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Huygen LPM, Westerink J, Mol GC, Bemelmans RHH. When LDL Cholesterol Is Not LDL Cholesterol: LpX, A Clinical Lesson. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:690-3. [PMID: 35677796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
LpX is a lipoprotein formed in cholestatic conditions and often erroneously reported as LDL-C. A low ApoB level can support the diagnosis of LpX. Treatment should not automatically focus on lowering serum lipid levels, but primarily on resolving the cause of cholestasis. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)
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Ścibior A, Pietrzyk Ł, Plewa Z, Skiba A. Vanadium: Risks and possible benefits in the light of a comprehensive overview of its pharmacotoxicological mechanisms and multi-applications with a summary of further research trends. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126508. [PMID: 32305626 PMCID: PMC7152879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanadium (V) is an element with a wide range of effects on the mammalian organism. The ability of this metal to form organometallic compounds has contributed to the increase in the number of studies on the multidirectional biological activity of its various organic complexes in view of their application in medicine. OBJECTIVE This review aims at summarizing the current state of knowledge of the pharmacological potential of V and the mechanisms underlying its anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activity as well as the mechanisms of appetite regulation related to the possibility of using this element in the treatment of obesity. The toxicological potential of V and the mechanisms of its toxic action, which have not been sufficiently recognized yet, as well as key information about the essentiality of this metal, its physiological role, and metabolism with certain aspects on the timeline is collected as well. The report also aims to review the use of V in the implantology and industrial sectors emphasizing the human health hazard as well as collect data on the directions of further research on V and its interactions with Mg along with their character. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Multidirectional studies on V have shown that further analyses are still required for this element to be used as a metallodrug in the fight against certain life-threatening diseases. Studies on interactions of V with Mg, which showed that both elements are able to modulate the response in an interactive manner are needed as well, as the results of such investigations may help not only in recognizing new markers of V toxicity and clarify the underlying interactive mechanism between them, thus improving the medical application of the metals against modern-age diseases, but also they may help in development of principles of effective protection of humans against environmental/occupational V exposure.
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Key Words
- 3-HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA
- AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- AS, antioxidant status
- Akt, protein kinase B (PKB)
- AmD, Assoc American Dietetic Association
- Anti-B, anti-bacterial
- Anti-C, anti-cancer
- Anti-D, anti-diabetic
- Anti-F, anti-fungal
- Anti-O, anti-obesity
- Anti-P, anti-parasitic
- Anti-V, anti-viral
- Anti−HC, anti-hypercholesterolemic
- ApoA-I, apolipoprotein A
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- B, bone
- BCOV, bis(curcumino)oxavanadyl
- BEOV, bis(ethylmaltolato)oxovanadium
- BMOV, bis(maltolato)oxavanadium(IV)
- Bim, Blc-2 interacting mediator of cell death
- Biological role
- BrOP, bromoperoxidase
- C, cholesterol
- C/EBPα, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α
- CD4, CD4 receptor
- CH, cerebral hemisphere
- CHO-K1, Chinese hamster ovary cells
- CXCR-4, CXCR-4 chemokine co-receptor
- Cardio-P, cardioprotective
- Citrate-T, citrate transporter
- CoA, coenzyme A
- Cyt c, cytochrome c
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- ELI, extra low interstitial
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FHR, fructose hypertensive rats
- FKHR/FKHR1/AFX, class O members of the forkhead transcription factor family
- FLIP, FLICE-inhibitory protein
- FOXOs, forkhead box class O family member proteins
- FPP, farnesyl-pyrophosphate
- FasL, Fas ligand, FER: ferritin
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLU, glucose
- GLUT-4, glucose transporter type 4
- GPP, geranyl-pyrophosphate
- GPT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, disulfide glutathione
- HDL, high-density lipoproteins
- HDL-C, HDL cholesterol
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HMMF, high molecular mass fraction
- HOMA-IR, insulin resistance index
- Hb, hemoglobin
- HbF, hemoglobin fraction
- Hyper-LEP, hyperleptynemia
- IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- IGF-IR, insulin-like growth factor receptor
- IL, interleukin
- INS, insulin
- INS-R, insulin resistance
- INS-S, insulin sensitivity
- IPP, isopentenyl-5-pyrophosphate
- IRS, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Industrial importance
- Interactions
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- K, kidney
- L, liver
- L-AA, L-ascorbic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoproteins
- LDL-C, LDL cholesterol
- LEP, leptin
- LEP-R, leptin resistance
- LEP-S, leptin sensitivity
- LEPS, the concentration of leptin in the serum
- LMMF, low molecular mass fraction
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- Lactate-T, lactate transporter
- M, mitochondrion
- MEK, ERK kinase activator
- MRC, mitochondrial respiratory chain
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NEP, neutral endopeptidase
