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Go S, Tsuzuki Y, Yoneda H, Ichikawa Y, Ikeda T, Imai N, Imamura K, Niikura M, Nishimura D, Mizuno R, Takeda S, Ueno H, Watanabe S, Saito TY, Shimoura S, Sugawara S, Takamine A, Takahashi T. Demonstration of nuclear gamma-ray polarimetry based on a multi-layer CdTe Compton camera. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2573. [PMID: 38336981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To detect and track structural changes in atomic nuclei, the systematic study of nuclear levels with firm spin-parity assignments is important. While linear polarization measurements have been applied to determine the electromagnetic character of gamma-ray transitions, the applicable range is strongly limited due to the low efficiency of the detection system. The multi-layer Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) Compton camera can be a state-of-the-art gamma-ray polarimeter for nuclear spectroscopy with the high position sensitivity and the detection efficiency. We demonstrated the capability to operate this detector as a reliable gamma-ray polarimeter by using polarized 847-keV gamma rays produced by the [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) reaction. By combining the experimental data and simulated calculations, the modulation curve for the gamma ray was successfully obtained. A remarkably high polarization sensitivity was achieved, compatible with a reasonable detection efficiency. Based on the obtained results, a possible future gamma-ray polarimetery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Go
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Y Tsuzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - H Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Lehrstuhl für Astronomie, Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ikeda
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - N Imai
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Imamura
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Niikura
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Nishimura
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Mizuno
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Takeda
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - H Ueno
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Watanabe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Y Saito
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Shimoura
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Sugawara
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Takamine
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Kondo Y, Achouri NL, Falou HA, Atar L, Aumann T, Baba H, Boretzky K, Caesar C, Calvet D, Chae H, Chiga N, Corsi A, Delaunay F, Delbart A, Deshayes Q, Dombrádi Z, Douma CA, Ekström A, Elekes Z, Forssén C, Gašparić I, Gheller JM, Gibelin J, Gillibert A, Hagen G, Harakeh MN, Hirayama A, Hoffman CR, Holl M, Horvat A, Horváth Á, Hwang JW, Isobe T, Jiang WG, Kahlbow J, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N, Kawase S, Kim S, Kisamori K, Kobayashi T, Körper D, Koyama S, Kuti I, Lapoux V, Lindberg S, Marqués FM, Masuoka S, Mayer J, Miki K, Murakami T, Najafi M, Nakamura T, Nakano K, Nakatsuka N, Nilsson T, Obertelli A, Ogata K, de Oliveira Santos F, Orr NA, Otsu H, Otsuka T, Ozaki T, Panin V, Papenbrock T, Paschalis S, Revel A, Rossi D, Saito AT, Saito TY, Sasano M, Sato H, Satou Y, Scheit H, Schindler F, Schrock P, Shikata M, Shimizu N, Shimizu Y, Simon H, Sohler D, Sorlin O, Stuhl L, Sun ZH, Takeuchi S, Tanaka M, Thoennessen M, Törnqvist H, Togano Y, Tomai T, Tscheuschner J, Tsubota J, Tsunoda N, Uesaka T, Utsuno Y, Vernon I, Wang H, Yang Z, Yasuda M, Yoneda K, Yoshida S. Publisher Correction: First observation of 28O. Nature 2023; 623:E13. [PMID: 37935927 PMCID: PMC10665181 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kondo
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan.
| | - N L Achouri
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - H Al Falou
- Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Lebanese-French University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Deddeh, Lebanon
| | - L Atar
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Aumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Boretzky
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Caesar
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Calvet
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Chae
- Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - N Chiga
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - A Corsi
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Delaunay
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - A Delbart
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Q Deshayes
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | | | - C A Douma
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Ekström
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - C Forssén
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - I Gašparić
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J-M Gheller
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Gibelin
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - A Gillibert
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Hagen
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - M N Harakeh
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Hirayama
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C R Hoffman
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - M Holl
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Horvat
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Á Horváth
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J W Hwang
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - W G Jiang
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J Kahlbow
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - S Kawase
- Department of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Kim
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - D Körper
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Koyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Kuti
- Atomki, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Lapoux
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Lindberg
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F M Marqués
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - S Masuoka
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Mayer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - K Miki
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - T Murakami
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Najafi
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Nakano
- Department of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Nakatsuka
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Nilsson
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Obertelli
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - K Ogata
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - F de Oliveira Santos
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - N A Orr
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - H Otsu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Otsuka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ozaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - V Panin
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Papenbrock
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Paschalis
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Revel
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - D Rossi
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A T Saito
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sasano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - H Sato
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Satou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Scheit
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Schindler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Schrock
