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Wang LJ, Gu ZQ, Xu ZM, Chen XM, Lu FM. [A possible mechanism for low-level viremia occurrence in nucleos(t)ide analog-treated chronic hepatitis B patients]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2021; 29:1151-1155. [PMID: 35045629 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20211124-00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first-line nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) based antiviral drugs can effectively inhibit HBV replication and slow down the progression of chronic hepatitis B. However, about 20% of patients receiving standard NAs antiviral therapy will still develop low-level viremia (LLV). Therefore, understanding the occurrence mechanism of LLV will help to optimize antiviral treatment regimens and improve the prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B. This article systematically summarizes the possible mechanisms of LLV occurrence, and the important factor of NAs failure. Taking into account the unique limitations of NAs competitive inhibition of virus replication, weakening host's immune response is not enough to directly eliminate infected hepatocytes. This makes it difficult to achieve a complete virological response in some patients with the active compensatory proliferation of residual infected hepatocytes and the accompanying effective removal or dilution of covalent, closed, circular DNA (cccDNA) pools. Therefore, it is speculated that activating host immunity can eliminate infected liver cells and may be more conducive to address LLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z Q Gu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z M Xu
- Precision Medicine Center of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - X M Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F M Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Ai SX, Gu ZQ, Bi YL, Li MX, Li XM. [Granulomatosis with polyangiitis complicated by aortic intermural hematoma: a case report]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2021; 60:999-1001. [PMID: 34689523 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20201228-01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S X Ai
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Z Q Gu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Y L Bi
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218,China
| | - M X Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - X M Li
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Huang CG, Jia ZG, Gu ZQ, Zhao P, Lyu GZ. [Clinical effects of vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of alkali burn wounds]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2020; 36:534-539. [PMID: 32842399 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20200115-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To preliminarily observe the clinical effects of vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in the treatment of alkali burn wounds. Methods: From June 2016 to March 2020, 60 male patients with alkali burns who met the inclusion criteria and hospitalized in the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University were recruited in this prospectively randomized control study. According to the random number table, silver sulfadiazine group and VSD group were both allocated with 30 patients, aged (36±8) and (35±10) years respectively; with total burn area of (7.2±2.0) % and (8.5±3.0) % total body surface area respectively. After admission, patients in silver sulfadiazine group were treated with conventional silver sulfadiazine dressing change once a day after debridement; patients in VSD group were given continuous VSD treatment after debridement, with the negative pressure setting at -10.67 kPa, and the negative pressure materials were replaced every 6 to 8 days. On treatment day 1, 4, and 7, the exudate from the wounds of patients in silver sulfadiazine group and the wound drainage fluid of patients in VSD group were collected, the pH value was measured by a portable pH meter, and the volume of exudate/drainage fluid was measured. After 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment, the wound healing rates of patients were calculated in the two groups. Before treatment and 7 days after treatment, venous blood was collected from the patients in the two groups to detect the serum level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 8 (IL-8). Within treatment day 14, Visual Analogue Scale was used to assess the pain score of patients in the two groups during each time of dressing change. The medical costs and discharge satisfaction scores of patients in the two groups were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) On treatment day 1, 4, and 7, the pH values of the drainage fluid of patients in VSD group were 9.75±0.59, 9.01±0.46, and 8.13±0.28, respectively, which were significantly higher than 9.35±0.62, 8.18±0.18, and 7.58±0.09 of exudate of patients in silver sulfadiazine group (t=2.03, 6.80, 7.56, P<0.05 or P<0.01). On treatment day 1 and 4, the volumes of drainage fluid of patients in VSD group were (553±83) and (239±65) mL respectively, which were significantly higher than (440±77) and (175±49) mL of exudate of patients in silver