[Effect of sirolimus combined with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody desensitization on the prognosis of patients underwent haploidentical stem cell transplantation]

Objective: To investigate the effects of sirolimus combined with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody desensitization on the prognosis of patients with haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT). Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients who received haplo-SCT and pre-transplant donor specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody (DSA) positive [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)≥2 000] in the Institute of Hematological Diseases from November 2021 to March 2023 were retrospectively recruited into the desensitized group. There were 4 males and 11 females, with a median age [M(Q1, Q3)] of 48 (37, 59) years. All patients were desensitized with sirolimus combined with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. The non-desensitized group included 29 patients with haplo-SCT who had not received desensitization treatment from August 2012 to June 2016. There were 12 males and 17 females with a median age of 42 (26, 50) years. Up to October 1, 2023, the median follow-up time was 13 (9, 18) months in the study group and 23 (14, 29) months in the control group. The changes of MFI before and after desensitization treatment and the prognosis of patients in the desensitized group were compared, including the incidence of primary implantation failure (pGF), neutrophil implantation time, platelet implantation time, grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD incidence, non-recurrence related mortality, event-free survival rate, disease-free survival rate and overall survival rate. The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, and the survival rate between groups was compared with Log-rank test. Results: After desensitization treatment, the level of DSA MFI in the desensitized group decreased from 8 879 (7 544, 11 495) to 3 781 (1 638, 4 165) after desensitization treatment (P<0.01). All of the patients achieved hematopoietic recovery, and the median time for neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 14 (11, 15) and 20 (18, 25) days, respectively. The incidence of pGF in the desensitized group was 0, which was lower than that in the non-desensitized group (34.5%, 10/29) (P=0.011). The expected 1-year disease-free survival rate and overall survival rate in the desensitized group were 100% (15/15) and 100% (15/15) respectively, while those in the non-desensitized group were 75.9% (22/29) and 75.9% (22/29) respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (both P>0.05). The one-year event-free survival rate in the desensitized group was expected to be 100% (15/15), which was higher than that in the non-desensitized group (51.3%, 15/29) (P=0.002). Conclusion: Sirolimus combined with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody desensitization therapy can reduce the DSA level of haplo-SCT recipients, promote hematopoietic engraftment after transplantation, and avoid the occurrence of pGF after transplantation.

[Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on graft composition and early transplant outcomes following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]

Objective: To assess the feasibility of using donors with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) when there are no other available donors and allo-HSCT cannot be delayed or discontinued. Methods: Seventy-one patients with malignant hematological diseases undergoing allo-HSCT between December 8, 2022, and January 10, 2023, were included. Of these, 16 received grafts from donors with mild COVID-19 (D-COVID(+) group) and 55 received grafts from donors without COVID-19 (D-COVID(-) group). The graft compositions were compared between the two groups. Engraftment, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), overall survival (OS), and relapse were also evaluated. Results: There were no serious side effects or adverse events in the D-COVID(+) group. The mononuclear cell dose and CD34(+) cell dose were comparable between the two groups, and no additional apheresis was required. There were no significant differences in the lymphocyte, monocyte, and T-cell subset doses between the two groups. The median natural killer cell dose in the D-COVID(+) group was significantly higher than that in the D-COVID(-) group (0.69×10(8)/kg vs. 0.53×10(8)/kg, P=0.031). The median follow-up time was 72 (33-104) days. All patients achieved primary engraftment. The 60-day platelet engraftment rates in the D-COVID(+) and D-COVID(-) groups were 100% and (96.4±0.2) %, respectively (P=0.568). There were no significant differences in neutrophil (P=0.309) and platelet (P=0.544) engraftment times. The cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 aGVHD was (37.5±1.6) % vs. (16.4±0.3) % (P=0.062), and of grade 3-4 aGVHD was 25.0% ±1.3% vs. 9.1% ±0.2% (P=0.095) in the D-COVID(+) and D-COVID(-) groups, respectively. The probabilities of 60-day OS were 100% and 98.1% ±1.8% (P=0.522) in the D-COVID(+) and D-COVID(-) groups, respectively. There was no relapse of primary disease during the study period. Conclusion: When allo-HSCT cannot be delayed or discontinued and no other donor is available, a donor with mild COVID-19 should be considered if tolerable. Larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required to validate these results.

[Safety and survival analysis of haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with severe aplastic anemia who had previous failure to antithymoglobulin treatment]

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) conditioning with the same dosage form of antithymoglobulin (ATG) in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) failure to ATG. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 65 patients with SAA who failed ATG treatment and received haplo-HSCT conditioning with the same dosage of ATG at the Institute of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital between July 2008 and October 2020 were included as the ATG treatment failure group. An additional 65 SAA patients who applied ATG for the first time during haplo-HSCT were randomly selected by stratified sampling as the first-line haplo-HSCT group. Baseline clinical data and follow-up data of the two groups were collected. Conditioning-related toxicity within 10 days after ATG application and long-term prognosis were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate the overall survival rate, and the Log-rank test was applied to compare the rates of the two groups. Results: In the ATG treatment failure group, there were 36 males and 29 females, and the age at the time of transplantation [M (Q1, Q3)] was 16 (8, 25) years. In the first-line haplo-HSCT group, there were 35 males and 30 females, with a median age of 17 (7, 26) years. Within 10 days of ATG application, the incidence of noninfectious fever, noninfectious diarrhea, and liver injury in the ATG treatment failure group was 78% (51 cases), 45% (29 cases), and 28% (18 cases), respectively, and in the first-line haplo-HSCT group was 74% (48 cases), 54% (35 cases), and 25% (16 cases), respectively; the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant for any of these three parameters (all P>0.05). For graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), there was no significant difference between the ATG treatment failure group and the first-line haplo-HSCT group in the development of 100 day Ⅱ to Ⅳ acute GVHD (29.51%±0.35% vs. 25.42%±0.33%), Ⅲ to Ⅳ acute GVHD (6.56%±0.10% vs. 6.78%±0.11%), and 3-year chronic GVHD (26.73%±0.36% vs. 21.15%±0.30%) (all P>0.05). Three-year overall survival (79.6%±5.1% vs. 84.6%±4.5%) and 3-year failure-free survival (79.6%±5.1% vs. 81.5%±4.8%) were also comparable between these two groups (both P>0.05). Conclusions: Compared with no exposure to ATG before HSCT, similar early adverse effects and comparable survival outcomes were achieved in patients with SAA who failed previous ATG treatment and received haplo-HSCT conditioning with the same dosage form of ATG. This might indicate that previous failure of ATG treatment does not significantly impact the efficacy and safety of salvaging haplo-HSCT in patients with SAA.

[Mechanism of piRNA in bisphenol A-promoted invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells]

Objective: To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) in bisphenol A (BPA)-induced prostate cancer cell invasion and migration. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data was used to analyze and screen for piRNAs with significantly increased expression in prostate cancer tissues. PC-3 cells were treated with different concentrations of BPA for 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively, and the 20% inhibitory concentration (IC20) was measured using a CCK-8 assay. The expression levels of piRNAs before and after BPA treatment were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Target genes regulated by BPA and associated with prostate cancer were screened in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify the relationship between piRNA and target genes, and the expression change of the piRNA target gene was detected by Western blotting. Cell migration and invasion assays were used to determine the effects of piRNA on the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells. Results: After treatment of PC-3 cells with 160 μmol/L BPA, the expression of piR-sno48 was most significantly increased (P<0.05). Transfection of piR-sno48 antagomir resulted in decreased expression of endogenous piR-sno48 and a significant increase in the expression of its target gene GSTP1 (P<0.05). However, the expression of GSTP1 did not change significantly in BPA-treated PC-3 cells after transfection with piR-sno48 antagomir (P>0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter gene confirmed that piR-sno48 inhibited the expression of GSTP1 by forming an inversely complementary sequence with the 3'-UTR of GSTP1. The Transwell assay results showed that treatment with BPA significantly increased the invasion and migration ability of prostate cancer cells (P<0.01), whereas piR-sno48 antagonists significantly inhibited the effects above (P<0.01). Conclusion: BPA promotes the invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells by upregulating the expression of piR-sno48 and suppressing the expression of GSTP1. Interfering with the expression of endogenous piR-sno48 may inhibit the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells caused by BPA.

