGE syndrome is semicircular canal hypoplasia resulting in vestibular areflexia. Other commonly associated congenital anomalies are facial nerve palsy, cleft lip/palate, and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Specific behavioural problems, including autistic-like behaviour, have been described. The CHD7 gene on chromosome 8q12.1 was recently discovered as a major gene involved in the aetiology of this syndrome. METHODS The coding regions of CHD7 were screened for mutations in 107 index patients with clinical features suggestive of CHARGE syndrome. Clinical data of the mutation positive patients were sampled to study the phenotypic spectrum of mutations in the CHD7 gene. RESULTS Mutations were identified in 69 patients. Here we describe the clinical features of 47 of these patients, including two sib pairs. Most mutations were unique and were scattered throughout the gene. All patients but one fulfilled the current diagnostic criteria for CHARGE syndrome. No genotype-phenotype correlations were apparent in this cohort, which is best demonstrated by the differences in clinical presentation in sib pairs with identical mutations. Somatic mosaicism was detected in the unaffected mother of a sib pair, supporting the existence of germline mosaicism. CONCLUSIONS CHD7 mutations account for the majority of the cases with CHARGE syndrome, with a broad clinical variability and without an obvious genotype-phenotype correlation. In one case evidence for germline mosaicism was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C J Jongmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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2
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de Ravel TJ, Legius E, Brems H, Van Hoestenberghe R, Gillis PH, Fryns JP. Hemifacial microsomia in two patients further supporting chromosomal mosaicism as a causative factor. Clin Dysmorphol 2001; 10:263-7. [PMID: 11666000 DOI: 10.1097/00019605-200110000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases with hemifacial microsomia with body asymmetry associated with mosaic trisomies. The child with mosaic trisomy 9 had skin pigmentary changes. In the boy with mosaic trisomy 22, the extra chromosome 22 originated from a maternal meiosis I error.
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3
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de Ravel TJ, Matthijs G, Fryns J. An unbalanced translocation 46,XX,+der(18)t(18;21)(q12.2;q11.2)mat,-21 associated with maternal isodisomy 18pter-->18q12.2. Ann Genet 2001; 44:63-6. [PMID: 11522242 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(01)01045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient with a 46,XX,+der(18)t(18;21)(q12.2;q11.2)mat,-21 karyotype, in whom the rarely seen adjacent-2 segregation (according to the predicted pachytene diagram model) as well as two cross-overs, resulted in maternal isodisomy 18pter-->18q12.2.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Centromere/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Crossing Over, Genetic/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Uniparental Disomy/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Ravel
- Centre for Human Genetics, KULeuven, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Abstract
We describe the first case of trisomy 22 resulting from a monocentric, possible isochromosome 22. The female infant had multiple anomalies including an abnormal face, ambiguous genitalia, and both ventricular and atrial septal defects. Survival was short.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Manasse
- Department of Human Genetics, The South African Institute for Medical Research and The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Abstract
The Pallister-Killian syndrome is a rare disorder, which is clinically diagnosed and usually confirmed by the detection of mosaicism for an isochromosome 12p in fibroblast cultures. To date FISH on buccal mucosa has been used in only three cases and this detected high levels of mosaicism for the isochromosome. We review one previously reported case [Woodman et al. (1995) Genet Couns 6:33-36] and report a further seven clinically suspected cases in which the diagnoses were confirmed by FISH on buccal mucosa, and recommend that this tissue be used routinely for laboratory confirmation. The presence of the isochromosome 12p at levels as low as 1% is acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Manasse
- Department of Human Genetics, The South African Institute for Medical Research and The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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6
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Lambie L, de Ravel TJ. Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II: case report. East Afr Med J 2000; 77:57-9. [PMID: 10944842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, also known as the Langer-Giedion syndrome, may present to the health care-givers or physicians in various specialties and need to be recognised in order that accurate diagnosis, management and counselling about prognosis and recurrence risks may be carried out. A case of young male with this condition is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lambie
- Department of Human Genetics, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Viljoen D, Kromberg J, de Ravel TJ, Krause A, Donaldson S, Craig P, Oliveira V. Amniocentesis--too dangerous and too late? S Afr Med J 1999; 89:1118, 1120. [PMID: 10599276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
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8
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Donaldson SJ, Wright CA, de Ravel TJ. Trisomy 18 with total cranio-rachischisis and thoraco-abdominoschisis. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19:580-2. [PMID: 10416978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a further case of trisomy 18 with total cranio-rachischisis and radial agenesis, and report the first case with thoraco-abdominoschisis. We review these rare findings in trisomy 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Donaldson