sulfadiazine group (t=3.44, 2.24, P<0.05). On treatment day 7, the volume of drainage fluid of patients in VSD group was (21±8) mL, which was significantly lower than (149±44) mL of exudate of patients in silver sulfadiazine group (t=-12.61, P<0.01). (2) After 7, 14, and 21 days of treatment, the wound healing rates of patients in VSD group were (39±6) %, (74±10) %, and (92±3) %, respectively, which were significantly higher than (25±3) %, (59±6) %, and (77±6) % in silver sulfadiazine group (t=7.07, 5.59, 7.09, P<0.01). (3) Before treatment, the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-8 of patients in the two groups were similar. After 7 days of treatment, the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-8 of patients in VSD group were significantly lower than those in silver sulfadiazine group (t=-8.75, -8.04, P<0.01). (4) The pain score during dressing change and medical cost of patients in VSD group were significantly lower than those in silver sulfadiazine group (t=-4.28, -7.56, P<0.01), while the discharge satisfaction score of patients in VSD group was significantly higher than that in silver sulfadiazine group (t=10.91, P<0.05). Conclusions: The application of VSD technology in clinical alkali burn wounds can effectively promote the removal of residual lye, alleviate the further damage of lye to skin tissue, shorten the wound healing time, effectively remove inflammatory mediators, reduce the pain of dressing change, decrease the total cost of treatment, and enhance satisfaction of patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Z G Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Z Q Gu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi 214041, China
| | - P Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi 214041, China
| | - G Z Lyu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi 214041, China
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Qi J, Gu ZQ, Chen F, Zhang L, Chen JH. Management of postoperative chyloretroperitoneum in adults. Singapore Med J 2009; 50:e338-e341. [PMID: 19787166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Retroperitoneal chylous effusion after urological surgery is a rare and serious complication. Failure in treatment may result in cachexia, threatening the life of the patient. We present the treatment of two cases of postoperative chyloretroperitoneum with the use of somatostatin, octreotide and total parenteral nutrition. In Case 1, an 87-year-old man, a retroperitoneal lymphatic fistula occurred four days after the resection of the left kidney due to carcinoma, whereas in Case 2, a 56-year-old man, a continuous lymph fistula from the renal fossa occurred one month after resection of the right adrenal pheochromocytoma. Case 1 was treated with intravenous administration of somatostatin, and in Case 2, treatment consisted of subcutaneous administration of octreotide, in combination with total parenteral nutrition and other symptomatic therapies. In both cases, lymph exudation was terminated in about two weeks, and the patients recovered. Somatostatin therapy and total parenteral nutrition can effectively treat chyloretroperitoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qi
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Faustino P, Chan CC, Carrano J, Gosnell M, Gu ZQ, Maule A, Sigvardson K, Zhang YF. Report on the PQRI Impurity Characterization and Quantification Best Practices Survey. Pharm Res 2006; 23:440-6. [PMID: 16477396 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Faustino
- Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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Gu ZQ, Xiao JM, Lou SQ. The mechanical-chemical attachment between the artificial articular cartilage (PVA-hydrogel) and metal substrate (or underlying bone). Biomed Mater Eng 2000; 9:347-51. [PMID: 10822490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PVA-hydrogel has excellent biocompatibility as well as preferable tribological characteristics as an artificial articular cartilage. One of the most difficult problems is the attachment of PVA-hydrogel to the underlying bone (or metal substrate). In the present study, the micro-mechanical attachment between the PVA-hydrogel and metal fibre mesh was at first accomplished to obtain a composite artificial cartilage device (CACD), then the surface of fibre mesh is chemically bonded to the metal substrate (or underlying bone) by adhesive (PMMA). This method can be used to accomplish mechanical-chemical attachment between composite artificial cartilage device and underlying bone (or metal substrate). Microstructure analysis and mechanical tests indicate that the CACD can be firmly bonded to the metal substrate (or underlying bone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Gu
- Department of Corrosion Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, P.R. China
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Chatterjee S, Dunn D, Tao M, Wells G, Gu ZQ, Bihovsky R, Ator MA, Siman R, Mallamo JP. P2-achiral, P'-extended alpha-ketoamide inhibitors of calpain I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2371-4. [PMID: 10476871 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent P2-achiral, P'-extended alpha-ketoamide inhibitors of calpain I is described.