[Q-marker prediction of resin ethanol extract of Gegen Qinlian Decoction based on characteristic spectrum and network pharmacology]

The resin ethanol extract of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(GGQLD) has been found to significantly alleviate the intestinal toxicity caused by Irinotecan, but further research is needed to establish its overall quality and clinical medication standards. This study aimed to establish an HPLC characteristic fingerprint of the resin ethanol extract of GGQLD, predicted the targets and signaling pathways of its pharmacological effects based on network pharmacology, identified core compounds with pharmacological relevance, and analyzed potential quality markers(Q-markers) of the resin eluate of GGQLD for relieving Irinotecan-induced toxicity. By considering the uniqueness, measurability, and traceability of Q-markers based on the "five principles" of Q-markers and combining them with network pharmacology techniques, the overall efficacy of the resin ethanol extract of GGQLD can be characterized. Preliminary predictions suggested that the four components of puerarin, berberine, baicalin, and baicalein might serve as potential Q-markers for the resin etha-nol extract of GGQLD. This study provides a basis and references for the quality control and clinical mechanism of the resin ethanol extract of GGQLD.

[Clinical analysis of the usefulness of letermovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]

Objective: To analyze the efficacy and safety of letermovir in primary prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in patients receiving haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods: This retrospective, cohort study was conducted using data of patients who underwent haploidentical transplantation at Peking University Institute of Hematology and received letermovir for primary prophylaxis between May 1, 2022 and August 30, 2022. The inclusion criteria of the letermovir group were as follows: letermovir initiation within 30 days after transplantation and continuation for≥90 days after transplantation. Patients who underwent haploidentical transplantation within the same time period but did not receive letermovir prophylaxis were selected in a 1∶4 ratio as controls. The main outcomes were the incidence of CMV infection and CMV disease after transplantation as well as the possible effects of letermovir on acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), non-relapse mortality (NRM), and bone marrow suppression. Categorical variables were analyzed by chi-square test, and continuous variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for evaluating incidence differences. Results: Seventeen patients were included in the letermovir prophylaxis group. The median patient age in the letermovir group was significantly greater than that in the control group (43 yr vs. 15 yr; Z=-4.28, P<0.001). The two groups showed no significant difference in sex distribution and primary diseases, etc. (all P>0.05). The proportion of CMV-seronegative donors was significantly higher in the letermovir prophylaxis group in comparison with the control group (8/17 vs. 0/68, χ²=35.32, P<0.001). Three out of the 17 patients in the letermovir group experienced CMV reactivation, which was significantly lower than the incidence of CMV reactivation in the control group (3/17 vs. 40/68, χ²=9.23, P=0.002), and no CMV disease development observed in the letermovir group. Letermovir showed no significant effects on platelet engraftment (P=0.105), aGVHD (P=0.348), and 100-day NRM (P=0.474). Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that letermovir may effectively reduce the incidence of CMV infection after haploidentical transplantation without influencing aGVHD, NRM, and bone marrow suppression. Prospective randomized controlled studies are required to further verify these findings.

[Efficacy and safety of secondary allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 70 patients with recurrent hematologic malignancies after transplantation]

Objectives: To investigate the role of donor change in the second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT2) for hematological relapse of malignant hematology after the first transplantation (HSCT1) . Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with relapsed hematological malignancies who received HSCT2 at our single center between Mar 1998 and Dec 2020. A total of 70 patients were enrolled[49 males and 21 females; median age, 31.5 (3-61) yr]. Results: Forty-nine male and 21 female patients were enrolled in the trial. At the time of HSCT2, the median age was 31.5 (3-61) years old. Thirty-one patients were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, 23 patients with ALL, and 16 patients with MDS or other malignant hematology disease. Thirty patients had HSCT2 with donor change, and 40 patients underwent HSCT2 without donor change. The median relapse time after HSCT1 was 245.5 (26-2 905) days. After HSCT2, 70 patients had neutrophil engraftment, and 62 (88.6%) had platelet engraftment. The cumulative incidence of platelet engraftment was (93.1±4.7) % in patients with donor change and (86.0±5.7) % in patients without donor change (P=0.636). The cumulative incidence of CMV infection in patients with and without donor change was (64.0±10.3) % and (37.0±7.8) % (P=0.053), respectively. The cumulative incidence of grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ acute graft versus host disease was (19.4±7.9) % vs (31.3±7.5) %, respectively (P=0.227). The cumulative incidence of TRM 100-day post HSCT2 was (9.2±5.1) % vs (6.7±4.6) % (P=0.648), and the cumulative incidence of chronic graft versus host disease at 1-yr post-HSCT2 was (36.7±11.4) % versus (65.6±9.1) % (P=0.031). With a median follow-up of 767 (271-4 936) days, 38 patients had complete remission (CR), and three patients had persistent disease. The CR rate was 92.7%. The cumulative incidences of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) 2 yr after HSCT2 were 25.8% and 23.7%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse, OS, and DFS was (52.6±11.6) % vs (62.4±11.3) % (P=0.423), (28.3±8.6) % vs (23.8±7.5) % (P=0.643), and (28.3±8.6) % vs (22.3±7.7) % (P=0.787), respectively, in patients with changed donor compared with patients with the original donor. Relapses within 6 months post-HSCT1 and with persistent disease before HSCT2 were risk factors for OS, DFS, and CIR. Disease status before HSCT2 and early relapse (within 6 months post-HSCT1) was an independent risk factor for OS, DFS, and CIR post-HSCT2. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that changing donors did not affect the clinical outcome of HSCT2.

[Equivalence of combined decoction and mixed single decoctions of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in alleviating chemotherapy-associated diarrhea]

This study compared the chemical profiles, component content, dry paste yield, and pharmacological effects of samples obtained from the mixed single decoctions and the combined decoction of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(GQD), aiming to provide an experimental foundation for evaluating the equivalence of the two decocting methods and the suitability of TCM formula granules in clinical application. The same decoction process was used to prepare the combined decoction and mixed single decoctions of GQD. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) was employed to compare the chemical profiles between the two groups. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to compare the content of nine characteristic components between the two groups. Then, a delayed diarrhea mouse model induced by irinotecan was established to compare the pharmacological effects of the two groups on chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. The UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS in ESI~+ and ESI~- modes identified 59 chemical components in the compound decoction and mixed single decoctions, which showed no obvious differences in component species. The content of baicalin and wogonoside was higher in the compound decoction, while that of puerarin, daidzein-8-C-apiosylglucoside, berberine, epiberberine, wogonin, glycyrrhizic acid, and daidzein was higher in the mixed single decoctions. Further statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the content of the nine characteristic components between the compound decoction and the mixed single decoctions. The dry paste yield had no significant difference between the two groups. Compared with the model group, both compound decoction and mixed single decoctions alleviated the weight loss and reduced diarrhea index in mice. Both of them lowered the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), interleukin-10(IL-10), malondialdehyde(MDA), and nitric oxide(NO) in the colon tissue. Furthermore, they significantly increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD). Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining showed that colon tissue cells were tightly arranged with clear nuclei in both groups without obvious difference. The compound decoction and mixed single decoctions showed no significant differences in chemical component species, content of nine characteristic components, dry paste yield, or the pharmacological effects on alleviating chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. The findings provide a reference for evaluating the flexibility and superiority of combined or single decocting method in the preparation of TCM decoctions or formula granules.

Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Glycosylation Improved Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Lentinus edodes Protein Fraction

Lentinula edodes has high nutritional value and abundant protein. In order to develop and utilize edible mushroom protein, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TGase-catalyzed glycosylation and cross-linking on the physicochemical and functional properties of Lentinus edodes protein fraction. The results showed that within a certain time, glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation decreased the total sulfydryl, free sulfydryl, disulfide bond, surface hydrophobicity, β-fold and α-helix, but increased the fluorescence intensity, random coil, β-turn, particle size and thermal stability. The apparent viscosity and the shear stress of the protein with an increase in shear rate were increased, indicating that TGase-catalyzed glycosylation promoted the generation of cross-linked polymers. In addition, the TGase-catalyzed glycosylated proteins showed a compact texture structure similar to the glycosylated proteins at the beginning, indicating that they formed a stable three-dimensional network structure. The flaky structure of proteins became more and more obvious with time. Moreover, the solubility, emulsification, stability and oil-holding capacity of enzymatic glycosylated Lentinus edodes protein fraction were significantly improved because of the proper TGase effects of glycosylation grafting and cross-linking. These results showed that glycosylation and TGase-catalyzed glycosylation could improve the processing characteristics of the Lentinula edodes protein fraction to varying degrees.