- NIDDM, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- NO, nitric oxide
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- NaVO3, sodium metavanadate
- Neuro-P, neuroprotective
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- Organic-AT, organic anion transporter
- Over-W, over-weight
- P, plasma
- PANC-1, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells
- PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PLGA, (Poly)Lactide-co-Glycolide copolymer
- PO43−, phosphate ion
- PPARγ, peroxisome-activated receptor γ
- PTK, tyrosine protein kinase
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- PTP-1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Pharmacological activity
- Pi3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)
- RBC, erythrocytes
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SAcP, acid phosphatase secreted by Leshmania
- SC-Ti-6Al-4V, surface-coated Ti-6Al-4V
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT3, signal transducer/activator of transcription 3
- Sa, mean roughness
- Sq, root mean square roughness
- Sz, ten-point height
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- TS, transferrin saturation
- Tf, transferrin
- TfF, transferrin fraction
- TiO2, nHA:Ag-Ti-6Al-4V: titanium oxide-based coating containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticle and silver particles
- Top-IB, IB type topoisomerase
- Toxicological potential
- V, vanadium
- V-BrPO, vanadium bromoperoxidase
- V-DLC, diamond-like layer with vanadium
- V5+/V4+, pentavalent/tetravalent vanadium
- VO2+, vanadyl cation
- VO2+-FER, vanadyl-ferritin complex
- VO4-/VO3-, vanadate anion
- VO43-, vanadate ion
- VS, vanadyl sulfate
- Vanadium
- WB, whole blood
- ZDF rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats
- ZF rats, Zucker fatty rats
- breakD, breakdown
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- mo, months
- n-HA, nano-hydroxyapatite
- pRb, retinoblastoma protein
- wk, weeks
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ścibior
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paull II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pietrzyk
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paull II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
- Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Chair of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Plewa
- Department of General, Oncological, and Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1 Military Clinical Hospital with the Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skiba
- Military Clinical Hospital with the Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, Poland
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Sun L, Pang Y, Wang X, Wu Q, Liu H, Liu B, Liu G, Ye M, Kong W, Jiang C. Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:702-710. [PMID: 31384531 PMCID: PMC6664038 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since metabolic process differs between humans and mice, studies were performed in hamsters, which are generally considered to be a more appropriate animal model for studies of obesity-related metabolic disorders. The modulation of gut microbiota, bile acids and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axis is correlated with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. However, the interactions among the gut microbiota, bile acids and FXR in metabolic disorders remained largely unexplored in hamsters. In the current study, hamsters fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) were administered vehicle or an antibiotic cocktail by gavage twice a week for four weeks. Antibiotic treatment alleviated HFD-induced glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis and inflammation accompanied with decreased hepatic lipogenesis and elevated thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). In the livers of antibiotic-treated hamsters, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 (CYP7B1) in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway was upregulated, contributing to a more hydrophilic bile acid profile with increased tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA). The intestinal FXR signaling was suppressed but remained unchanged in the liver. This study is of potential translational significance in determining the role of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism in modulating diet-induced glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis in the hamster.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine amino-transferase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AUC, area under curve
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- BAs, bile acids
- BSH, bile acid hydrolase
- CA, cholic acid
- CAPE, caffeic acid phenethyl ester
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CETP, cholesterol ester transfer protein
- CYP27A1, cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1
- CYP7A1, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1
- CYP7B1
- CYP7B1, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1
- CYP8B1, cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FXR
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GCA, glycocholic acid
- GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Gut microbiota
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- Metabolic disorders
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PBA/SBA, primary bile acids to secondary bile acids
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TG, triglycerides
- TβMCA
- TβMCA, tauro-β-muricholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- UPLC–MS/MS, ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue
- sWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author.
