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Fenton M, Szostek CL, Delargy A, Johnson AF, Kaiser MJ, Hinz H, Hold N, Sciberras M. Catch yield and selectivity of a modified scallop dredge to reduce seabed impact. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302225. [PMID: 38739607 PMCID: PMC11090360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Global scallop fisheries are economically important but are associated with environmental impacts to seabed communities resulting from the direct physical contact of the fishing gear with the seabed. Gear modifications attempting to reduce this contact must be economically feasible such that the catch numbers for the target species is maintained or increased. This study investigated the outcome of reducing seabed contact on retained catch of scallops and bycatch by the addition of skids to the bottom of the collecting bag of scallop dredges. We used a paired control experimental design to investigate the impact of the gear modification in different habitat types. The modified skid dredge generally caught more marketable scallops per unit area fished compared with the standard dredge (+5%). However, the skid dredge also retained more bycatch (+11%) and more undersize scallops (+16%). The performance of the two dredges was habitat specific which indicates the importance of adjusting management measures in relation to habitat type. To realize the potential environmental benefits associated with the improvement in catchability of this gear modification, further gear modification is required to reduce the catch of undersize scallops and bycatch. Furthermore we advocate that technical gear innovations in scallop dredging need to be part of a comprehensive and effective fisheries management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Fenton
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Szostek
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Delargy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
- School for Marine Science & Technology, University of Massachusetts, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Michel J. Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hilmar Hinz
- Instituto Mediterraneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Natalie Hold
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Sciberras
- The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Viviers SA, Richter L, du Plessis EM, Korsten L. Microbiological quality of irrigation water on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms: elucidating environmental routes of contamination. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae091. [PMID: 38632044 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the microbiological safety, potential multidrug-resistant bacterial presence and genetic relatedness (DNA fingerprints) of Escherichia coli isolated from the water-soil-plant nexus on highly diverse fresh produce smallholder farms. METHODS AND RESULTS Irrigation water (n = 44), soil (n = 85), and fresh produce (n = 95) samples from six smallholder farms with different production systems were analysed for hygiene indicator bacterial counts and the presence of shigatoxigenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. Identities of isolates were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and the genetic relatedness of the E. coli isolates determined using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis. Irrigation water E. coli levels ranged between 0 and 3.45 log MPN/100 ml-1 with five farms having acceptable levels according to the World Health Organization limit (3 log MPN/100 ml-1). Fresh produce samples on four farms (n = 65) harboured E. coli at low levels (<1 log CFU/g-1) except for one sample from kale, spring onion, green pepper, onion, and two tomato samples, which exceeded international acceptable limits (100 CFU/g-1). Only one baby carrot fresh produce sample tested positive for Salmonella spp. Of the 224 samples, E. coli isolates were identified in 40% (n = 90) of all water, soil, and fresh produce types after enrichment. Additionally, the DNA fingerprints of E. coli isolates from the water-soil-plant nexus of each respective farm clustered together at high similarity values (>90%), with all phenotypically characterized as multidrug-resistant. CONCLUSIONS The clustering of E. coli isolated throughout the water-soil-plant nexus, implicated irrigation water in fresh produce contamination. Highlighting the importance of complying with irrigation water microbiological quality guidelines to limit the spread of potential foodborne pathogens throughout the fresh produce supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon A Viviers
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Loandi Richter
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Erika M du Plessis
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Cano I, Wood G, Stone D, Noyer M, Canier L, Arzul I. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Fast Detection of Bonamia ostreae and Bonamia exitiosa in Flat Oysters. Pathogens 2024; 13:132. [PMID: 38392870 PMCID: PMC10893247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The haplosporidian parasites Bonamia ostreae (BO) and B. exitiosa (BE) are serious oyster pathogens. Two independent laboratories evaluated fluorescence real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapidly detecting these parasites. Specific LAMP assays were designed on the BO actin-1 and BE actin genes. A further generic assay was conceived on a conserved region of the 18S gene to detect both Bonamia species. The optimal reaction temperature varied from 65 to 67 °C depending on the test and instrument. Melting temperatures were 89.8-90.2 °C, 87.0-87.6 °C, and 86.2-86.6 °C for each of the BO, BE, and generic assays. The analytical sensitivity of these assays was 50 copies/µL in a 30 min run. The BO and BE test sensitivity was ~1 log lower than a real-time PCR, while the generic test sensitivity was similar to the real-time PCR. Both the BO and BE assays were shown to be specific; however, the generic assay potentially cross-reacts with Haplosporidium costale. The performance of the LAMP assays evaluated on samples of known status detected positives within 7-20 min with a test accuracy of 100% for the BO and generic tests and a 95.8% accuracy for BE. The ease of use, rapidity and affordability of these tests allow for field deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- The International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (D.S.)
