Activation of gp130 signaling in T cells drives TH17-mediated multi-organ autoimmunity

The IL-6-gp130-STAT3 signaling axis is a major regulator of inflammation. Activating mutations in the gene encoding gp130 and germline gain-of-function mutations in STAT3 (STAT3GOF) are associated with multi-organ autoimmunity, severe morbidity, and adverse prognosis. To dissect crucial cellular subsets and disease biology involved in activated gp130 signaling, the gp130-JAK-STAT3 axis was constitutively activated using a transgene, L-gp130, specifically targeted to T cells. Activating gp130 signaling in T cells in vivo resulted in fatal, early onset, multi-organ autoimmunity in mice that resembled human STAT3GOF disease. Female mice had more rapid disease progression than male mice. On a cellular level, gp130 signaling induced the activation and effector cell differentiation of T cells, promoted the expansion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells, and impaired the activity of regulatory T cells. Transcriptomic profiling of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from these mice revealed commonly dysregulated genes and a gene signature that, when applied to human transcriptomic data, improved the segregation of patients with transcriptionally diverse STAT3GOF mutations from healthy controls. The findings demonstrate that increased gp130-STAT3 signaling leads to TH17-driven autoimmunity that phenotypically resembles human STAT3GOF disease.

Actionable loss of SLF2 drives B-cell lymphomagenesis and impairs the DNA damage response

The DNA damage response (DDR) acts as a barrier to malignant transformation and is often impaired during tumorigenesis. Exploiting the impaired DDR can be a promising therapeutic strategy; however, the mechanisms of inactivation and corresponding biomarkers are incompletely understood. Starting from an unbiased screening approach, we identified the SMC5-SMC6 Complex Localization Factor 2 (SLF2) as a regulator of the DDR and biomarker for a B-cell lymphoma (BCL) patient subgroup with an adverse prognosis. SLF2-deficiency leads to loss of DDR factors including Claspin (CLSPN) and consequently impairs CHK1 activation. In line with this mechanism, genetic deletion of Slf2 drives lymphomagenesis in vivo. Tumor cells lacking SLF2 are characterized by a high level of DNA damage, which leads to alterations of the post-translational SUMOylation pathway as a safeguard. The resulting co-dependency confers synthetic lethality to a clinically applicable SUMOylation inhibitor (SUMOi), and inhibitors of the DDR pathway act highly synergistic with SUMOi. Together, our results identify SLF2 as a DDR regulator and reveal co-targeting of the DDR and SUMOylation as a promising strategy for treating aggressive lymphoma.

Neopterin, soluble adhesion molecules and soluble cytokine receptors correlate with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis

Serum concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecules, sICAM-I , sICAM-3 and sP-selectin, of serum soluble cytokine receptors, sIL-2R, and sTNF-R55 and of neopterin were measured by commercially available immunoassays in 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Serum sICAM-I, sICAM-3 and sPselectin were significantly elevated in patients with RA compared with healthy controls. Concentrations of sPselectin and sICAM-3 correlated with disease activity and severity indices. sICAM-3 levels significantly correlated with sTNF-R55 and neopterin. There were significant correlations between neopterin and sIL-2R and between sTNF-R55 and sIL-2R. The measurement of sP-selectin and sICAM-3 levels in patients with RA might become useful for monitoring disease activity.

Characterization of Pteridines: a New Approach by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Analysis of Assay Sensitivity

In the present investigation, fluorescence con-elation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to measure the molecular motion of the pteridine derivative neopterin. However, technical limitations in the present optical setup precluded the identification of ,single neopterin molecules. FCS measurements with a fluorophore were also can-ied out for comparison. Exemplified by rhodamine green, we have introduced a concept that allows the detection, identification and analysis of assays in solution at the single-molecule level in tenns of bulk concentration. This concept is based on FCS and Poisson distribution analysis of assay sensitivity. The molecules had not to be quantified in a more concentrated fonn, or in flow and trapping experiments. The study demonstrated an ultrasensitive, reliable, rapid and direct tool for analytics and diagnostics in solution. We discuss a possible application of our new concept in activation control of cell-mediated immunity via neopterin determination.