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Shikata
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Shimizu
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Shimizu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - H Simon
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - L Stuhl
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Z H Sun
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Takeuchi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Thoennessen
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Törnqvist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y Togano
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tomai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Tscheuschner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Tsubota
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Tsunoda
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Uesaka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Utsuno
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - I Vernon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - H Wang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Yasuda
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Yoshida
- Liberal and General Education Center, Institute for Promotion of Higher Academic Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
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3
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Lalanne L, Sorlin O, Poves A, Assié M, Hammache F, Koyama S, Suzuki D, Flavigny F, Girard-Alcindor V, Lemasson A, Matta A, Roger T, Beaumel D, Blumenfeld Y, Brown BA, Santos FDO, Delaunay F, de Séréville N, Franchoo S, Gibelin J, Guillot J, Kamalou O, Kitamura N, Lapoux V, Mauss B, Morfouace P, Pancin J, Saito TY, Stodel C, Thomas JC. N=16 Magicity Revealed at the Proton Drip Line through the Study of ^{35}Ca. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:092501. [PMID: 37721823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.092501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The last proton bound calcium isotope ^{35}Ca has been studied for the first time, using the ^{37}Ca(p,t)^{35}Ca two neutron transfer reaction. The radioactive ^{37}Ca nuclei, produced by the LISE spectrometer at GANIL, interacted with the protons of the liquid hydrogen target CRYPTA, to produce tritons t that were detected in the MUST2 detector array, in coincidence with the heavy residues Ca or Ar. The atomic mass of ^{35}Ca and the energy of its first 3/2^{+} state are reported. A large N=16 gap of 4.61(11) MeV is deduced from the mass measurement, which together with other measured properties, makes ^{36}Ca a doubly magic nucleus. The N=16 shell gaps in ^{36}Ca and ^{24}O are of similar amplitude, at both edges of the valley of stability. This feature is discussed in terms of nuclear forces involved, within state-of-the-art shell model calculations. Even though the global agreement with data is quite convincing, the calculations underestimate the size of the N=16 gap in ^{36}Ca by 840 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lalanne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Poves
- Departamento de Física Teórica and IFT-UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-2804 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Assié
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - F Hammache
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Koyama
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
- Department of Physics, The Unviversity of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - D Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - F Flavigny
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - V Girard-Alcindor
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Lemasson
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Matta
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - T Roger
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - D Beaumel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Y Blumenfeld
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - B A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - F De Oliveira Santos
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - F Delaunay
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - N de Séréville
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J Gibelin
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - J Guillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - O Kamalou
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - N Kitamura
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - V Lapoux
- CEA, Centre de Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Mauss
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P Morfouace
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - J Pancin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, The Unviversity of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Stodel
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - J-C Thomas
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
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Kondo Y, Achouri NL, Falou HA, Atar L, Aumann T, Baba H, Boretzky K, Caesar C, Calvet D, Chae H, Chiga N, Corsi A, Delaunay F, Delbart A, Deshayes Q, Dombrádi Z, Douma CA, Ekström A, Elekes Z, Forssén C, Gašparić I, Gheller JM, Gibelin J, Gillibert A, Hagen G, Harakeh MN, Hirayama A, Hoffman CR, Holl M, Horvat A, Horváth Á, Hwang JW, Isobe T, Jiang WG, Kahlbow J, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N, Kawase S, Kim S, Kisamori K, Kobayashi T, Körper D, Koyama S, Kuti I, Lapoux V, Lindberg S, Marqués FM, Masuoka S, Mayer J, Miki K, Murakami T, Najafi M, Nakamura T, Nakano K, Nakatsuka N, Nilsson T, Obertelli A, Ogata K, de Oliveira Santos F, Orr NA, Otsu H, Otsuka T, Ozaki T, Panin V, Papenbrock T, Paschalis S, Revel A, Rossi D, Saito AT, Saito TY, Sasano M, Sato H, Satou Y, Scheit H, Schindler F, Schrock P, Shikata M, Shimizu N, Shimizu Y, Simon H, Sohler D, Sorlin O, Stuhl L, Sun ZH, Takeuchi S, Tanaka M, Thoennessen M, Törnqvist H, Togano Y, Tomai T, Tscheuschner J, Tsubota J, Tsunoda N, Uesaka T, Utsuno Y, Vernon I, Wang H, Yang Z, Yasuda M, Yoneda K, Yoshida S. First observation of 28O. Nature 2023; 620:965-970. [PMID: 37648757 PMCID: PMC10630140 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Subjecting a physical system to extreme conditions is one of the means often used to obtain a better understanding and deeper insight into its organization and structure. In the case of the atomic nucleus, one such approach is to investigate isotopes that have very different neutron-to-proton (N/Z) ratios than in stable nuclei. Light, neutron-rich isotopes exhibit the most asymmetric N/Z ratios and those lying beyond the limits of binding, which undergo spontaneous neutron emission and exist only as very short-lived resonances (about 10-21 s), provide the most stringent tests of modern nuclear-structure theories. Here we report on the first observation of 28O and 27O through their decay into 24O and four and three neutrons, respectively. The 28O nucleus is of particular interest as, with the Z = 8 and N = 20 magic numbers1,2, it is expected in the standard shell-model picture of nuclear structure to be one of a relatively small number of so-called 'doubly magic' nuclei. Both 27O and 28O were found to exist as narrow, low-lying resonances and their decay energies are compared here to the results of sophisticated theoretical modelling, including a large-scale shell-model calculation and a newly developed statistical approach. In both cases, the underlying nuclear interactions were derived from effective field theories of quantum chromodynamics. Finally, it is shown that the cross-section for the production of 28O from a 29F beam is consistent with it not exhibiting a closed N = 20 shell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kondo
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan.