| | - Gareth Wood
- The International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (D.S.)
| | - David Stone
- The International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (D.S.)
| | - Mathilde Noyer
- The Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-ASIM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390 Brest, France; (M.N.); (L.C.); (I.A.)
| | - Lydie Canier
- The Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-ASIM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390 Brest, France; (M.N.); (L.C.); (I.A.)
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- The Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer Ifremer, RBE-SG2M-ASIM, Station de La Tremblade, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390 Brest, France; (M.N.); (L.C.); (I.A.)
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Molto-Martin I, Neil DM, Coates CJ, MacKenzie SA, Bass D, Stentiford GD, Albalat A. Infection of Norway lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus) by the parasite Hematodinium sp.: insights from 30 years of field observations. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231147. [PMID: 38234432 PMCID: PMC10791531 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is an important representative of the benthos and also supports valuable fisheries across Europe. Nephrops are susceptible to infection by Hematodinium sp., an endoparasitic dinoflagellate that causes morbidity and mortality. From an epizootiological perspective, the Clyde Sea Area (CSA; west of Scotland) is the best-studied Hematodinium-Nephrops pathosystem, with historical data available between 1988 and 2008. We have revisited this pathosystem by curating and updating prevalence values, differentiating host traits associated with disease exposure and progression, and comparing Hematodinium sp. disease dynamics in the CSA to other locations and to other decapod hosts (Cancer pagurus, Carcinus maenas). Prevalence from a 2018/2019 survey (involving 1739 lobsters) revealed Hematodinium sp. still mounts a synchronized patent infection in the CSA; hence this pathogen can be considered as enzootic in this location. We highlight for the first time that Nephrops size is associated with high severity infection, while females are more exposed to Hematodinium sp. More generally, regardless of the host (Norway lobster, brown and shore crabs) or the geographical area (Ireland, Wales, Scotland), Hematodinium sp. patent infections peak in spring/summer and reach their nadir during autumn. We contend that Hematodinium must be considered one of the most important pathogens of decapod crustaceans in temperate waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas M. Neil
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christopher J. Coates
- Zoology and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Grant D. Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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5
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Thompson MSA, Couce E, Schratzberger M, Lynam CP. Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6606-6619. [PMID: 37814904 PMCID: PMC10946503 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies predict shifts in species distributions and community size composition in response to climate change, yet few have demonstrated how these changes will be distributed across marine food webs. We use Bayesian Additive Regression Trees to model how climate change will affect the habitat suitability of marine fish species across a range of body sizes and belonging to different feeding guilds, each with different habitat and feeding requirements in the northeast Atlantic shelf seas. Contrasting effects of climate change are predicted for feeding guilds, with spatially extensive decreases in the species richness of consumers lower in the food web (planktivores) but increases for those higher up (piscivores). Changing spatial patterns in predator-prey mass ratios and fish species size composition are also predicted for feeding guilds and across the fish assemblage. In combination, these changes could influence nutrient uptake and transformation, transfer efficiency and food web stability, and thus profoundly alter ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray S. A. Thompson
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Lowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | - Elena Couce
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Lowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | - Michaela Schratzberger
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Lowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | - Christopher P. Lynam
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)Lowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
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6
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Lonsdale J, Blake S. The need to manage emerging human activities, not just emerging chemicals, in chemical management in the marine environment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:857-858. [PMID: 37350528 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Lonsdale
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK
- IEAM Editorial Board Member
| | - Sylvia Blake
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK
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7
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Alathari S, Chaput DL, Bolaños LM, Joseph A, Jackson VLN, Verner-Jeffreys D, Paley R, Tyler CR, Temperton B. Correction: Alathari et al. A Multiplexed, Tiled PCR Method for Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Tilapia. Viruses 2023, 15, 965. Viruses 2023; 15:1476. [PMID: 37515305 PMCID: PMC10321574 DOI: 10.3390/v15071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma Alathari