- Department of Human Genetics, The South African Institute for Medical Research and The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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9
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Abstract
We present a family in which the first affected child presented with a 'milder' form of the hydrolethalus syndrome and survived to seven months, and two subsequent pregnancies with typical features detected early by ultrasound evaluation. We propose that the 'milder' cases are indeed true cases of the hydrolethalus syndrome and that allelic variability may be responsible for these 'non-typically Finnish' findings. We also demonstrate that, especially in families where there has been a previously affected fetus, echographic diagnosis can be made in the first trimester, as early as the 11th week of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, The School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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10
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de Ravel TJ, Berkowitz DE, Wagner JM, Jenkins T. Brachydactyly type B with its distinct facies and 'Cooks syndrome' are the same entity. Clin Dysmorphol 1999; 8:41-5. [PMID: 10327250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A sibling pair with brachydactyly type B born to a normal non-consanguineous couple are described and the severity of their condition discussed. It is proposed that a subgroup of individuals with brachydactyly type B principally involving the nails and distal phalanges, and also having distinct facies, might be identical to individuals having 'Cooks syndrome'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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11
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Jordan MA, Marques I, Rosendorff J, de Ravel TJ. Trisomy 8 mosaicism: a further five cases illustrating marked clinical and cytogenetic variability. Genet Couns 1998; 9:139-146. [PMID: 9664211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 8 mosaicism is extremely variable in its phenotypic and cytogenic expression. We present five patients clearly demonstrating the lack of correlation between clinical and laboratory findings, and show that the aneuploid cell lines decreases with time in relation to the normal. This poses a counseling dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African, Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Abstract
Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome comprises limb deficiencies of variable severity, facial clefts, and other anomalies. Tetra-amelia may also be associated with facial clefts and similar anomalies. We report on a female infant with severe tetra-amelia, micrognathia, cleft palate, splenogonadal fusion, and premature centromere separation. We propose that this represents the severe expression of the Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Abstract
We report on a case of lethal neonatal mandibuloacral dysplasia. Large confluent fontanelles, sparse fine hair and eyebrows, pseudo-exophthalmos, micrognathia, bulbar digits, and short clavicles were present. In addition, we describe for the first time the presence of glandular hypospadias in this disorder. We propose that this neonatally lethal case represents severe expression of mandibuloacral dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Seftel
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Carles S, Desgeorges M, Goldman A, Thiart R, Guittard C, Kitazos CA, de Ravel TJ, Westwood AT, Claustres M, Ramsay M. First report of CFTR mutations in black cystic fibrosis patients of southern African origin. J Med Genet 1996; 33:802-4. [PMID: 8880589 PMCID: PMC1050743 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.9.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is thought to be rare in the black populations of Africa who have minimal white admixture. Only a few cases have been reported but have not been studied at the molecular level. We report the detection of CFTR mutations in three southern African black patients. One was homozygous for the 3120 + 1G-->A mutation, while the other two were compound heterozygotes each with this mutation on one chromosome. The other mutations were G1249E and a previously unreported in frame 54 bp deletion within exon 17a involving nucleotides 3196-3249 (3196del54). The 3120 + 1G-->A mutation was first described in American black patients and has been shown to be a common mutation in this population (9-14% of CF chromosomes). It was also found in a black CF patient whose father, the 3120 + 1G-->A carrier, is from Cameroon. These data suggest that it is an old mutation which accounts for many of the CFTR mutations in African blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carles
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Genetique, CNRS UPR 9008, CRBM U249, Montpellier, France
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15