| | - N L Achouri
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - H Al Falou
- Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Lebanese-French University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Deddeh, Lebanon
| | - L Atar
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Aumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Boretzky
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Caesar
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Calvet
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Chae
- Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - N Chiga
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - A Corsi
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Delaunay
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - A Delbart
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Q Deshayes
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | | | - C A Douma
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Ekström
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - C Forssén
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - I Gašparić
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J-M Gheller
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Gibelin
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - A Gillibert
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G Hagen
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - M N Harakeh
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Hirayama
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C R Hoffman
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - M Holl
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Horvat
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Á Horváth
- Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J W Hwang
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - W G Jiang
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J Kahlbow
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - S Kawase
- Department of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Kim
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - T Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - D Körper
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Koyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Kuti
- Atomki, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Lapoux
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Lindberg
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - F M Marqués
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - S Masuoka
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Mayer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - K Miki
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - T Murakami
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Najafi
- ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Nakano
- Department of Advanced Energy Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Nakatsuka
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Nilsson
- Institutionen för Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Obertelli
- Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - K Ogata
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - F de Oliveira Santos
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - N A Orr
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - H Otsu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Otsuka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ozaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - V Panin
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Papenbrock
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Paschalis
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Revel
- LPC Caen UMR6534, Université de Caen Normandie, ENSICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - D Rossi
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A T Saito
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sasano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - H Sato
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Satou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Scheit
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Schindler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Schrock
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Shikata
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Shimizu
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Shimizu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - H Simon
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Caen, France
| | - L Stuhl
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Z H Sun
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - S Takeuchi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Thoennessen
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H Törnqvist
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y Togano
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Tomai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Tscheuschner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Tsubota
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Tsunoda
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Uesaka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Utsuno
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - I Vernon
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - H Wang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Yasuda
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Yoshida
- Liberal and General Education Center, Institute for Promotion of Higher Academic Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
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5
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Lalanne L, Sorlin O, Poves A, Assié M, Hammache F, Koyama S, Suzuki D, Flavigny F, Girard-Alcindor V, Lemasson A, Matta A, Roger T, Beaumel D, Blumenfeld Y, Brown BA, Santos FDO, Delaunay F, de Séréville N, Franchoo S, Gibelin J, Guillot J, Kamalou O, Kitamura N, Lapoux V, Mauss B, Morfouace P, Niikura M, Pancin J, Saito TY, Stodel C, Thomas JC. Structure of ^{36}Ca under the Coulomb Magnifying Glass. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:122501. [PMID: 36179171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detailed spectroscopy of the neutron-deficient nucleus ^{36}Ca was obtained up to 9 MeV using the ^{37}Ca(p,d)^{36}Ca and the ^{38}Ca(p,t)^{36}Ca transfer reactions. The radioactive nuclei, produced by the LISE spectrometer at GANIL, interacted with the protons of the liquid hydrogen target CRYPTA, to produce light ejectiles (the deuteron d or triton t) that were detected in the MUST2 detector array, in coincidence with the heavy residues identified by a zero-degree detection system. Our main findings are (i) a similar shift in energy for the 1_{1}^{+} and 2_{1}^{+} states by about -250 keV, as compared with the mirror nucleus ^{36}S; (ii) the discovery of an intruder 0_{2}^{+} state at 2.83(13) MeV, which appears below the first 2^{+} state, in contradiction with the situation in ^{36}S; and (iii) a tentative 0_{3}^{+} state at 4.83(17) MeV, proposed to exhibit a bubble structure with two neutron vacancies in the 2s_{1/2} orbit. The inversion between the 0_{2}^{+} and 2_{1}^{+} states is due to the large mirror energy difference (MED) of -516(130) keV for the former. This feature is reproduced by shell model calculations, using the sd-pf valence space, predicting an almost pure intruder nature for the 0_{2}^{+} state, with two protons (neutrons) being excited across the Z=20 magic closure in ^{36}Ca (^{36}S). This mirror system has the largest MEDs ever observed, if one excludes the few cases induced by the effect of the continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lalanne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - O Sorlin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Poves
- Departamento de Física Teórica and IFT-UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-2804 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Assié
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - F Hammache
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Koyama
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D Suzuki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - F Flavigny
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - V Girard-Alcindor
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Lemasson
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - A Matta
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - T Roger
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - D Beaumel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Y Blumenfeld
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - B A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - F De Oliveira Santos
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - F Delaunay
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - N de Séréville
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J Gibelin
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - J Guillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - O Kamalou
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - N Kitamura
- Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - V Lapoux
- CEA, Centre de Saclay, IRFU, Service de Physique Nucléaire, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Mauss
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P Morfouace
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M Niikura
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Pancin
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Stodel
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
| | - J-C Thomas
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Bd. Henri Becquerel, 14076 Caen, France
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6