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Dominique L Chaput
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Luis M Bolaños
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andrew Joseph
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Victoria L N Jackson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Richard Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ben Temperton
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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8
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Alathari S, Chaput DL, Bolaños LM, Joseph A, Jackson VLN, Verner-Jeffreys D, Paley R, Tyler CR, Temperton B. A Multiplexed, Tiled PCR Method for Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Tilapia. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040965. [PMID: 37112945 PMCID: PMC10145788 DOI: 10.3390/v15040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia farming is one of the most important sectors in aquaculture worldwide and of major importance to global food security. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) has been identified as an agent of high morbidity and mortality, threatening tilapia aquaculture. ISKNV was detected in Lake Volta, Ghana, in September 2018 and spread rapidly, with mortality rates between 60 and 90% and losses of more than 10 tonnes of fish per day. Understanding the spread and evolution of viral pathogens is important for control strategies. Here, we developed a tiled-PCR sequencing approach for the whole-genome sequencing of ISKNV, using long read sequencing to enable field-based, real-time genomic surveillance. This work represents the first use of tiled-PCR for whole genome recovery of viruses in aquaculture, with the longest genome target (>110 kb dsDNA) to date. Our protocol was applied to field samples collected from the ISKNV outbreaks from four intensive tilapia cage culture systems across Lake Volta, between October 2018 and May 2022. Despite the low mutation rate of dsDNA viruses, 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms accumulated during the sampling period. Droplet digital PCR identified a minimum requirement of template in a sample to recover 50% of an ISKNV genome at 275 femtograms (2410 viral templates per 5 µL sequencing reaction). Overall, tiled-PCR sequencing of ISKNV provides an informative tool to assist in disease control in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma Alathari
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Dominique L Chaput
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Luis M Bolaños
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andrew Joseph
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Victoria L N Jackson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - David Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Richard Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ben Temperton
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Rouxel Y, Crawford R, Buratti JPF, Cleasby IR. Slow sink rate in floated-demersal longline and implications for seabird bycatch risk. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267169. [PMID: 35482810 PMCID: PMC9049334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bycatch of birds in longline fisheries is a global conservation issue, with between 160,000–320,000 seabirds killed each year, primarily through being caught and drowned as they attempt to snatch baits off hooks as they are set. This conservation issue has received significant recognition in southern hemisphere longline fisheries over the past several decades, largely due to the impact on highly charismatic and highly threatened birds, notably Albatrosses. As a result, the use of effective mitigation measures has been subject to fisheries regulations to reduce seabird bycatch from longliners in a number of national jurisdictions and in several Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RMFOs). While mitigation measures have been mandated in a number of north Pacific longline fisheries, this is largely not the case in north Atlantic longline fisheries. This includes vessels using floated-demersal longlines in the North-East Atlantic longline fishery targeting European Hake Merluccius merluccius, in which high levels of seabird bycatch are estimated. In this paper, we analysed the sinking speed of a floated-demersal longline used to target European Hake in the offshore waters of Scotland, to determine potential bycatch risks to seabirds. We deployed Time Depth Recorder devices at different points of the gear. We assessed how this gear performed in comparison to the best practice minimum sink rate of 0.3 m/s recommended by the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) to limit bird access to baited hooks. We found that the average sinking speed of the floated-demersal longline was substantially slower than the ACAP recommendation, between two and nine times slower in non-weighted parts of the gear down to 10m water depth. Our work also found that the sink rate is particularly slow in the top 2m of the water column, increasing with depth and stabilizing at depths over 10m, presumably a consequence of propeller wash behind the vessel. We calculated that the distance astern of the vessel for hooks to sink beyond susceptible seabirds’ reach largely exceeds optimum coverage of best practice design Bird Scaring Lines (100 m). Our results indicate that hooks from floated-demersal longlines are therefore readily open to seabird attacks, and as a result, present a clear bycatch risk. Research is needed to adapt existing mitigation measures to floated-longlines and to develop novel mitigation approaches to improve the sink rate of the gear without impacting target fish catch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Rouxel
- BirdLife International Marine Programme, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rory Crawford