Blockade of tumour necrosis factor {alpha} significantly alters the serum level of IgG- and IgA-rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect on the humoral immune system of long term treatment of patients with RA with etanercept.

METHODS

12 consecutive patients with seropositive RA treated with etanercept were studied and followed up for 9 months. Clinical efficacy of treatment was evaluated using the 28 joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28). Serum samples were collected at baseline and after 9 months and serum immunoglobulin, RF isotypes, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (aCCP), antinuclear, nucleosome, and dsDNA antibodies determined. For comparison 7 patients with seropositive RA treated with adalimumab were studied.

RESULTS

DAS28 decreased significantly after the first month and then was constant for the whole study (5.7 (0.3) v 3.8 (0.2), p< or=0.000). Serum IgA-RF and IgG-RF increased significantly after 9 months' etanercept treatment (mean (SEM) IgA-RF rose from 19.5 (4.8) to 30.5 (5.9) IU/ml, p< or=0.01; IgG-RF from 20.6 (8.1) to 33.8 (11.5) IU/ml, p< or=0.04). Serum levels of total immunoglobulin and specific autoantibodies remained unchanged during the study. In patients treated with adalimumab, no significant changes in serum levels of RF isotypes and aCCP antibodies were seen.

CONCLUSION

Etanercept, although effective in treating the clinical symptoms of RA, seems to have a pivotal effect on RF-producing B cells either directly or indirectly.

Sinn und Unsinn der Antibiotikatherapie respiratorischer Infekte

Whether an antibiotic successfully eradicates pathogens depends on the pathogens involved, on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in the target tissue, and on the antimicrobial resistance of the pathogen. Other determinants are drug interactions, individual risk factors, age and compliance with respect to correct dosage and duration of therapy. In many cases, antimicrobial therapy is begun on an empirical basis, because the responsible pathogen can be identified in only half of all respiratory infections. The eradication of the pathogen has to be the first aim if treatment is to be curative and the development of resistance prevented. Long-term prevention of antimicrobial resistance will require a more critical prospective evaluation of the prescription of antibiotics. This paper considers rational and irrational measures in the antimicrobial therapy of respiratory infections.

Clinical interpretation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: parvovirus B19 infection as a pitfall

BACKGROUND

While antibodies directed against proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) have a high specificity for the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, they may also be found as an epiphenomenon of acute viral infection.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether positive ANCA test results may be a common feature of acute parvovirus B19 infection.

METHODS

Sera were analysed from 1242 patients from a rheumatology outpatient clinic for reactivity with parvovirus B19 and EBV antibodies. They were tested for the presence of PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA, along with sera known to contain IgM antibodies to these viruses obtained from among 41,366 samples submitted for virological screening.

RESULTS

ANCA were found in 10% (5/50) of the sera positive for IgM antibodies to parvovirus and in 3/51 sera containing IgM antibodies to EBV. Three of six patients with arthritis and concomitant parvovirus infection were found positive for PR3-ANCA and two were found positive for MPO-ANCA. All six patients tested negative for ANCA after six months of follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA may occur transiently in patients with acute B19 infection or infectious mononucleosis, highlighting the importance of repeated antibody tests in oligosymptomatic clinical conditions in which systemic autoimmune disease is suspected.

Detection of tumour cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. Development of a new sensitive and specific immunomolecular assay

Malignant cells in the peripheral blood of patients with solid tumours are of considerable importance for the prognosis and therapeutic correlation. Their detection however is difficult due to lack of sensitivity, specificity and technical problems in standardisation. In this original article we show a new sensitive method overcoming the hitherto known difficulties by combining traditional antibody-techniques with a RT-PCR. Due to this method 2 tumour cells within 5 ml of peripheral blood can be detected in spiking experiments.