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8
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Gu ZQ, Xiao JM, Zhang XH. The development of artificial articular cartilage--PVA-hydrogel. Biomed Mater Eng 1998; 8:75-81. [PMID: 9830990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions were frozen at -20 degrees C for 6-12 h, and subsequently thawed for 1-2 h. The above mentioned process repeated for 1-3 times. After the specimen was dehydrated in vacuum, a kind of artificial articular cartilage--PVA-hydrogel--was developed. The micromorphology of PVA-hydrogel has been observed by means of optical microscopy and SEM. DSC and mechanical tests have been employed to investigate the influence of freezing, thawing, dehydrating and irradiating upon the crystallinity and the mechanical properties of PVA-hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Gu
- Department of Corrosion Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, P.R. China
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9
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Abstract
The syntheses and biological activities of a series of calpain I inhibitors, derived from D- and L-Pro, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380-4245, USA
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10
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Chatterjee S, Gu ZQ, Dunn D, Tao M, Josef K, Tripathy R, Bihovsky R, Senadhi SE, O'Kane TM, McKenna BA, Mallya S, Ator MA, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Siman R, Mallamo JP. D-amino acid containing, high-affinity inhibitors of recombinant human calpain I. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2663-6. [PMID: 9667954 DOI: 10.1021/jm980035y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, USA
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11
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Zhou LM, Gu ZQ, Costa AM, Yamada KA, Mansson PE, Giordano T, Skolnick P, Jones KA. (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid (SYM 2081): a selective, high-affinity ligand for kainate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 280:422-7. [PMID: 8996224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid activates ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. The introduction of a methyl group at position 4 of glutamic acid imparts selectivity for kainate receptors, relative to other (N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) ionotropic glutamate receptors. Among the stereoisomers of 4-methylglutamic acid, the potency of the (2S,4R)-isomer (SYM 2081) to inhibit [3H]kainic acid binding to both wild-type (rat forebrain) and recombinant (GluR6) kainate receptors (IC50 values of approximately 32 and 19 nM, respectively) was comparable to that of kainic acid (IC50 values of approximately 13 and 28 nM, respectively). SYM 2081 was approximately 800- and 200-fold less potent as an inhibitor of radioligand binding to wild-type (rat forebrain) alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, respectively. Preexposure of human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing GluR6 receptors to low concentrations of SYM 2081 (30-300 nM) resulted in a reversible blockade of the rapidly desensitizing currents produced by kainate application. At higher concentrations, SYM 2081 (EC50 of approximately 1 microM) elicited kainate-like, rapidly desensitizing, inward currents. Pretreatment of recombinant GluR6 receptors with concanavalin A both abolished the effect of SYM 2081 to block kainate-induced currents and revealed nondesensitizing currents induced by SYM 2081 alone. The latter observations provide strong support for the hypothesis that SYM 2081 blocks kainate-induced currents through a process of agonist-induced desensitization. SYM 2081 also activated alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor currents in primary cultures of cerebral cortex and, consistent with data obtained by radioligand binding, was approximately 5-fold less potent than kainate (EC50 values of 325 and 70 microM, respectively) in this measure. SYM 2081 is a high-affinity, selective, kainate agonist that may prove useful both as a probe to examine the physiological functions of kainate receptors and as the prototype of a novel class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Zhou
- Symphony Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Harris BD, Moody EJ, Gu ZQ, Skolnick P. Contribution of "diazepam-insensitive" GABAA receptors to the alcohol antagonist properties of Ro 15-4513 and related imidazobenzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:113-8. [PMID: 7501652 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that Ro 15-4513 can antagonize many of the pharmacologic actions of ethanol. In contrast to many benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) ligands, Ro 15-4513 binds with high affinity to a novel GABAA receptor subtype, referred to as "diazepam-insensitive" (DI). This study examined the contribution of DI GABAA receptors to the modulation of ethanol-induced sleep time by Ro 15-4513 and related imidazobenzodiazepines [e.g., Ro 19-4603, Ro 16-6028, and ZG-63 (t-butyl-8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-imidazo[1,5,a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate)] that possess high affinities for this GABAA receptor subtype. Ro 15-4513 (0.6-5 mg/kg) significantly reduced ethanol (3.5 