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Wimmer K, Korten W, Doornenbal P, Arici T, Aguilera P, Algora A, Ando T, Baba H, Blank B, Boso A, Chen S, Corsi A, Davies P, de Angelis G, de France G, Delaroche JP, Doherty DT, Gerl J, Gernhäuser R, Girod M, Jenkins D, Koyama S, Motobayashi T, Nagamine S, Niikura M, Obertelli A, Libert J, Lubos D, Rodríguez TR, Rubio B, Sahin E, Saito TY, Sakurai H, Sinclair L, Steppenbeck D, Taniuchi R, Wadsworth R, Zielinska M. Shape Changes in the Mirror Nuclei ^{70}Kr and ^{70}Se. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:072501. [PMID: 33666458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.072501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the proton-rich T_{z}=-1 nucleus ^{70}Kr through inelastic scattering at intermediate energies in order to extract the reduced transition probability, B(E2;0^{+}→2^{+}). Comparison with the other members of the A=70 isospin triplet, ^{70}Br and ^{70}Se, studied in the same experiment, shows a 3σ deviation from the expected linearity of the electromagnetic matrix elements as a function of T_{z}. At present, no established nuclear structure theory can describe this observed deviation quantitatively. This is the first violation of isospin symmetry at this level observed in the transition matrix elements. A heuristic approach may explain the anomaly by a shape change between the mirror nuclei ^{70}Kr and ^{70}Se contrary to the model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wimmer
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - W Korten
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Doornenbal
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Arici
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - P Aguilera
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Casilla 188-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Algora
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen H-4026, Hungary
| | - T Ando
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - B Blank
- CENBG, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Bordeaux, F-33175 Gradignan, France
| | - A Boso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Chen
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Corsi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Davies
- Department of Physics, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - G de Angelis
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - G de France
- GANIL, CEA/DSM-CNRS/IN2P3, F-14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | | | - D T Doherty
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Gerl
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Gernhäuser
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Girod
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - D Jenkins
- Department of Physics, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - S Koyama
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Motobayashi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Nagamine
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Niikura
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - A Obertelli
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Libert
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - D Lubos
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T R Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Teórica and Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física Fundamental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Rubio
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, CSIC-Universidad de Valencia, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Sahin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Sakurai
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - L Sinclair
- Department of Physics, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - D Steppenbeck
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Taniuchi
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - R Wadsworth
- Department of Physics, University of York, YO10 5DD York, United Kingdom
| | - M Zielinska
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Frotscher A, Gómez-Ramos M, Obertelli A, Doornenbal P, Authelet G, Baba H, Calvet D, Château F, Chen S, Corsi A, Delbart A, Gheller JM, Giganon A, Gillibert A, Isobe T, Lapoux V, Matsushita M, Momiyama S, Motobayashi T, Niikura M, Otsu H, Paul N, Péron C, Peyaud A, Pollacco EC, Roussé JY, Sakurai H, Santamaria C, Sasano M, Shiga Y, Shimizu N, Steppenbeck D, Takeuchi S, Taniuchi R, Uesaka T, Wang H, Yoneda K, Ando T, Arici T, Blazhev A, Browne F, Bruce AM, Carroll R, Chung LX, Cortés ML, Dewald M, Ding B, Dombradi Z, Flavigny F, Franchoo S, Giacoppo F, Górska M, Gottardo A, Hadyńska-Klęk K, Korkulu Z, Koyama S, Kubota Y, Jungclaus A, Lee J, Lettmann M, Linh BD, Liu J, Liu Z, Lizarazo C, Louchart C, Lozeva R, Matsui K, Miyazaki T, Moschner K, Nagamine S, Nakatsuka N, Nita C, Nishimura S, Nobs CR, Olivier L, Ota S, Patel Z, Podolyák Z, Rudigier M, Sahin E, Saito TY, Shand C, Söderström PA, Stefan IG, Sumikama T, Suzuki D, Orlandi R, Vaquero V, Vajta Z, Werner V, Wimmer K, Wu J, Xu Z. Sequential Nature of (p,3p) Two-Proton Knockout from Neutron-Rich Nuclei. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:012501. [PMID: 32678621 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one two-proton knockout (p,3p) cross sections were measured from neutron-rich nuclei at ∼250 MeV/nucleon in inverse kinematics. The angular distribution of the three emitted protons was determined for the first time, demonstrating that the (p,3p) kinematics are consistent with two sequential proton-proton collisions within the projectile nucleus. Ratios of (p,3p) over (p,2p) inclusive cross sections follow the trend of other many-nucleon removal reactions, further reinforcing the sequential nature of (p,3p) in neutron-rich nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frotscher
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Gómez-Ramos
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Obertelli
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P Doornenbal
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - G Authelet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D Calvet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Château
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Chen
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - A Corsi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Delbart
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-M Gheller
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Giganon
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Gillibert
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - V Lapoux
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Matsushita
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Momiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Motobayashi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Niikura
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Otsu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - N Paul
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C Péron
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Peyaud
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E C Pollacco
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-Y Roussé
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Santamaria
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Sasano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Shiga
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 172-8501, Japan
| | - N Shimizu
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - D Steppenbeck
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Takeuchi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Taniuchi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Uesaka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Wang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Ando
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Arici
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Blazhev
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - F Browne
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - A M Bruce
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - R Carroll
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - L X Chung
- Institute for Nuclear Science & Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M L Cortés
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Dewald
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - B Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zs Dombradi
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - F Flavigny
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - F Giacoppo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Górska
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Gottardo
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - K Hadyńska-Klęk
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Z Korkulu
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - S Koyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Kubota
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Jungclaus
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Lee
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - M Lettmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B D Linh
- Institute for Nuclear Science & Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - J Liu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Z Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C Lizarazo
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Louchart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Lozeva
- IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
- CSNSM, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France
| | - K Matsui
