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Nielsen TO, Leung SCY, Riaz N, Mulligan AM, Kos Z, Bane A, Whelan TJ. Ki67 assessment protocol as an integral biomarker for avoiding radiotherapy in the LUMINA breast cancer trial. Histopathology 2023; 83:903-911. [PMID: 37609778 DOI: 10.1111/his.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The LUMINA trial demonstrated a very low local recurrence rate in women ≥55 years with low-risk luminal A breast cancer (defined as grade I-II, T1N0, hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative and Ki67 index ≤13.25%) treated with breast-conserving surgery and endocrine therapy (but no other systemic therapy), supporting the safe omission of radiation in these women. Here we describe the protocol for Ki67 assessment, the companion diagnostic used to guide omission of adjuvant radiotherapy. METHODS Ki67 immunohistochemistry was performed on full-face sections at one of three regional labs. Pathologists trained in the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group (IKWG) method demarcated tumour areas on scanned slides and scored 100 nuclei from each of at least five randomly selected 1-mm fields. For cases with high Ki67 heterogeneity, further virtual cores were selected and scored in order to confidently assign a case as luminal A (≤13.25%) or B (>13.25%). Interlaboratory variability was assessed through an annual quality assurance programme during the study period. RESULTS From the quality assurance programme, the mean Ki67 index across all cases/labs was 13%. The observed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics were ≥0.9 and ≥0.7, respectively, indicating a substantial level of agreement. Median scoring time was 4 min per case. The IKWG-recommended scoring method, performed directly from slides, requiring up to four scored fields, is concordant with the LUMINA scoring method (ICC ≥ 0.9). CONCLUSION Ki67 is a practical, reproducible, and inexpensive biomarker that can identify low-risk luminal A breast cancers as potential candidates for radiation de-escalation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01791829.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel C Y Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nazia Riaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna M Mulligan
- University Health Network, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anita Bane
- University Health Network, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Whelan
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Kauffeldt KD, Sabiston CM, Latimer-Cheung AE, Tomasone JR. "It has to be more than exercise": exploring multiple perspectives to community-based exercise program design for persons with breast cancer. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:635. [PMID: 37847313 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Connecting persons with cancer to exercise resources and/or supports requires a diverse team of professionals. As such, there is merit to engaging multiple individuals or "partners" along the cancer pathway to explore the relevant features of community-based exercise program (CBEP) design. The purpose of this study was to explore multi-partner perspectives to CBEP design for persons diagnosed with breast cancer (PWBC) to inform the implementation of a CBEP in a local setting. METHODS PWBC, health care professionals and qualified exercise professionals participated in one of four 60-min focus group discussions. Rich dialogue about preferred program environments, program delivery teams, and core program practices was encouraged using a semi-structured discussion guide. Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Five main themes were identified based on focus group discussions, each pointing to an important feature of CBEP design for PWBC. Themes included the desire for CBEPs to incorporate elements designed to improve cancer literacy, provide opportunities to participate with peers, foster self-efficacy, prioritize program accessibility, and meaningfully integrate CBEPs within a network of supportive cancer care. CONCLUSION The collective effect of fostering such elements in CBEPs may serve to increase the uptake and maintenance of exercise among PWBC; ultimately enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn D Kauffeldt
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2W6
| | - Amy E Latimer-Cheung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Jennifer R Tomasone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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Fernando W, Clark RF, Rupasinghe HPV, Hoskin DW, Coombs MRP. Phloridzin Docosahexaenoate Inhibits Spheroid Formation by Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Exhibits Cytotoxic Effects against Paclitaxel-Resistant Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14577. [PMID: 37834020 PMCID: PMC10572370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is vital to successful cancer treatment and overall disease-free survival. CSCs are a sub-population of cells within a tumor that are defined by their capacity for continuous self-renewal and recapitulation of new tumors, demonstrated in vitro through spheroid formation. Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals with potent anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. This paper explores the impact of the flavonoid precursor phloridzin (PZ) linked to the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoate (DHA) on the growth of MCF-7 and paclitaxel-resistant MDA-MB-231-TXL breast cancer cell lines. Spheroid formation assays, acid phosphatase assays, and Western blotting were performed using MCF-7 cells, and the cell viability assays, Annexin-V-488/propidium iodide (PI) staining, and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) assays were performed using MDA-MB-231-TXL cells. PZ-DHA significantly reduced spheroid formation, as well as the metabolic activity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Treatment with PZ-DHA also suppressed the metabolic activity of MDA-MB-231-TXL cells and led to apoptosis. PZ-DHA did not have an observable effect on the expression of the drug efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). PZ-DHA is a potential treatment avenue for chemo-resistant breast cancer and a possible novel CSC therapy. Future pre-clinical studies should explore PZ-DHA as a chemo-preventative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Rikki F. Clark
- Biology Department, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - David W. Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Melanie R. Power Coombs
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
- Biology Department, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
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4
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Leslie A, Teh E, Druker A, Pinto DM. A targeted isotope dilution mass spectrometry assay for osteopontin quantification in plasma of metastatic breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281491. [PMID: 37384615 PMCID: PMC10309610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycophosphoprotein that derives its name from its high abundance in bone and secretion by osteoblasts. It is also secreted by a number of immune cells and, therefore, is present in human plasma at nanogram per millilitre levels where it affects cell adhesion and motility. OPN is involved in several normal physiological processes; however, OPN dyregulation leads to overexpression by tumor cells leading to immune evasion and increased metastasis. Plasma OPN is primarily measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, due to the complexity of the various OPN isoforms, conflicting results have been obtained on the use of OPN as a biomarker even in the same disease condition. These discrepant results may result from the difficulty in comparing ELISA results obtained with different antibodies that target unique OPN epitopes. Mass spectrometry can be used to quantify proteins in plasma and, by targeting OPN regions that do not bear post-translational modifications, may provide more consistent quantification. However, the low (ng/mL) levels in plasma present a significant analytical challenge. In order to develop a sensitive assay for plasma OPN, we explored a single-step precipitation method using a recently developed spin-tube format. Quantification was performed using isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. The concentration detection limit of this assay was 39 ± 15 ng/mL. The assay was applied to the analysis of plasma OPN in metastatic breast cancer patients, where levels from 17 to 53 ng/mL were detected. The sensitivity of the method is higher than previously published methods and sufficient for OPN detection in large, high grade tumors but still requires improvement in sensitivity to be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leslie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Teh
