1
|
Ischemic preconditioning upregulates Mitofusin2 and preserves muscle strength in tourniquet-induced ischemia/reperfusion. J Orthop Translat 2022; 35:113-121. [PMID: 36312592 PMCID: PMC9582561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tourniquet-induced ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) has been related to postoperative muscle atrophy through mechanisms involving protein synthesis/breakdown, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could protect skeletal muscle against I/R injury. This study aims to determine the underlying mechanisms of IPC and its effect on muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Twenty-four TKA patients were randomized to receive either sham IPC or IPC (3 cycles of 5-min ischemia followed by 5-min reperfusion). Vastus medialis muscle biopsies were collected at 30 min after tourniquet (TQ) inflation and the onset of reperfusion. Western blot analysis was performed in muscle protein for 4-HNE, SOD2, TNF-ɑ, IL-6, p-Drp1ser616, Drp1, Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1, PGC-1ɑ, ETC complex I-V, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-3. Clinical outcomes including isokinetic muscle strength and quality of life were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Results IPC significantly increased Mfn2 (2.0 ± 0.2 vs 1.2 ± 0.1, p = 0.001) and Opa1 (2.9 ± 0.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.2, p = 0.005) proteins expression at the onset of reperfusion, compared to the ischemic phase. There were no differences in 4-HNE, SOD2, TNF-ɑ, IL-6, p-Drp1ser616/Drp1, Mfn1, PGC-1ɑ, ETC complex I-V, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 expression between the ischemic and reperfusion periods, or between the groups. Clinically, postoperative peak torque for knee extension significantly reduced in the sham IPC group (-16.6 [-29.5, -3.6] N.m, p = 0.020), while that in the IPC group was preserved (-4.7 [-25.3, 16.0] N.m, p = 0.617). Conclusion In TKA with TQ application, IPC preserved postoperative quadriceps strength and prevented TQ-induced I/R injury partly by enhancing mitochondrial fusion proteins in the skeletal muscle. The translational potential of this article Mitochondrial fusion is a potential underlying mechanism of IPC in preventing skeletal muscle I/R injury. IPC applied before TQ-induced I/R preserved postoperative quadriceps muscle strength after TKA.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
- ADP, Adenosine diphosphate
- ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CAT, Catalase
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- Drp1, Dynamin-related protein-1
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ETC, Electron transport chain
- FGF21, Fibroblast growth factor 21
- Fis1, Fission protein-1
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- I/R, Ischemia and reperfusion
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IPACK, Interspace between the popliteal artery and capsule of the posterior knee
- IPC, Ischemic preconditioning
- Ischemia reperfusion injury
- Ischemic preconditioning
- Knee arthroplasty
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- Mfn, Mitofusin
- Mitochondrial dynamics
- MnSOD, Manganese superoxide dismutase
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation
- PGC-1ɑ, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1ɑ
- RIPC, Remote ischemic preconditioning
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SBP, Systolic blood pressure
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TKA, Total knee arthroplasty
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TQ, Tourniquet
- Tourniquet
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- mPTP, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Collapse
|
2
|
Jagged-1 is induced by mTOR inhibitors in renal cancer cells through an Akt/ALK5/Smad4-dependent mechanism. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100117. [PMID: 35992379 PMCID: PMC9389240 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance of many cancers. Targeting mTOR continues to be under clinical investigation for cancer therapy. Despite the notable clinical success of mTOR inhibitors in extending the overall survival of patients with certain malignancies including metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), the overall impact of mTOR inhibitors on cancers has been generally disappointing and attributed to various compensatory responses. Here we provide the first report that expression of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 (JAG1), which is associated with aggressiveness of RCCs, is induced by several inhibitors of mTOR (rapamycin (Rap), BEZ235, KU-0063794) in human clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cells. