1
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Syong WR, Fu JH, Kuo YH, Chu YC, Hakami M, Peng TY, Lynch J, Jariwala D, Tung V, Lu YJ. Enhanced Photogating Gain in Scalable MoS 2 Plasmonic Photodetectors via Resonant Plasmonic Metasurfaces. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38315422 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Absorption of photons in atomically thin materials has become a challenge in the realization of ultrathin, high-performance optoelectronics. While numerous schemes have been used to enhance absorption in 2D semiconductors, such enhanced device performance in scalable monolayer photodetectors remains unattained. Here, we demonstrate wafer-scale integration of monolayer single-crystal MoS2 photodetectors with a nitride-based resonant plasmonic metasurface to achieve a high detectivity of 2.58 × 1012 Jones with a record-low dark current of 8 pA and long-term stability over 40 days. Upon comparison with control devices, we observe an overall enhancement factor of >100; this can be attributed to the local strong EM field enhanced photogating effect by the resonant plasmonic metasurface. Considering the compatibility of 2D semiconductors and hafnium nitride with the Si CMOS process and their scalability across wafer sizes, our results facilitate the smooth incorporation of 2D semiconductor-based photodetectors into the fields of imaging, sensing, and optical communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Syong
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsin Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tzu-Yu Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jason Lynch
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vincent Tung
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Fu JH, Min J, Chang CK, Tseng CC, Wang Q, Sugisaki H, Li C, Chang YM, Alnami I, Syong WR, Lin C, Fang F, Zhao L, Lo TH, Lai CS, Chiu WS, Jian ZS, Chang WH, Lu YJ, Shih K, Li LJ, Wan Y, Shi Y, Tung V. Oriented lateral growth of two-dimensional materials on c-plane sapphire. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1289-1294. [PMID: 37474684 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) represent the ultimate thickness for scaling down channel materials. They provide a tantalizing solution to push the limit of semiconductor technology nodes in the sub-1 nm range. One key challenge with 2D semiconducting TMD channel materials is to achieve large-scale batch growth on insulating substrates of single crystals with spatial homogeneity and compelling electrical properties. Recent studies have claimed the epitaxy growth of wafer-scale, single-crystal 2D TMDs on a c-plane sapphire substrate with deliberately engineered off-cut angles. It has been postulated that exposed step edges break the energy degeneracy of nucleation and thus drive the seamless stitching of mono-oriented flakes. Here we show that a more dominant factor should be considered: in particular, the interaction of 2D TMD grains with the exposed oxygen-aluminium atomic plane establishes an energy-minimized 2D TMD-sapphire configuration. Reconstructing the surfaces of c-plane sapphire substrates to only a single type of atomic plane (plane symmetry) already guarantees the single-crystal epitaxy of monolayer TMDs without the aid of step edges. Electrical results evidence the structural uniformity of the monolayers. Our findings elucidate a long-standing question that curbs the wafer-scale batch epitaxy of 2D TMD single crystals-an important step towards using 2D materials for future electronics. Experiments extended to perovskite materials also support the argument that the interaction with sapphire atomic surfaces is more dominant than step-edge docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiacheng Min
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Che-Kang Chang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingxiao Wang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayato Sugisaki
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ibrahim Alnami
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Ren Syong
- Research Centre for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ci Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feier Fang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lv Zhao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Lo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Chiu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Siang Jian
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Research Centre for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yumeng Shi
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Vincent Tung
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Green Technology of the Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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3
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Kim KH, Oh S, Fiagbenu MMA, Zheng J, Musavigharavi P, Kumar P, Trainor N, Aljarb A, Wan Y, Kim HM, Katti K, Song S, Kim G, Tang Z, Fu JH, Hakami M, Tung V, Redwing JM, Stach EA, Olsson RH, Jariwala D. Scalable CMOS back-end-of-line-compatible AlScN/two-dimensional channel ferroelectric field-effect transistors. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1044-1050. [PMID: 37217764 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional monolithic integration of memory devices with logic transistors is a frontier challenge in computer hardware. This integration is essential for augmenting computational power concurrent with enhanced energy efficiency in big data applications such as artificial intelligence. Despite decades of efforts, there remains an urgent need for reliable, compact, fast, energy-efficient and scalable memory devices. Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FE-FETs) are a promising candidate, but requisite scalability and performance in a back-end-of-line process have proven challenging. Here we present back-end-of-line-compatible FE-FETs using two-dimensional MoS2 channels and AlScN ferroelectric materials, all grown via wafer-scalable processes. A large array of FE-FETs with memory windows larger than 7.8 V, ON/OFF ratios greater than 107 and ON-current density greater than 250 μA um-1, all at ~80 nm channel length are demonstrated. The FE-FETs show stable retention up to 10 years by extension, and endurance greater than 104 cycles in addition to 4-bit pulse-programmable memory features, thereby opening a path towards the three-dimensional heterointegration of a two-dimensional semiconductor memory with silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Ho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seyong Oh
- Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | - Jeffrey Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pariasadat Musavigharavi
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Trainor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyong Min Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keshava Katti
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seunguk Song
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gwangwoo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zichen Tang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vincent Tung
- Department of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy H Olsson
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Aljarb A, Min J, Hakami M, Fu JH, Albaridy R, Wan Y, Lopatin S, Kaltsas D, Naphade D, Yengel E, Hedhili MN, Sait R, Emwas AH, Kutbee A, Alsabban M, Huang KW, Shih K, Tsetseris L, Anthopoulos TD, Tung V, Li LJ. Interfacial Reconstructed Layer Controls the Orientation of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37249346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Growing continuous monolayer films of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) without the disruption of grain boundaries is essential to realize the full potential of these materials for future electronics and optoelectronics, but it remains a formidable challenge. It is generally believed that controlling the TMDs orientations on epitaxial substrates stems from matching the atomic registry, symmetry, and penetrable van der Waals forces. Interfacial reconstruction within the exceedingly narrow substrate-epilayer gap has been anticipated. However, its role in the growth mechanism has not been intensively investigated. Here, we report the experimental conformation of an interfacial reconstructed (IR) layer within the substrate-epilayer gap. Such an IR layer profoundly impacts the orientations of nucleating TMDs domains and, thus, affects the materials' properties. These findings provide deeper insights into the buried interface that could have profound implications for the development of TMD-based electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Aljarb