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
| | - Arik Druker
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Division of Medical Oncology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
| | - Devanand M. Pinto
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, United Kingdom
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5
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Toutah K, Nawar N, Timonen S, Sorger H, Raouf YS, Bukhari S, von Jan J, Ianevski A, Gawel JM, Olaoye OO, Geletu M, Abdeldayem A, Israelian J, Radu TB, Sedighi A, Bhatti MN, Hassan MM, Manaswiyoungkul P, Shouksmith AE, Neubauer HA, de Araujo ED, Aittokallio T, Krämer OH, Moriggl R, Mustjoki S, Herling M, Gunning PT. Development of HDAC Inhibitors Exhibiting Therapeutic Potential in T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8486-8509. [PMID: 34101461 PMCID: PMC8237267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic targeting has emerged as an efficacious therapy for hematological cancers. The rare and incurable T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is known for its aggressive clinical course. Current epigenetic agents such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are increasingly used for targeted therapy. Through a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, we developed an HDAC6 inhibitor KT-531, which exhibited higher potency in T-PLL compared to other hematological cancers. KT-531 displayed strong HDAC6 inhibitory potency and selectivity, on-target biological activity, and a safe therapeutic window in nontransformed cell lines. In primary T-PLL patient cells, where HDAC6 was found to be overexpressed, KT-531 exhibited strong biological responses, and safety in healthy donor samples. Notably, combination studies in T-PLL patient samples demonstrated KT-531 synergizes with approved cancer drugs, bendamustine, idasanutlin, and venetoclax. Our work suggests HDAC inhibition in T-PLL could afford sufficient therapeutic windows to achieve durable remission either as stand-alone or in combination with targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krimo Toutah
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Nabanita Nawar
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sanna Timonen
- Hematology
Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University
Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
- Translational
Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and
Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Sorger
- Institute
of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University
of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasir S. Raouf
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shazreh Bukhari
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jana von Jan
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf
(CIO ABCD), University of Cologne (UoC), 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Excellence
Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases
(CECAD), UoC, 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), UoC, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Ianevski
- Institute
for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justyna M. Gawel
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Olasunkanmi O. Olaoye
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mulu Geletu
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ayah Abdeldayem
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Johan Israelian
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tudor B. Radu
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Abootaleb Sedighi
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Muzaffar N. Bhatti
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Muhammad Murtaza Hassan
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew E. Shouksmith
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Heidi A. Neubauer
- Institute
of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University
of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elvin D. de Araujo
- Centre
for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto
Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga
Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute
for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre
for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University
of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department
of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute
of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University
of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology
Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University
Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
- Translational
Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and
Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine
Flagship, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Herling
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf
(CIO ABCD), University of Cologne (UoC), 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Excellence
Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases
(CECAD), UoC, 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), UoC, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University
of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Centre
for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto
Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga
Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Pimentel I, Chen BE, Lohmann AE, Ennis M, Ligibel J, Shepherd L, Hershman DL, Whelan T, Stambolic V, Mayer I, Hobday T, Lemieux J, Thompson A, Rastogi P, Gelmon K, Rea D, Rabaglio M, Ellard S, Mates M, Bedard P, Pitre L, Vandenberg T, Dowling RJO, Parulekar W, Goodwin PJ. The Effect of Metformin vs Placebo on Sex Hormones in Canadian Cancer Trials Group MA.32. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:192-198. [PMID: 33527137 PMCID: PMC7850529 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin has been associated with lower breast cancer (BC) risk and improved outcomes in observational studies. Multiple biologic mechanisms have been proposed, including a recent report of altered sex hormones. We evaluated the effect of metformin on sex hormones in MA.32, a phase III trial of nondiabetic BC subjects who were randomly assigned to metformin or placebo. METHODS We studied the subgroup of postmenopausal hormone receptor-negative BC subjects not receiving endocrine treatment who provided fasting blood at baseline and at 6 months after being randomly assigned. Sex hormone-binding globulin, bioavailable testosterone, and estradiol levels were assayed using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Change from baseline to 6 months between study arms was compared using Wilcoxon sum rank tests and regression models. RESULTS 312 women were eligible (141 metformin vs 171 placebo); the majority of subjects in each arm had T1/2, N0, HER2-negative BC and had received (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. Mean age was 58.1 (SD=6.9) vs 57.5 (SD=7.9) years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.3 (SD=5.5) vs 28.9 (SD=6.4) kg/m2 for metformin vs placebo, respectively. Median estradiol decreased between baseline and 6 months on metformin vs placebo (-5.7 vs 0 pmol/L; P < .001) in univariable analysis and after controlling for baseline BMI and BMI change (P < .001). There was no change in sex hormone-binding globulin or bioavailable testosterone. CONCLUSION Metformin lowered estradiol levels, independent of BMI. This observation suggests a new metformin effect that has potential relevance to estrogen sensitive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pimentel