[Dynamic monitoring of plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA load can predict the occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorders after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]

Objective: To determine the optimal cutoff value of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load that can assist in the diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) . Methods: The data of patients with EBV infection after haplo-HSCT from January to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Through constructing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the Youden index to determine the cutoff value of EBV-DNA load and its duration of diagnostic significance for PTLD. Results: A total of 94 patients were included, of whom 20 (21.3% ) developed PTLD, with a median onset time of 56 (40-309) d after transplantation. The median EBV value at the time of diagnosis of PTLD was 70,400 (1,710-1,370,000) copies/ml, and the median duration of EBV viremia was 23.5 (4-490) d. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the peak EBV-DNA load (the EBV-DNA load at the time of diagnosis in the PTLD group) and duration of EBV viremia between the PTLD and non-PTLD groups. The results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.018 and P=0.001) . The ROC curve was constructed to calculate the Youden index, and it was concluded that the EBV-DNA load ≥ 41 850 copies/ml after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.847) , and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.611 and 0.932, respectively. The duration of EBV viremia of ≥20.5 d had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.833) , with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.778 and 0.795, respectively. Conclusion: Dynamic monitoring of EBV load in high-risk patients with PTLD after haplo-HSCT and attention to its duration have important clinical significance, which can help clinically predict the occurrence of PTLD in advance and take early intervention measures.

[BK virus encephalitis in children with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]

目的

探讨异基因造血干细胞移植患儿中BK病毒（BKV）脑炎的发病率、病死率、中位发病时间、临床表现、诊治及转归等，以提高临床医师对本病的认识。

方法

回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2020年12月31日在北京大学人民医院接受单倍型造血干细胞移植治疗的709例儿童患者，其中14例诊断为BKV脑炎，分析其临床特征、治疗过程及转归。

结果

BKV脑炎发生率为1.97％（14例）。患儿多为男性（12例），中位年龄为11岁，中位发病时间为移植后第55天。最常见的临床表现为意识障碍、抽搐发作（7例）。14例患儿予阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦单用，或联合丙种球蛋白治疗，9例患儿痊愈，1例患儿死于病毒性脑炎，4例患儿死于其他疾病，病死率为35.7％。

结论

BKV脑炎主要表现为脑炎或脑膜炎。虽然确诊BKV脑炎后积极予药物治疗，但许多患者仍死于多器官衰竭或其他并发症。当异基因造血干细胞移植患者出现神经系统症状、出血性膀胱炎时，必须高度警惕BKV脑炎，尽早施救，从而改善患者的生存率及生活质量。

[Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: DICER1 hotspot mutations and associated clinicopathological features]

Objective: To investigate DICER1 hotspot mutations in ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) and its associated clinicopathological features. Methods: Forty-three SLCTs and 40 other sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were examined for somatic DICER1 hotspot mutations by Sanger sequencing. The associations between mutation status and clinicopathological features, including patient age, tumor differentiation and recurrence, were analyzed. Results: Somatic DICER1 mutations were found in 51% (22/43) of SLCTs, while none in the other 40 SCSTs. The most common mutation of DICER1 was p.D1709N in exon 24 (41%, 9/22) and the second most common mutation of DICER1 was p.E1813K in exon 25 (14%, 3/22). A novel frameshift mutation (c.5464delG, p.M1837fs*16) was identified in one SLCT with microcystic pattern. Mutations were more likely to occur in patients under forty years of age (P=0.046), whereas no significant associations were found between DICER1 mutations and clinical symptoms, morphology or tumor recurrence. Conclusions: Somatic DCIER1 hotspot mutations are specifically found in SLCT and may serve as an ancillary marker in differential diagnosis of SLCT from other SCST. The mutations occur more often in young patients (<40 years old). Additional studies are warranted to examine the associations between DICER1 mutations and clinicopathological features and prognosis of SLCT.

[Evaluation of chemical quality profile of Polygoni Multiflori Radix at different processing degrees based on its classic processing method "nine-steaming and nine-sun-curing"]

Based on the ancient method of nine-steaming and nine-sun-curing,the chemical composition changes and quality profiles in different processes of Polygoni Multiflori Radix were studied. Their contents of stilbene glycoside,anthraquinones and polysaccharides were determined by nine-steaming and nine-sun-curing with black bean juice and pharmacopoeia method. HPLC chemical fingerprints were established,and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis( OPLS-DA) was performed on different processed products using SIMCA 14. 1 software to evaluate the quality difference between samples. The results of content determination show that,with the increase of the number of processing and steaming times,the stilbene glycoside and the combined anthraquinone showed a decreasing trend,and the free anthraquinone,total anthraquinone and polysaccharide showed an upward trend in the different preparations of Polygoni Multiflori Radix and Pharmacopoeia. Six-steamed and six-sun-cured products can be used as the finishing point for the classic steaming. Fingerprint results showed that there were significant differences in chemical composition in Polygoni Multiflori Radix at different processing processes. It can be identified stilbene glycoside( peak 13),emodin( peak 21),and physcion( peak 24). By comparing the relative peak areas of the 26 chromatographic peaks in the sample after normalization( the reference is peak 7),it was found that the relative peak areas of 12 peaks in the processed products were higher than the raw products,13 peaks were reduced; according to statistical analysis of OPLS-DA,Polygoni Multiflori Radix at different processing degrees was further divided into three categories,sample S1 was class I,S2-S5 were class Ⅱ,and S6-S11 were class Ⅲ． And 8 peaks with the VIP value higher than 1. 0 were peak 13,21,4,3,11,14,5,and 24 in order. The eight chemical components were the main components to distinguish the difference between Polygoni Multiflori Radix in the process of nine-steaming and nine-sun-curing,suggesting that it was rational to use stilbene glycoside,emodin and emodin methyl ether as quality control indicators of Polygoni Multiflori Radix. The method established in this experiment conformed to the methodological verification requirements,established a method of multi-component content determination combined with fingerprint,and clarified that six-steaming and six-sun-curing was used as an improved classical processing technology,and more clearly defined the whole dynamic change of chemical composition in Polygoni Multiflori Radix by nine-steaming and ninesun-curing process. It provides a basis for the chemical quality evaluation model about different processed products of Polygoni Multiflori Radix.

Effects of bamboo leaf extract on growth performance, meat quality, and meat oxidative stability in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bamboo leaf extract (BLE) on growth performance, meat quality, oxidative stability, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) related gene expression of breast meat in broilers. A total of 576 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were divided into 6 groups. The control group (CTR) was fed basal diet, while BLE1, BLE2, BLE3, BLE4, and BLE5 were fed basal diet supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g BLE per kg feed, respectively. Compared with the CTR group, BLE2 and BLE5 increased average daily feed intake from 1 to 21 D and 22 to 42 D (P < 0.05), BLE1 and BLE2 improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio from 22 to 42 D (P < 0.05). Throughout the trial period, the highest body weight and favorable ADG and feed to gain ratio were observed in the BLE2 group. The drip loss at 24 h and pH at 45 min postmortem of breast meat were linearly improved by BLE supplementation (P < 0.05). Shear force was significantly lower in BLE2 and BLE3 than that in CTR group. Increasing supplementation of BLE linearly improved free radical scavenging capacity and decreased malondialdehyde content of breast meat during 12 D of storage (P < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity were linearly increased by BLE supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the CTR group, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and glutathione peroxidase in BLE3, BLE4, and BLE5 groups was significantly promoted, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression was increased in BLE2, BLE4, and BLE5 (P < 0.05). The highest (P < 0.05) heme oxygennase-1 gene expression was observed in BLE5. In conclusion, broiler supplemented with BLE improved growth performance and meat quality, BLE supplementation might activate Nrf2 pathway to alleviate lipid oxidation and increase antioxidant capacity of breast meat. The dosage of 2.0 to 3.0 g/kg BLE in broiler diet was recommanded.