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiacheng Min
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rehab Albaridy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451-2455, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitrios Kaltsas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780 Greece
| | - Dipti Naphade
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yengel
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Hedhili
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Sait
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Kutbee
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Merfat Alsabban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780 Greece
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam road, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Luo Y, Mao N, Ding D, Chiu MH, Ji X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tung V, Park H, Kim P, Kong J, Wilson WL. Electrically switchable anisotropic polariton propagation in a ferroelectric van der Waals semiconductor. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:350-356. [PMID: 36690738 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring of the propagation dynamics of exciton-polaritons in two-dimensional quantum materials has shown extraordinary promise to enable nanoscale control of electromagnetic fields. Varying permittivities along crystal directions within layers of material systems, can lead to an in-plane anisotropic dispersion of polaritons. Exploiting this physics as a control strategy for manipulating the directional propagation of the polaritons is desired and remains elusive. Here we explore the in-plane anisotropic exciton-polariton propagation in SnSe, a group-IV monochalcogenide semiconductor that forms ferroelectric domains and shows room-temperature excitonic behaviour. Exciton-polaritons are launched in SnSe multilayer plates, and their propagation dynamics and dispersion are studied. This propagation of exciton-polaritons allows for nanoscale imaging of the in-plane ferroelectric domains. Finally, we demonstrate the electric switching of the exciton-polaritons in the ferroelectric domains of this complex van der Waals system. The study suggests that systems such as group-IV monochalcogenides could serve as excellent ferroic platforms for actively reconfigurable polaritonic optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nannan Mao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dapeng Ding
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials Science, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Vincent Tung
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William L Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Mao N, Luo Y, Chiu MH, Shi C, Ji X, Pieshkov TS, Lin Y, Tang HL, Akey AJ, Gardener JA, Park JH, Tung V, Ling X, Qian X, Wilson WL, Han Y, Tisdale WA, Kong J. Giant Nonlinear Optical Response via Coherent Stacking of In-Plane Ferroelectric Layers. Adv Mater 2023:e2210894. [PMID: 36959753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Thin ferroelectric materials hold great promise for compact nonvolatile memory and nonlinear optical and optoelectronic devices. Herein, an ultrathin in-plane ferroelectric material that exhibits a giant nonlinear optical effect, group-IV monochalcogenide SnSe, is reported. Nanometer-scale ferroelectric domains with ≈90°/270° twin boundaries or ≈180° domain walls are revealed in physical-vapor-deposited SnSe by lateral piezoresponse force microscopy. Atomic structure characterization reveals both parallel and antiparallel stacking of neighboring van der Waals ferroelectric layers, leading to ferroelectric or antiferroelectric ordering. Ferroelectric domains exhibit giant nonlinear optical activity due to coherent enhancement of second-harmonic fields and the as-resulted second-harmonic generation was observed to be 100 times more intense than monolayer WS2 . This work demonstrates in-plane ferroelectric ordering and giant nonlinear optical activity in SnSe, which paves the way for applications in on-chip nonlinear optical components and nonvolatile memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Mao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yue Luo
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tymofii S Pieshkov
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hao-Lin Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Austin J Akey
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jules A Gardener
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Tung
- Material Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - William L Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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7
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Cai Y, Shen J, Fu JH, Qaiser N, Chen C, Tseng CC, Hakami M, Yang Z, Yen HJ, Dong X, Li LJ, Han Y, Tung V. Graphdiyne-Based Nanofilms for Compliant On-Skin Sensing. ACS Nano 2022; 16:16677-16689. [PMID: 36125976 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film electronics pliably laminated onto the epidermis for noninvasive, specific, and multifunctional sensing are ideal wearable systems for health monitoring and information technologies. However, it remains a critical challenge to fabricate ultrathin and compliant skin-like sensors with high imperceptibility and sensitivities. Here we report a design of conductive hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) nanofilms with conjugated porous structure and inherent softness for on-skin sensors that allow minimization of stress and discomfort with wear. Dominated by the subtle deformation-induced changes in the interdomain tunneling conductance, the engineered HsGDY sensors show continuous and accurate results. Real-time noninvasive spatial mapping of dynamic/static strains in both tensile/compressive directions monitors various body motions with high sensitivity (GF ∼22.6, under 2% strain), fast response (∼60 ms), and long-term durability (∼5000 cycles). Moreover, such devices can dynamically distinguish between the temperature difference and frequency of air inhaled and exhaled through the nostril, revealing a quantitative assessment of the movement/health of the human body. The proof-of-concept strategy provides an alternative route for the design of next-generation wearable organic bioelectronics with multiple electronic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Shen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cailing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Zheng Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hung-Ju Yen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Han
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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8