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Sharma RS, Harrison DJ, Kisielewski D, Cassidy DM, McNeilly AD, Gallagher JR, Walsh SV, Honda T, McCrimmon RJ, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Ashford ML, Dillon JF, Hayes JD. Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Liver Fibrosis Are Ameliorated by Pharmacologic Activation of Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-Related Factor 2). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:367-398. [PMID: 29552625 PMCID: PMC5852394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with oxidative stress. We surmised that pharmacologic activation of NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) using the acetylenic tricyclic bis(cyano enone) TBE-31 would suppress NASH because Nrf2 is a transcriptional master regulator of intracellular redox homeostasis. METHODS Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-/- C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat plus fructose (HFFr) or regular chow diet for 16 weeks or 30 weeks, and then treated for the final 6 weeks, while still being fed the same HFFr or regular chow diets, with either TBE-31 or dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control. Measures of whole-body glucose homeostasis, histologic assessment of liver, and biochemical and molecular measurements of steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress were performed in livers from these animals. RESULTS TBE-31 treatment reversed insulin resistance in HFFr-fed wild-type mice, but not in HFFr-fed Nrf2-null mice. TBE-31 treatment of HFFr-fed wild-type mice substantially decreased liver steatosis and expression of lipid synthesis genes, while increasing hepatic expression of fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein assembly genes. Also, TBE-31 treatment decreased ER stress, expression of inflammation genes, and markers of apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in the livers of HFFr-fed wild-type mice. By comparison, TBE-31 did not decrease steatosis, ER stress, lipogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis, or oxidative stress in livers of HFFr-fed Nrf2-null mice. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 in mice that had already been rendered obese and insulin resistant reversed insulin resistance, suppressed hepatic steatosis, and mitigated against NASH and liver fibrosis, effects that we principally attribute to inhibition of ER, inflammatory, and oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- ACACA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha
- ACLY, ATP citrate lyase
- ACOT7, acetyl-CoA thioesterase 7
- ACOX2, acetyl-CoA oxidase 2
- ADRP, adipose differentiation-related protein
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ATF4, activating transcription factor-4
- ATF6, activating transcription factor-6
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma
- BIP, binding immunoglobulin protein
- C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
- CAT, catalase
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- CDDO, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid
- CES1G, carboxylesterase 1g
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- COL1A1, collagen, type I, alpha-1
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a
- ChREBP, carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
- DGAT2, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic
- GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier
- GPX2, glutathione peroxidase-2
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GSTA4, glutathione S-transferase Alpha-4
- GSTM1, glutathione S-transferase Mu-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HF, high-fat
- HF30Fr, high-fat diet with 30% fructose in drinking water
- HF55Fr, high-fat diet with 55% fructose in drinking water
- HFFr, high-fat diet with fructose in drinking water
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase-1
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IRE1α, inositol requiring kinase-1α
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1
- LXRα, liver X receptor α
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MGPAT, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acetyltransferase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MTTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase-2
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, NF-E2 p45-related factor 2
- PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDI, protein disulfide isomerase
- PERK, PRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- PRDX6, peroxiredoxin 6
- PTGR1, prostaglandin reductase-1
- PTT, pyruvate tolerance test
- RC, regular chow
- SCAD, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- SFN, sulforaphane
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- TBE-31
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta-1
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TXN1, thioredoxin-1
- TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase-1
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP1, X-box binding protein-1
- eIf2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A
- p58IPK, p58 inhibitor of the PKR kinase
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu S. Sharma
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Kisielewski
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Diane M. Cassidy
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alison D. McNeilly
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer R. Gallagher
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun V. Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Tayside NHS Trust, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Rory J. McCrimmon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L.J. Ashford
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Hayes
- Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Rojas JM, Bruinstroop E, Printz RL, Alijagic-Boers A, Foppen E, Turney MK, George L, Beck-Sickinger AG, Kalsbeek A, Niswender KD. Central nervous system neuropeptide Y regulates mediators of hepatic phospholipid remodeling and very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion via sympathetic innervation. Mol Metab 2015; 4:210-21. [PMID: 25737956 PMCID: PMC4338317 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) secretion from the liver contributes to an atherogenic dyslipidemia that is associated with obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Numerous models of obesity and diabetes are characterized by increased central nervous system (CNS) neuropeptide Y (NPY); in fact, a single intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of NPY in lean fasted rats elevates hepatic VLDL-TG secretion and does so, in large part, via signaling through the CNS NPY Y1 receptor. Thus, our overarching hypothesis is that elevated CNS NPY action contributes to dyslipidemia by activating central circuits that modulate liver lipid metabolism. METHODS Chow-fed Zucker fatty (ZF) rats were pair-fed by matching their caloric intake to that of lean controls and effects on body weight, plasma TG, and liver content of TG and phospholipid (PL) were compared to ad-libitum (ad-lib) fed ZF rats. Additionally, lean 4-h fasted rats with intact or disrupted hepatic sympathetic innervation were treated with icv NPY or NPY Y1 receptor agonist to identify novel hepatic mechanisms by which NPY promotes VLDL particle maturation and secretion. RESULTS Manipulation of plasma TG levels in obese ZF rats, through pair-feeding had no effect on liver TG content; however, hepatic PL content was substantially reduced and was tightly correlated with plasma TG levels. Treatment with icv NPY or a selective NPY Y1 receptor agonist in lean fasted rats robustly activated key hepatic regulatory proteins, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), ADP-ribosylation factor-1 (ARF-1), and lipin-1, known to be involved in remodeling liver PL into TG for VLDL maturation and secretion. Lastly, we show that the effects of CNS NPY on key liporegulatory proteins are attenuated by hepatic sympathetic denervation. CONCLUSIONS These data support a model in which CNS NPY modulates mediators of hepatic PL remodeling and VLDL maturation to stimulate VLDL-TG secretion that is dependent on the Y1 receptor and sympathetic signaling to the liver.
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Key Words
- AGPAT, 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
- ARF-1, ADP-ribosylation factor-1
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cyto, cytoplasmic
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DGAT, diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA(s), free fatty acid(s)
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HDAC-1, histone deacetylase-1
- Lipin-1
- NE, norepinephrine
- NPY Y1 receptor
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- Nuc, nuclear
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PAP-1, phosphatidic acid phosphatase-1
- PF, pair-fed
- PL, phospholipid
- PLD, phospholipase D
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- Phospholipid
- RPL13A, ribosomal protein L13a
- RT-PCR, real-time PCR
- SCD-1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- Sham, sham-denervation
- Sx, sympathetic denervation
- Sympathetic denervation
- TG, triglyceride
- Triglyceride
- VLDL
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- Veh, vehicle
- ZF, Zucker fatty
- ad-lib, ad-libitum
- icv, intracerebroventricular
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rojas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard L. Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Aldijana Alijagic-Boers
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxine K. Turney
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Leena George
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Nagaya T, Tanaka N, Kimura T, Kitabatake H, Fujimori N, Komatsu M, Horiuchi A, Yamaura T, Umemura T, Sano K, Gonzalez FJ, Aoyama T, Tanaka E. Mechanism of the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy. BBA Clin 2015; 3:168-74. [PMID: 26674248 PMCID: PMC4661550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim It is recognized that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), may develop after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, the mechanism of NASH development remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the changes in gene expression associated with NASH occurrence following PD. Methods The expression of genes related to fatty acid/triglyceride (FA/TG) metabolism and inflammatory signaling was examined using liver samples obtained from 7 post-PD NASH patients and compared with 6 healthy individuals and 32 conventional NASH patients. Results The livers of post-PD NASH patients demonstrated significant up-regulation of the genes encoding CD36, FA-binding proteins 1 and 4, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ compared with normal and conventional NASH livers. Although serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and TG were decreased in post-PD NASH patients, the mRNAs of ApoB and microsomal TG transfer protein were robustly increased, indicating impaired TG export from the liver as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Additionally, elevated mRNA levels of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 and superoxide dismutases in post-PD NASH livers suggested significant activation of innate immune response and augmentation of oxidative stress generation. Conclusions Enhanced FA uptake into hepatocytes and lipogenesis, up-regulation of PPARγ, and disruption of VLDL excretion into the circulation are possible mechanisms of steatogenesis after PD. General significance These results provide a basis for understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH following PD. The mechanism of NASH development after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) was unclear. The gene expression involved in fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis was increased. PPARγ and its target genes were up-regulated in post-PD NASH livers. Impaired triglyceride excretion from the liver was suggested in post-PD NASH. This study proposes possible mechanisms of steatogenesis after PD.
