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Human MAIT cells endowed with HBV specificity are cytotoxic and migrate towards HBV-HCC while retaining antimicrobial functions. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100318. [PMID: 34377970 PMCID: PMC8327138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Virus-specific T cell dysfunction is a common feature of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). Conventional T (ConT) cells can be redirected towards viral antigens in HBV-HCC when they express an HBV-specific receptor; however, their efficacy can be impaired by liver-specific physical and metabolic features. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the most abundant innate-like T cells in the liver and can elicit potent intrahepatic effector functions. Here, we engineered ConT and MAIT cells to kill HBV expressing hepatoma cells and compared their functional properties. METHODS Donor-matched ConT and MAIT cells were engineered to express an HBV-specific T cell receptor (TCR). Cytotoxicity and hepatocyte homing potential were investigated using flow cytometry, real-time killing assays, and confocal microscopy in 2D and 3D HBV-HCC cell models. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule (MR1)-dependent and MR1-independent activation was evaluated in an Escherichia coli THP-1 cell model and by IL-12/IL-18 stimulation, respectively. RESULTS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrated polyfunctional properties (CD107a, interferon [IFN] γ, tumour necrosis factor [TNF], and IL-17A) with strong HBV target sensitivity and liver-homing chemokine receptor expression when compared with HBV TCR-ConT cells. TCR-mediated lysis of hepatoma cells was comparable between the cell types and augmented in the presence of inflammation. Coculturing with HBV+ target cells in a 3D microdevice mimicking aspects of the liver microenvironment demonstrated that TCR-MAIT cells migrate readily towards hepatoma targets. Expression of an ectopic TCR did not affect the ability of the MAIT cells to be activated via MR1-presented bacterial antigens or IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrate anti-HBV functions without losing their endogenous antimicrobial mechanisms or hepatotropic features. Our results support future exploitations of MAIT cells for liver-directed immunotherapies. LAY SUMMARY Chronic HBV infection is a leading cause of liver cancer. T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are patients' immune cells that have been modified to recognise virus-infected and/or cancer cells. Herein, we evaluated whether mucosal-associated invariant T cells, a large population of unconventional T cells in the liver, could recognise and kill HBV infected hepatocytes when engineered with an HBV-specific TCR. We show that their effector functions may exceed those of conventional T cells currently used in the clinic, including antimicrobial properties and chemokine receptor profiles better suited for targeting liver tumours.
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Key Words
- 5-OP-RU, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adoptive cell transfer
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CXCL, chemokine (CXC) ligand
- CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor
- ConT, conventional T
- DCI, dead cell index
- FMO, fluorescence minus one
- FSC, forward scatter
- HBV
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IFN, interferon
- IR, irrelevant peptide
- MAIT cells
- MAIT, mucosal-associated invariant T
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MR1, MHC class I-related molecule
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
- RT, room temperature
- SSC, side scatter
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCR-T cells
- TNF, tumour necrosis function
- UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VLA-4, very late antigen-4
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Ameliorated healing of biliary anastomosis by autologous adipose-derived stem cell sheets. Regen Ther 2020; 14:79-86. [PMID: 31988997 PMCID: PMC6970135 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell sheets consisting of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been reported to be effective for wound healing. We conducted this study to clarify the efficacy of ADSC sheets in wound healing at the duct-to-duct biliary anastomotic site in pigs. Methods Eleven female pigs (20–25 kg) were divided into two groups: biliary anastomosis with an ADSC sheet (n = 6) or without an ADSC sheet (n = 5). To follow the transplanted ADSCs, PKH26GL-labeled sheets were used in one of the ADSC pigs. Two weeks prior to laparotomy, ADSCs were isolated from the lower abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. After three passages, ADSCs were seeded on temperature-responsive culture dishes and collected as cell sheets. ADSC sheets were gently transplanted on the anastomotic site. We evaluated specimens by PKH26GL labeling, macroscopic changes, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagen content. Results Labeled ADSCs remained around the bile duct wall. In the no-ADSC group, more adhesion developed at the hepatic hilum as observed during relaparotomy. Histopathological examination showed that the diameter and cross-sectional area of the bile duct wall were decreased in the ADSC group. In the no-ADSC group, a large number of inflammatory cells and more collagen fibers were identified in the bile duct wall. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that autologous ADSC sheet transplantation reduced hypertrophic changes in the bile duct wall at the anastomotic site. A long-term follow-up is required to evaluate the efficacy of this mechanism in prevention of biliary anastomotic strictures. The first study to show the effect of ADSCs on healing of biliary anastomosis. Hypertrophic change in bile duct wall was observed at biliary anastomotic site. Autologous ADSC transplantation reduced the hypertrophic change. The presence of transplanted ADSC was confirmed by PKH26GL-positive ADSCs.