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Wei X, Lin CC, Wu C, Qaiser N, Cai Y, Lu AY, Qi K, Fu JH, Chiang YH, Yang Z, Ding L, Ali OS, Xu W, Zhang W, Hassine MB, Kong J, Chen HY, Tung V. Three-dimensional hierarchically porous MoS 2 foam as high-rate and stable lithium-ion battery anode. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6006. [PMID: 36224249 PMCID: PMC9556660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Architected materials that actively respond to external stimuli hold tantalizing prospects for applications in energy storage, wearable electronics, and bioengineering. Molybdenum disulfide, an excellent two-dimensional building block, is a promising candidate for lithium-ion battery anode. However, the stacked and brittle two-dimensional layered structure limits its rate capability and electrochemical stability. Here we report the dewetting-induced manufacturing of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into a three-dimensional foam with a structural hierarchy across seven orders of magnitude. Our molybdenum disulfide foam provides an interpenetrating network for efficient charge transport, rapid ion diffusion, and mechanically resilient and chemically stable support for electrochemical reactions. These features induce a pseudocapacitive energy storage mechanism involving molybdenum redox reactions, confirmed by in-situ X-ray absorption near edge structure. The extraordinary electrochemical performance of molybdenum disulfide foam outperforms most reported molybdenum disulfide-based Lithium-ion battery anodes and state-of-the-art materials. This work opens promising inroads for various applications where special properties arise from hierarchical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wei
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chia-Ching Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chuanwan Wu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yichen Cai
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Kai Qi
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chiang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zheng Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lianhui Ding
- Saudi Aramco, Chemicals R&D Lab at KAUST, Research and Development Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola S Ali
- Saudi Aramco, Chemicals R&D Lab at KAUST, Research and Development Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei Xu
- Saudi Aramco, Chemicals R&D Lab at KAUST, Research and Development Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mohamed Ben Hassine
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Han-Yi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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9
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Wahyudi W, Guo X, Ladelta V, Tsetseris L, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Tung V, Hadjichristidis N, Li Q, Xu K, Ming J, Anthopoulos TD. Hitherto Unknown Solvent and Anion Pairs in Solvation Structures Reveal New Insights into High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202405. [PMID: 35975430 PMCID: PMC9534968 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-solvent and solvent-anion pairings in battery electrolytes have been identified for the first time by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These hitherto unknown interactions are enabled by the hydrogen bonding induced by the strong Lewis acid Li+ , and exist between the electron-deficient hydrogen (δ+ H) present in the solvent molecules and either other solvent molecules or negatively-charged anions. Complementary with the well-established strong but short-ranged Coulombic interactions between cation and solvent molecules, such weaker but longer-ranged hydrogen-bonding casts the formation of an extended liquid structure in electrolytes that is influenced by their components (solvents, additives, salts, and concentration), which in turn dictates the ion transport within bulk electrolytes and across the electrolyte-electrode interfaces. The discovery of this new inter-component force completes the picture of how electrolyte components interact and arrange themselves, sets the foundation to design better electrolytes on the fundamental level, and probes battery performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Wahyudi
- KAUST Solar CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianrong Guo
- Core LabsKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- KAUST Catalysis CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of PhysicsNational Technical University of AthensAthensGR‐15780Greece
| | - Mohamad I. Nugraha
- KAUST Solar CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced MaterialsNational Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)South TangerangBanten15314Indonesia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- KAUST Solar CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- KAUST Solar CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- KAUST Catalysis CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xu
- Battery Science BranchUS Army Research LaboratoryAdelphiMaryland20783USA
| | - Jun Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar CenterKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955–6900Saudi Arabia
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10
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Shen J, Cai Y, Zhang C, Wei W, Chen C, Liu L, Yang K, Ma Y, Wang Y, Tseng CC, Fu JH, Dong X, Li J, Zhang XX, Li LJ, Jiang J, Pinnau I, Tung V, Han Y. Fast water transport and molecular sieving through ultrathin ordered conjugated-polymer-framework membranes. Nat Mater 2022; 21:1183-1190. [PMID: 35941363 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of membranes that block solutes while allowing rapid water transport is of great importance. The microstructure of the membrane needs to be rationally designed at the molecular level to achieve precise molecular sieving and high water flux simultaneously. We report the design and fabrication of ultrathin, ordered conjugated-polymer-framework (CPF) films with thicknesses down to 1 nm via chemical vapour deposition and their performance as separation membranes. Our CPF membranes inherently have regular rhombic sub-nanometre (10.3 × 3.7 Å) channels, unlike membranes made of carbon nanotubes or graphene, whose separation performance depends on the alignment or stacking of materials. The optimized membrane exhibited a high water/NaCl selectivity of ∼6,900 and water permeance of ∼112 mol m-2 h-1 bar-1, and salt rejection >99.5% in high-salinity mixed-ion separations driven by osmotic pressure. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that water molecules quickly and collectively pass through the membrane by forming a continuous three-dimensional network within the hydrophobic channels. The advent of ordered CPF provides a route towards developing carbon-based membranes for precise molecular separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yichen Cai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cailing Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingmei Liu
- Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Kuiwei Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinchang Ma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yingge Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xinglong Dong
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Vincent Tung
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yu Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Lu AY, Martins LGP, Shen PC, Chen Z, Park JH, Xue M, Han J, Mao N, Chiu MH, Palacios T, Tung V, Kong J. Unraveling the Correlation between Raman and Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS 2 through Machine-Learning Models. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2202911. [PMID: 35790036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with intense and tunable photoluminescence (PL) have opened up new opportunities for optoelectronic and photonic applications such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and single-photon emitters. Among the standard characterization tools for 2D materials, Raman spectroscopy stands out as a fast and non-destructive technique capable of probing material's crystallinity and perturbations such as doping and strain. However, a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between photoluminescence and Raman spectra in monolayer MoS2 remains elusive due to its highly nonlinear nature. Here, the connections between PL signatures and Raman modes are systematically explored, providing comprehensive insights into the physical mechanisms correlating PL and Raman features. This study's analysis further disentangles the strain and doping contributions from the Raman spectra through machine-learning models. First, a dense convolutional network (DenseNet) to predict PL maps by spatial Raman maps is deployed. Moreover, a gradient boosted trees model (XGBoost) with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) to bridge the impact of individual Raman features in PL features is applied. Last, a support vector machine (SVM) to project PL features on Raman frequencies is adopted. This work may serve as a methodology for applying machine learning to characterizations of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Yu Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Pin-Chun Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhantao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mantian Xue