- Vall d`Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen’s University–Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Lois Shepherd
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen’s University–Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn L Hershman
- Herbert Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Whelan
- Juravinski Cancer Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vuk Stambolic
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ingrid Mayer
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Julie Lemieux
- CHA-Hopital Du St-Sacrement, Hopital Enfant Jesus Site, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Priya Rastogi
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Gelmon
- BCCA–Vancouver Cancer Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Rea
- Institute of Cancer Research, Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Susan Ellard
- BCCA-Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mihaela Mates
- Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe Bedard
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ryan J O Dowling
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Parulekar
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group , Queen’s University–Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela J Goodwin
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Kurrant D, Omer M, Abdollahi N, Mojabi P, Fear E, LoVetri J. Evaluating Performance of Microwave Image Reconstruction Algorithms: Extracting Tissue Types with Segmentation Using Machine Learning. J Imaging 2021; 7:5. [PMID: 34460576 PMCID: PMC8321253 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the quality of reconstructed images requires consistent approaches to extracting information and applying metrics. Partitioning medical images into tissue types permits the quantitative assessment of regions that contain a specific tissue. The assessment facilitates the evaluation of an imaging algorithm in terms of its ability to reconstruct the properties of various tissue types and identify anomalies. Microwave tomography is an imaging modality that is model-based and reconstructs an approximation of the actual internal spatial distribution of the dielectric properties of a breast over a reconstruction model consisting of discrete elements. The breast tissue types are characterized by their dielectric properties, so the complex permittivity profile that is reconstructed may be used to distinguish different tissue types. This manuscript presents a robust and flexible medical image segmentation technique to partition microwave breast images into tissue types in order to facilitate the evaluation of image quality. The approach combines an unsupervised machine learning method with statistical techniques. The key advantage for using the algorithm over other approaches, such as a threshold-based segmentation method, is that it supports this quantitative analysis without prior assumptions such as knowledge of the expected dielectric property values that characterize each tissue type. Moreover, it can be used for scenarios where there is a scarcity of data available for supervised learning. Microwave images are formed by solving an inverse scattering problem that is severely ill-posed, which has a significant impact on image quality. A number of strategies have been developed to alleviate the ill-posedness of the inverse scattering problem. The degree of success of each strategy varies, leading to reconstructions that have a wide range of image quality. A requirement for the segmentation technique is the ability to partition tissue types over a range of image qualities, which is demonstrated in the first part of the paper. The segmentation of images into regions of interest corresponding to various tissue types leads to the decomposition of the breast interior into disjoint tissue masks. An array of region and distance-based metrics are applied to compare masks extracted from reconstructed images and ground truth models. The quantitative results reveal the accuracy with which the geometric and dielectric properties are reconstructed. The incorporation of the segmentation that results in a framework that effectively furnishes the quantitative assessment of regions that contain a specific tissue is also demonstrated. The algorithm is applied to reconstructed microwave images derived from breasts with various densities and tissue distributions to demonstrate the flexibility of the algorithm and that it is not data-specific. The potential for using the algorithm to assist in diagnosis is exhibited with a tumor tracking example. This example also establishes the usefulness of the approach in evaluating the performance of the reconstruction algorithm in terms of its sensitivity and specificity to malignant tissue and its ability to accurately reconstruct malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kurrant
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.O.); (E.F.)
| | - Muhammad Omer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.O.); (E.F.)
| | - Nasim Abdollahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (N.A.); (P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Pedram Mojabi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (N.A.); (P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Elise Fear
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.O.); (E.F.)
| | - Joe LoVetri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada; (N.A.); (P.M.); (J.L.)
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8
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Schito L, Rey S, Xu P, Man S, Cruz‐Muñoz W, Kerbel RS. Metronomic chemotherapy offsets HIFα induction upon maximum-tolerated dose in metastatic cancers. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11416. [PMID: 32686360 PMCID: PMC7507002 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy relies on periodic, massive cancer cell ablation events followed by treatment-free intermissions, stereotypically resulting in resistance, relapse, and mortality. Furthermore, MTD chemotherapy can promote metastatic dissemination via activation of a transcriptional program dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and (HIF)-2α (hereafter referred to as HIFα). Instead, frequent low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy displays less adverse effects while preserving significant pre-clinical anticancer activity. Consequently, we hereby compared the effect of MTD or LDM chemotherapy upon HIFα in models of advanced, metastatic colon and breast cancer. Our results revealed that LDM chemotherapy could offset paralog-specific, MTD-dependent HIFα induction in colon cancers disseminating to the liver and lungs, while limiting HIFα and hypoxia in breast cancer lung metastases. Moreover, we assessed the translational significance of HIFα activity in colorectal and breast TCGA/microarray data, by developing two compact, 11-gene transcriptomic signatures allowing the stratification/identification of patients likely to benefit from LDM and/or HIFα-targeting therapies. Altogether, these results suggest LDM chemotherapy as a potential maintenance strategy to stave off HIFα induction within the intra-metastatic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Schito
- UCD School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4Ireland
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Sergio Rey