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Key Words
- ADSC, adipose-derived stem cell
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adipose-derived stem cell
- Anastomotic healing
- BAS, biliary anastomotic strictures
- BMSC, bone marrow stem cells
- Biliary anastomosis
- CBD, common bile duct
- Cell sheet
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse)-like cells exist in synovial tissue. Regen Ther 2018; 10:17-26. [PMID: 30525067 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cartilage regeneration is a promising therapy for restoring joint function in patients with cartilage defects. The limited availability of autologous chondrocytes or chondrogenic progenitor cells is an obstacle to its clinical application. We investigated the existence and chondrogenic potential of synovial membrane-derived multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse)-like cells as an alternative cell source for cartilage regeneration. Methods Cells positive for stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3), a marker of Muse cells, were isolated from the synovial membranes of 6 of 8 patients (median age, 53.5 years; range 36-72 years) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. SSEA-3-positive cells were cultured in methylcellulose to examine their ability to form Muse clusters that are similar to the embryoid bodies formed by human embryonic stem cells. Muse clusters were expanded and chondrogenic potential of M-cluster-derived MSCs examined using a pellet culture system. Chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated by proteoglycan, safranin O, toluidine blue and type II collagen staining. To evaluate the practicality of the procedure for isolating Muse-like cells, we compared chondrogenic potential of M-cluster derived MSCs with expanded cells derived from the clusters formed by unsorted synovial cells. Results Synovial membranes contained SSEA-3-positive cells that after isolation exhibited Muse-like characteristics such as forming clusters that expressed NANOG, OCT3/4, and SOX2. In the pellet culture system, cell pellets created from the M-cluster-derived MSCs exhibited an increase in wet weight, which implied an increase in extracellular matrix production, displayed metachromasia with toluidine blue and safranin O staining and were aggrecan-positive and type II collagen-positive by immunostaining. Unsorted synovial cells also formed clusters in methylcellulose culture, and the expanded cell population derived from them exhibited chondrogenic potential. The histological and immunohistochemical appearance of chondrogenic pellet created from unsorted synovial cell-derived cells were comparable with that from M-cluster-derived MSCs. Conclusions Muse-like cells can be isolated from the human synovial membrane, even from older patients, and therefore may provide a source of multipotent cells for regenerative medicine. In addition, the cluster-forming cell population within synovial cells also has excellent chondrogenic potential. These cells may provide a more practical option for cartilage regeneration.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Cartilage
- Chondrogenic potential
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- M-cluster, cluster cultured from synovial–Muse cells
- MC, methylcellulose
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cell
- Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells
- Muse, multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Regenerative medicine
- SSEA-3, stage-specific embryonic antigen-3
- SY-cluster, cluster cultured from unsorted synovial cells
- Stage-specific embryonic antigens-3
- αMEM, alpha-minimum essential medium
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Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Dynamic Plasticity Between Lgr5- and Bmi1-Expressing Intestinal Cell Populations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:79-96. [PMID: 29928673 PMCID: PMC6008251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Continual renewal of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on active- and slow-cycling stem cells that are confined to the crypt base. Tight regulation of these stem cell populations maintains homeostasis by balancing proliferation and differentiation to support critical intestinal functions. The hierarchical relation of discrete stem cell populations in homeostasis or during regenerative epithelial repair remains controversial. Although recent studies have supported a model for the active-cycling leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) functioning upstream of the slow-cycling B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1)-expressing cell, other studies have reported the opposite relation. Tools that facilitate simultaneous analyses of these populations are required to evaluate their coordinated function. METHODS We used novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against murine intestinal epithelial cells in conjunction with ISC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice to analyze relations between ISC populations by microscopy. Ex vivo 3-dimensional cultures, flow cytometry, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. RESULTS Two novel mAbs recognized distinct subpopulations of the intestinal epithelium and when used in combination permitted isolation of discrete Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP-enriched populations with stem activity. Growth from singly isolated Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to small spheroids. Spheroids did not express Lgr5GFP and instead up-regulated Bmi1GFP expression. Conversely, Bmi1-derived spheroids initiated Lgr5GFP expression as crypt domains were established. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the functional utility of murine mAbs in the isolation and investigation of Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP ISC-enriched populations. Ex vivo analyses showed hierarchical plasticity between different ISC-expressing states; specifically Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to Bmi1GFP cells, and vice versa. These data highlight the impact of temporal and physiological context on unappreciated interactions between Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP cells during crypt formation.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- 4-OHT, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Bmi1
- Bmi1, B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog
- Egf, epidermal growth factor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Hierarchy
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- Lgr5
- Lgr5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Lyz, lysozyme
- OHSU, Oregon Health and Science University
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- Plasticity
- Rspo1, R-spondin1
- TdT, tdTomato
- Wnt, wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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A pilot study of the modulation of sirtuins on arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 enzymatic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:188-199. [PMID: 29719779 PMCID: PMC5926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT; E.C. 2.3.1.5) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of several arylamine and hydrazine drugs by acetylation. In this process, the acetyl group transferred to the acceptor substrate produces NAT deacetylation and, in consequence, it is susceptible of degradation. Sirtuins are protein deacetylases, dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide, which perform post-translational modifications on cytosolic proteins. To explore possible sirtuin participation in the enzymatic activity of arylamine NATs, the expression levels of NAT1, NAT2, SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. The in situ activity of the sirtuins on NAT enzymatic activity was analyzed by HPLC, in the presence or absence of an agonist (resveratrol) and inhibitor (nicotinamide) of sirtuins. We detected a higher percentage of positive cells for NAT2 in comparison with NAT1, and higher numbers of SIRT1+ cells compared to SIRT6 in lymphocytes. In situ NAT2 activity in the presence of NAM inhibitors was higher than in the presence of its substrate, but not in the presence of resveratrol. In contrast, the activity of NAT1 was not affected by sirtuins. These results showed that NAT2 activity might be modified by sirtuins.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Ac-INH, acetyl-Isoniazid
- Ac-PABA, acetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid
- Arylamine N-acetyltransferase
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary cells
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F1, E2F transctriptios factor 1
- ER81, ETS-related protein 81
- FITC, fluorescein IsoTioCyanate
- FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HeLa, adenocarcinoma epithelial cells
- INH, isoniazid
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAM, nicotinamide
- NAT
- NAT, arylamine N-acetyltranferase
- Nicotinamide
- PABA, p-aminobenzoic acid
- PAS, p-aminosalicilic acid
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PGAM1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RSV, resveratrol
- RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3
- Resveratrol
- SIRT, sirtuin
- SMZ, sulfamethazine
- SREBP1a, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1a
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
- Sirtuins
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A plastic SQSTM1/p62-dependent autophagic reserve maintains proteostasis and determines proteasome inhibitor susceptibility in multiple myeloma cells. Autophagy 2016; 11:1161-78. [PMID: 26043024 PMCID: PMC4590585 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1052928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the paradigmatic proteasome inhibitor (PI) responsive cancer, but many patients fail to respond. An attractive target to enhance sensitivity is (macro)autophagy, recently found essential to bone marrow plasma cells, the normal counterpart of MM. Here, integrating proteomics with hypothesis-driven strategies, we identified the autophagic cargo receptor and adapter protein, SQSTM1/p62 as an essential component of an autophagic reserve that not only synergizes with the proteasome to maintain proteostasis, but also mediates a plastic adaptive response to PIs, and faithfully reports on inherent PI sensitivity. Lentiviral engineering revealed that SQSTM1 is essential for MM cell survival and affords specific PI protection. Under basal conditions, SQSTM1-dependent autophagy alleviates the degradative burden on the proteasome by constitutively disposing of substantial amounts of ubiquitinated proteins. Indeed, its inhibition or stimulation greatly sensitized to, or protected from, PI-induced protein aggregation and cell death. Moreover, under proteasome stress, myeloma cells selectively enhanced SQSTM1 de novo expression and reset its vast endogenous interactome, diverting SQSTM1 from signaling partners to maximize its association with ubiquitinated proteins. Saturation of such autophagic reserve, as indicated by intracellular accumulation of undigested SQSTM1-positive aggregates, specifically discriminated patient-derived myelomas inherently susceptible to PIs from primarily resistant ones. These aggregates correlated with accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum, which comparative proteomics identified as the main cell compartment targeted by autophagy in MM. Altogether, the data integrate autophagy into our previously established proteasome load-versus-capacity model, and reveal SQSTM1 aggregation as a faithful marker of defective proteostasis, defining a novel prognostic and therapeutic framework for MM.