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jinchi Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nannan Mao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tomás Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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12
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Alsabban M, Eswaran MK, Peramaiah K, Wahyudi W, Yang X, Ramalingam V, Hedhili MN, Miao X, Schwingenschlögl U, Li LJ, Tung V, Huang KW. Unusual Activity of Rationally Designed Cobalt Phosphide/Oxide Heterostructure Composite for Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Medium. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3906-3916. [PMID: 35253442 PMCID: PMC8945697 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Design and development of an efficient, nonprecious catalyst with structural features and functionality necessary for driving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline medium remain a formidable challenge. At the root of the functional limitation is the inability to tune the active catalytic sites while overcoming the poor reaction kinetics observed under basic conditions. Herein, we report a facile approach to enable the selective design of an electrochemically efficient cobalt phosphide oxide composite catalyst on carbon cloth (CoP-CoxOy/CC), with good activity and durability toward HER in alkaline medium (η10 = -43 mV). Theoretical studies revealed that the redistribution of electrons at laterally dispersed Co phosphide/oxide interfaces gives rise to a synergistic effect in the heterostructured composite, by which various Co oxide phases initiate the dissociation of the alkaline water molecule. Meanwhile, the highly active CoP further facilitates the adsorption-desorption process of water electrolysis, leading to extremely high HER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merfat
M. Alsabban
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mathan Kumar Eswaran
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthik Peramaiah
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wandi Wahyudi
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinoth Ramalingam
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed. N. Hedhili
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Udo Schwingenschlögl
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Tung
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST
Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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13
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Fang F, Wan Y, Li H, Fang S, Huang F, Zhou B, Jiang K, Tung V, Li LJ, Shi Y. Two-Dimensional Cs 2AgBiBr 6/WS 2 Heterostructure-Based Photodetector with Boosted Detectivity via Interfacial Engineering. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3985-3993. [PMID: 35179036 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers have been widely used for optoelectronic devices because of their ultrasensitivity to light detection acquired from their direct gap properties. However, the small cross-section of photon absorption in the atomically thin layer thickness significantly limits the generation of photocarriers, restricting their performance. Here, we integrate monolayer WS2 with 2D perovskites Cs2AgBiBr6, which serve as the light absorption layer, to greatly enhance the photosensitivity of WS2. The efficient charge transfer at the Cs2AgBiBr6/WS2 heterojunction is evidenced by the shortened photoluminescence (PL) decay time of Cs2AgBiBr6. Scanning photocurrent microscopy of Cs2AgBiBr6/WS2/graphene reveals that improved charge extraction from graphene leads to an enhanced photoresponse. The 2D Cs2AgBiBr6/WS2/graphene vertical heterostructure photodetector exhibits a high detectivity (D*) of 1.5 × 1013 Jones with a fast response time of 52.3 μs/53.6 μs and an on/off ratio of 1.02 × 104. It is worth noting that this 2D heterostructure photodetector can realize self-powered light detection behavior with an open-circuit voltage of ∼0.75 V. The results suggest that the 2D perovskites can effectively improve the TMDC layer-based photodetectors for low-power consumption photoelectrical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feier Fang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Henan Li
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shaofan Fang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Yumeng Shi
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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14
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Kumar P, Wahyudi W, Sharma A, Yuan Y, Harrison GT, Gedda M, Wei X, El-Labban A, Ahmad S, Kumar V, Tung V, Anthopoulos TD. Bismuth-based mixed-anion compounds for anode materials in rechargeable batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3354-3357. [PMID: 35188144 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06456h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A facile solvothermal synthesis approach for chemical composition control in ternary Bi-S-I systems is reported by simply controlling the sulfide concentration. We demonstrate the application of these bismuth-based ternary mixed-anion compounds as high capacity anode materials in rechargeable batteries. Cells utilising Bi13S18I2 achieved an initial capacity value of 807 mA h g-1, while those with BiSI/Bi13S18I2 a value of 1087 mA h g-1 in lithium-ion battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wandi Wahyudi
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Youyou Yuan
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - George T Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murali Gedda
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Xuan Wei
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman El-Labban
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110002, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vincent Tung
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials hold tremendous promise for post-Si nanoelectronics due to their unique optical and electrical properties. Significant advances have been achieved in device fabrication and synthesis routes for 2D nanoelectronics over the past decade; however, one major bottleneck preventing their immediate applications has been the lack of a reproducible approach for growing wafer-scale single-crystal films despite tremendous progress in recent experimental demonstrations. In this tutorial review, we provide a systematic summary of the critical factors-including crystal/substrate symmetry and energy consideration-necessary for synthesizing single-orientation 2D layers. In particular, we focus on the discussions of the atomic edge-guided epitaxial growth, which assists in unidirectional nucleation for the wafer-scale growth of single-crystal 2D layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chih-Piao Chuu
- Corporate Research, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), 168 Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30075, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yumeng Shi
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. .,Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Material Information Function Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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16