Dietary mannan oligosaccharide ameliorates cyclic heat stress-induced damages on intestinal oxidative status and barrier integrity of broilers

This study investigated protective effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) inclusion on growth performance, intestinal oxidative status, and barrier integrity of cyclic heat-stressed broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were allocated into 3 treatments of 10 replicates each. Control broilers reared at a thermoneutral temperature were fed a basal diet, whereas broilers in heat stress and MOS groups raised at a cyclic high temperature (32 to 33°C for 8 h/d) were given the basal diet supplemented with 0 or 250 mg/kg MOS, respectively. Compared with control group, heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio during grower, finisher, and entire periods, average daily feed intake during finisher and entire periods, and ileal superoxide dismutase activity at 42 D, whereas increased (P < 0.05) rectal temperature at 21 and 42 D and jejunal malondialdehyde content at 42 D. Dietary MOS increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio during finisher and entire periods, but decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal malondialdehyde concentration of heat-stressed broilers at 42 D. Heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height (VH) and claudin-3 gene expression at 21 D, and VH and VH: crypt depth (CD) ratio in jejunum and ileum as well as mRNA abundances of jejunal mucin 2 and occludin, and ileal mucin 2, zonula occludens-1, and occludin, and claudin-3 at 42 D, whereas increased (P < 0.05) serum D-lactate acid content at 21 and 42 D, and serum diamine oxidase activity and jejunal CD at 42 D. The MOS supplementation increased (P < 0.05) jejunal VH at 21 D, VH and VH: CD of jejunum and ileum at 42 D, mRNA abundances of jejunal occludin and ileal mucin 2, zonula occludens-1, and occludin at 42 D, whereas reduced (P < 0.05) ileal CD at 42 D. These results suggested that MOS improved growth performance, and oxidative status and barrier integrity in the intestine of broilers under cyclic heat stress.

[Invasive breast lobular carcinoma with extracellular mucin: a clinicopathological analysis]

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast with extracellular mucin and outcomes of patients. Method: Clinicopathological features and clinical follow-up (39-123 months and a median follow-up of 55 months) of seven ILC with extracellular mucin were obtained. Hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stained sections were reviewed, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was performed for tumors with HER2 IHC 2+. Patient prognosis was analyzed and literatures related to ILC with extracellular mucin were reviewed. Results: All seven patients were female, aged from 43 to 73 years (median age, 55 years). The tumors ranged in size from 1 to 5 cm (median size 2 cm). All seven cases were of histological grade 2. Most areas of the tumors presented with the morphology of classic ILC, and variable amount of extracellular mucin were observed focally. In six cases, part of the tumor cells contained intracellular mucin, and the nucleus were pushed to one side of the cells, creating the impression of signet-ring cells. Two patients had lymph node metastases at diagnosis, and developed liver and bone metastases at 38th and 48th month, respectively, after surgery, and died at 48th and 123th month, respectively. While the other five patients, except one lost to follow-up, had been disease-free during the follow-up period. IHC results showed estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity in 7/7 and 6/7 cases, respectively. Tumors of six patients were HER2 IHC 0/1+. The remaining one was HER2 IHC 2+, while FISH assay revealed HER2 gene amplification in that tumor. The proportion of cases with HER2-positivity was 1/7. The proliferation index Ki-67 ranged from less than 5% to 30%, and Ki-67 less than or equal to 10% were in 5/7 cases. According to the 2013 St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on breast cancer, all tumors were of luminal types; of those, two were luminal A and five were luminal B. Conclusions: ILC with extracellular mucin tends to occur in women over 50 years old. All tumors in the study are grade 2 classic ILC, with signet-ring cells as a common feature. All seven tumors are classified as luminal types, with luminal B as the main molecular subtype.

P4378Comparison between left bundle branch pacing and His bundle pacing using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography

Background

Although his bundle pacing (HBP) can achieve physiological electrical activation of the ventricles, its clinical use is limited by lower success rates, high and unstable pacing thresholds and loss of capture. Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has been proved to be able to correct Left bundle branch block (LBBB) and generate a narrower QRS duration than conventional RV pacing. However, its effects on ventricular synchronism and contraction function remains unknown. The current study is aimed to compare the echocardiographic characteristics between HBP and LBBP, and to explore whether LBBP leads to a comparable cardiac synchrony and deformation in comparison with HBP.

Methods

Forty-six pacing-indicated patients were prospectively enrolled. Twenty-nine patients underwent LBBP (17 male patients, mean age 69.6±13.7yrs, the LBBP group) and 17 patients underwent HBP (13 male patients, mean age 70.4±14.7yrs, the HBP group). LBBP was achieved by trans-septal method in the basal ventricular septum. Left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were obtained. Strains and time to peak strains of right ventricular free wall and 16 left ventricle segments were analyzed using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE). The standard deviation of time to peak strains of 16 left ventricular segments was calculated as PSD.

Results

Compared to the baseline, time to peak longitudinal strain (TTPS) of apical septum, apical lateral wall were shortened after 6 months of HBP, while they didn't change significantly after 6 months of LBBP. After pacemaker implantation, the LBBP group had a delayed TTPS of apical septum, apical lateral wall and basal RV free wall than the HBP group (LBBP vs. HBP: apical septum,358.44±61.98ms vs. 296.43±29.47ms; apical lateral wall, 373.11±55.80ms vs. 299.00±83.45ms; basal RV free wall, 404.31±72.93ms vs. 334.50±39.95ms, all p<0.05).However, PSD was comparable between the two groups (p>0.05).

Compared to the baseline, global left ventricular longitudinal strain (LVGLS) and longitudinal strain of RV free wall (RVLS) were deteriorated after 6 months of HBP, while they were preserved in the LBBP group. After 6-month pacing, LVGLS and RVLS were significantly stronger in the LBBP group than those in the HBP group. (LVGLS, −16.10±3.75% vs. −13.18±4.11%; RVLS, −17.50±5.46% vs. −13.70±4.35%, both p<0.05).

Conclusion

Patients received LBBP had a comparable left ventricular synchronism and a better myocardial contraction compared to patients with HBP. LBBP may be a promising alternative pacing strategy. Two-dimensional STE is more sensitive than conventional echocardiography in assessing cardiac synchrony and segmental deformation.

[Expression of SMARCA4(BRG1) and SMARCB1(INI1) in dedifferentiated and undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas and their correlations with clinicopathological features]

Objective: To investigate the expression of SMARCA4 (BRG1) and SMARCB1 (INI-1) protein in endometrial dedifferentiated carcinoma (DDC) and undifferentiated carcinoma (UDC), and their correlation with clinicopathologic features. Methods: Clinicopathological information was gathered for 26 cases of DDC and UDC and consulting hospitals from January, 2006 to December, 2018 in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, including 10 cases of DDC and 16 cases of UDC. Morphologic features and diagnosis were reviewed by two pathologists. Immunohistochemistry for expression of BRG1 and INI1 protein was performed. The correlations with clinicopathologic features were analyzed. Results: BRG1 and INI1 loss were present in 14 of 26 cases of DDC/UDC, including 12 BRG1-deficient cases and 2 INI1-deficient cases, respectively. Six cases demonstrated variable amounts of rhabdoid cells in 14 BRG1/INI1-deficient cases, and only 1 case showed rhabdoid cells in the 12 intact expression cases. However, there was no significantly statistical difference (P=0.060). Age, invasive depth, lymph node status and FIGO stage were not associated with the expression of the BRG1 and INI1 (P=0.437, P=0.672, P=0.242, P=0.348). Remarkably, the BGR1/INI1-deficient patients had worse survival than those with intact expression (4.7 vs. 22.9, P=0.033). Conclusion: BRG1/INI1-deficient is observed in approximately half of DDC and UDC. Identification of these tumors is clinically relevant due to their more aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Hence, BRG1 and INI1 immunohistochemical stains should be performed for DDC and UDC in order to help the pathologists to distinguish these tumors from other carcinomas, and to predict the clinical prognosis.

[Clinicopathological study of BCOR rearrangement in high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma]

Objective: To investigate clinicopathological, cytogenetic features and differential diagnoses of high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) with BCOR gene rearrangement. Methods: Five cases of HGESS with BCOR rearrangement were collected from consultant files (2016-2018) at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Interphase FISH was performed using a dual color break-apart probe. The clinical data, histologic features and immunohistochemical findings were reviewed. Results: All 5 cases occurred in adult women with a median age of 48 (range, 45-55) years. Abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding were the most common symptoms. Microscopically, the tumors showed mainly tongue-like and/or intersecting myometrial invasion. Stromal myxoid matrix and/or collagen plaques were prominent in all the cases. Most tumors consisted of uniform, haphazard fascicles of short spindle cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia. Mitotic figures and necrosis were easily identified. Significant nuclear pleomorphism was not seen. Most tumors were rich in thick-walled small vessels. Prominent perivascular tumor cell whorling seen in conventional low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma was not seen. All tumors expressed CD10 with only focal or absent desmin, SMA and/or h-caldesmon staining. ER or PR expression was seen in 4 tumors and 1 tumor showed both marker expression. Diffuse cyclin D1 was present in 2 tumors. BCOR immunoreactivity was present with strong staining in 3 cases and moderate staining in 1 case respectively. Ki-67 index ranged from 10% to 30%. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed chromosomal aberration of BCOR gene in all tumors, that were previously diagnosed as myxoid leiomyosarcoma (2 cases), spindle cell uterine sarcoma (2 cases) and low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (1 case). Limited follow-up information revealed that 3/5 patients developed tumor recurrence, metastasis or death within one year. Conclusion: BCOR rearranged HGESS has distinct morphological features and aggressive clinical behavior. In the presence of significant overlapping morphologic features between BCOR rearranged HGESS and other myxoid uterine mesenchymal tumors, especially myxoid leiomyosarcoma, molecular analysis is essential for accurate diagnoses.