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Ab, antibody
- BM, bone marrow
- Baf A1, bafilomycin A1
- Btz, bortezomib
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERGIC, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
- GO, gene ontology
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MM, multiple myeloma
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PC, plasma cell
- PI, proteasome inhibitor
- Rapa, rapamycin
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling in cell culture
- SQSTM1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system
- Ub, ubiquitin
- aggregate
- amc, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
- autophagy
- bortezomib
- endoplasmic reticulum
- multiple myeloma
- p62
- pAb, polyclonal antibody
- plasma cells
- proteasome
- proteasome inhibitors
- proteostasis
- ubiquitin
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Abstract
Platelets modulate vascular system integrity, and their loss is critical in haematological pathologies and after chemotherapy. Therefore, identification of molecules enhancing platelet production would be useful to counteract thrombocytopenia. We have previously shown that 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) acts as a true agonist of platelets, as well as it commits erythroid precursors toward the megakaryocytic lineage. Against this background, we sought to further interrogate the role of 2-AG in megakaryocyte/platelet physiology by investigating terminal differentiation, and subsequent thrombopoiesis. To this end, we used MEG-01 cells, a human megakaryoblastic cell line able to produce in vitro platelet-like particles. 2-AG increased the number of cells showing ruffled surface and enhanced surface expression of specific megakaryocyte/platelet surface antigens, typical hallmarks of terminal megakaryocytic differentiation and platelet production. Changes in cytoskeleton modeling also occurred in differentiated megakaryocytes and blebbing platelets. 2-AG acted by binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors, because specific antagonists reverted its effect. Platelets were split off from megakaryocytes and were functional: they contained the platelet-specific surface markers CD61 and CD49, whose levels increased following stimulation with a natural agonist like collagen. Given the importance of 2-AG for driving megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, not surprisingly we found that its hydrolytic enzymes were tightly controlled by classical inducers of megakaryocyte differentiation. In conclusion 2-AG, by triggering megakaryocyte maturation and platelet release, may have clinical efficacy to counteract thrombocytopenia-related diseases.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- AEA, anandamide
- APC, allophycocyanin
- CB1, type-1 cannabinoid receptor
- CB2, type-2 cannabinoid receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- DAGL, diacylglycerol lipase
- Differentiation
- FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HEL, human erythroleukemia
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- PE, phycoerythrin
- TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- cluster of differentiation
- cytoskeleton
- eCB, endocannabinoid
- endocannabinoid system
- haematopoietic cells
- megakaryocytes
- platelets
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RANK and RANK ligand expression in primary human osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2015; 4:59-68. [PMID: 27556008 PMCID: PMC4986823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast formation, function and survival. In patients with solid tumor metastasis to the bone, targeting the bone microenvironment by inhibition of RANKL using denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to RANKL, has been demonstrated to prevent tumor-induced osteolysis and subsequent skeletal complications. Recently, a prominent functional role for the RANKL pathway has emerged in the primary bone tumor giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). Expression of both RANKL and RANK is extremely high in GCTB tumors and denosumab treatment was associated with tumor regression and reduced tumor-associated bone lysis in GCTB patients. In order to address the potential role of the RANKL pathway in another primary bone tumor, this study assessed human RANKL and RANK expression in human primary osteosarcoma (OS) using specific mAbs, validated and optimized for immunohistochemistry (IHC) or flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate RANKL expression was observed in the tumor element in 68% of human OS using IHC. However, the staining intensity was relatively low and only 37% (29/79) of samples exhibited≥10% RANKL positive tumor cells. RANK expression was not observed in OS tumor cells. In contrast, RANK expression was clearly observed in other cells within OS samples, including the myeloid osteoclast precursor compartment, osteoclasts and in giant osteoclast cells. The intensity and frequency of RANKL and RANK staining in OS samples were substantially less than that observed in GCTB samples. The observation that RANKL is expressed in OS cells themselves suggests that these tumors may mediate an osteoclastic response, and anti-RANKL therapy may potentially be protective against bone pathologies in OS. However, the absence of RANK expression in primary human OS cells suggests that any autocrine RANKL/RANK signaling in human OS tumor cells is not operative, and anti-RANKL therapy would not directly affect the tumor.