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Park S, Schultz T, Shin D, Mutz N, Aljarb A, Kang HS, Lee CH, Li LJ, Xu X, Tung V, List-Kratochvil EJW, Blumstengel S, Amsalem P, Koch N. The Schottky-Mott Rule Expanded for Two-Dimensional Semiconductors: Influence of Substrate Dielectric Screening. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14794-14803. [PMID: 34379410 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the energy level alignment mechanisms between two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and electrodes is currently lacking, but it is a prerequisite for tailoring the interface electronic properties to the requirements of device applications. Here, we use angle-resolved direct and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy to unravel the key factors that determine the level alignment at interfaces between a monolayer of the prototypical 2D semiconductor MoS2 and conductor, semiconductor, and insulator substrates. For substrate work function (Φsub) values below 4.5 eV we find that Fermi level pinning occurs, involving electron transfer to native MoS2 gap states below the conduction band. For Φsub above 4.5 eV, vacuum level alignment prevails but the charge injection barriers do not strictly follow the changes of Φsub as expected from the Schottky-Mott rule. Notably, even the trends of the injection barriers for holes and electrons are different. This is caused by the band gap renormalization of monolayer MoS2 by dielectric screening, which depends on the dielectric constant (εr) of the substrate. Based on these observations, we introduce an expanded Schottky-Mott rule that accounts for band gap renormalization by εr -dependent screening and show that it can accurately predict charge injection barriers for monolayer MoS2. It is proposed that the formalism of the expanded Schottky-Mott rule should be universally applicable for 2D semiconductors, provided that material-specific experimental benchmark data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyung Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Mutz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hee Seong Kang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology & Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology & Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylke Blumstengel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Park S, Wang H, Schultz T, Shin D, Ovsyannikov R, Zacharias M, Maksimov D, Meissner M, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Kera S, Aljarb A, Hakami M, Li LJ, Tung V, Amsalem P, Rossi M, Koch N. Temperature-Dependent Electronic Ground-State Charge Transfer in van der Waals Heterostructures. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008677. [PMID: 34032324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic charge rearrangement between components of a heterostructure is the fundamental principle to reach the electronic ground state. It is acknowledged that the density of state distribution of the components governs the amount of charge transfer, but a notable dependence on temperature is not yet considered, particularly for weakly interacting systems. Here, it is experimentally observed that the amount of ground-state charge transfer in a van der Waals heterostructure formed by monolayer MoS2 sandwiched between graphite and a molecular electron acceptor layer increases by a factor of 3 when going from 7 K to room temperature. State-of-the-art electronic structure calculations of the full heterostructure that accounts for nuclear thermal fluctuations reveal intracomponent electron-phonon coupling and intercomponent electronic coupling as the key factors determining the amount of charge transfer. This conclusion is rationalized by a model applicable to multicomponent van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyung Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Haiyuan Wang
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marios Zacharias
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Science Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, 3603, Cyprus
| | - Dmitrii Maksimov
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Kera
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Rossi
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Park S, Mutz N, Kovalenko SA, Schultz T, Shin D, Aljarb A, Li L, Tung V, Amsalem P, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Stähler J, Xu X, Blumstengel S, Koch N. Type-I Energy Level Alignment at the PTCDA-Monolayer MoS 2 Interface Promotes Resonance Energy Transfer and Luminescence Enhancement. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2100215. [PMID: 34194946 PMCID: PMC8224443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures consisting of 2D semiconductors and conjugated molecules are of increasing interest because of the prospect of a synergistic enhancement of (opto)electronic properties. In particular, perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on monolayer (ML)-MoS2 has been identified as promising candidate and a staggered type-II energy level alignment and excited state interfacial charge transfer have been proposed. In contrast, it is here found with inverse and direct angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy that PTCDA/ML-MoS2 supported by insulating sapphire exhibits a straddling type-I level alignment, with PTCDA having the wider energy gap. Photoluminescence (PL) and sub-picosecond transient absorption measurements reveal that resonance energy transfer, i.e., electron-hole pair (exciton) transfer, from PTCDA to ML-MoS2 occurs on a sub-picosecond time scale. This gives rise to an enhanced PL yield from ML-MoS2 in the heterostructure and an according overall modulation of the photoresponse. These results underpin the importance of a precise knowledge of the interfacial electronic structure in order to understand excited state dynamics and to devise reliable design strategies for optimized optoelectronic functionality in van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyung Park
- Advanced Analysis CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792South Korea
| | - Niklas Mutz
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Schultz
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlin12489Germany
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain‐Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für ChemieBerlin12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlin12489Germany
| | - Julia Stähler
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für ChemieBerlin12489Germany
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen InstituteTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Sylke Blumstengel
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für ChemieBerlin12489Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinInstitut für Physik & IRIS AdlershofBerlin12489Germany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbHBerlin12489Germany
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Abstract
Conjugated polyaniline can impact the field of water filtration membranes due to its hydrophilic and antibacterial nature, facile and inexpensive synthesis procedure, heat and acid tolerance, and unique doping/dedoping chemistry. However, the gelation effect, its rigid backbone, and the limited hydrophilicity of polyaniline severely restrict the adaptability to membranes and their antifouling performance. This Mini Review summarizes important works of polyaniline-related ultrafiltration membranes, highlighting solutions to conquer engineering obstacles in processing and challenges in enhancing surface hydrophilicity with an emphasis on chemistry. As a pH-responsive polymer convertible to a conductive salt, this classic material should continue to bring unconventional advances into the realm of water filtration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuangmei Xue
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chenhao Ji