[Clinical analysis of hemorrhagic cystitis in children and adolescents with hematological diseases post haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]

目的

观察儿童及青少年血液病患者单倍型造血干细胞移植（haplo-HSCT）后出血性膀胱炎（HC）的临床特征并探讨其影响因素。

方法

回顾性分析2015至2016年接受haplo-HSCT的89例儿童及青少年血液病患者的临床资料。

结果

全部89例患者中，≤14岁62例（儿童组）、>14~<18岁27例（青少年组）；男56例，女33例；中位移植年龄10（1~17）岁；急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）44例，急性髓系白血病（AML）33例，急性混合细胞白血病（AHL）3例，骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）9例。移植物来源均为骨髓+外周血干细胞。全部89例患者中32例（36%）发生HC，其中迟发型31例，早发型1例；Ⅰ度6例、Ⅱ度16例、Ⅲ度8例、Ⅳ度2例；HC发病中位时间为移植后25（2~55）d，中位持续时间为19（3~95）d；所有患儿均获得治愈。儿童组HC发病率低于青少年组[27.4%（17/62）对55.6%（15/27），χ²=6.466，P<0.05]。儿童组中<5岁组HC发生率低于5~14岁组[0（0/12）对34%（17/50），χ²=4.043，P<0.05]。

结论

HC是儿童及青少年血液病患者haplo-HSCT的常见并发症，总体预后良好，年龄是其发生的影响因素。

[Immune tolerance induction in a case of hemophilia B with inhibitor with prothrombin complex concentrate and rituximab]

目的

探讨血友病B伴抑制物的免疫耐受诱导（ITI）治疗，提高血友病B伴抑制物的诊疗水平。

方法

应用基于APTT标准曲线的一期法测定重型血友病B患者凝血因子Ⅸ（FⅨ）活性，应用Bethesda法进行FⅨ抑制物定量测定；利用凝血酶原复合物（PCC）进行ITI并联合利妥昔单抗清除患者抑制物。

结果

患儿既往PCC暴露日为20 d，抑制物滴度峰值为56 BU/ml。在2015年11月患儿抑制物滴度降至10.4 BU/ml时开始ITI治疗，单用PCC一段时间无效，给予PCC联合利妥昔单抗治疗，17个月后成功清除患者体内FⅨ抑制物，未发生过敏反应及肾病综合征等并发症。ITI过程中患者年化出血率有所改善。

结论

该患者是国内首例报道的采用ITI联合利妥昔单抗成功治疗血友病B伴抑制物的病例。PCC联合利妥昔单抗ITI治疗是目前有希望清除血友病B抑制物的方法。

Betaine improves the growth performance and muscle growth of partridge shank broiler chickens via altering myogenic gene expression and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of betaine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, myogenic gene expression, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway in partridge shank broiler chickens. A total of 192 one-day-old partridge shank broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 8 chickens for a 52-d feeding trial. Broilers were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250 (B250), 500 (B500), or 1,000 (B1000) mg/kg betaine. Compared with the control group, the B500 and B1000 groups had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), and the B500 group had a lower (P < 0.05) feed/gain ratio (F:G) during the whole trial period. Moreover, the B1000 group increased (P < 0.05) the breast muscle yield and decreased (P < 0.05) relative abdominal fat weight. The mRNA expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mTOR phosporylation were higher (P < 0.05) in both breast and thigh muscles in the B500 and B1000 groups than those in the control group. The higher (P < 0.05) concentration and mRNA expression of IGF-1 were also observed in breast muscle in the B500 and B1000 groups. Additionally, the B1000 group up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1) in breast muscle and myogenin (MyoG) in thigh muscle. In conclusion, diets supplemented with 500 or 1,000 mg/kg betaine improved the growth performance of partridge shank broiler chickens during the whole trial period, and the B1000 group significantly improved the breast muscle growth. These improvements might result from increased mRNA expression of MyoD1 and MEF2B in breast muscle and MyoG and MEF2B in thigh muscle, and through alterations in IGF-1/mTOR signaling pathway.

Effects of Modified Palygorskite Supplementation on Egg Quality and Mineral Element Content, and Intestinal Integrity and Barrier Function of Laying Hens

This study was conducted to investigate effects of modified palygorskite (MPal) supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality and mineral element content, immunity, oxidative status, and intestinal integrity and barrier function of laying hens. A total of 360 52-week-old Hyline Brown hens were randomly assigned into four dietary treatments for a 7-week feeding trial. The birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg MPal, respectively. The supplementation of MPal did not alter laying performance and egg quality among groups. Compared with the control group, MPal inclusion decreased lead (Pb) content in yolks at 49 days, and either 0.5- or 1-g/kg MPal supplementation decreased Pb accumulation in yolks at 25 days and manganese (Mn) accumulation in yolks at 25 and 49 days. The contents of jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), ileal SIgA, and immunoglobulin G were decreased by the dietary 0.5-g/kg MPal supplementation. The supplementation of MPal also decreased malondialdehyde content in jejunum and ileum, and decreased serum diamine oxidase activity of the laying hens at 25 and 49 days. The inclusion of 0.5 and 1 g/kg MPal enhanced villus height in jejunum and ileum, and also increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in ileum. In conclusion, MPal supplementation decreased Pb and Mn contents in yolks, and exhibited beneficial effects on the intestinal immunity, oxidative status, and intestinal integrity and barrier function of laying hens and its optimal dosage was 0.5 g/kg.

Imaging Validation of Drug-Eluting Beads Transarterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to determine whether post-transarterial chemoembolization imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) could accurately predict the tumors' necrosis on pathologic specimens.

BACKGROUND

Transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads has been proven to be an effective way to bridge patients with hepatocellular carcinomas to liver transplantation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From September 2012 to June 2017, 59 patients with a total of 78 hepatocellular carcinomas, who received transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads before liver transplantation in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, were included in the study. All patients and hepatocellular carcinomas have pre-transarterial chemoembolization and post-transarterial chemoembolization images (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) and pathological findings for correlation. Tumor response was evaluated according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The ranges of necrotic percentage are 100%, 91-99%, 51-90%, and <50%.

RESULTS

The accuracy rate between the imaging and pathology correlation was 40% for computed tomography and 42% for magnetic resonance imaging. The recurrent rate of the complete respond group is 11.5%, the partial respond group is 16.0%, and the stationary group is 28.6%.

CONCLUSION

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging sensitivity is not satisfactory for microscopic evaluation of residual tumors after transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads. However, survival is good after liver transplantation no matter what the microscopic findings were.

[Clinicopathologic analysis of primary carcinoid of the ovary]

Objective: To describe the clinicopathologic features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian carcinoid tumors. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients diagnosed with primary ovarian carcinoid tumors at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre from 2007 to 2017. Results: The histologic analysis of these carcinoid tumors revealed 3 were insular, 1 was trabecular, 1 was mucinous, and 10 were strumal. Histologic features of insular and trabecular carcinoid were similar to other parts of the neuroendocrine tumor. Strumal carcinoid was composed of thyroid tissue intimately admixed with carcinoid tumor, showing trabecular pattern. Mucinous carcinoid was resembles Krukenberg tumor. Most ovarian carcinoid tomours were diffusely positive with at least one neuroendocrine marker, especially synaptophysin (14/14) and CD56(9/10). The median follow-up time was 53 months, 1 patient with squamous-cell carcinoma of cervixrecur rence in vaginal after 37 months, and only 1 patient died of disease. The remaining patients were disease-free survival. Conclusions: Primary carcinoid of the ovary is a very rare low grade malignant monodermal teratomas and somatic-type tumours arising from a dermoid. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis mainly relies on the histopathologic characteristics and the immuno-phenotype. Primary ovarian carcinoid almost always exhibit a benign clinical behavious except mucinous carcinoid.