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Key Words
- ACACA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α
- ACACB, acetyl-CoA carboxylase β
- ACADM, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- BMI, body mass index
- CAT, catalase
- CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase 1α
- CT, computed tomography
- CYBB, cytochrome b-245 β polypeptide
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DGAT, diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- FA, fatty acid
- FABP, fatty acid-binding protein
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- Fatty acid
- HADHA, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase α
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LXR, liver X receptor
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet
- MTTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- MyD88
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- PD, pancreaticoduodenectomy
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PPARGC, PPARγ co-activator
- Pancreaticoduodenectomy
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SREBF1, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1
- TG, triglyceride
- TGFB1, transforming growth factor β1
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor α
- US, ultrasonography
- VLDL
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- γGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Nagaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan ; Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitabatake
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Michiharu Komatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Horiuchi
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa Inan General Hospital, Komagane, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Iida Municipal Hospital, Iida, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Toshifumi Aoyama
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Mbikay M, Sirois F, Simoes S, Mayne J, Chrétien M. Quercetin-3-glucoside increases low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression, attenuates proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) secretion, and stimulates LDL uptake by Huh7 human hepatocytes in culture. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:755-62. [PMID: 25349780 PMCID: PMC4208090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin-3-glucoside can increase LDLR expression by hepatocytes. Quercetin-3-glucoside can reduce PCSK9 secretion by hepatocytes. Quercetin-3-glucoside can down regulate sortilin expression. Quercetin-3-glucoside can increase LDL uptake by hepatocytes. Quercetin-3-glucoside is a potential anti-cholesterolemic agent.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mediates hepatic clearance of plasma cholesterol; proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) opposes this clearance by promoting LDLR degradation. The plant flavonoid quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside (Q3G) has been shown to reduce hypercholesterolemia in experimental animals. Here, we examined how it affects LDLR and PCSK9 expression as well as LDL uptake by human Huh7 hepatocytes. At low micromolar concentrations, Q3G increased LDLR expression, reduced PCSK9 secretion, and stimulated LDL uptake. It also diminished intracellular sortilin, a sorting receptor known to facilitate PCSK9 secretion. Thus, as an LDLR inducer and a PCSK9 anti-secretagogue, Q3G may represent an effective anti-cholesterolemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majambu Mbikay
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francine Sirois
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia Simoes
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ; Laboratory of Functional Endoproteolysis, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation (HTx) has been developed for use in liver-based metabolic disorders and in acute liver failure. Worldwide, there are around 80 patients that have been transplanted with hepatocytes. Almost all reported studies prove feasibility and safety of the procedure with short- to medium-term success. Availability of good quality hepatocytes (HCs) is the main limiting factor, and therefore alternative sources of cells such as stem cells are being investigated. Other limiting factors include cell engraftment, survival, and function of transplanted cells. It remains to be seen if progress in HTx research can overcome these hurdles leading to the wider use of the technique as an alternative to liver transplantation in the future.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- Acute liver failure
- ApoB, apolipoprotein B
- EGTA, ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid
- FVII, factor VII deficiency
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- HAS, human serum albumin
- HC, hepatocytes
- HTx, hepatocyte transplantation
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LTx, liver transplantation
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- OTC, ornithine transcarbamylase
- hepatocyte transplantation
- liver disease
- stem cell transplantation
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