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Antibodies
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
- GCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
- Human osteosarcoma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- IgG1, immunoglobulin G1
- Immunohistochemistry
- LN, lymph node
- OS, osteosarcoma
- Protein expression
- RANK
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
- RANKL
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
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The AhR agonist VAF347 augments retinoic acid-induced differentiation in leukemia cells. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:308-18. [PMID: 25941627 PMCID: PMC4412882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In binary cell-fate decisions, driving one lineage and suppressing the other are conjoined. We have previously reported that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) promotes retinoic acid (RA)-induced granulocytic differentiation of lineage bipotent HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells. VAF347, an AhR agonist, impairs the development of CD14(+)CD11b(+) monocytes from granulo-monocytic (GM) stage precursors. We thus hypothesized that VAF347 propels RA-induced granulocytic differentiation and impairs D3-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Our results show that VAF347 enhanced RA-induced cell cycle arrest, CD11b integrin expression and neutrophil respiratory burst. Granulocytic differentiation is known to be driven by MAPK signaling events regulated by Fgr and Lyn Src-family kinases, the CD38 cell membrane receptor, the Vav1 GEF, the c-Cbl adaptor, as well as AhR, all of which are embodied in a putative signalsome. We found that the VAF347 AhR ligand regulates the signalsome. VAF347 augments RA-induced expression of AhR, Lyn, Vav1, and c-Cbl as well as p47(phox). Several interactions of partners in the signalsome appear to be enhanced: Fgr interaction with c-Cbl, CD38, and with pS259c-Raf and AhR interaction with c-Cbl and Lyn. Thus, we report that, while VAF347 impedes monocytic differentiation induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, VAF347 promotes RA-induced differentiation. This effect seems to involve but not to be limited to Lyn, Vav1, c-Cbl, AhR, and Fgr.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
- Differentiation
- FICZ, 6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole
- GM, granulo-monocytic
- Leukemia
- PE, phycoerythrin
- RA, all trans-retinoic acid
- Retinoic acid
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- VAF347
- VAF347, (4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-pyrimidin-2-yl)-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amine
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Ikaros deficiency in host hematopoietic cells separates GVL from GVHD after experimental allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016699. [PMID: 26140241 PMCID: PMC4485841 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is critical for its curative potential. Hwever, GVL is tightly linked to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Among hematological malignancies, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most resistant to GVL, although the reasons for this remain poorly understood. Clinical studies have identified alterations in Ikaros (Ik) transcription factor as the major marker associated with poor outcomes in ALL. We have shown that the absence of Ik in professional host-derived hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) exacerbates GVHD. However, whether Ik expression plays a role in resistance to GVL is not known. In this study we used multiple clinically relevant murine models of allo-HCT to explore whether Ik expression in hematopoietic APCs and/or leukemic cells is critical for increasing resistance to GVL and thus inducing relapse. We found that Ik deficiency in host APCs failed to enhance GVL despite increased GVHD severity. Mechanistic studies with bone marrow (BM) chimeras and tetramer analyses demonstrated reduced tumor-specific immunodominant (gag+) antigen responses in the [B6Ik-/-→B6] group. Loss of GVL was observed when both the leukemia cells and the host APCs were deficient in Ik. We found that calreticulin (CRT) expression in host antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) of Ik-/- animals was significantly lower than in wild-type animals. Rescuing CRT expression in Ik-/- DCs improved leukemic-specific cytotoxic T cell function. Together, our data demonstrate that the absence of Ikaros in host hematopoietic cells promotes resistance to GVL despite increasing GVHD and thus provides a potential mechanism for the poor outcome of Ik-/- ALL patients.