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de Ravel TJ, Wright CA, Moller LI. Postmortem findings in three triploid fetuses. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1996; 30:341-52. [PMID: 9125338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, South African Institute for Medical Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Gibson RA, Morgan NV, Goldstein LH, Pearson IC, Kesterton IP, Foot NJ, Jansen S, Havenga C, Pearson T, de Ravel TJ, Cohn RJ, Marques IM, Dokal I, Roberts I, Marsh J, Ball S, Milner RD, Llerena JC, Samochatova E, Mohan SP, Vasudevan P, Birjandi F, Hajianpour A, Murer-Orlando M, Mathew CG. Novel mutations and polymorphisms in the Fanconi anemia group C gene. Hum Mutat 1996; 8:140-8. [PMID: 8844212 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1996)8:2<140::aid-humu6>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents and bone marrow failure. At least four complementation groups have been defined, and the FA group C gene (FAC) has been cloned. We have screened 76 unrelated FA patients of diverse ethnic and geographic origins and from unknown complementation groups for mutations in the FAC gene either by chemical cleavage mismatch analysis or by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP). Five mutations were detected in four patients (5.3%), including two novel mutations (W22X and L496R). Nine polymorphisms were detected, seven of which have not been described previously (663A-->G, L190F, IVS6 + 30C-->T, I312V, V449M, Q465R, and 1974G-->A). Six of the nine polymorphisms occurred in patients or controls from the Tswana or Sotho chiefdoms of South Africa and were not found in 50 unrelated European controls. Restriction site assays were established for all 8 pathogenic mutations identified in the FAC gene to date and used to screen a total of 94 unrelated FA patients. This identified only one other group C patient, who was homozygons for the mutation IVS4 + 4A-->T. This study indicates that the proportion of FA patients from complementation group C is generally likely to be less than 10%. Guidelines for the selection of FA patients for FAC mutation screening are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gibson
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Cogan JD, Ramel B, Lehto M, Phillips J, Prince M, Blizzard RM, de Ravel TJ, Brammert M, Groop L. A recurring dominant negative mutation causes autosomal dominant growth hormone deficiency--a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:3591-5. [PMID: 8530604 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Familial isolated GH deficiency type II (IGHD-II) is an autosomal dominant disorder that has been previously shown in some patients to be caused by heterogeneous GH gene defects that affect GH messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. We report here our finding of multiple G-->A transitions of the first base of the donor splice site of IVS 3 (+ 1G-->A) in IGHD II subjects from three nonrelated kindreds from Sweden, North America, and South Africa. This + 1G-->A substitution creates an NlaIII site that was used to demonstrate that all affected individuals in all three families were heterozygous for the mutation. To determine the effect of this mutation on GH mRNA processing, HeLa cells were transfected with expression plasmids containing normal or mutant + 1G-->A alleles, and complementary DNAs from the resulting GH mRNAs were sequenced. The mutation was found to destroy the GH IVS 3 donor splice site, causing skipping of exon 3 and loss of the codons for amino acids 32-71 of the mature GH peptide from the mutant GH mRNA. Our finding of exon 3 skipping in transcripts of the + 1G-->A mutant allele is identical to our previous report of a different sixth base transition (+6T-->C) mutation of the IVS 3 donor splice site that also causes IGHD II. Microsatellite analysis of an affected subjects' DNA from each of the three nonrelated kindreds indicates that the + 1G-->A mutation arose independently in each family. Finding that neither grandparent has the mutation in the first family suggests that it arose de novo in that family. Our data indicate that 1) + 1G-->A IVS 3 mutations perturb GH mRNA splicing and cause IGHD II; and 2) these mutations can present as de novo GHD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Cogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2578, USA
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Dietzsch E, Ramsay M, Christianson AL, Henderson BD, de Ravel TJ. Maternal origin of extra haploid set of chromosomes in third trimester triploid fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1995; 58:360-4. [PMID: 8533847 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320580412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six highly polymorphic markers were used to determine the origin of the extra haploid chromosome set in 6 triploid fetuses of type II phenotype. All had reached the third trimester of pregnancy. The extra set was maternal in origin in all cases, supporting previous research indicating longer in utero survival of maternally-derived triploid fetuses. These findings provide evidence for an instance of genomic imprinting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dietzsch
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gibson RA, Ford D, Jansen S, Savoia A, Havenga C, Milner RD, de Ravel TJ, Cohn RJ, Ball SE, Roberts I. Genetic mapping of the FACC gene and linkage analysis in Fanconi anaemia families. J Med Genet 1994; 31:868-71. [PMID: 7853372 PMCID: PMC1016661 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.11.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with increased chromosome breakage and progressive bone marrow failure. The gene for complementation group C (FACC) has been cloned and mapped to chromosome 9q22.3, but neither its genetic location nor the proportion of patients belonging to group C is known. We have used a polymorphism within the FACC gene to localise it within a 5 cM interval on chromosome 9q, bounded by D9S196/D9S197 and D9S176. The genes for Gorlin's syndrome and multiple self-healing squamous epitheliomata have also been mapped to this interval. Linkage analysis with the three highly informative microsatellite polymorphisms flanking FACC in 36 Fanconi anaemia families showed that only 8% of families were linked to this locus. This indicates that the genes for the other Fanconi anaemia complementation groups must map to one or more different chromosomal locations. The markers also allowed rapid exclusion of 56% of the families in our panel from complementation group C, thus substantially reducing the number of patients who need to be screened for FACC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gibson
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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