- UCD School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4Ireland
| | - Ping Xu
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Shan Man
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - William Cruz‐Muñoz
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoONCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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9
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Abstract
Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) are a group of three enzymes (LPP1–3) that belong to a phospholipid phosphatase (PLPP) family. The LPPs dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of bioactive lipid phosphates, among which lysophosphatidate (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are two important extracellular signaling molecules. The LPPs are integral membrane proteins, which are localized on plasma membranes and intracellular membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi network. LPPs regulate signaling transduction in cancer cells and demonstrate different effects in cancer progression through the breakdown of extracellular LPA and S1P and other intracellular substrates. This review is intended to summarize an up-to-date understanding about the functions of LPPs in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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10
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Fairgrieve-Park L, Fallone CJ, Yahya A. Long TE PRESS and STEAM for measuring the triglyceride glycerol CH 2 protons at 3 T. NMR Biomed 2019; 32:e4021. [PMID: 30376203 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycerol methylene proton resonances (4-4.5 parts per million, ppm), which arise from the triglyceride backbone, are relevant to fat composition assessment and can be measured with proton MRS. The purpose of the presented work is to determine long TE (echo time) point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) values at 3 T to resolve the glycerol resonances from that of overlapping water. The response of the glycerol methylene protons of nine edible oils as a function of PRESS and STEAM TE (mixing time, TM = 20 ms) was investigated. In addition, high resolution NMR spectra of the oils were acquired at 16.5 T. Long TE values where J-coupling losses were lowest were selected, namely a TE of 180 ms for PRESS (first echo time 17 ms) and a TE of 100 ms for STEAM (mixing time 20 ms). Oil olefinic (≈5.4 ppm) to glycerol ratios were calculated from the long TE spectra and correlated with 16.5 T ratios. The two techniques yielded olefinic/glycerol ratios that correlated with 16.5 T ratios (R2 = 0.79 for PRESS and 0.90 for STEAM). The efficacy of the sequences in resolving the glycerol resonance from that of water was verified in vivo on tibial bone marrow of four healthy volunteers. In addition, the potential for using the glycerol methylene signal normalized to the methyl signal (≈0.9 ppm) to assess changes in free fatty acid content was demonstrated by measuring differences in spectra acquired from a triglyceride peanut oil phantom and from a phantom composed of a mixture of peanut oil and free fatty acid oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara J Fallone
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Baker JHE, Kyle AH, Reinsberg SA, Moosvi F, Patrick HM, Cran J, Saatchi K, Häfeli U, Minchinton AI. Heterogeneous distribution of trastuzumab in HER2-positive xenografts and metastases: role of the tumor microenvironment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:691-705. [PMID: 30196384 PMCID: PMC6209006 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients continue to relapse. Incomplete access to all target HER2-positive cells in metastases and tumor tissues is a potential mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab. The location of locally bound trastuzumab was evaluated in HER2-positive tissues in vivo and as in vivo xenografts or metastases models in mice. Microenvironmental elements of tumors were related to bound trastuzumab using immunohistochemical staining and include tight junctions, vasculature, vascular maturity, vessel patency, hypoxia and HER2 to look for correlations. Trastuzumab was evaluated alone and in combination with bevacizumab. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters of overall vascular function, perfusion and apparent permeability were compared with matched histological images of trastuzumab distribution and vascular patency. Trastuzumab distribution is highly heterogeneous in all models examined, including avascular micrometastases of the brain and lung. Trastuzumab distributes well through the extravascular compartment even in conditions of high HER2 expression and poor convective flow in vivo. Microregional patterns of trastuzumab distribution in vivo do not consistently correlate with vascular density, patency, function or maturity; areas of poor trastuzumab access are not necessarily those with poor vascular supply. The number of vessels with perivascular trastuzumab increases with time and higher doses and dramatically decreases when pre-treated with bevacizumab. Areas of HER2-positive tissue without bound trastuzumab persist in all conditions. These data directly demonstrate tissue- and vessel-level barriers to trastuzumab distribution in vivo that can effectively limit access of the drug to target cells in brain metastases and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hazel Elizabeth Baker
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Alastair Hugh Kyle
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | | | - Firas Moosvi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Haley Margaret Patrick
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Jordan Cran
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Urs Häfeli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew Ivor Minchinton
- Integrative Oncology - Radiation Biology Unit, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
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12
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Davies G, Lobanova L, Dawicki W, Groot G, Gordon JR, Bowen M, Harkness T, Arnason T. Metformin inhibits the development, and promotes the resensitization, of treatment-resistant breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187191. [PMID: 29211738 PMCID: PMC5718420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistant (MDR) malignancy remains a predictable and often terminal event in cancer therapy, and affects individuals with many cancer types, regardless of the stage at which they were originally diagnosed or the interval from last treatment. Protein biomarkers of MDR are not globally used for clinical decision-making, but include the overexpression of drug-efflux pumps (ABC transporter family) such as MDR-1 and BCRP, as well as HIF1α, a stress responsive transcription factor found elevated within many MDR tumors. Here, we present the important in vitro discovery that the development of MDR (in breast cancer cells) can be prevented, and that established MDR could be resensitized to therapy, by adjunct treatment with metformin. Metformin is prescribed globally to improve insulin sensitivity, including in those individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). We demonstrate the effectiveness of metformin in resensitizing MDR breast cancer cell lines to their original treatment, and provide evidence that metformin may function through a mechanism involving post-translational histone modifications via an indirect histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) activity. We find that metformin, at low physiological concentrations, reduces the expression of multiple classic protein markers of MDR in vitro and in preliminary in vivo models. Our demonstration that metformin can prevent MDR development and resensitize MDR cells to chemotherapy in vitro, provides important medical relevance towards metformin’s potential clinical use against MDR cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Davies