g/kg, i.p.) sleep time in mice (p < 0.001, analysis of variance). This effect was not blocked by BzR antagonists ZK 93426 (5 mg/kg) and Ro 14-7437 (5 mg/kg), which possess low affinities for DI but bind with high affinities to other "diazepam-sensitive" (DS) GABAA receptor isoforms. Although Ro 19-4603 (2.5 mg/kg) also reduced ethanol sleep time (p < 0.01), this effect was attenuated by coadministration of ZK 93426 (2.5 mg/kg). Ro 16-6028 (2.5 mg/kg) prolonged (p < 0.01) ethanol sleep time. However, in the presence of either Ro 19-7437 (5 mg/kg) or ZK 93426 (2.5 mg/kg) ethanol-induced sleep time was reduced to values approaching those obtained with ethanol in the presence of Ro 15-4513. A low dose (2.5 mg/kg) of ZG-63 did not significantly affect alcohol sleep time. However, in the presence of ZK 93426, ZG-63 increased sleep time (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Harris
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0008, USA
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Gu ZQ, Hesson DP, Pelletier JC, Maccecchini ML, Zhou LM, Skolnick P. Synthesis, resolution, and biological evaluation of the four stereoisomers of 4-methylglutamic acid: selective probes of kainate receptors. J Med Chem 1995; 38:2518-20. [PMID: 7629789 DOI: 10.1021/jm00014a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Symphony Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, USA
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Wang CG, Langer T, Kamath PG, Gu ZQ, Skolnick P, Fryer RI. Computer-aided molecular modeling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 8-(benzyloxy)-2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline as a novel benzodiazepine receptor agonist ligand. J Med Chem 1995; 38:950-7. [PMID: 7699711 DOI: 10.1021/jm00006a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using computer-aided conformational analysis, based on molecular dynamics simulation, cluster analysis, and Monte Carlo techniques, we have designed and synthesized compounds in which a benzyloxy substituent has been incorporated into a series of pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands. Earlier studies had shown that the benzyloxy group could act as part of the agonist pharmacophoric determinant in the beta-carboline ring system. Furthermore, the agonist beta-carboline had been correlated with a binding site orientation and volume fit for an agonist 6-phenylimidazobenzodiazepine carboxylate. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the benzyloxy substituent could be used as an agonist pharmacophoric descriptor for the phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one BZR ligands. The results of a determination of GABA shift ratios for the synthetic ligands indicate that 8-(benzyloxy)-2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one can be predicted to be an agonist at the BZR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102
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15
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Ching WY, Gu ZQ, Xu YN. First-principles calculation of the electronic and optical properties of LiNbO3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:1992-1995. [PMID: 9976399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Basile AS, Harrison PM, Hughes RD, Gu ZQ, Pannell L, McKinney A, Jones EA, Williams R. Relationship between plasma benzodiazepine receptor ligand concentrations and severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1994; 19:112-21. [PMID: 8276347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Levels of benzodiazepine receptor ligands were measured in plasma samples from 25 patients in various stages of hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant liver failure who were not exposed to pharmaceutical benzodiazepines immediately before or during hospitalization. Chromatographic analysis of extracted plasma samples revealed one to nine fractions containing material that competitively inhibited [3H]flumazenil binding to benzodiazepine receptors with the pharmacological properties of benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Two of these peaks were positively identified as the 1,4-benzodiazepines diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam on the basis of chromatographic, ultraviolet and mass spectral evidence. The plasma levels of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam were significantly increased above control values in stage 4 hepatic encephalopathy, whereas total benzodiazepine receptor ligand concentrations were increased above control in stages 1 through 4. A significant but weak linear correlation was found between the relative increase in the levels of diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam and total benzodiazepine receptor ligands and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Thus increased concentrations of benzodiazepine receptor ligands appear to contribute to the enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission in hepatic encephalopathy, particularly in stage 4. These results constitute further support for a role for benzodiazepine receptor ligands in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy associated with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Basile