Cardiac myxomas: 24 years of experience in 49 patients

OBJECTIVES

In this single-center study we reviewed our experience with a significant number of cardiac myxoma cases occurring over the past two decades.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Cardiac myxomas represented 86% of all surgically treated cardiac tumors at our center. Specifically, there were 49 consecutive patients, each with at least one myxoma. A detailed clinical, immunological, and echocardiographic long-term examination of 37 patients revealed one recurrent myxoma.

RESULTS

Most myxomas originated from the left atrium (87.7%), but also much less frequently from the mitral valve (6.1%), from the right atrium (4.1%), and from the left and right atria (2.0%). The myxomas produced a prolapse into the left ventricle in 40.8% of the patients, mitral stenosis in 10.2%, and threatened left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in 2.0%. Multiple myxomas were found in 20.4% of the patients. Cardiac signs appeared in 93.9% of the patients. Preoperative embolic events had occurred in 26.5%. Immunologic alterations were present in 87.5%. For resection, a bilateral atriotomy was used. An additional aortotomy was needed to expose one mitral valve myxoma. Postoperatively, 81.1% of the patients remained without cardiac symptoms. The early mortality rate was 2.0% and the late mortality rate was 6.1%. Long-term prognosis was excellent with an actuarial survival rate of 0.74. Specific immunologic alterations were found in 71.4% of the patients. The actuarial freedom from reoperation of the myxoma was 0.96. The rate of reoperations was low with 2.0% after 24 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Myxomas were usually detected and operated on in symptomatic patients. A high index of suspicion seems important for early diagnosis. Immunologic findings may play an additional role in confirming the diagnosis and the recurrence of a myxoma. Immediate surgical treatment was indicated because of the high risk of embolization or of sudden cardiac death. Also, a familial genesis must be excluded in myxoma patients.

[Epigenetic markers in migrating population burial sites of the Mid-Elbe-Saale area]

The distribution of 122 epigenetic traits of the cranium and the postcranial skeleton (180 skeletal individuals) of six sites of the period of the Middleelbe-Saale-Region was analyzed. Based on these frequencies and using the method of biodistance analysis (MMD after Sjøvold 1973) the relationships of these population groups were investigated which are different concerning their geographical origin. The results did not show distinct differences between these groups, but suggested a possible homogeneity of our populations.

Ultrasensitive detection and identification of fluorescent molecules by FCS: impact for immunobiology

An experimental application of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is presented for the detection and identification of fluorophores and auto-Abs in solution. The recording time is between 2 and 60 sec. Because the actual number of molecules in the unit volume (confocal detection volume of about 1 fl) is integer or zero, the fluorescence generated by the molecules is discontinuous when single-molecule sensitivity is achieved. We first show that the observable probability, N, to find a single fluorescent molecule in the very tiny space element of the unit volume is Poisson-distributed below a critical bulk concentration c*. The measured probability means we have traced, for example, 5 x 10(10) fluorophore molecules per ml of bulk solution. The probability is related to the average frequency, C, that the volume of detection contains a single fluorescent molecule and to the concentration, c, of the bulk solution. The analytical sensitivity of an assay is calculated from the average frequency C. In the Goodpasture experiment, we determined as analytical sensitivity a probability of 99.1% of identifying one single immune complex. Under these conditions, a single molecule event is proven. There exist no instrumental assumptions of our approach on which the experiment itself, the theoretical background, or the conclusion are based. Our results open up a broad field for analytics and diagnostics in solution, especially in immunology.

Detection and quantification of small numbers of circulating tumour cells in peripheral blood using laser scanning cytometer (LSC)