- BirdLife International Marine Programme, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Forti Buratti
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Cleasby
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom
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10
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Treagus S, Wright C, Baker-Austin C, Longdon B, Lowther J. The Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus to Humans. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:127-145. [PMID: 33738770 PMCID: PMC8116281 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Globally, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes over 20 million cases worldwide. HEV is an emerging and endemic pathogen within economically developed countries, chiefly resulting from infections with genotype 3 (G3) HEV. G3 HEV is known to be a zoonotic pathogen, with a broad host range. The primary source of HEV within more economically developed countries is considered to be pigs, and consumption of pork products is a significant risk factor and known transmission route for the virus to humans. However, other foods have also been implicated in the transmission of HEV to humans. This review consolidates the information available regarding transmission of HEV and looks to identify gaps where further research is required to better understand how HEV is transmitted to humans through food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Treagus
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | | | - Craig Baker-Austin
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ben Longdon
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - James Lowther
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
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Potts RWA, Gutierrez AP, Penaloza CS, Regan T, Bean TP, Houston RD. Potential of genomic technologies to improve disease resistance in molluscan aquaculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200168. [PMID: 33813884 PMCID: PMC8059958 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscan aquaculture is a major contributor to global seafood production, but is hampered by infectious disease outbreaks that can cause serious economic losses. Selective breeding has been widely used to improve disease resistance in major agricultural and aquaculture species, and has clear potential in molluscs, albeit its commercial application remains at a formative stage. Advances in genomic technologies, especially the development of cost-efficient genomic selection, have the potential to accelerate genetic improvement. However, tailored approaches are required owing to the distinctive reproductive and life cycle characteristics of molluscan species. Transgenesis and genome editing, in particular CRISPR/Cas systems, have been successfully trialled in molluscs and may further understanding and improvement of genetic resistance to disease through targeted changes to the host genome. Whole-organism genome editing is achievable on a much greater scale compared to other farmed species, making genome-wide CRISPR screening approaches plausible. This review discusses the current state and future potential of selective breeding, genomic tools and genome editing approaches to understand and improve host resistance to infectious disease in molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. A. Potts
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alejandro P. Gutierrez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carolina S. Penaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Robinson PC, Littler HR, Lange A, Santos EM. Developmental exposure window influences silver toxicity but does not affect the susceptibility to subsequent exposures in zebrafish embryos. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:579-595. [PMID: 33083906 PMCID: PMC7609441 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver is a non-essential, toxic metal widespread in freshwaters and capable of causing adverse effects to wildlife. Its toxic effects have been studied in detail but less is known about how sensitivity varies during development and whether pre-exposures affect tolerance upon re-exposure. We address these knowledge gaps using the zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio) model to investigate whether exposures encompassing stages of development prior to mid-blastula transition, when chorion hardening and epigenetic reprogramming occur, result in greater toxicity compared to those initiated after this period. We conducted exposures to silver initiated at 0.5 h post fertilisation (hpf) and 4 hpf to determine if toxicity differed. In parallel, we exposed embryos to the methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine as a positive control. Toxicity increased when exposures started from 0.5 hpf compared to 4 hpf and LC50 were significantly lower by 1.2 and 7.6 times for silver and 5-azacyitidine, respectively. We then investigated whether pre-exposure to silver during early development (from 0.5 or 4 hpf) affected the outcome of subsequent exposures during the larvae stage, and found no alterations in toxicity compared to naïve larvae. Together, these data demonstrate that during early development zebrafish embryos are more sensitive to silver when experiments are initiated at the one-cell stage, but that pre-exposures do not influence the outcome of subsequent exposures, suggesting that no long-lasting memory capable of influencing future susceptibility was maintained under our experimental conditions. The finding that toxicity is greater for exposures initiated at the one-cell stage has implications for designing testing systems to assess chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Robinson
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK.