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Wong G, Gu ZQ, de Costa B, Skolnick P. Labelling of diazepam-sensitive and -insensitive benzodiazepine receptors with [3H]tert-butyl-8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo [1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine 3-carboxylate (ZG-63). Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 247:57-63. [PMID: 8258361 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(93)90137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A diazepam-insensitive subtype of benzodiazepine receptor has been identified in the cerebella of several species, including man. t-Butyl-8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4] benzodiazepine 3-carboxylate (ZG-63) was recently described as a selective, high affinity ligand at diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors. This compound was tritiated, and its properties as a radioligand evaluated in rat brain membranes. Consistent with the high affinity and selectivity described for the non-radioactive form of this compound, saturation analyses of [3H]ZG-63 binding to cerebellar diazepam-insensitive and other, diazepam-sensitive benzodiazepine receptors revealed Kd values of 2.6 +/- 0.2 nM and 10.6 +/- 1.4 nM, respectively. The density (Bmax) of cerebellar diazepam-insensitive receptors labelled with [3H]ZG-63 was not significantly different from values obtained with the prototypical diazepam-insensitive receptor ligand [3H]Ro 15-4513, representing approximately 30% of total cerebellar benzodiazepine receptors. [3H]ZG-63 also labelled cortical diazepam-sensitive benzodiazepine receptors, with Bmax values that were not significantly different from those obtained with [3H]flunitrazepam. Diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors in rat cerebral cortex could be detected with [3H]ZG-63, but the densities of these sites are a very minor component (< or = 5%) of total benzodiazepine receptors. In the presence of GABA, [3H]ZG-63 behaved as a 'gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -positive', 'GABA-negative', and 'GABA-neutral' ligand at cortical diazepam-sensitive receptors, cerebellar diazepam-sensitive receptors, and cerebellar diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors, respectively. This profile differs from the prototype diazepam-insensitive receptor ligand, [3H]Ro 15-4513. Competition studies demonstrated a very high correlation (r2 = 0.98; P < 0.002) between the potencies of a series of benzodiazepine receptor ligands to inhibit [3H]ZG-63 and [3H]Ro 15-4513 binding to cerebellar diazepam-insensitive receptors. The high affinity and selectivity of [3H]ZG-63 for diazepam-insensitive receptors (diazepam-insensitive/diazepam-sensitive ratio of approximately 0.25) together with a GABA-shift profile which differs from Ro 15-4513 suggests that this compound may be useful in elucidating the function(s) of this benzodiazepine receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wong
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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19
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de Costa BR, He XS, Linders JT, Dominguez C, Gu ZQ, Williams W, Bowen WD. Synthesis and evaluation of conformationally restricted N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamines at sigma receptors. 2. Piperazines, bicyclic amines, bridged bicyclic amines, and miscellaneous compounds. J Med Chem 1993; 36:2311-20. [PMID: 8360875 DOI: 10.1021/jm00068a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
As a continuation of our earlier study (J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 4334-4343) we conformationally restricted the sigma-receptor ligand 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methylethylamine (1) by incorporating it into a series of homologous piperazines 3-9 and homopiperazines 10 and 11, diazabicyclononanes and decanes, bridgehead bicyclooctanes and nonanes as well as other miscellaneous compounds. sigma-Receptor binding affinities were obtained using [3H](+)-pentazocine in guinea pig brain membrane sigma 1 sites. The studies suggest that the nitrogen lone pair orientation found in the piperazines affords the strongest binding interaction. Other nitrogen lone pair orientations or compounds representing unlikely staggered conformations of 1 [ as in 4-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane (16)] show very weak sigma interaction. Comparison of the binding data of different N-substituted homologues of 1 with those of the 1-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-4-alkylpiperazines suggests that the two nitrogen atoms of 1 are working in opposition to one another in terms of their sensitivity to steric bulk. The high binding affinity of the 1,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes 12 suggests that these may approximate the methyl and pyrrolidine ring conformations found in 1 when it is bound to the sigma receptor. Compound 12 exhibited a 4-fold enantioselectivity favoring (+)-12. The synthesis of 6,7-dichloro-2-[[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl]amino]tetralin (19) and its desmethyl derivative 20 permitted constraint of the 3,4-dichlorophenyl and N-methyl moieties of 1 into a gauche orientation. The binding data suggests that this conformation in 1 favors strong binding interaction at sigma-receptors. sigma-Receptor Ki's ranged from 0.55 nM for 1-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-4-n-butylpiperazine (7) to 654 nM for 16. Overall comparison of the results indicate that 1 is subject to considerable conformational freedom and suggests that the sigma receptor is not subject to rigid stereochemical restraints with 1. These results add to our earlier study where we restrained 1 using simple monocyclic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R de Costa