The detection of circulating tumour cells disseminated from solid tumours requires extremely sensitive methods. Molecular genetic methods, which are most sensitive, are not applicable to solid tumours because no tumour-specific genetic markers are available. Detection of disseminated tumour cells by immunocytochemistry is time-consuming, whereas fluorimetry is fast and quantitative. The laser scanning cytometer (LSC) provides an automated microscopic procedure for screening up to 5x10(4) cells in suitable time. Using this system together with an enrichment procedure which allows up to ten thousand-fold enrichment, we have quantified minimal numbers of tumour cells. In a model system, breast cancer cell line cells diluted into peripheral blood mimicked seeding of tumour cells into the periphery. After staining with fluorochrome-conjugated anti-epithelial antibody, slides were screened for positive events directly or after enrichment with antibody-coated magnetic beads. One positive cell was unequivocally detectable in 10(4) cells and 50 out of 60 tumour cells were reliably recovered from a 20 ml blood volume, equal to 1-2 cells per 10(7), after magnetic bead enrichment. This method allows quantitation of tumour cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow in reasonable time and will, for the first time, enable extensive investigation of the seeding behaviour of tumours.

Detection and Identification of Single Molecules in Immunology and Immunohematology: Single (solution)-phase Single-molecule FCS

In the Goodpasture experiment, we determined a probability of 99.1% of identifying one single immune complex. Under these conditions, a single molecule event is proven. There exist no instrumental assumptions of our approach on which the experiments themselves, the theoretical background or the conclusion are based on. Our results open up a broad field for analytics and diagnostics in solution, particularly in immunology and immunohematology.

[Function and repertoire of the immune system in body's defense]

This is a minireview on the organisation and activity of the human immune system with special reference to sport and--more precisely--stress by mountaineering. The activation of the immune system under physical exercise is shown and the immune depression after the sport documented. Hence the conclusion of increased susceptibility to diseases in the post activation phase--a sort of depression after alpine sport.

Tryptophan degradation and immune activation in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is likely associated with systemic immune activation. During immune response, interferon-gamma stimulates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) converting tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine followed by kynurenine in an ensuing step. Thus, IDO activity is estimated by the kynurenine per tryptophan quotient (Kyn/Trp). In 21 patients suffering from AD, in 20 controls of similar age, and in 49 blood donors we measured serum tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations by HPLC. Lower tryptophan concentrations were found in elderly control subjects compared to blood donors (62.1 vs. 73.0 microM, p < 0.005). Tryptophan concentrations tended to be still lower in AD patients (54.4 microM, p = 0.07) compared to elderly controls. Enhanced tryptophan degradation in patients was reflected by significantly increased Kyn/Trp (46.1 vs. 34.1 in elderly controls, p < 0.05). Correlations were found in patients between Kyn/Trp and concentrations of soluble immune markers in serum, i.e., neopterin, interleukin-2 receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor (all p < 0.001). Increased Kyn/Trp was associated with reduced cognitive performance. Tryptophan degradation due to immune activation may exert impact on the pathogenesis of AD.

Degradation of tryptophan in neurodegenerative disorders

In patients with neurodegenerative disorders, namely Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, we compared serum concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine and the kynurenine per tryptophan ratio with concentrations of soluble immune activation markers. Significantly lower tryptophan concentrations were observed in the patients, and lower tryptophan levels as well as higher kynurenine levels and higher kynurenine per tryptophan ratios correlated with higher concentrations of neopterin, and soluble receptors for TNF and interleukin-2. In both groups of patients tryptophan concentrations correlated inversely with the degree of mental retardation. No such association existed for the duration of the disease. The data show that systemic chronic immune activation in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease is associated with significant degradation of tryptophan, which is most likely due to activation of indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase by immunologic stimuli. Further studies will be necessary to investigate a potential role of tryptophan degradation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.

Relation of serial measurements of plasma-soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to severity of acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE

Acute pancreatitis remains a clinical challenge because it is difficult to predict whether, in a given patient, the disease will be mild or will run a severe course with a possibly fatal outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate whether circulating soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) as a marker of leukocyte activation is related to the severity of the disease.

METHODS

The study included 29 consecutive adults admitted with acute pancreatitis. Plasma sICAM-1 levels were measured serially over a period of 6 days, and values and time courses were correlated with clinical severity.