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Miyazaki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Moschner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Nagamine
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - N Nakatsuka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - C Nita
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C R Nobs
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - L Olivier
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - S Ota
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Zs Podolyák
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - M Rudigier
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - E Sahin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Y Saito
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Shand
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - P-A Söderström
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - I G Stefan
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - T Sumikama
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - D Suzuki
- Present affiliation: LPC Caen, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS/IN2P3, 14050 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - R Orlandi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - V Vaquero
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zs Vajta
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - V Werner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Wimmer
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J Wu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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8
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Lizarazo C, Söderström PA, Werner V, Pietralla N, Walker PM, Dong GX, Xu FR, Rodríguez TR, Browne F, Doornenbal P, Nishimura S, Niţă CR, Obertelli A, Ando T, Arici T, Authelet G, Baba H, Blazhev A, Bruce AM, Calvet D, Caroll RJ, Château F, Chen S, Chung LX, Corsi A, Cortés ML, Delbart A, Dewald M, Ding B, Flavigny F, Franchoo S, Gerl J, Gheller JM, Giganon A, Gillibert A, Górska M, Gottardo A, Kojouharov I, Kurz N, Lapoux V, Lee J, Lettmann M, Linh BD, Liu JJ, Liu Z, Momiyama S, Moschner K, Motobayashi T, Nagamine S, Nakatsuka N, Niikura M, Nobs C, Olivier L, Patel Z, Paul N, Podolyák Z, Roussé JY, Rudigier M, Saito TY, Sakurai H, Santamaria C, Schaffner H, Shand C, Stefan I, Steppenbeck D, Taniuchi R, Uesaka T, Vaquero V, Wimmer K, Xu Z. Metastable States of ^{92,94}Se: Identification of an Oblate K Isomer of ^{94}Se and the Ground-State Shape Transition between N=58 and 60. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:222501. [PMID: 32567911 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.222501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we present new information on the shape evolution of the very neutron-rich ^{92,94}Se nuclei from an isomer-decay spectroscopy experiment at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN. High-resolution germanium detectors were used to identify delayed γ rays emitted following the decay of their isomers. New transitions are reported extending the previously known level schemes. The isomeric levels are interpreted as originating from high-K quasineutron states with an oblate deformation of β∼0.25, with the high-K state in ^{94}Se being metastable and K hindered. Following this, ^{94}Se is the lowest-mass neutron-rich nucleus known to date with such a substantial K hindrance. Furthermore, it is the first observation of an oblate K isomer in a deformed nucleus. This opens up the possibility for a new region of K isomers at low Z and at oblate deformation, involving the same neutron orbitals as the prolate orbitals within the classic Z∼72 deformed hafnium region. From an interpretation of the level scheme guided by theoretical calculations, an oblate deformation is also suggested for the ^{94}Se_{60} ground-state band.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lizarazo
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P-A Söderström
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP)/Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Strada Reactorului 30, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - V Werner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N Pietralla
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - G X Dong
- School of Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - F R Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - T R Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - F Browne
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - P Doornenbal
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C R Niţă
- Department of Nuclear Physics (DFN)/Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Strada Reactorului 30, 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - A Obertelli
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Ando
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Arici
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Authelet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Blazhev
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - A M Bruce
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - D Calvet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R J Caroll
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - F Château
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Chen
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - L X Chung
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - A Corsi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M L Cortés
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Delbart
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Dewald
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - B Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - F Flavigny
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, IN2P3-CNRS, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, IN2P3-CNRS, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J Gerl
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J-M Gheller
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Giganon
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Gillibert
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Górska
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Gottardo
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, IN2P3-CNRS, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - I Kojouharov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - V Lapoux
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Lee
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - M Lettmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B D Linh
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - J J Liu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Z Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - S Momiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Moschner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - T Motobayashi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Nagamine
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - N Nakatsuka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - M Niikura
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Nobs
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - L Olivier
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, IN2P3-CNRS, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - N Paul
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Zs Podolyák
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - J-Y Roussé
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Rudigier
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - T Y Saito
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Santamaria
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Schaffner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Shand
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - I Stefan
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, IN2P3-CNRS, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - D Steppenbeck
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Taniuchi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Uesaka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - V Vaquero
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - K Wimmer
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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9
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. The cosmic ray energy spectrum measured with the new Tibet hybrid experiment. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920803001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have upgraded the new Tibet ASgamma experiment in China since 2014 to measure the chemical composition of cosmic rays around the knee. This hybrid experiment consist of an air-shower-core detector array (YAC-II) to detect high energy electromagnetic component, the Tibet air-shower array (Tibet-III) and a large underground water-Cherenkov muon-detector array (MD). We have carried out a detailed air-shower Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to study the performance of the hybrid detectors by using CORSIKA (version 7.5000), which includes EPOS-LHC, QGSJETII-04, SIBYLL2.1 and SIBYLL2.3 hadronic interaction models. The preliminary results of the interaction model checking above 50 TeV energy region are reported in this paper, and the primary proton and helium spectra in the energy range 50 TeV to 1015 eV was derived from YAC-I data and is smoothly connected with direct observation data at lower energies and also with our previously reported works at higher energies within statistical errors. The knee of the (P+He) spectra is located around 400 TeV. The interaction model dependence in deriving the primary (P+He) spectra is found to be small (less than 25% in absolute intensity, 10% in position of the knee), and the composition model dependence is less than 10% in absolute intensity.