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shu-Chuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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Peramaiah K, Ramalingam V, Fu HC, Alsabban MM, Ahmad R, Cavallo L, Tung V, Huang KW, He JH. Optically and Electrocatalytically Decoupled Si Photocathodes with a Porous Carbon Nitride Catalyst for Nitrogen Reduction with Over 61.8% Faradaic Efficiency. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100812. [PMID: 33792108 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach is attractive as a promising route for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) toward ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis. However, the challenges in synergistic management of optical, electrical, and catalytic properties have limited the efficiency of PEC NRR devices. Herein, to enhance light-harvesting, carrier separation/transport, and the catalytic reactions, a concept of decoupling light-harvesting and electrocatalysis by employing a cascade n+ np+ -Si photocathode is implemented. Such a decoupling design not only abolishes the parasitic light blocking but also concurrently improves the optical and electrical properties of the n+ np+ -Si photocathode without compromising the efficiency. Experimental and density functional theory studies reveal that the porous architecture and N-vacancies promote N2 adsorption of the Au/porous carbon nitride (PCN) catalyst. Impressively, an n+ np+ -Si photocathode integrating the Au/PCN catalyst exhibits an outstanding PEC NRR performance with maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 61.8% and NH3 production yield of 13.8 µg h-1 cm-2 at -0.10 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is the highest FE at low applied potential ever reported for the PEC NRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Peramaiah
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinoth Ramalingam
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hui-Chun Fu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Merfat M Alsabban
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafia Ahmad
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jr-Hau He
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, SAR 999077, Hong Kong
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21
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Aljarb A, Fu JH, Hsu CC, Chuu CP, Wan Y, Hakami M, Naphade DR, Yengel E, Lee CJ, Brems S, Chen TA, Li MY, Bae SH, Hsu WT, Cao Z, Albaridy R, Lopatin S, Chang WH, Anthopoulos TD, Kim J, Li LJ, Tung V. Ledge-directed epitaxy of continuously self-aligned single-crystalline nanoribbons of transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat Mater 2020; 19:1300-1306. [PMID: 32895505 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanoribbons are touted as the future extreme device downscaling for advanced logic and memory devices but remain a formidable synthetic challenge. Here, we demonstrate a ledge-directed epitaxy (LDE) of dense arrays of continuous, self-aligned, monolayer and single-crystalline MoS2 nanoribbons on β-gallium (III) oxide (β-Ga2O3) (100) substrates. LDE MoS2 nanoribbons have spatial uniformity over a long range and transport characteristics on par with those seen in exfoliated benchmarks. Prototype MoS2-nanoribbon-based field-effect transistors exhibit high on/off ratios of 108 and an averaged room temperature electron mobility of 65 cm2 V-1 s-1. The MoS2 nanoribbons can be readily transferred to arbitrary substrates while the underlying β-Ga2O3 can be reused after mechanical exfoliation. We further demonstrate LDE as a versatile epitaxy platform for the growth of p-type WSe2 nanoribbons and lateral heterostructures made of p-WSe2 and n-MoS2 nanoribbons for futuristic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Aljarb
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chih-Chan Hsu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Piao Chuu
- Corporate Research, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi Wan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti R Naphade
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yengel
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Ju Lee
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Tse-An Chen
- Corporate Research, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Li
- Corporate Research, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Hoon Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science (CEFMS), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zhen Cao
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Albaridy
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei Lopatin
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wen-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science (CEFMS), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Corporate Research, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Green Technology Research Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Cai Y, Shen J, Yang CW, Wan Y, Tang HL, Aljarb AA, Chen C, Fu JH, Wei X, Huang KW, Han Y, Jonas SJ, Dong X, Tung V. Mixed-dimensional MXene-hydrogel heterostructures for electronic skin sensors with ultrabroad working range. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb5367. [PMID: 33246950 PMCID: PMC7695469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable microelectronics are garnering substantial interest for various promising applications including human-machine interfaces, biointegrated devices, and personalized medicine. However, it remains a critical challenge to develop e-skins to mimic the human somatosensory system in full working range. Here, we present a multifunctional e-skin system with a heterostructured configuration that couples vinyl-hybrid-silica nanoparticle (VSNP)-modified polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel with two-dimensional (2D) MXene through nano-bridging layers of polypyrrole nanowires (PpyNWs) at the interfaces, featuring high toughness and low hysteresis, in tandem with controlled crack generation and distribution. The multidimensional configurations endow the e-skin with an extraordinary working range (2800%), ultrafast responsiveness (90 ms) and resilience (240 ms), good linearity (800%), tunable sensing mechanisms, and excellent reproducibility. In parallel, this e-skin platform is capable of detecting, quantifying, and remotely monitoring stretching motions in multiple dimensions, tactile pressure, proximity sensing, and variations in temperature and light, establishing a promising platform for next-generation smart flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Shen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chi-Wen Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Wan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao-Ling Tang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Aljarb
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cailing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuan Wei
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven J Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Lopatin S, Aljarb A, Roddatis V, Meyer T, Wan Y, Fu JH, Hedhili M, Han Y, Li LJ, Tung V. Aberration-corrected STEM imaging of 2D materials: Artifacts and practical applications of threefold astigmatism. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/37/eabb8431. [PMID: 32917685 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) with spherical aberration correction enables researchers to peer into two-dimensional (2D) materials and correlate the material properties with those of single atoms. The maximum intensity of corrected electron beam is confined in the area having sub-angstrom size. Meanwhile, the residual threefold astigmatism of the electron probe implies a triangular shape distribution of the intensity, whereas its tails overlap and thus interact with several atomic species simultaneously. The result is the resonant modulation of contrast that interferes the determination of phase transition of 2D materials. Here, we theoretically reveal and experimentally determine the origin of resonant modulation of contrast and its unintended impact on violating the power-law dependence of contrast on coordination modes between transition metal and chalcogenide atoms. The finding illuminates the correlation between atomic contrast, spatially inequivalent chalcogenide orientation, and residual threefold astigmatism on determining the atomic structure of emerging 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Lopatin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir Roddatis