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Key Words
- 51Cr, Chromium-51
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- APC, allophycocyanin
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- Allo-HCT, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- BC, blast crisis
- BLI, bioluminescence imaging
- BM, bone marrow
- BMDCs, bone marrow derived dendritic cells
- BMT, bone marrow transplantation
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- CRT, calreticulin
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell
- DCs, dendritic cells
- FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FBS, fatal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GVHD, graft-versus-host-disease
- GVL, graft-versus-leukemia
- HCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1
- Ik DN, Ikaros dominant negative
- Ik, Ikaros
- Ikaros
- MACS, magnetic- activated cell sorting
- MBL-2, moloney-murine sarcoma virus-induced MBL-2 lymphoma cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction
- MiHAs, multiple minor histocompatibility antigens
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- SIRP-α, signal regulatory protein α
- TCD-BM, T cell depleted bone marrow
- TSA, tumor specific antigen
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- UCUCA, University Committee on Use and Care of Animals
- WT, wild-type
- antigen-presenting cells
- bone marrow transplantation
- graft-versus-leukemia
- luc+, luciferase+
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mCRT, murine calreticulin
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Expression of Viral Antigen by the Liver Leads to Chronic Infection Through the Generation of Regulatory T Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:325-341.e1. [PMID: 28210682 PMCID: PMC5301191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The constant exposure of the liver to food and bacterial antigens through the mesenteric circulation requires it to maintain tolerance while preserving the ability to mount an effective immune response against pathogens. We investigated the contribution of the liver's tolerogenic nature on the establishment of chronic viral infections. METHODS TTR-NP mice, which express the nucleoprotein (NP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) specifically in hepatocytes under control of a modified transthyretin (TTR) promoter, were infected with the Armstrong (Arm) or WE acute strains of LCMV. RESULTS The infection persisted for at least 147 days in TTR-NP mice. Expression of NP by the liver induced a strong peripheral tolerance against NP that was mediated by interleukin-10-secreting CD4+ regulatory T cells, leading to high PD-1 (programmed death-1) expression and reduced effector function of virus-specific T cells. Despite an active immune response against LCMV, peripheral tolerance against a single viral protein was sufficient to induce T-cell exhaustion and chronic LCMV Armstrong (Arm) or WE infection by limiting the antiviral T-cell response in an otherwise immunocompetent host. Regulatory T-cell depletion of chronically infected TTR-NP mice led to functional restoration of LCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and viral clearance. CONCLUSIONS Expression of a viral antigen by hepatocytes can induce a state of peripheral tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells that can lead to the establishment of a chronic viral infection. Strategies targeting regulatory T cells in patients chronically infected with hepatotropic viruses could represent a promising approach to restore functional antiviral immunity and clear infection.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Arm, Armstrong strain
- BTLA, B and T lymphocyte attenuator
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Chronic Infection
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- FoxP3, forkhead box P3
- GP, glycoprotein
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- Hepatitis
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IP, intraperitoneal
- IV, intravenous
- LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
- LIL, liver-infiltrating lymphocytes
- NP, nucleoprotein
- P14, GP33–41-specific TCR transgenic
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand-1
- PE, phycoerythrin
- RAG, recombination-activating gene
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNP4, NP396–404-specific TCR transgenic
- TTR, transthyretin
- Tolerance
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- pfu, plaque-forming units
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Phenolic excipients of insulin formulations induce cell death, pro-inflammatory signaling and MCP-1 release. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:194-202. [PMID: 28962351 PMCID: PMC5598374 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin formulations are cytotoxic in vitro. Toxicity is caused by the excipients phenol and m-cresol. Phenolic excipients activate stress kinases and attenuate AKT phosphorylation. Phenolic excipients induce pro-inflammatory responses and MCP-1 release. The toxic effects of excipients might explain inflammation of infusion sites in vivo.