RESULTS

Our patients fell into four groups on the basis of the following measurements: 1) Decreasing sICAM- levels with maximal values of 446 +/- 90 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) slightly above the upper limit of normal were associated with uncomplicated mild disease in seven patients. 2) In nine patients with sICAM-1 concentrations reaching a peak of 743 +/- 121 ng/ml after 3 days, severe pancreatitis was present in 11% and pancreatic necrosis occurred in 33%. 3) A second increase of sICAM-1 (maximal level: 993 +/- 169 ng/ml) after an initial decrease (relapsing pattern, 7 patients) was associated with a severe course of disease in 71% including pancreatic necrosis in 43% and nosocomial pneumonia in 42%. 4) A rapid increase of sICAM-1 reaching highest maximal values of 1738 +/- 104 ng/ml (p < 0.0001) indicated fulminant pancreatic necrosis and a fatal outcome in six patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Serial plasma sICAM-1 levels in patients with acute pancreatitis within the first 6 days after admission fall into four different groups of severity according to the shape of the curves. This suggests that the time course of elevated plasma sICAM-1 concentrations reflects the risk of developing necrosis and clinical complications in acute pancreatitis.

Time course of plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is related to severity of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS

In severe acute pancreatitis the release of cytokines indicates a key step from local to systemic inflammation. Increased plasma concentrations of circulating soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), a marker of leukocyte activation, were detected in necrotizing pancreatitis at the time of diagnosis, however, the exact role of sICAM-1 in the development of complications such as shock or organ dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, we investigated in what manner the time course of plasma sICAM-1 is associated with the development of severe pancreatitis and whether these results are of any predictive value for the further course of the disease.

METHODOLOGY

In a medical intensive care unit we studied 29 consecutive patients admitted for acute pancreatitis. Plasma levels of sICAM-1 were measured serially over a period of 6 days and the time courses were assigned either to a group of patients with uncomplicated, mild disease or to patients who developed complications including multiple organ failure.

RESULTS

In mild pancreatitis, decreasing and peak sICAM-1 concentrations were found in 88% of the patients with a mean maximal level of 574 +/- 59 ng/ml (SE) (upper limit of normal: 400 ng/ml) on day 1. Partial pancreatic necrosis was present in 24% and no deaths were observed. In severe pancreatitis an increase of sICAM-1 levels or an initial fall followed by an increase (relapsing response) was the predominant pattern (92%). Maximal values of 1453 +/- 136 ng/ml occurred on day 6, significantly different when compared to mild disease (p < 0.0001). Necrotizing pancreatitis was diagnosed in 75% and the mortality rate was 58%. The sensitivity in predicting severe pancreatitis using sICAM-1 plasma levels with an increasing or relapsing pattern was much higher (92%) when compared with serial C-reactive protein measurements (42%).

CONCLUSIONS

In acute pancreatitis, increasing or relapsing plasma levels of sICAM-1 over 6 days after admission to hospital are associated with a high rate of pancreatic necrosis and a high mortality. Daily measurements of sICAM-1 would allow early recognition of patients prone to develop complications and follow a severe course.

[Frequency of immunologic disorders in acute schizophrenia]

Immunological examinations in schizophrenic patients have shown that there are many alterations in both arms of the immune system, i.e. cellular and humoral activities. The results are quite heterogeneous, as not even all schizophrenics show these pathological changes. Immunological findings are assumed to be etiopathogenetically related to the disease process or to be an epiphenomenon. The present study supposes that immunological alterations as they can be found during the course of schizophrenia may be an indicator for somatic vulnerability or an epiphenomenon. 60 male inpatients, fulfilling DSM-IV criteria of schizophrenia where examined during their acute phases of psychosis and during their phases of clinical improvement, by means of a serological profile including cellular and humoral parameters. The control group consisted of 42 healthy male volunteers. It was the aim of this study to find out if there were (a) overall differences in the immune profiles between patients and control group and (b) differences between different categories of schizophrenic disorder. During the acute phase nearly half of the schizophrenic patients showed pathologic immunological parameters, whereas none of the controls did. During the phase of clinical improvement the number of patients with normal immunological findings predominated. Furthermore there was a difference between the Paranoid and the Disorganized Subtype, the latter showing more immunological abnormalities. The results of this study give further support to the hypothesis that immunological aberrations should not be seen as closely etiopathogenetically related to schizophrenic disorders, but rather as an epiphenomenon (e.g. as a stress marker) and/or as indicators for somatic vulnerability.

Increased serum neopterin concentrations in patients with Alzheimer's disease

We measured serum neopterin concentrations in 24 patients with Alzheimer's disease (8 males, 16 females; age: 73.1+/-6.2 years; free of any infectious process) and fourteen controls of similar age (4 males, 10 females; age: 69.7+/-8.8 years). Compared to controls, significantly higher concentrations of neopterin (p< 0.01) were found in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Among patients, concentrations of neopterin were higher in those with lower mini-mental-state (p < 0.05), and an inverse correlation existed between mini-mental-state and neopterin concentrations. No such association existed with the duration of the disease. There were also significant correlations between neopterin and serum concentrations of immune activation markers such as soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (all p<0.01). Thus, increased concentrations of neopterin in serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease correlate with the severity of dementia. The data imply a chronic state of peripheral immune activation in Alzheimer's disease.

[A new micromethod in medicine: capillary electrophoresis]

This is an original contribution on the first CZE in Austrian public and university hospitals. We are describing now the first results obtained with a new micro-method, namely CZE. Proteins are separated in microliter amounts by using 10,000 V and analyzed in a laser beam. 50 counts can be worked out per hour and immunoelectrophoresis replaced by subtraction CE. Dysproteinemias, double albuminemias, modifications of the haptoglobins, alpha-2 macroglobulin, transferin, complement system and the immunoglobulins can easily be detected and monoclonality revealed. No support except the capillary with buffer is necessary, no staining procedure required. The new system is rapid, reliable, cheap and reproducible, and allows us to replace more extensive forms of protein diagnosis such as the traditional electrophoresis and the immunoelectrophoresis or the immunoblotting.

Neopterin plasma concentrations predict the course of severe acute pancreatitis

In a prospective, descriptive study in 25 patients with acute pancreatitis neopterin plasma concentrations were found to be associated with the severity of the disease, which was assessed using weights of the worst 17 physiological abnormalities of the APACHE-III score over a 24 h-period after hospital admission. Neopterin concentrations were higher in severe pancreatitis (n = 10) compared to mild disease, and there existed a positive exponential correlation between neopterin and the Acute Physiology Score (r = 0.66). Higher neopterin concentrations were associated with the development of multiple organ failure (p = 0.012) and death (p = 0.019). At a cut-off concentration of 12 nmol/l the sensitivity (80%) and specificity (100%) of neopterin for the discrimination between mild and severe clinical course of pancreatitis was more accurate than C-reactive protein at a risk threshold of 1.2 g/l (70% and 87%). Development of pancreatic necrosis was associated with higher neopterin concentrations than edematous pancreatitis (p < 0.001).

Elevated plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFRp60) reflect severity of acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of activated leukocytes in acute pancreatitis, we measured soluble receptors of tumour necrosis factor alpha (sTNFR, p60 subtype) in plasma and evaluated the association of sTNFR with the clinical severity of the disease.

DESIGN

Prospective, descriptive study.

SETTING

A medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital.

PATIENTS

25 consecutive ICU admissions of adult patients with acute pancreatitis.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