Evaluation of Dietary Palygorskite Supplementation on Growth Performance, Mineral Accumulations, Antioxidant Capacities, and Meat Quality of Broilers Fed Lead-Contaminated Diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate influence of dietary palygorskite (Pal) supplementation on growth performance, mineral accumulations in the tissues (livers, kidneys, and muscles), antioxidant capacities, and meat quality of broilers fed lead (Pb)-contaminated diet. One-hundred forty-four male broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups, receiving a corn-soybean meal basal diet (the control group), the basal diet contaminated with 10 mg/kg Pb (the Pb group), and the basal diet with 10-g/kg Pal supplementation and 10-mg/kg Pb contamination (the Pal/Pb group) from 1 to 42 days of age, respectively. Treatments did not affect growth performance of broilers in the 42-day study (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, Pb contamination increased Pb accumulation in the livers, kidneys, and muscles (P < 0.05); elevated malondialdehyde accumulation in the livers, kidneys, and breast muscles; glutathione peroxidase activity in the livers and superoxide dismutase activity in the kidneys (P < 0.05); exacerbated drip loss in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05); and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05) of broilers at 42 days of age. The values of these parameters were reversed in the Pal/Pb group to levels comparable with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, Pal supplementation reduced redness value in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05), and decreased Cu concentration in the pectoralis muscles and livers at 42 days of age as well as its accumulation in the kidneys at both 21 and 42 days of age compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary Pal supplementation would decrease Pb residue in the tissues, alleviate oxidative stress, and affect meat quality of broilers exposed to Pb.

[Values of JAZF1 gene rearrangement detected by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in diagnosis of endometrial stromal tumours]

Objective: To investigate the role of JAZF1 gene rearrangement in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Methods: JAZF1 gene rearrangement was analyzed by FISH in 129 cases of ESS diagnosed from January 2008 to December 2016 including 105 cases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), 21 cases of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS) and 3 cases of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS). Sixteen cases of the related tumours in uterus were also collected as control group. The results were compared with our previous studies of JAZF1/JJAZ1 fusion gene in ESS by RT-PCR. Results: Detection of JAZF1 gene rearrangement by FISH was successfully analyzed in 144 cases. JAZF1 gene alteration was detected in 63 cases, all of which were LG-ESS, with an overall positivity of 60.6% (63/104), while no JAZF1 gene rearrangement was found in all other cases. JAZF1 gene rearrangement was present in LG-ESS with classic histology (69.3%, 52/75), smooth muscle differentiation (2/10), sex cord-like differentiation (4/5), fibromyxoid change (1/5), clear cell change (0/1), skeletal muscle differentiation (0/1), and schwannoma-like palisading pattern (0/1). The different components in all the cases of LG-ESS with variant histology had the clonal origin, with or without JAZF1 gene alteration. Compared to the results of JAZF1/JJAZ1 fusion gene by RT-PCR, the positive rate of JAZF1 gene rearrangement in LG-ESS by FISH (61.9%, 26/42) was significantly higher than that of RT-PCR (30.0%, 12/40; P<0.01). Conclusions: JAZF1 gene rearrangement is present only in LG-ESS, but not in HG-ESS, UUS or other related tumours in uterus. The frequency of JAZF1 gene rearrangement varies between classic LG-ESS and different morphologic variants. It is frequently, but not consistently, present in classic LG-ESS and less often positive in variant cases. The results of JAZF1 gene alterations in LG-ESS with different morphologic variants support the contention that the endometrial stromal and their variant morphologic components have the same clonal origin. Detection of JAZF1 gene rearrangement by FISH is very useful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ESS.

[Correlation between androgen receptor expression and surrogate molecular subtypes in invasive breast carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate androgen receptor(AR)expression in invasive breast carcinoma and the correlation with surrogate molecular breast carcinoma subtypes. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining of AR and other biomarkers was performed in a cohort of 870 cases of primary invasive breast carcinomas collected from August to December, 2016. The association of AR expression with different histological and surrogate molecular subtypes was analyzed. Results: The positive expression rate of AR in the immunohistochemistry-based surrogate subtypes was 96.3%(207/215) for Luminal A, 89.8%(378/421) for Luminal B, 82.4%(75/91) for HER2 overexpression and 37.1%(53/143) for triple negative breast carcinoma, with significant differences among the four groups (P<0.01). AR correlated positively with the expression of ER(P<0.01), PR(P<0.01), HER2(P=0.007), GATA3(P<0.01), GCDFP15(P<0.01)and mammaglobin(P<0.01), while negatively with the expression of Ki-67(P<0.01), CK5/6(P<0.01)and CK14(P<0.01). Conclusions: AR exhibits a high expression in invasive breast carcinoma, which is mainly correlated with ER-positive breast carcinoma. Regardless of the relatively low expression rate, AR is a potential therapeutic target in triple negative breast carcinoma.

Spin and valley-dependent electron transport through arrays of ferromagnet on monolayer MoS2

We theoretically study ballistic transport of Dirac fermions in MoS₂ junction through arrays of barriers, of width [Formula: see text], in the presence of a tunable potential of height [Formula: see text] and an exchange field [Formula: see text]. The charge conductance as functions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], exhibits more conspicuous and sharpened oscillation as the number of barriers increase, due to the contribution of evanescent modes near the edges of the extremum conductance which are exponentially suppressed or enhanced. Furthermore, we found the valley-resolved conductance exhibits a similar oscillating behavior as the charge conductance for multiple barriers, but with inverse oscillatory phases for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], accordingly, a high-efficiency fully valley polarized device is proposed in our system. Also, a perfect 100% spin polarized conductance is observed for 4 barriers and the polarized direction can be switched by changing the direction of exchange field. These findings not only benefit understanding of basic physics in monolayers MoS₂, but also provide us a new way to generate a pure and high-efficiency spintronics and valleytronics.

Effects of Palygorskite Inclusion on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant Ability, and Mineral Element Content of Broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate different levels of palygorskite supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality, muscular oxidative status, and mineral element accumulation of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates of eight chicks per replicate. Birds in the four treatments were given a basal diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg palygorskite for 42 days, respectively. Compared with the control group, neither 5 g/kg nor 10 g/kg palygorskite inclusion affected growth performance of broilers during the 42-day study (P > 0.05). However, the highest level of palygorskite supplementation at 20 g/kg increased feed/gain ratio (F/G) of broilers (P < 0.001). Yellowness (P < 0.001) and redness (P = 0.003) of breast muscle and yellowness of leg muscle (P = 0.001) were decreased by palygorskite supplementation at the levels of 10 g/kg and especially 20 g/kg. In addition, redness of leg muscle was also reduced by the inclusion of 20 g/kg palygorskite (P = 0.009). In contrast, malonaldehyde (MDA) accumulation in the breast muscle was significantly increased by 20 g/kg palygorskite supplementation (P < 0.001). Supplementation of palygorskite at either 10 or 20 g/kg significantly decreased lead (Pb) accumulation in the breast (P = 0.001) or thigh (P = 0.045) and copper (Cu) accumulation in the breast (P = 0.022). In conclusion, growth performance, meat color, and antioxidant capacity of meat would reduce with the increasing level of palygorskite supplementation, whereas a higher level of palygorskite (10 or 20 g/kg) can alter mineral element accumulations in muscles as evidenced by reduced muscular Cu and Pb contents.

Effects of threonine supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status, intestinal integrity, and barrier function of broilers at the early age

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of L-threonine (L-Thr) supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant status, and intestinal health of broilers at the early age. One hundred and forty-four 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres Plus) were allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 birds each, and fed a basal diet (analyzed Thr content, 7.87 g/kg) supplemented with 0 (control diet), 1 and 3 g/kg L-Thr for 21 d, respectively. Treatments did not alter growth performance of broilers. Compared with control, 1 g/kg Thr supplementation increased relative weight of spleen (P = 0.013). A higher level of Thr (3 g/kg) increased relative weight of thymus (P = 0.003). The supplementation of 3 g/kg Thr reduced Escherichia coli (P = 0.040) and Salmonella colonies (P = 0.015), whereas increased Lactobacillus colonies (P < 0.001) in the cecal contents. Thr supplementation increased intestinal villus height (P < 0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P < 0.001), and the values for these parameters were intermediate with 1 g/kg Thr. Goblet cell density was increased by Thr supplementation (P < 0.001). The jejunal immunoglobulin G content was increased by the inclusion of Thr (P = 0.002). Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1 g/kg Thr exhibited increased concentrations of jejunal immunoglobulin M (P = 0.037) and secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.018). Likewise, 3 g/kg Thr inclusion increased ileal secretory immunoglobulin A content (P = 0.023). The jejunal malondialdehyde accumulation was reduced by Thr inclusion (P = 0.012). A higher level of Thr inclusion also reduced malondialdehyde content in the serum (P = 0.029). The high level of Thr inclusion (3 g/kg) upregulated mucin-2 mRNA expression (P = 0.034), whereas downregulated the mRNA abundances of interferon-γ (P = 0.036) and interleukin-1β (P = 0.031) in the ileum. In conclusion, L-Thr supplementation can improve immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of broilers at an early age.