Skin reactions at the infusion site are a common side effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. We hypothesized that local skin complications are caused by components of commercial insulin formulations that contain phenol or m-cresol as excipients. The toxic potential of insulin solutions and the mechanisms leading to skin reactions were explored in cultured cells. The toxicity of insulin formulations (Apidra, Humalog, NovoRapid, Insuman), excipient-free insulin, phenol and m-cresol was investigated in L929 cells, human adipocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells. The cells were incubated with the test compounds dose- and time-dependently. Cell viability, kinase signaling pathways, monocyte activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. Insulin formulations were cytotoxic in all cell-types and the pure excipients phenol and m-cresol were toxic to the same extent. P38 and JNK signaling pathways were activated by phenolic compounds, whereas AKT phosphorylation was attenuated. THP-1 cells incubated with sub-toxic levels of the test compounds showed increased expression of the activation markers CD54, CD11b and CD14 and secreted the chemokine MCP-1 indicating a pro-inflammatory response. Insulin solutions displayed cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory potential caused by phenol or m-cresol. We speculate that during insulin pump therapy phenol and m-cresol might induce cell death and inflammatory reactions at the infusion site in vivo. Inflammation is perpetuated by release of MCP-1 by activated monocytic cells leading to enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells. To minimize acute skin complications caused by phenol/m-cresol accumulation, a frequent change of infusion sets and rotation of the infusion site is recommended.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adverse effects
- Apidra (PubChem CID: 72941761)
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- Humalog (PubChem CID: 16132438)
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Inflammation
- Insulin
- Insulin (PubChem CID: 70678557)
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAP kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- Mip-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha
- NovoRapid (PubChem CID: 16132418)
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Phenol (PubChem CID: 996)
- Phenolic excipients
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- XTT, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide
- m-Cresol (PubChem CID: 342)
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Testing for HLA/peptide tetramer-binding to the T cell receptor complex on human T lymphocytes. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:88-96. [PMID: 24371571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HLA/peptide tetramers are frequently used for ex vivo monitoring of disease- or vaccine-induced T cell immune responses and for T cell epitope identification. However, when low-levels HLA/peptide tetramer-positive T cell populations are encountered, it is difficult to ascertain whether this represents a true T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated interaction or background signal. To address this issue, we have developed a method for both HLA class I and class II tetramer assays to confirm tetramer-binding to the TCR/CD3 complex. Preincubation of T cells with anti-CD3 mAb SPV-T3b and subsequent crosslinking interferes with the binding of HLA/peptide tetramers to the TCR/CD3 complex and thereby indicates to what extent HLA/peptide tetramer binds through interaction with TCR/CD3 complex. SPV-T3b pretreatment results in a 2- to 10-fold decrease in tetramer-binding intensity to antigen-specific CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, whereas background reactivity of HLA/peptide tetramers containing HIV-derived peptide in HIV-negative donors remained unchanged. SPV-T3b pretreatment forms a valuable tool to verify tetramer-based detection of antigen-specific T cells during the monitoring of immune responses in clinical studies.
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