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10
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Paul N, Obertelli A, Bertulani CA, Corsi A, Doornenbal P, Rodriguez-Sanchez JL, Authelet G, Baba H, Calvet D, Château F, Chen S, Delbart A, Gheller JM, Giganon A, Gillibert A, Isobe T, Lapoux V, Matsushita M, Momiyama S, Motobayashi T, Niikura M, Otsu H, Péron C, Peyaud A, Pollacco EC, Roussé JY, Sakurai H, Santamaria C, Sasano M, Shiga Y, Steppenbeck D, Takeuchi S, Taniuchi R, Uesaka T, Wang H, Yoneda K, Ando T, Arici T, Blazhev A, Browne F, Bruce AM, Carroll R, Chung LX, Cortés ML, Dewald M, Ding B, Dombradi Z, Flavigny F, Franchoo S, Giacoppo F, Górska M, Gottardo A, Hadynska-Klek K, Korkulu Z, Koyama S, Kubota Y, Jungclaus A, Lee J, Lettmann M, Linh BD, Liu J, Liu Z, Lizarazo C, Louchart C, Lozeva R, Matsui K, Miyazaki T, Moschner K, Nagamine S, Nakatsuka N, Nita C, Nishimura S, Nobs CR, Olivier L, Ota S, Patel Z, Podolyák Z, Rudigier M, Sahin E, Saito TY, Shand C, Söderström PA, Stefan IG, Sumikama T, Suzuki D, Orlandi R, Vaquero V, Vajta Z, Werner V, Wimmer K, Wu J, Xu Z. Prominence of Pairing in Inclusive (p,2p) and (p,pn) Cross Sections from Neutron-Rich Nuclei. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:162503. [PMID: 31075035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.162503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five inclusive single nucleon-removal cross sections from medium mass neutron-rich nuclei impinging on a hydrogen target at ∼250 MeV/nucleon are measured at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. Systematically higher cross sections are found for proton removal from nuclei with an even number of protons as compared to odd-proton number projectiles for a given neutron separation energy. Neutron removal cross sections display no even-odd splitting, contrary to nuclear cascade model predictions. Both effects are understood through simple considerations of neutron separation energies and bound state level densities originating in pairing correlations in the daughter nuclei. These conclusions are supported by comparison with semimicroscopic model predictions, highlighting the enhanced role of low-lying level densities in nucleon-removal cross sections from loosely bound nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Paul
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Obertelli
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C A Bertulani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas 75429-3011, USA
| | - A Corsi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Doornenbal
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J L Rodriguez-Sanchez
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Authelet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Baba
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D Calvet
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Château
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Chen
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - A Delbart
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-M Gheller
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Giganon
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Gillibert
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - V Lapoux
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Matsushita
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Momiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Motobayashi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Niikura
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H Otsu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C Péron
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Peyaud
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E C Pollacco
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-Y Roussé
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Sakurai
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Santamaria
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Sasano
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Shiga
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 172-8501, Japan
| | - D Steppenbeck
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Takeuchi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R Taniuchi
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Uesaka
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Wang
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Ando
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Arici
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - A Blazhev
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - F Browne
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton, England BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - A M Bruce
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton, England BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - R Carroll
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - L X Chung
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M L Cortés
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Dewald
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - B Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zs Dombradi
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - F Flavigny
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - F Giacoppo
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Górska
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Gottardo
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - K Hadynska-Klek
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Z Korkulu
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - S Koyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Kubota
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Jungclaus
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Lee
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - M Lettmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B D Linh
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, VINATOM, P.O. Box 5T-160, Nghia Do, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - J Liu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Z Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - C Lizarazo
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Louchart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Lozeva
- IPHC, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Strasbourg, F-67037 Strasbourg, France
- CSNSM, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France
| | - K Matsui
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Miyazaki
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K Moschner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, D-50937 Köln, Germany
| | - S Nagamine
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - N Nakatsuka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - C Nita
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), RO-077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Nishimura
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C R Nobs
- School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton, England BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - L Olivier
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Ota
- Center for Nuclear Study, The University of Tokyo, RIKEN campus, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Zs Podolyák
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - M Rudigier
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - E Sahin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Y Saito
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - C Shand
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, England GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - P-A Söderström
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP), 077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - I G Stefan
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - T Sumikama
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - D Suzuki
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - R Orlandi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - V Vaquero
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zs Vajta
- MTA Atomki, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - V Werner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Wimmer
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J Wu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920808013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Lin YH, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. On the Solar Cycle Variation of the Solar Diurnal Anisotropy of Multi-TeV Cosmic-ray Intensity Observed with the Tibet Air Shower Array. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920808012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the temporal variation of the solar diurnal anisotropy of the multi-TeV cosmic-ray intensity observed with the Tibet air shower array from 2000 to 2009, covering the maximum and minimum of the 23rd solar cycle. We comfirm that a remarkable additional anisotropy component is superposed on the Compton-Getting anisotropy at 4.0 TeV, while its amplitude decreases at higher energy regions. In constrast to the additional anisotropy reported by the Matsushiro experiment at 0.6 TeV, we find the residual component measured by Tibet at multi-TeV energies is consistent with being stable, with a fairly constant amplitude of 0.041% ± 0.003% and a phase at around 07.17 ± 00.16 local solar time at 4.0 TeV. This suggests the additional anisotropy observed by the Tibet experiment could result from mechanisms unrelated to solar activities.