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer
- 4th Institute of Physics - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yi Wan
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hedhili
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1044, USA
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Chu Z, Wang CY, Quan J, Zhang C, Lei C, Han A, Ma X, Tang HL, Abeysinghe D, Staab M, Zhang X, MacDonald AH, Tung V, Li X, Shih CK, Lai K. Unveiling defect-mediated carrier dynamics in monolayer semiconductors by spatiotemporal microwave imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13908-13913. [PMID: 32513713 PMCID: PMC7322012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides are strongly correlated with the presence of defects in the materials, which are not necessarily detrimental for certain applications. For instance, defects can lead to an enhanced photoconduction, a complicated process involving charge generation and recombination in the time domain and carrier transport in the spatial domain. Here, we report the simultaneous spatial and temporal photoconductivity imaging in two types of WS2 monolayers by laser-illuminated microwave impedance microscopy. The diffusion length and carrier lifetime were directly extracted from the spatial profile and temporal relaxation of microwave signals, respectively. Time-resolved experiments indicate that the critical process for photoexcited carriers is the escape of holes from trap states, which prolongs the apparent lifetime of mobile electrons in the conduction band. As a result, counterintuitively, the long-lived photoconductivity signal is higher in chemical-vapor deposited (CVD) samples than exfoliated monolayers due to the presence of traps that inhibits recombination. Our work reveals the intrinsic time and length scales of electrical response to photoexcitation in van der Waals materials, which is essential for their applications in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Chu
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Chun-Yuan Wang
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jiamin Quan
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ali Han
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuejian Ma
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Hao-Ling Tang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dishan Abeysinghe
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Matthew Staab
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Chih-Kang Shih
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Keji Lai
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;
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25
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Lin Y, Adilbekova B, Firdaus Y, Yengel E, Faber H, Sajjad M, Zheng X, Yarali E, Seitkhan A, Bakr OM, El-Labban A, Schwingenschlögl U, Tung V, McCulloch I, Laquai F, Anthopoulos TD. 17% Efficient Organic Solar Cells Based on Liquid Exfoliated WS 2 as a Replacement for PEDOT:PSS. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902965. [PMID: 31566264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of liquid-exfoliated 2D transition metal disulfides (TMDs) as the hole transport layers (HTLs) in nonfullerene-based organic solar cells is reported. It is shown that solution processing of few-layer WS2 or MoS2 suspensions directly onto transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes changes their work function without the need for any further treatment. HTLs comprising WS2 are found to exhibit higher uniformity on ITO than those of MoS2 and consistently yield solar cells with superior power conversion efficiency (PCE), improved fill factor (FF), enhanced short-circuit current (JSC ), and lower series resistance than devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and MoS2 . Cells based on the ternary bulk-heterojunction PBDB-T-2F:Y6:PC71 BM with WS2 as the HTL exhibit the highest PCE of 17%, with an FF of 78%, open-circuit voltage of 0.84 V, and a JSC of 26 mA cm-2 . Analysis of the cells' optical and carrier recombination characteristics indicates that the enhanced performance is most likely attributed to a combination of favorable photonic structure and reduced bimolecular recombination losses in WS2 -based cells. The achieved PCE is the highest reported to date for organic solar cells comprised of 2D charge transport interlayers and highlights the potential of TMDs as inexpensive HTLs for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Begimai Adilbekova
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yengel
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Yarali
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akmaral Seitkhan
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman El-Labban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Udo Schwingenschlögl
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Xue F, He X, Retamal JRD, Han A, Zhang J, Liu Z, Huang JK, Hu W, Tung V, He JH, Li LJ, Zhang X. Gate-Tunable and Multidirection-Switchable Memristive Phenomena in a Van Der Waals Ferroelectric. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901300. [PMID: 31148294 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Memristive devices have been extensively demonstrated for applications in nonvolatile memory, computer logic, and biological synapses. Precise control of the conducting paths associated with the resistance switching in memristive devices is critical for optimizing their performances including ON/OFF ratios. Here, gate tunability and multidirectional switching can be implemented in memristors for modulating the conducting paths using hexagonal α-In2 Se3 , a semiconducting van der Waals ferroelectric material. The planar memristor based on in-plane (IP) polarization of α-In2 Se3 exhibits a pronounced switchable photocurrent, as well as gate tunability of the channel conductance, ferroelectric polarization, and resistance-switching ratio. The integration of vertical α-In2 Se3 memristors based on out-of-plane (OOP) polarization is demonstrated with a device density of 7.1 × 109 in.-2 and a resistance-switching ratio of well over 103 . A multidirectionally operated α-In2 Se3 memristor is also proposed, enabling the control of the OOP (or IP) resistance state directly by an IP (or OOP) programming pulse, which has not been achieved in other reported memristors. The remarkable behavior and diverse functionalities of these ferroelectric α-In2 Se3 memristors suggest opportunities for future logic circuits and complex neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin He
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - José Ramón Durán Retamal
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Han
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weijin Hu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jr-Hau He
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Alsabban MM, Yang X, Wahyudi W, Fu JH, Hedhili MN, Ming J, Yang CW, Nadeem MA, Idriss H, Lai Z, Li LJ, Tung V, Huang KW. Design and Mechanistic Study of Highly Durable Carbon-Coated Cobalt Diphosphide Core-Shell Nanostructure Electrocatalysts for the Efficient and Stable Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:20752-20761. [PMID: 31091878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of hierarchically functional, catalytically active, and electrochemically stable nanostructures holds a tremendous promise for catalyzing the efficient and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and yet remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the scalable production of core-shell nanostructures composed of carbon-coated cobalt diphosphide nanosheets, C@CoP2, via three simple steps: (i) electrochemical deposition of Co species, (ii) gas-phase phosphidation, and (iii) carbonization of CoP2 for catalytic durability enhancement. Electrochemical characterizations showed that C@CoP2 delivers an overpotential of 234 mV, retains its initial activity for over 80 h of continuous operation, and exhibits a fast OER rate of 63.8 mV dec-1 in base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merfat M Alsabban