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Liubov Lobanova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gary Groot
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John R. Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Troy Harkness
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Terra Arnason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Connell M, Chen H, Jiang J, Kuan CW, Fotovati A, Chu TLH, He Z, Lengyell TC, Li H, Kroll T, Li AM, Goldowitz D, Frappart L, Ploubidou A, Patel MS, Pilarski LM, Simpson EM, Lange PF, Allan DW, Maxwell CA. HMMR acts in the PLK1-dependent spindle positioning pathway and supports neural development. eLife 2017; 6:e28672. [PMID: 28994651 PMCID: PMC5681225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell division is one mechanism progenitor cells use during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Common to most cell types is the asymmetric establishment and regulation of cortical NuMA-dynein complexes that position the mitotic spindle. Here, we discover that HMMR acts at centrosomes in a PLK1-dependent pathway that locates active Ran and modulates the cortical localization of NuMA-dynein complexes to correct mispositioned spindles. This pathway was discovered through the creation and analysis of Hmmr-knockout mice, which suffer neonatal lethality with defective neural development and pleiotropic phenotypes in multiple tissues. HMMR over-expression in immortalized cancer cells induces phenotypes consistent with an increase in active Ran including defects in spindle orientation. These data identify an essential role for HMMR in the PLK1-dependent regulatory pathway that orients progenitor cell division and supports neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Connell
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Jihong Jiang
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Chia-Wei Kuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Tony LH Chu
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Zhengcheng He
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Tess C Lengyell
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and TherapeuticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Huaibiao Li
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann InstituteBeutenbergstrasseGermany
| | - Torsten Kroll
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann InstituteBeutenbergstrasseGermany
| | - Amanda M Li
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and TherapeuticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Lucien Frappart
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann InstituteBeutenbergstrasseGermany
| | - Aspasia Ploubidou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann InstituteBeutenbergstrasseGermany
| | - Millan S Patel
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Linda M Pilarski
- Cross Cancer Institute, Department of OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and TherapeuticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research ProgramBC Children’s HospitalVancouverCanada
| | - Douglas W Allan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesLife Sciences Centre, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research ProgramBC Children’s HospitalVancouverCanada
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14
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Ma S, Dielschneider RF, Henson ES, Xiao W, Choquette TR, Blankstein AR, Chen Y, Gibson SB. Ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently after siramesine and lapatinib treatment in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182921. [PMID: 28827805 PMCID: PMC5565111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a cell death pathway characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell. The combination of siramesine, a lysosome disruptor, and lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to synergistically induce cell death in breast cancer cells mediated by ferroptosis. These treatments also induce autophagy but its role in this synergistic cell death is unclear. In this study, we determined that siramesine and lapatinib initially induced ferroptosis but changes to an autophagy induced cell death after 24 hours. Furthermore, we found that intracellular iron level increased in a time dependent manner following treatment accompanied by an increase in ROS. Using the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) or the ROS scavenger alpha-tocopherol decreased both autophagy flux and cell death. We further discovered that decreased expression of the iron storage protein, ferritin was partially dependent upon autophagy degradation. In contrast, the expression of transferrin, which is responsible for the transport of iron into cells, is increased following treatment with lapatinib alone or in combination with siramesine. This indicates that ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently but both are mediated by iron dependent ROS generation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Ma
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rebecca F. Dielschneider
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S. Henson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenyan Xiao
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tricia R. Choquette
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna R. Blankstein
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B. Gibson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wang RC, Chen X, Parissenti AM, Joy AA, Tuszynski J, Brindley DN, Wang Z. Sensitivity of docetaxel-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells to microtubule-destabilizing agents including vinca alkaloids and colchicine-site binding agents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182400. [PMID: 28787019 PMCID: PMC5546696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the main reasons for disease recurrence in the curative breast cancer treatment setting is the development of drug resistance. Microtubule targeted agents (MTAs) are among the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of breaset cancer and therefore overcoming taxane resistance is of primary clinical importance. Our group has previously demonstrated that the microtubule dynamics of docetaxel-resistant MCF-7TXT cells are insensitivity to docetaxel due to the distinct expression profiles of β-tubulin isotypes in addition to the high expression of p-glycoprotein (ABCB1). In the present investigation we examined whether taxane-resistant breast cancer cells are more sensitive to microtubule destabilizing agents including vinca alkaloids and colchicine-site binding agents (CSBAs) than the non-resistant cells. Methods Two isogenic MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were selected for resistance to docetaxel (MCF-7TXT) and the wild type parental cell line (MCF-7CC) to examine if taxane-resistant breast cancer cells are sensitive to microtubule-destabilizing agents including vinca alkaloids and CSBAs. Cytotoxicity assays, immunoblotting, indirect immunofluorescence and live imaging were used to study drug resistance, apoptosis, mitotic arrest, microtubule formation, and microtubule dynamics. Results MCF-7TXT cells were demonstrated to be cross resistant to vinca alkaloids, but were more sensitive to treatment with colchicine compared to parental non-resistant MCF-7CC cells. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the IC50 of MCF-7TXT cell to vinorelbine and vinblastine was more than 6 and 3 times higher, respectively, than that of MCF-7CC cells. By contrast, the IC50 of MCF-7TXT cell for colchincine was 4 times lower than that of MCF-7CC cells. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that all MTAs induced the disorganization of microtubules and the chromatin morphology and interestingly each with a unique pattern. In terms of microtubule and chromain morphology, MCF-7TXT cells were more resistant to vinorelbine and vinblastine, but more sensitive to colchicine compared to MCF-7CC cells. PARP cleavage assay further demonstrated that all of the MTAs induced apoptosis of the MCF-7 cells. However, again, MCF-7TXT cells were more resistant to vinorelbine and vinblastine, and more sensitive to colchicine compared to MCF-7CC cells. Live imaging demonstrated that the microtubule dynamics of MCF-7TXT cells were less sensitive to vinca alkaloids, and more sensitive to colchicine. MCF-7TXT cells were also noted to be more sensitive to other CSBAs including 2MeOE2, ABT-751 and phosphorylated combretastatin A-4 (CA-4P). Conclusion Docetaxel-resistant MCF-7TXT cells have demonstrated cross-resistance to vinca alkaloids, but appear to be more sensitive to CSBAs (colchicine, 2MeOE2, ABT-751 and CA-4P) compared to non-resistant MCF-7CC cells. Taken together these results suggest that CSBAs should be evaluated further in the treatment of taxane resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xinmei Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Anil A. Joy