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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20
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Wong G, Koehler KF, Skolnick P, Gu ZQ, Ananthan S, Schönholzer P, Hunkeler W, Zhang W, Cook JM. Synthetic and computer-assisted analysis of the structural requirements for selective, high-affinity ligand binding to diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors. J Med Chem 1993; 36:1820-30. [PMID: 8390574 DOI: 10.1021/jm00065a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several 1,4-diazepines were recently reported to bind with high affinities to the "diazepam-insensitive" (DI) isoform of the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) (Korpi, E.R.; Uusi-Oukari, M.; Wegelius, K. Eur. J. Pharm. 1992, 213, 323-329. Wong, G.; Skolnick, P. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharm. Sec. 1992, 225, 63-68). However, only the putative ethanol antagonist 1 (Ro 15-4513) displayed modest selectivity for the DI site compared to other "diazepam-sensitive" (DS) BzR isoforms. In order to probe the requirements for selective, high-affinity binding to the DI site, the affinities of 47 benzodiazepines have been determined at both DI and DS BzR sites. In addition, single X-ray crystallographic analyses for three of these derivatives, 5 (Ro 17-1812), 6 (Ro 16-6028), and 42 (Ro 14-5974), are reported. The radioligand binding studies reveal that modifications to the 3-, 7-, and 8-positions of 6-oxoimidazo[1,5-alpha] [1,4]benzodiazepines have a marked influence on the Ki(DI)/Ki(DS) ratios. In order to more precisely determine the structural requirements for both high affinity and selectivity at DI BzR relative to DS, 3D-QSAR analyses were carried out on ligand affinities at both of these BzR isoforms. This analysis was based, in part, on the new X-ray crystallographic data. Satisfactory cross-validated regression equations were obtained individually for the logarithms of ligand affinities at DI and DS as well as for the differences of the logarithms of their affinities at these two isoforms (cross-validated R2 > 0.70 for all three regression equations). The steric and electrostatic 3D-QSAR DI and DS maps are in qualitative accord with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) data. Furthermore, the DI and DI/DS maps may be useful in the design of ligands with enhanced DI affinity and DI/DS selectivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wong
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Fryer RI, Zhang P, Rios R, Gu ZQ, Basile AS, Skolnick P. Structure-activity relationship studies at the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR): a comparison of the substitutent effects of pyrazoloquinolinone analogs. J Med Chem 1993; 36:1669-73. [PMID: 8388472 DOI: 10.1021/jm00063a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one derivatives and their in vitro biological evaluation as ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor are described. The in vitro activities, as determined by an analysis of GABA shift ratios, and binding affinities of these compounds to BZR are compared in terms of the electronic, lipophilic, and steric effect changes of their substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Fryer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102
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22
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Yurdaydin C, Gu ZQ, Nowak G, Fromm C, Holt AG, Basile AS. Benzodiazepine receptor ligands are elevated in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy: relationship between brain concentration and severity of encephalopathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 265:565-71. [PMID: 8388453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of benzodiazepine receptor agonists are found in both animal models of hepatic encephalopathy and in humans with this syndrome. The present study investigated the relationship between agonist levels and the severity of the encephalopathy, as well as the potential reversibility of the syndrome by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. The concentrations of benzodiazepine receptor ligands in rat brains were measured at several intervals during the induction of liver failure with thioacetamide. Six hours after the first dose of thioacetamide, brain concentrations of benzodiazepine receptor ligands were increased and open field activity decreased compared to control rats. However, the brain concentrations of benzodiazepine receptor ligands correlated better with the stage of hepatic encephalopathy than time after initiation of thioacetamide treatment. The benzodiazepine receptor ligands Ro 15-3505, Ro 15-4513 and CGS-8216 ameliorated motor abnormalities in rats with stage 3 hepatic encephalopathy. Only Ro 15-3505 improved motor activity in rats in stage 2 encephalopathy to levels observed in rats with stage 1 encephalopathy. Furthermore, although Ro 15-4513 and CGS 8216 significantly increased motor activity in stage 4 hepatic encephalopathy, this may reflect their partial inverse agonist properties. These findings support the hypothesis that increased brain levels of benzodiazepine receptor agonists contribute to the severity of hepatic encephalopathy and suggest that high-affinity benzodiazepine receptor antagonists are efficacious in reversing this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yurdaydin
- Section on Neurobiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Gu ZQ, Wong G, Dominguez C, de Costa BR, Rice KC, Skolnick P. Synthesis and evaluation of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine esters with high affinities and selectivities at "diazepam-insensitive" benzodiazepine receptors. J Med Chem 1993; 36:1001-6. [PMID: 8386769 DOI: 10.1021/jm00060a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine esters have been synthesized with varying ester side chains and 8-position substituents. The affinities of these compounds were evaluated at both "diazepam-insensitive" (DI) and diazepam-sensitive (DS) subtypes of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR). A profound steric effect of the 3-position ester side chain moiety was observed on ligand affinity at DI. In contrast, ester size had a less robust effect on ligand affinity at DS. The tert-butyl ester compound 8 displayed the highest affinity (Ki = 1.7 nM) for DI within a series of 8-chloro esters. Furthermore, halogens at the 8-position resulted in an enhancement of both ligand affinity and selectivity at DI among the series of tert-butyl esters examined. The 8-nitro derivative 23 and 8-isothiocyanato congener 25 had high affinities for both DI and DS but exhibited little subtype selectivity (10.8 and 2.7 nM at DI versus 14 and 3.7 nM at DS, respectively). The 8-azido tert-butyl ester 29 exhibited a significantly higher affinity (Ki = 0.43 nM) and selectivity (DI/DS ratio of 0.2) than the corresponding ethyl ester, the prototypic DI ligand 1 (Ro 15-4513). Among the compounds synthesized, 29 is the highest affinity ligand for DI described to date while its 8-bromo analog 18 is the most selective ligand (DI/DS ratio of 0.17) for this novel BZR subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Gu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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24
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Wang JQ, Gu ZQ, Li MF, Lai WY. Intervalley Gamma -X deformation potentials in III-V zinc-blende semiconductors by ab initio pseudopotential calculations. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 46:12358-12364. [PMID: 10003149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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25
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Abstract
For the purpose of lowering the pregnancy rate of the uterine cavity-shaped stainless steel IUD (first generation UCD) and maintaining its advantages, the copper-plated uterine cavity-shaped IUD (second generation UCD or UCDcu) was designed. A randomized use-effectiveness study in ten centres with the UCDcu and UCD have been analyzed at twelve months. The UCDcu had a significantly lower pregnancy rate (0.3 per 100 women) than the UCD (2.9 per 100 women), p less than 0.005. Whereas, the other cumulative rates such as expulsion, removals for bleeding and pain, and other personal were not significantly different for the two IUDs, p greater than 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nan-Tong Mining Area People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
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26
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Wang JQ, Gu ZQ, Li MF. First-principles calculations for quasiparticle energies of GaP and GaAs. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 44:8707-8712. [PMID: 9998827 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.8707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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27
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Li MF, Zhao XS, Gu ZQ, Chen JX, Li YJ, Wang JQ. Shear-deformation-potential constant of the conduction-band minima of Si: Experimental determination by the deep-level capacitance transient method. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:14040-14046. [PMID: 9997273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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28
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Li MF, Gu ZQ, Wang JQ. Shear-deformation-potential constant of the conduction-band minima of Si: Pseudopotential calculations. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 42:5714-5718. [PMID: 9996157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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29
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Gu ZQ, Li MF, Wang JQ, Wang BS. Deformation potentials at the top of valence bands in semiconductors: Ab initio pseudopotential calculations. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 41:8333-8339. [PMID: 9993156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.8333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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30