The clinical severity of the disease was assessed using weights for the worst 17 physiological abnormalities of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score over a 24-h period after admission. According to the sum of these weights (giving the Acute Physiology Score, APS) patients were divided into a group with mild pancreatitis (APS < 25) and into a group with severe pancreatitis (APS > or = 25). Soluble TNFR was determined in plasma using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. In patients with clinically severe pancreatitis, plasma sTNFR concentrations of 8.8 (16) ng/ ml (median, interquartile range) were significantly higher when compared to patients with mild disease [2.7 (1.5) ng/ml; p < 0.0001]. The sensitivity and specificity of sTNFR plasma concentrations (cutoff point at 5 ng/ml) for the prediction of severe pancreatitis were 90 and 100%, respectively. A highly positive correlation between sTNFR and deviations of physiological parameters from normal (APS score) was demonstrated (r = 0.81). The development of multiple organ failure (MOF) and death was associated with significantly higher sTNFR levels when compared to patients without MOF and survivors [16.4 (17) vs 3.2 (2) ng/ml, p = 0.0014 and 16.0 (18) vs 3.3 (4) ng/ml, p = 0.016, respectively]. For evidence of necrotizing pancreatitis, plasma C-reactive protein concentrations were measured and a significant exponential regression was found with sTNFR (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001). Patients developing pancreatic necrosis, as demonstrated by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, had significantly higher sTNFR concentrations when compared to patients with edematous pancreatitis [9.1 (17) vs 3.2 (2) ng/ml, p = 0.0018).

CONCLUSION

The p60 subtype of soluble TNFR is elevated in the plasma of patients with clinically severe acute pancreatitis. This elevation is positively correlated to abnormalities in physiological parameters, development of MOF, and mortality. The association with pancreatic necrosis suggests that, by mediating the effects of TNF, TNFRp60 reflects inflammatory tissue damage leading to severe systemic complications.

Elevated serum levels of neopterin in adult patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis

We determined serum concentrations of neopterin, soluble tumour necrosis factor (55 kDa) receptor (sTNF-R) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in plasma of 44 patients with polymyositis (PM)/dermatomyositis (DM), including 15 patients with primary PM, 13 patients with primary DM, and 16 patients with myositis and systemic sclerosis in overlap. Concentrations of neopterin, sTNF-R and sIL-2R were measured using commercially available immunoassays. Serum neopterin was increased in 35 of 44 PM/DM patients (80%), sTNF-R in 14 (32%) and sIL-2R in 18 (41%) patients, respectively. There were significant correlations between serum neopterin and sTNF-R, sIL-2R and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (all P < 0.001). Neopterin, as well as sTNF-R and sIL-2R, did not correlate with clinical (neuromuscular and activities of daily living scores) and laboratory (creatine kinase levels) manifestations of myositis. Increased serum levels of neopterin were associated with non-muscular manifestations of PM/DM. In conclusion, serum neopterin appears to be a useful laboratory marker for ongoing immune activation and global disease activity in PM/DM.

Increased plasma concentrations of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (cICAM-1) in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis

The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a membrane glycoprotein, is important in the adhesion of cytokine-stimulated leukocytes to the endothelium of microvessels and their transendothelial migration. Circulating isoforms of ICAM-1 (cICAM-1) are known to be elevated in human serum as an indirect consequence of inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cICAM-1 levels are elevated in patients with acute pancreatitis within 48 h of the onset of abdominal pain and whether cICAM-1 levels correlate with the severity of the tissue damage. Twenty-five consecutive patients admitted to a medical ICU had elevated cCAM-1 concentrations of 548 +/- 68 ng/ml, significantly different when compared to a control group of 18 healthy subjects (343 +/- 29; p = 0.018). According to the findings of contrast-enhanced CT or laparotomy patients were further divided in a group with acute edematous pancreatitis and a group with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatic necrosis was associated with cICAM-1 levels of 729 +/- 106 ng/ml, significantly different from patients with mild disease (367 +/- 48) and controls (p < 0.001). Plasma cICAM-1 levels were not significantly different between healthy subjects and patients with mild pancreatitis. A significant correlation was found between cICAM-1 and C-reactive protein, an acute phase reactant and marker of necrotizing pancreatitis (r = 0.62; p < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of edematous or necrotizing pancreatitis of cICAM-1 plasma concentrations (cutoff point at 500 ng/ml) were 75% and 85%, respectively. These results suggest an enhanced release of ICAM-1 into plasma in the early stage of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion may be associated with the inflammatory process of necrotizing tissue damage in acute pancreatitis. It could thus serve as a marker or predictor of a severe clinical course of pancreatitis.