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Kozai M, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Miyazaki T, Mizutani K, Munakata K, Nakajima T, Nakamura Y, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Niwa T, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yamauchi K, Yang Z, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. Evaluation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Strength Using the Cosmic-Ray Shadow of the Sun. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:031101. [PMID: 29400499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the Sun's shadow observed with the Tibet-III air shower array and find that the shadow's center deviates northward (southward) from the optical solar disk center in the "away" ("toward") interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector. By comparing with numerical simulations based on the solar magnetic field model, we find that the average IMF strength in the away (toward) sector is 1.54±0.21_{stat}±0.20_{syst} (1.62±0.15_{stat}±0.22_{syst}) times larger than the model prediction. These demonstrate that the observed Sun's shadow is a useful tool for the quantitative evaluation of the average solar magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - X J Bi
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - D Chen
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - T L Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S W Cui
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L K Ding
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C F Feng
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Y Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Q B Gou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H H He
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z T He
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - N Hotta
- Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Haibing Hu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H B Hu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Huang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H Y Jia
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Kajino
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - K Kasahara
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Y Katayose
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - C Kato
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Kozai
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - G M Le
- National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A F Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - H J Li
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - W J Li
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J S Liu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Y Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X R Meng
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - T Miyazaki
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - K Mizutani
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - K Munakata
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - T Nakajima
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - M Nishizawa
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
| | - T Niwa
- Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - M Ohnishi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - I Ohta
- Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya 321-3295, Japan
| | - S Ozawa
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - X L Qian
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - X B Qu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - T Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
| | - T Y Saito
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München D-80805, Deutschland
| | - M Sakata
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - T K Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
- Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Nanotechnología, Yachay Tech, Imbabura 100115, Ecuador
| | - J Shao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - M Shibata
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - A Shiomi
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8576, Japan
| | - T Shirai
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Sugimoto
- Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
| | - M Takita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - Y H Tan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - N Tateyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - S Torii
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - H Tsuchiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura 319-1195, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H R Wu
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - L Xue
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - K Yamauchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - A F Yuan
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - T Yuda
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
| | - L M Zhai
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - X X Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Amenomori M, Bi XJ, Chen D, Chen TL, Chen WY, Cui SW, Ding LK, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gou QB, Guo YQ, Hakamada K, He HH, He ZT, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Jia HY, Jiang L, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Le GM, Li AF, Li HJ, Li WJ, Liu C, Liu JS, Liu MY, Lu H, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Munakata K, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Onuma H, Ozawa S, Qian XL, Qu XB, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Shao J, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang H, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yang Z, Yasue S, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhai LM, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou XX. Probe of the solar magnetic field using the "cosmic-ray shadow" of the sun. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:011101. [PMID: 24027782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.011101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a clear solar-cycle variation of the Sun’s shadow in the 10 TeV cosmic-ray flux observed by the Tibet air shower array during a full solar cycle from 1996 to 2009. In order to clarify the physical implications of the observed solar cycle variation, we develop numerical simulations of the Sun’s shadow, using the potential field source surface model and the current sheet source surface (CSSS) model for the coronal magnetic field. We find that the intensity deficit in the simulated Sun’s shadow is very sensitive to the coronal magnetic field structure, and the observed variation of the Sun’s shadow is better reproduced by the CSSS model. This is the first successful attempt to evaluate the coronal magnetic field models by using the Sun’s shadow observed in the TeV cosmic-ray flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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Acciari VA, Aliu E, Arlen T, Bautista M, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Bradbury SM, Buckley JH, Bugaev V, Butt Y, Byrum K, Cannon A, Celik O, Cesarini A, Chow YC, Ciupik L, Cogan P, Cui W, Dickherber R, Fegan SJ, Finley JP, Fortin P, Fortson L, Furniss A, Gall D, Gillanders GH, Grube J, Guenette R, Gyuk G, Hanna D, Holder J, Horan D, Hui CM, Humensky TB, Imran A, Kaaret P, Karlsson N, Kieda D, Kildea J, Konopelko A, Krawczynski H, Krennrich F, Lang MJ, LeBohec S, Maier G, McCann A, McCutcheon M, Millis J, Moriarty P, Ong RA, Otte AN, Pandel D, Perkins JS, Petry D, Pohl M, Quinn J, Ragan K, Reyes LC, Reynolds PT, Roache E, Roache E, Rose HJ, Schroedter M, Sembroski GH, Smith AW, Swordy SP, Theiling M, Toner JA, Varlotta A, Vincent S, Wakely SP, Ward JE, Weekes TC, Weinstein A, Williams DA, Wissel S, Wood M, Walker RC, Davies F, Hardee PE, Junor W, Ly C, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Bernlöhr K, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Borrel V, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bühler R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Förster A, Fontaine G, Füssling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Gerbig D, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Göhring D, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jahn C, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nicholas B, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Orford KJ, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Paz Arribas M, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sikora M, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spangler D, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Superina G, Szostek A, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Venter L, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Balestra S, Barrio JA, Bastieri D, Becerra González J, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Borla Tridon D, Bosch-Ramon V, Bose D, Braun I, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, Delgado Mendez C, De los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Errando M, Ferenc D, Fernández E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Herrero A, Hildebrand D, Höhne-Mönch D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Jogler T, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Miyamoto H, Moldón J, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Oya I, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Reichardt I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, Rügamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, Sillanpää A, Sitarek J, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Wagner RM, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy γ-Ray Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy. Science 2009; 325:444-8. [PMID: 19574351 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Delgado Mendez C, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsässer D, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, Fernandez E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, Garcia Lopez RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Herrero A, Höhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Huber S, Jogler T, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, Lopez M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martinez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Otte N, Oya I, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Raymers A, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, Rügamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Sartori P, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, Sillanpää A, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tluczykont M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Venturini A, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wittek W, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J, de Jager O, de Ona Wilhelmi E. Observation of Pulsed γ-Rays Above 25 GeV from the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC. Science 2008; 322:1221-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1164718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Albert J, Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Mendez CD, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, FernaÌndez E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, LoÌpez RJG, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hayashida M, Herrero A, HoÌhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Huber S, Jogler T, Kneiske TM, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, LoÌpez M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, MartiÌnez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Otte N, Oya I, Panniello M, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Raymers A, Rhode W, RiboÌ M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, RuÌgamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Sartori P, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schmitt R, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, SillanpaÌaÌ A, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tluczykont M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Venturini A, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wittek W, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe? Science 2008; 320:1752-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Albert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Aliu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Anderhub
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. A. Antonelli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Antoranz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Backes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Baixeras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. A. Barrio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Bartko
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bastieri
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. K. Becker
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Bednarek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Berger
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Bernardini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Bigongiari
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Biland
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. K. Bock
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Bonnoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Bordas
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Bosch-Ramon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Britvitch
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Camara
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Carmona
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Chilingarian
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Commichau
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. Contreras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Cortina