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jack Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Shenouda MM, Gillgrass A, Nham T, Hogg R, Lee AJ, Chew MV, Shafaei M, Aarts C, Lee DA, Hassell J, Bane A, Dhesy-Thind S, Ashkar AA. Ex vivo expanded natural killer cells from breast cancer patients and healthy donors are highly cytotoxic against breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumours. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:76. [PMID: 28668076 PMCID: PMC5493877 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in cancer immunosurveillance. Recent developments in NK cell ex-vivo expansion makes it possible to generate millions of activated NK cells from a small volume of peripheral blood. We tested the functionality of ex vivo expanded NK cells in vitro against breast cancer cell lines and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. The study aim was to assess functionality and phenotype of expanded NK cells from breast cancer patients against breast cancer cell lines and autologous primary tumours. METHODS We used a well-established NK cell co-culture system to expand NK cells ex vivo from healthy donors and breast cancer patients and examined their surface marker expression. Moreover, we tested the ability of expanded NK cells to lyse the triple negative breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453, respectively. We also tested their ability to prevent tumour growth in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. Finally, we tested the cytotoxicity of expanded NK cells against autologous and allogeneic primary breast cancer tumours in vitro. RESULTS After 3 weeks of culture we observed over 1000-fold expansion of NK cells isolated from either breast cancer patients or healthy donors. We also showed that the phenotype of expanded NK cells is comparable between those from healthy donors and cancer patients. Moreover, our results confirm the ability of ex vivo expanded NK cells to lyse tumour cell lines in vitro. While the cell lines examined had differential sensitivity to NK cell killing we found this was correlated with level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression. In our in vivo model, NK cells prevented tumour establishment and growth in immunocompromised mice. Finally, we showed that NK cells expanded from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients show high cytotoxicity against allogeneic and autologous patient-derived tumour cells in vitro. CONCLUSION NK cells from breast cancer patients can be expanded similarly to those from healthy donors, have a high cytotoxic ability against breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumour cells, and can be compatible with current cancer treatments to restore NK cell function in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira M. Shenouda
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Tina Nham
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Richard Hogg
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Amanda J. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Marianne V. Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Mahsa Shafaei
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Craig Aarts
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Dean A. Lee
- Cellular Therapy and Cancer Immunology Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio, USA
| | - John Hassell
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Anita Bane
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MDCL 4015 Hamilton, ON Canada
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17
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Liu JC, Zacksenhouse M, Eisen A, Nofech-Mozes S, Zacksenhaus E. Identification of cell proliferation, immune response and cell migration as critical pathways in a prognostic signature for HER2+:ERα- breast cancer. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28632792 PMCID: PMC5478114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-gene prognostic signatures derived from primary tumor biopsies can guide clinicians in designing an appropriate course of treatment. Identifying genes and pathways most essential to a signature performance may facilitate clinical application, provide insights into cancer progression, and uncover potentially new therapeutic targets. We previously developed a 17-gene prognostic signature (HTICS) for HER2+:ERα- breast cancer patients, using genes that are differentially expressed in tumor initiating cells (TICs) versus non-TICs from MMTV-Her2/neu mammary tumors. Here we probed the pathways and genes that underlie the prognostic power of HTICS. Methods We used Leave-One Out, Data Combination Test, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Correlation and Substitution analyses together with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to identify critical biological pathways within HTICS. Publically available cohorts with gene expression and clinical outcome were used to assess prognosis. NanoString technology was used to detect gene expression in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. Results We show that three major biological pathways: cell proliferation, immune response, and cell migration, drive the prognostic power of HTICS, which is further tuned by Homeostatic and Glycan metabolic signalling. A 6-gene minimal Core that retained a significant prognostic power, albeit less than HTICS, also comprised the proliferation/immune/migration pathways. Finally, we developed NanoString probes that could detect expression of HTICS genes and their substitutions in FFPE samples. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the prognostic power of a signature is driven by the biological processes it monitors, identify cell proliferation, immune response and cell migration as critical pathways for HER2+:ERα- cancer progression, and defines substitutes and Core genes that should facilitate clinical application of HTICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (JCL); (EZ)
| | - Miriam Zacksenhouse
- Brain-computer Interfaces for Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrea Eisen
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Nofech-Mozes
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute—University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (JCL); (EZ)
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Pio GM, Xia Y, Piaseczny MM, Chu JE, Allan AL. Soluble bone-derived osteopontin promotes migration and stem-like behavior of breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177640. [PMID: 28498874 PMCID: PMC5428978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in women, with the majority of these deaths caused by metastasis to distant organs. The most common site of breast cancer metastasis is the bone, which has been shown to provide a rich microenvironment that supports the migration and growth of breast cancer cells. Additionally, growing evidence suggests that breast cancer cells that do successfully metastasize have a stem-like phenotype including high activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and/or a CD44+CD24- phenotype. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that these ALDHhiCD44+CD24- breast cancer cells interact with factors in the bone secondary organ microenvironment to facilitate metastasis. Specifically, we focused on bone-derived osteopontin and its ability to promote the migration and stem-like phenotype of breast cancer cells. Our results indicate that bone-derived osteopontin promotes the migration, tumorsphere-forming ability and colony-forming ability of whole population and ALDHhiCD44+CD24- breast cancer cells in bone marrow-conditioned media (an ex vivo representation of the bone microenvironment) (p≤0.05). We also demonstrate that CD44 and RGD-dependent cell surface integrins facilitate this functional response to bone-derived osteopontin (p≤0.05), potentially through activation of WNK-1 and PRAS40-related pathways. Our findings suggest that soluble bone-derived osteopontin enhances the ability of breast cancer cells to migrate to the bone and maintain a stem-like phenotype within the bone microenvironment, and this may contribute to the establishment and growth of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciella M. Pio
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Xia
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew M. Piaseczny
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny E. Chu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison L. Allan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Lawson Health Research Institute; London, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Knutsdottir H, Zmurchok C, Bhaskar D, Palsson E, Dalle Nogare D, Chitnis AB, Edelstein-Keshet L. Polarization and migration in the zebrafish posterior lateral line system. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005451. [PMID: 28369079 PMCID: PMC5393887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays an important role in development. Here, we study the posterior lateral line primordium (PLLP) a group of about 100 cells, destined to form sensory structures, that migrates from head to tail in the zebrafish embryo. We model mutually inhibitory FGF-Wnt signalling network in the PLLP and link tissue subdivision (Wnt receptor and FGF receptor activity domains) to receptor-ligand parameters. We then use a 3D cell-based simulation with realistic cell-cell adhesion, interaction forces, and chemotaxis. Our model is able to reproduce experimentally observed motility with leading cells migrating up a gradient of CXCL12a, and trailing (FGF receptor active) cells moving actively by chemotaxis towards FGF ligand secreted by the leading cells. The 3D simulation framework, combined with experiments, allows an investigation of the role of cell division, chemotaxis, adhesion, and other parameters on the shape and speed of the PLLP. The 3D model demonstrates reasonable behaviour of control as well as mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Knutsdottir
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Cole Zmurchok
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dhananjay Bhaskar
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eirikur Palsson
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian Dalle Nogare
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ajay B. Chitnis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leah Edelstein-Keshet
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Dias K, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Hallett RM, Wu Y, Hassell J, Pond GR, Levine M, Whelan T, Bane AL. Claudin-Low Breast Cancer; Clinical & Pathological Characteristics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168669. [PMID: 28045912 PMCID: PMC5207440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-low breast cancer is a molecular type of breast cancer originally identified by gene expression profiling and reportedly associated with poor survival. Claudin-low tumors have been recognised to preferentially display a triple-negative phenotype, however only a minority of triple-negative breast cancers are claudin-low. We sought to identify an immunohistochemical profile for claudin-low tumors that could facilitate their identification in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor material. First, an in silico collection of ~1600 human breast cancer expression profiles was assembled and all claudin-low tumors identified. Second, genes differentially expressed between claudin-low tumors and all other molecular subtypes of breast cancer were identified. Third, a number of these top differentially expressed genes were tested using immunohistochemistry for expression in a diverse panel of breast cancer cell lines to determine their specificity for claudin-low tumors. Finally, the immunohistochemical panel found to be most characteristic of claudin-low tumors was examined in a cohort of 942 formalin fixed paraffin embedded human breast cancers with >10 years clinical follow-up to evaluate the clinico-pathologic and survival characteristics of this tumor subtype. Using this approach we determined that claudin-low breast cancer is typically negative for ER, PR, HER2, claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 7 and E-cadherin. Claudin-low tumors identified with this immunohistochemical panel, were associated with young age of onset, higher tumor grade, larger tumor size, extensive lymphocytic infiltrate and a circumscribed tumor margin. Patients with claudin-low tumors had a worse overall survival when compared to patients with luminal A type breast cancer. Interestingly, claudin-low tumors were associated with a low local recurrence rate following breast conserving therapy. In conclusion, a limited panel of antibodies can facilitate the identification of claudin-low tumors. Furthermore, claudin-low tumors identified in this manner display similar clinical, pathologic and survival characteristics to claudin-low tumors identified from fresh frozen tumor material using gene expression profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Dias
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin M. Hallett
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Hassell
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Levine
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Whelan
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita L. Bane
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kwan JYY, Psarianos P, Bruce JP, Yip KW, Liu FF. The complexity of microRNAs in human cancer. J Radiat Res 2016; 57 Suppl 1:i106-i111. [PMID: 26983984 PMCID: PMC4990105 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the potential roles of miRNAs in improving cancer prognostic, predictive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, they have become an area of intense research focus in recent years. MiRNAs harbor attractive features allowing for translation to the clinical world, such as relatively simple extraction methods, resistance to molecular degradation, and ability to be quantified. Numerous prognostic, predictive and diagnostic miRNA signatures have been developed. To date however, miRNA analysis has not been adopted for routine clinical use. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of miRNA research and review a selection of miRNA studies in breast cancer, cervical cancer, sarcoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma to highlight advances and challenges in miRNA cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Y Kwan
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Suite 504, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Pamela Psarianos
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeff P Bruce
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Suite 504, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Room 15-701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
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22