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Fryer RI, Gu ZQ. The rational design and synthesis of haptens having specific activity as full agonists or full antagonists at the benzodiazepine receptor. Life Sci 1990; 47:833-40. [PMID: 2170789 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90595-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of computer graphics hardware, in conjunction with molecular modeling software, has allowed for a structural analysis of compounds that bind to the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) in the nM range. The definition of additional binding requirements together with steric and/or hydrophobic limitations has been directly correlated with profiles of in vivo activity, both for full agonists and full antagonists. This information has been used for the rational design of haptens that contain the antigenic determinants necessary for the production of antibodies specific for either full agonists or for full antagonists at the BZR. The synthesis of these novel compounds has been completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Fryer
- Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry, Carl A. Olson Laboratory, Newark 07102
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31
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Wang BS, Gu ZQ, Wang JQ, Li MF. Ab initio pseudopotential calculations of optical-phonon deformation potentials in zinc-blende semiconductors. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 39:12789-12793. [PMID: 9948151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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32
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33
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Abstract
Of 105 cases of lesions of the sinus of Valsalva found over a 25-year period at the Shanghai Chest Hospital, 90 were ruptured sinuses or sinus aneurysms and 15 were unruptured aneurysms. The cases were classified roentgenologically according to the method of Sakakibara and Konno: 64.5% were type I, 23.7% type II, 1.1% type IIIv, 6.4% type IIIa, 1.1% type IIIa + v, and 3.2% type IV. A new and simplified method of classification has been devised in the Shanghai Chest Hospital and shows the highest incidence to be the type of aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva associated with ventricular septal defect. On aortography three types of morphologic changes--aneurysmal formation, enlargement of the sinus with no definite aneurysm, and sinus rupture with no enlargement or aneurysmal formation--are observed. Angiographically, shunting from ruptured sinus or sinus aneurysm begins in middiastole and gradually increases to end diastole. Aortic insufficiency, if present, usually begins in early diastole and extends over the whole diastolic phase in a decrescendo fashion. Special attention should be paid to the differentiation between ruptured sinus of Valsalva with or without aneurysmal formation and ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, China
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34
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Gu ZQ, Chen QM, Wei S. The clinical application of a chemomechanical caries removal system (Caridex): a comparative study. Compendium 1987; 8:638-40. [PMID: 3479255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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36
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Li YP, Gu ZQ, Ching WY. Orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals. III. Extension to f-electron systems. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1985; 32:8377-8380. [PMID: 9937026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.32.8377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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37
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Gu ZQ. [Variations of the root of the mandibular second permanent molar and its clinical significance]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Ke Za Zhi 1985; 20:368-71. [PMID: 3869526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Twenty-eight cases of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) were found from 1975 to 1980 in the Shanghai Chest Hospital. On plain films, four types of abnormal heart configuration were found: mitral, boot-shaped, atypical, and bizarre. The main angiocardiographic findings were: (1) simultaneous visualization of aorta and pulmonary artery on right ventriculography, both arising from the right ventricle; (2) D- or L-type of aortic transposition in most; (3) the two semilunar valves at approximately the same horizontal level; (4) an infundibulum present below the semilunar valve; (5) ventricular septal defect; and (6) associated pulmonary stenosis and/or other anomalies. An anatomic-radiologic classification was suggested and based chiefly on symbolic representation of segmental combinations including visceral trial situs, type of cardiac loop, relation between the semilunar valves, presence or absence of pulmonary stenosis and whether the ventricular septal defect was subpulmonary or not. The findings substantiated the viewpoint that in DORV there exists on embryologic and pathologic ground transitional changes ranging from those closely resembling tetralogy of Fallot to complete transposition of the great vessels.
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39
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Guo DW, Ling ML, Gu ZQ. [Double outlet right ventricle. X-Ray analysis of 28 cases]. Zhonghua Fang She Xue Za Zhi 1983; 17:25-9. [PMID: 6224657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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