[Endometrial stromal sarcoma: morphologic features and detection of JAZF1-SUZ12 and YWHAE FAM22 fusion genes]

OBJECTIVE

To study the morphologic features, immunophenotype and significance of expression of JAZF1-SUZ12 and YWHAE-FAM22 fusion genes in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS).

METHODS

Fifty-three cases of ESS were retrieved and the pathologic features were reviewed. Immunohistochemical study for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, CD10, cyclin D1, smooth muscle actin, desmin and H-caldesmon were carried out using tissue microarray technology. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for detection of expression of JAZF1-SUZ12 and YWHAE-FAM22 fusion genes in 47 cases of ESS and 12 cases of other spindle cell neoplasia in uterus (including 2 cases of undifferentiated sarcoma, 3 cases of leiomyosarcoma, 3 cases of leiomyoma, 4 cases of adenosarcoma and 2 cases of uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor).

RESULTS

The 53 cases of ESS studied included 43 cases of low-grade ESS and 10 cases of high-grade ESS. As for low-grade ESS, in addition to the classic morphologic features, smooth muscle differentiation was present in 7 cases (16.3%), sex cord-like differentiation in 2 cases (4.7%), rhabdoid differentiation in 1 case (2.3%), clear cell changes in 1 case (2.3%) and schwannoma-like palisading pattern in 1 case (2.3%). As for high-grade ESS, sex cord-like differentiation (1 case), mucinous microcystic changes (1 case) and focal clear cell changes (1 case) were also observed. The expression rate of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, CD10, cyclin D1, smooth muscle actin, desmin and H-caldesmon was 86.0%, 81.4%, 74.4%, 2.3%, 23.3%, 23.3% and 4.7% in low-grade ESS, respectively, and was 1/10, 6/10, 6/10, 7/10, 1/10, 1/10 and 0 in high-grade ESS, respectively. RNA extraction was successful in 47 cases of ESS, including 39 cases of low-grade ESS and 8 cases of high-grade ESS. The positive rate of JAZF1-SUZ12 fusion gene was 30.8% (12/39) in low-grade ESS. The positive rate of YWHAE-FAM22 fusion gene was 12.5% (1/8) in high-grade ESS. The 14 control cases were all negative for JAZF1-SUZ12 and YWHAE-FAM22 fusion genes.

CONCLUSIONS

As uncommon pathologic pattern may occur in both low-grade ESS and high-grade ESS, detection of JAZF1-SUZ1 and YWHAE-FAM22 fusion genes by RT-PCR would be helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ESS, especially for those tumors which lack typical morphologic features.

Association of heat shock protein 70 expression with rat myocardial cell damage during heat stress in vitro and in vivo

To investigate the mechanism of sudden death as a result of stress-induced damage to heart tissue and myocardial cells and to investigate the cardioprotective role of Hsp70 during heat stress, the distribution and expression of Hsp70 was evaluated in the heart cells of heat-stressed rats in vivo and heat-stressed H9c2 cells in vitro. After exposure to heat stress at 42°C for different durations, we observed a significant induction of CK, CK-MB, and LDH as well as pathologic lesions characterized by acute degeneration, suggesting that cell damage occurs from the onset of heat stress. Immunocytochemistry showed that Hsp70 was distributed mainly in the cytoplasm of myocardial cells in vivo and in vitro. Hsp70-positive signals in the cytoplasm were more prominent in intact areas than in degenerated areas after 60 min of heat stress. Hsp70 protein levels in myocardial cells in vitro decreased from the beginning to the end of heat stress. Hsp70 protein levels in rat heart tissues in vivo decreased gradually with prolonged heat stress, with a slight increase at the beginning of heat stress. These results indicate that Hsp70 plays a role in the response of cardiac cells to heat stress and that decreased Hsp70 levels are associated with damage to rat myocardial cells in vitro and in vivo. Significant differences were found in hsp70 mRNA, which began to increase after 20 min of heat stress in vitro and after 40 min in vivo. This indicates that hysteresis is involved in mRNA expression after heat stress in vivo.

Evaluation of Hsp47 expression in heat-stressed rat myocardial cells in vitro and in vivo

The aim of the present study was to identify the correlation between expression of heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) and stress injury in heat-stressed myocardial cells and to compare variations in Hsp47 expression in rat myocardial cells exposed to different heat stress for varying periods in vitro and in vivo. Exposure to heat stress at 42°C resulted in similar induction patterns of the heart damage-related enzyme aspartate aminotransferase in the supernatants of H9c2 cells and in the serum of rats. Histological analysis revealed that both H9c2 cells and heart tissues displayed cellular degeneration in response to different periods of heat stress. Hsp47 was constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of H9c2 cells at all time points during heat stress, which was consistent with observations in heart fibers in vivo. Immunoblotting analysis revealed no significant difference between the expression of Hsp47 in H9c2 cells and heart tissue. However, the expression of hsp47 mRNA in response to heat stress was significantly increased in H9c2 cells at 60 min (P < 0.01) and 100 min (P < 0.01), which was comparable to that at 100 min (P < 0.01) in the rat heart. Thus, Hsp47 was elevated significantly after hyperthermia at the mRNA level but not at the protein level both in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that Hsp47 turnover may increase during heat stress or that Hsp47 consumption exceeds its production.

Association of Hsp60 expression with damage to rat myocardial cells exposed to heat stress in vivo and in vitro

To investigate the protective role of Hsp60 against stress damage and its role in the sudden death of stressed animals, changes in the levels of Hsp60 protein and hsp60 mRNA of myocardial cells in vivo and in vitro were studied. In addition, the relationship between Hsp60 expression and heat-induced damage was also studied. Rats were exposed to a temperature of 42° ± 1°C for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 min. More than 50% of the rats died suddenly within 100 min. With increasing heat stress duration, hsp60 mRNA levels significantly increased in both in vivo and in vitro rat myocardial cells; however, a similar trend was not observed for Hsp60 protein levels. Although the changes observed in Hsp60 expression in myocardial cells in vitro were inconsistent with those of rat heart tissues in vivo, Hsp60 expression levels were consistent with the histopathological damage observed in myocardial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Differences in Hsp60 expression may reflect the degree of injury sustained by myocardial cells in vivo and in vitro. As a mitochondrial protein, Hsp60 represents a potential biomarker of heat stress, and may protect against heat stress induced myocardial cellular damage both in vivo and in vitro.

Elevated expression of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 mediates recruitment of T cells into bone marrow of patients with acquired aplastic anaemia

OBJECTIVE

Acquired aplastic anaemia (AA) is a T-cell-mediated, organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by haematopoietic stem cell destruction in the bone marrow. The exact molecular mechanism of T-cell trafficking into the bone marrow is unclear in AA. Very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) and CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) play active roles in many autoimmune diseases. Therefore, we investigated whether VLA-4 and CX3CR1 also contribute to T-cell migration into the bone marrow in acquired AA.

DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS

Expression levels of CX3CR1 and VLA-4 and their ligands [fractalkine (CX3CL1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)] were examined in 63 patients with AA and 21 healthy control subjects. T-cell chemotaxis and adhesion were analysed in 17 patients with severe AA. We also prospectively evaluated the expression pattern of CX3CR1 during treatment with antithymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine in 11 patients with severe AA.

RESULTS

The proportion of peripheral and bone marrow CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing CX3CR1 and the level of CX3CL1 was increased in patients with AA. However, there was no significant difference in VLA-4 expression or VCAM-1 levels. Functional studies demonstrated that chemotaxis towards autologous bone marrow plasma or soluble CX3CL1 was significantly higher in T cells from AA patients and could be blocked by CX3CR1 inhibitors. CX3CR1-mediated T-cell adhesion was also upregulated in these patients. The expression of CX3CR1 was associated with the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy.

CONCLUSION

The present findings demonstrate that CX3CR1 plays a pivotal role in recruitment of T cells into the bone marrow in acquired AA and is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of this disorder.