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Martin SD, Brown SD, Wick DA, Nielsen JS, Kroeger DR, Twumasi-Boateng K, Holt RA, Nelson BH. Low Mutation Burden in Ovarian Cancer May Limit the Utility of Neoantigen-Targeted Vaccines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155189. [PMID: 27192170 PMCID: PMC4871527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to advances in sequencing technology, somatically mutated cancer antigens, or neoantigens, are now readily identifiable and have become compelling targets for immunotherapy. In particular, neoantigen-targeted vaccines have shown promise in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, to date, neoantigen-targeted vaccine studies have involved tumors with exceptionally high mutation burdens. It remains unclear whether neoantigen-targeted vaccines will be broadly applicable to cancers with intermediate to low mutation burdens, such as ovarian cancer. To address this, we assessed whether a derivative of the murine ovarian tumor model ID8 could be targeted with neoantigen vaccines. We performed whole exome and transcriptome sequencing on ID8-G7 cells. We identified 92 somatic mutations, 39 of which were transcribed, missense mutations. For the 17 top predicted MHC class I binding mutations, we immunized mice subcutaneously with synthetic long peptide vaccines encoding the relevant mutation. Seven of 17 vaccines induced robust mutation-specific CD4 and/or CD8 T cell responses. However, none of the vaccines prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice in either the prophylactic or therapeutic setting. Moreover, none of the neoantigen-specific T cell lines recognized ID8-G7 tumor cells in vitro, indicating that the corresponding mutations did not give rise to bonafide MHC-presented epitopes. Additionally, bioinformatic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data revealed that only 12% (26/220) of HGSC cases had a ≥90% likelihood of harboring at least one authentic, naturally processed and presented neoantigen versus 51% (80/158) of lung cancers. Our findings highlight the limitations of applying neoantigen-targeted vaccines to tumor types with intermediate/low mutation burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer D. Martin
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith’s Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D. Brown
- Michael Smith’s Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Darin A. Wick
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Julie S. Nielsen
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - David R. Kroeger
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Kwame Twumasi-Boateng
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- Michael Smith’s Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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23
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Alaee M, Danesh G, Pasdar M. Plakoglobin Reduces the in vitro Growth, Migration and Invasion of Ovarian Cancer Cells Expressing N-Cadherin and Mutant p53. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154323. [PMID: 27144941 PMCID: PMC4856367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of cadherins and catenins plays pivotal roles in ovarian cancer development and progression. Plakoglobin (PG, γ-catenin) is a paralog of β-catenin with dual adhesive and signaling functions. While β-catenin has known oncogenic function, PG generally acts as a tumor/metastasis suppressor. We recently showed that PG interacted with p53 and that its growth/metastasis inhibitory function may be mediated by this interaction. Very little is known about the role of PG in ovarian cancer. Here, we investigated the in vitro tumor/metastasis suppressor effects of PG in ovarian cancer cell lines with mutant p53 expression and different cadherin profiles. We showed that the N-cadherin expressing and E-cadherin and PG deficient ES-2 cells were highly migratory and invasive, whereas OV-90 cells that express E-cadherin, PG and very little/no N-cadherin were not. Exogenous expression of PG or E-cadherin or N-cadherin knockdown in ES-2 cells (ES-2-E-cad, ES-2-PG and ES-2-shN-cad) significantly reduced their migration and invasion. Also, PG expression or N-cadherin knockdown significantly decreased ES-2 cells growth. Furthermore, PG interacted with both cadherins and with wild type and mutant p53 in normal ovarian and ES-2-PG cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alaee
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1Z2, Canada
| | - Ghazal Danesh
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1Z2, Canada
| | - Manijeh Pasdar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G1Z2, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Mucaki EJ, Caminsky NG, Perri AM, Lu R, Laederach A, Halvorsen M, Knoll JHM, Rogan PK. A unified analytic framework for prioritization of non-coding variants of uncertain significance in heritable breast and ovarian cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:19. [PMID: 27067391 PMCID: PMC4828881 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing of both healthy and disease singletons yields many novel and low frequency variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Complete gene and genome sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS) significantly increases the number of VUS detected. While prior studies have emphasized protein coding variants, non-coding sequence variants have also been proven to significantly contribute to high penetrance disorders, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). We present a strategy for analyzing different functional classes of non-coding variants based on information theory (IT) and prioritizing patients with large intragenic deletions. METHODS We captured and enriched for coding and non-coding variants in genes known to harbor mutations that increase HBOC risk. Custom oligonucleotide baits spanning the complete coding, non-coding, and intergenic regions 10 kb up- and downstream of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 were synthesized for solution hybridization enrichment. Unique and divergent repetitive sequences were sequenced in 102 high-risk, anonymized patients without identified mutations in BRCA1/2. Aside from protein coding and copy number changes, IT-based sequence analysis was used to identify and prioritize pathogenic non-coding variants that occurred within sequence elements predicted to be recognized by proteins or protein complexes involved in mRNA splicing, transcription, and untranslated region (UTR) binding and structure. This approach was supplemented by in silico and laboratory analysis of UTR structure. RESULTS 15,311 unique variants were identified, of which 245 occurred in coding regions. With the unified IT-framework, 132 variants were identified and 87 functionally significant VUS were further prioritized. An intragenic 32.1 kb interval in BRCA2 that was likely hemizygous was detected in one patient. We also identified 4 stop-gain variants and 3 reading-frame altering exonic insertions/deletions (indels). CONCLUSIONS We have presented a strategy for complete gene sequence analysis followed by a unified framework for interpreting non-coding variants that may affect gene expression. This approach distills large numbers of variants detected by NGS to a limited set of variants prioritized as potential deleterious changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Natasha G Caminsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Ami M Perri
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Ruipeng Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Alain Laederach
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Matthew Halvorsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joan H M Knoll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada
- Cytognomix Inc., London, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada.
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada.
- Cytognomix Inc., London, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 2C1, Canada.
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