| | - Hannah R Littler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, Dorset, UK
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Eduarda M Santos
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Allain TW, Stentiford GD, Bass D, Behringer DC, Bojko J. A novel nudivirus infecting the invasive demon shrimp Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Amphipoda). Sci Rep 2020; 10:14816. [PMID: 32908207 PMCID: PMC7481228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nudiviridae are a family of large double-stranded DNA viruses that infects the cells of the gut in invertebrates, including insects and crustaceans. The phylogenetic range of the family has recently been enhanced via the description of viruses infecting penaeid shrimp, crangonid shrimp, homarid lobsters and portunid crabs. Here we extend this by presenting the genome of another nudivirus infecting the amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes. The virus, which infects cells of the host hepatopancreas, has a circular genome of 119,754 bp in length, and encodes a predicted 106 open reading frames. This novel virus encodes all the conserved nudiviral genes (sharing 57 gene homologues with other crustacean-infecting nudiviruses) but appears to lack the p6.9 gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus branches before the other crustacean-infecting nudiviruses and shares low levels of gene/protein similarity to the Gammanudivirus genus. Comparison of gene synteny from known crustacean-infecting nudiviruses reveals conservation between Homarus gammarus nudivirus and Penaeus monodon nudivirus; however, three genomic rearrangements in this novel amphipod virus appear to break the gene synteny between this and the ones infecting lobsters and penaeid shrimp. We explore the evolutionary history and systematics of this novel virus, suggesting that it be included in the novel Epsilonnudivirus genus (Nudiviridae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Allain
- School of Forest Resource and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquatic Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquatic Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Donald C Behringer
- School of Forest Resource and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK.
- National Horizons Centre of Excellence in Bioscience Industry, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK.
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Vogeler S, Bean TP, Lyons BP, Galloway TS. Dynamics of nuclear receptor gene expression during Pacific oyster development. BMC Dev Biol 2016; 16:33. [PMID: 27680968 PMCID: PMC5041327 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear receptors are a highly conserved set of ligand binding transcription factors, with essential roles regulating aspects of vertebrate and invertebrate biology alike. Current understanding of nuclear receptor regulated gene expression in invertebrates remains sparse, limiting our ability to elucidate gene function and the conservation of developmental processes across phyla. Here, we studied nuclear receptor expression in the early life stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to identify at which specific key stages nuclear receptors are expressed RESULTS: We used quantitative RT-PCR to determine the expression profiles of 34 nuclear receptors, revealing three developmental key stages, during which nuclear receptor expression is dynamically regulated: embryogenesis, mid development from gastrulation to trochophore larva, and late larval development prior to metamorphosis. Clustering of nuclear receptor expression patterns demonstrated that transcriptional regulation was not directly related to gene phylogeny, suggesting closely related genes may have distinct functions. Expression of gene homologs of vertebrate retinoid receptors suggests participation in organogenesis and shell-formation, as they are highly expressed at the gastrulation and trochophore larval initial shell formation stages. The ecdysone receptor homolog showed high expression just before larval settlement, suggesting a potential role in metamorphosis. CONCLUSION Throughout early oyster development nuclear receptors exhibited highly dynamic expression profiles, which were not confined by gene phylogeny. These results provide fundamental information on the presence of nuclear receptors during key developmental stages, which aids elucidation of their function in the developmental process. This understanding is essential as ligand sensing nuclear receptors can be disrupted by xenobiotics, a mode of action through which anthropogenic environmental pollutants have been found to mediate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogeler
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB UK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB UK
| | - Brett P. Lyons
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB UK
| | - Tamara S. Galloway
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
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