The acoustic radiation force impulse elastography evaluation of liver fibrosis in posttransplantation dysfunction of living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

The acoustic radiation force impulse elastography (ARFI) is a new technology of elastography integrated into B-mode ultrasonography. It has been a reliable method to evaluate liver fibrosis of chronic liver disease in recent years, but less applied in the posttransplantation liver. The aim of the study was to evaluate liver fibrosis by the ARFI with correlation of pathological stages in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From August 2010 to August 2012, there were 57 LDLT patients with liver biopsy (LB) due to posttransplantation dysfunction; all patients also received posttransplantation ARFI liver stiffness measurement (LSM) after transplantation for liver fibrosis staging. The ARFI elastography was performed using a Siemens Acuson S2000 ultrasound system with 4V1 transducers (Acusion, Siemens Medical Systems Co. Ltd. Erlangen, Germany). The ARFI LSM value was presented by shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s). The fibrosis staging as F0 to F4 was in accordance with the Metavir scoring system.

RESULTS

A total of 57 patients had both posttransplantation LB and effective ARFI fibrosis staging for correlation. The ARFI LSM value increased with severity of liver fibrosis and had significant linear correlation with the results of histological fibrosis staging. The ARFI LSM sensitivities (Se), specificities (Sp), and cutoff values based on receiver-operator characteristic curve were F0: 0.75 m/s (Se: 93.8%, Sp: 4%), F1: 1.06 m/s (Se: 95.5%, Sp: 25.7%), F2: 1.81 m/s (Se: 50%, Sp: 83.6%) and F3: 2.33 m/s (Se: 100%, Sp: 92.9%). Predictive value of ARFI LSM reported a significant difference between early fibrosis stage (F0-F1) and advanced fibrosis stage (F ≧ 2) (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

In this study, ARFI demonstrated a strong linear correlation and severity of liver fibrosis with LB pathologic staging. ARFI can be an alternative and compensatory method for frequent LB in the posttransplantation liver.

MRI diagnosis of ovarian fibrothecomas: tumour appearances and oestrogenic effect features

OBJECTIVE

To study MRI diagnosis of ovarian fibrothecomas.

METHODS

MRI appearances of 27 ovarian fibrothecomas 26 female patients confirmed by surgical pathology were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with clinical and histological findings.

RESULTS

Most patients were post-menopausal females 73.1% (19/26) of cases. 38.5% (10/26) of patients showed an elevated serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) level (>35 U ml(-1)). On MR T2 weighted imaging, 3 distinct features were revealed. (1) Homogeneous hypointense masses in 25.9% (7/27) cases. (2) Heterogeneous tumours with mostly isointense and few patchy hyperintense areas in 51.9% (14/27) cases. (3) Heterogeneous tumours with predominantly hyperintense and few isointense parts in 22.2% (6/27) cases. On T1 weighted imaging, all the fibrothecomas turned out to be homogeneous masses except six cystic degeneration cases. After contrast, 70.4% (19/27) tumours showed homogeneous mild enhancement in all phases. Beyond the tumours, endometrial abnormality and uterus enlargement were found in 38.5% (10/26) and 15.4% (4/26) patients, respectively. Ascites were seen in 53.8% (14/26) patients. There was a statistically significant difference among the 3 T2 weighted image features (F = 7.024; p = 0.003) in terms of the size of fibrothecomas. The cystic tumours also had the tendency to show the ascite condition (p = 0.002) as well as elevated serum CA-125 levels (p = 0.014). Vimentin was positively stained in 10 (76.9%) of 13 cases who underwent the immunohistochemical analysis.

CONCLUSION

MRI has the superiority to show the distinct appearances of tumours as well as their functional features according to oestrogenic effect.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

This study describes the unique features of fibrothecomas on MRI on a relatively large series of patients with tumours and the indirect oestrogenic effect findings.

Tissue distribution of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs

Reports of influenza A virus infections in dogs has received considerable attention from veterinarians, virologists, and epidemiologists. Interaction between influenza viral hemagglutinin and cell oligosaccharides containing sialic acid residues results in infection. Sialic acids have an α-2,3-linkage to the penultimate galactose in the avian influenza virus receptor and an α-2,6-linkage in the human receptor. To date, there are no detailed data on the tissue distribution or histological features of either type of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs, which are common laboratory animals and pets. We conducted the current study to visualize the in situ tissue distribution of both sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in various organs of beagle dogs using Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acid-linked receptors were detected in the endothelial cells of the respiratory tract and other organs. Endothelial cells of most gastrointestinal organs were negative for α-2,3-sialic acid-linked receptors in the dogs. Our results suggested that these canine organs may be affected by influenza virus infection. The findings from our study will also help evaluate the occurrence and development of influenza virus infections in dogs.

Hemodynamics of portal venous stenosis before and after treatment in pediatric liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler ultrasound

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate portal vein stenosis (PVS) in pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) using Doppler ultrasound (DUS) before and after interventional management for hemodynamic changes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From 2000 to 2010, we encountered 11 PVS cases among 180 PLT that were evaluated using DUS and computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA); all underwent portal stenting. DUS was used to monitor portal hemodynamics. For the diagnosis of PVS, we investigated multiple parameters including stenotic size (SS), stenotic ratio (SR) (SR [%]=PRE-SS/PRE [PRE=stenotic size]), portal flow velocity ratio (VR) (VR=VS/PRE [PRE=velocity at prestenotic site; VS=peak velocity at stenotic site]), spleen size, and platelet count.

RESULTS

The incidence of PVS was 5.6% (11/180). The PV was 2.5 mm using DUS and 2.7 mm using CTA. The average SR was 65% fitting the criterion. Low prestenotic portal flow<12 cm/sec and high peak velocity in the stenotic segment (up to 147 cm/sec) were observed in 6 cases. The VR value was high at 7.5:1 and there was splenomegaly with thrombocytopenia. After portal vein stenting, hyperperfusion occurred might after reopening the stenosis: the flow increased to an average of 34 cm/sec and then flow decreased slowly to a stable level 2 weeks later. The size of the spleen decreased from 17 to 12 cm and the thrombocytopenia also improved with platelet counts increasing from 67×10(3) to 178×10(3)/μl at 2 months follow-up. The changes in portal flow, portal vein size, spleen size, and platelet count were significant (P<.05).

CONCLUSION

PVS is diagnosed using DUS by increased intrahepatic PV dilatation, peak flow at the stenotic site, discrepant VR. Early portal stenting showed a better prognosis. DUS is essential and effective for hemodynamic monitoring and management of PVS.

Isolation of natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and their bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials to methane

This study aimed to obtain natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and their indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and investigate their ability to degrade lignocelluloses to methane. Eight natural cultures were obtained by Hungate roll tube technique. The fungi were identified as belonging to Piromyces, Anaeromyces and Neocallimastix respectively by microscopy, and the methanogens as Methanobrevibacter spp. by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro studies with rice straw showed that these cultures degraded 33.5-48.3% substrate and produced 0.33-0.84 mmol/(100ml culture) methane. Two cultures were further selected for their ability to degrade different lignocellulosic materials and could produce 0.38-1.27 mmol/(100ml culture) methane. When methanogens were inhibited, the lignocellulose-degrading ability of cultures significantly reduced. In conclusion, natural cultures of anaerobic fungi with indigenously associated methanogens with high fiber degradation ability were obtained, and these cultures may have the potential in industrial use in lignocelluloses degradation and methane production.

Molecular diversity analysis of rumen methanogenic Archaea from goat in eastern China by DGGE methods using different primer pairs

AIMS

To screen a pair of primers suitable for denaturing gradient gel electrophoretic (DGGE) analysis of ruminal methanogenic Archaea and to detect the archaeal communities in the rumen of goat.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Nine primer pairs for 16S rDNA of methanogenic Archaea, including six for directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and three for nested PCR were first evaluated by PCR amplification of the total DNA from rumen fluids and bacteria. The DGGE analysis of rumen fluids was then conducted with three primer sets (344fGC/915r, 1106fGC/1378r and 519f/915rGC) of the nine pairs tested. Good separation and quality of patterns were obtained in DGGE analysis with primer pairs 1106fGC/1378r and 519f/915rGC. A total of 40 DNA fragments were excised from the DGGE gels and their sequences were determined. All fragments belonged to methanogenic Archaea while primer pair 519f/915rGC had better amplification ranges than the other two primer pairs.

CONCLUSIONS

The procedure of DGGE analysis with primer pair 519f/915rGC was more suitable for investigating methanogenic archaeal community in the rumen. The dominant methanogenic Archaea in the rumen of goat was Methanobrevibacter sp. and an unidentified methanogenic Archaea.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

One pair of primers suitable for DGGE analysis of ruminal methanogenic Archaea was obtained and the molecular diversity of ruminal methanogenic Archaea in goat was investigated by PCR-DGGE.