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. T. Costado
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Covino
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Curtef
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Dazzi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. De Angelis
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. De Cea del Pozo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. de los Reyes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. De Lotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. De Maria
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. De Sabata
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Delgado Mendez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Dominguez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Dorner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Doro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Errando
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fagiolini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Ferenc
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. FernaÌndez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Firpo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. V. Fonseca
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Font
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Galante
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. J. GarciÌa LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Goebel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Herrero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. HoÌhne
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Hose
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. C. Hsu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Huber
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Jogler
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. M. Kneiske
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Kranich
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. La Barbera
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Laille
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Leonardo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Lindfors
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Lombardi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Longo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Lorenz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Majumdar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Maneva
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Mankuzhiyil
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Mannheim
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Maraschi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. MartiÌnez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Meucci
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Meyer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Miranda
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Mizobuchi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Moles
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Moralejo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Nieto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Nilsson
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Ninkovic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Otte
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Oya
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Panniello
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Paoletti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Paredes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Pasanen
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Pascoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Pauss
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. G. Pegna
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. Perez-Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Peruzzo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Piccioli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Prada
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Prandini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Puchades
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Raymers
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Rhode
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. RiboÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Rissi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Robert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. RuÌgamer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Saggion
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Y. Saito
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salvati
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Sanchez-Conde
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Sartori
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Satalecka
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Scalzotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Scapin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Schmitt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Schweizer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Shayduk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Shinozaki
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. N. Shore
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Sidro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Sierpowska-Bartosik
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. SillanpaÌaÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Sobczynska
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Spanier
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Stamerra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. S. Stark
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Takalo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Tavecchio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Temnikov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Tescaro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Tluczykont
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. F. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Turini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Vankov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Venturini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Vitale
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. M. Wagner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Wittek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Zabalza
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Zandanel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Zanin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Zapatero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Amenomori M, Ayabe S, Bi XJ, Chen D, Cui SW, Danzengluobu, Ding LK, Ding XH, Feng CF, Feng Z, Feng ZY, Gao XY, Geng QX, Guo HW, He HH, He M, Hibino K, Hotta N, Hu H, Hu HB, Huang J, Huang Q, Jia HY, Kajino F, Kasahara K, Katayose Y, Kato C, Kawata K, Labaciren, Le GM, Li AF, Li JY, Lou YQ, Lu H, Lu SL, Meng XR, Mizutani K, Mu J, Munakata K, Nagai A, Nanjo H, Nishizawa M, Ohnishi M, Ohta I, Onuma H, Ouchi T, Ozawa S, Ren JR, Saito T, Saito TY, Sakata M, Sako TK, Sasaki T, Shibata M, Shiomi A, Shirai T, Sugimoto H, Takita M, Tan YH, Tateyama N, Torii S, Tsuchiya H, Udo S, Wang B, Wang H, Wang X, Wang YG, Wu HR, Xue L, Yamamoto Y, Yan CT, Yang XC, Yasue S, Ye ZH, Yu GC, Yuan AF, Yuda T, Zhang HM, Zhang JL, Zhang NJ, Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhaxisangzhu, Zhou XX. Anisotropy and Corotation of Galactic Cosmic Rays. Science 2006; 314:439-43. [PMID: 17053141 DOI: 10.1126/science.1131702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays is nearly isotropic because of the influence of magnetic fields in the Milky Way. Here, we present two-dimensional high-precision anisotropy measurement for energies from a few to several hundred teraelectronvolts (TeV), using the large data sample of the Tibet Air Shower Arrays. Besides revealing finer details of the known anisotropies, a new component of Galactic cosmic ray anisotropy in sidereal time is uncovered around the Cygnus region direction. For cosmic-ray energies up to a few hundred TeV, all components of anisotropies fade away, showing a corotation of Galactic cosmic rays with the local Galactic magnetic environment. These results have broad implications for a comprehensive understanding of cosmic rays, supernovae, magnetic fields, and heliospheric and Galactic dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Amenomori
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Ayabe
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. J. Bi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. W. Cui
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Danzengluobu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L. K. Ding
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. H. Ding
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. F. Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Zhaoyang Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Z. Y. Feng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Y. Gao
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Q. X. Geng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. W. Guo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. H. He
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. He
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Hibino
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. Hotta
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Haibing Hu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. B. Hu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Huang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Q. Huang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Y. Jia
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - F. Kajino
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Kasahara
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Katayose
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. Kato
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Kawata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Labaciren
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - G. M. Le
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. F. Li
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Y. Li
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y.-Q. Lou
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Lu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. L. Lu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. R. Meng
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Mizutani
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. Mu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - K. Munakata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. Nagai
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Nishizawa
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Ohnishi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - I. Ohta
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Onuma
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Ouchi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Ozawa
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. R. Ren
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Saito
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Y. Saito
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Sakata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. K. Sako
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Sasaki
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Shibata
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. Shiomi
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Shirai
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Sugimoto
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - M. Takita
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. H. Tan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. Tateyama
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Torii
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Tsuchiya
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Udo
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - B. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. G. Wang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. R. Wu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - L. Xue
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - C. T. Yan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. C. Yang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - S. Yasue
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Z. H. Ye
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - G. C. Yu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - A. F. Yuan
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - T. Yuda
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - H. M. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - J. L. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - N. J. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. Y. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - Zhaxisangzhu
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | - X. X. Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
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Saito TY, Afnan IR. How important is the three-nucleon force? Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 50:2756-2760. [PMID: 9969972 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Saito TY. One-pion-exchange potential with self-energy. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1993; 47:69-75. [PMID: 9968412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.47.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Saito TY, Ikeda K, Ishikawa S, Sasakawa T. Three-body force effect in triton dipole sum rules. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 44:R1262-R1264. [PMID: 9967594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.r1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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