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jeddah , Jeddah 21959 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad A Nadeem
- SABIC, Corporate Research and Innovation (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Idriss
- SABIC, Corporate Research and Innovation (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lain-Jong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney 2052 , Australia
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28
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Chiu MH, Tang HL, Tseng CC, Han Y, Aljarb A, Huang JK, Wan Y, Fu JH, Zhang X, Chang WH, Muller DA, Takenobu T, Tung V, Li LJ. Metal-Guided Selective Growth of 2D Materials: Demonstration of a Bottom-Up CMOS Inverter. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1900861. [PMID: 30907033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layered materials are promising for future electronic and optoelectronic applications. The realization of large-area electronics and circuits strongly relies on wafer-scale, selective growth of quality 2D TMDs. Here, a scalable method, namely, metal-guided selective growth (MGSG), is reported. The success of control over the transition-metal-precursor vapor pressure, the first concurrent growth of two dissimilar monolayer TMDs, is demonstrated in conjunction with lateral or vertical TMD heterojunctions at precisely desired locations over the entire wafer in a single chemical vapor deposition (VCD) process. Owing to the location selectivity, MGSG allows the growth of p- and n-type TMDs with spatial homogeneity and uniform electrical performance for circuit applications. As a demonstration, the first bottom-up complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverter based on p-type WSe2 and n-type MoSe2 is achieved, which exhibits a high and reproducible voltage gain of 23 with little dependence on position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Chiu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao-Ling Tang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yimo Han
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Areej Aljarb
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi Wan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wen-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Taishi Takenobu
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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29
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Tsai SM, Goshia T, Chen YC, Kagiri A, Sibal A, Chiu MH, Gadre A, Tung V, Chin WC. High-throughput label-free microcontact printing graphene-based biosensor for valley fever. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 170:219-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Sarang S, Bonabi Naghadeh S, Luo B, Kumar P, Betady E, Tung V, Scheibner M, Zhang JZ, Ghosh S. Stabilization of the Cubic Crystalline Phase in Organometal Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots via Surface Energy Manipulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5378-5384. [PMID: 29043800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of nanoscale materials has a significant impact on their properties. We have demonstrated the effect of different passivating ligands on the crystal phase of organometal halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs). Using static and dynamic spectroscopy, we studied phase transitions in CH3NH3PbBr3 PQDs ligated with either octylaminebromide (P-OABr) or 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (P-APTES). Around 140 K, P-OABr underwent a structural phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic, established by the emergence of a higher energy band in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. This was not observed in P-APTES, despite cooling down to 20 K. Additionally, time-resolved and excitation power-dependent PL, as well as Raman spectroscopy over a range of 300-20 K, revealed that recombination rates and types of charge carriers involved are significantly different in P-APTES and P-OABr. Our findings highlight how aspects of PQD phase stabilization are linked to nanoscale morphology and the crystal phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Sarang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California , Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Sara Bonabi Naghadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Binbin Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Parveen Kumar
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California , Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Edwin Betady
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, California State Polytechnic University , Pomona, California 91768, United States
| | - Vincent Tung
- School of Engineering, University of California , Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Michael Scheibner
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California , Merced, California 95340, United States
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Sayantani Ghosh
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California , Merced, California 95340, United States
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31
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Chen YC, Lu AY, Lu P, Yang X, Jiang CM, Mariano M, Kaehr B, Lin O, Taylor A, Sharp ID, Li LJ, Chou SS, Tung V. Structurally Deformed MoS 2 for Electrochemically Stable, Thermally Resistant, and Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1703863. [PMID: 29024072 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emerging molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) offers intriguing possibilities for realizing a transformative new catalyst for driving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the trade-off between catalytic activity and long-term stability represents a formidable challenge and has not been extensively addressed. This study reports that metastable and temperature-sensitive chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2 ) can be made into electrochemically stable (5000 cycles), and thermally robust (300 °C) while maintaining synthetic scalability and excellent catalytic activity through physical-transformation into 3D structurally deformed nanostructures. The dimensional transition enabled by a high throughput electrohydrodynamic process provides highly accessible, and electrochemically active surface area and facilitates efficient transport across various interfaces. Meanwhile, the hierarchically strained morphology is found to improve electronic coupling between active sites and current collecting substrates without the need for selective engineering the electronically heterogeneous interfaces. Specifically, the synergistic combination of high strain load stemmed from capillarity-induced-self-crumpling and sulfur (S) vacancies intrinsic to chemical exfoliation enables simultaneous modulation of active site density and intrinsic HER activity regardless of continuous operation or elevated temperature. These results provide new insights into how catalytic activity, electrochemical-, and thermal stability can be concurrently enhanced through the physical transformation that is reminiscent of nature, in which properties of biological materials emerge from evolved dimensional transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Chen
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marina Mariano
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Oliver Lin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - André Taylor
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stanley S Chou
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Vincent Tung
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
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32
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Chu YW, Cheung TKM, Tung V, Tiu F, Lo J, Lam R, Lai R, Wong KK. A blood isolate of Neisseria meningitidis showing reduced susceptibility to quinolones in Hong Kong. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:94-5. [PMID: 17408928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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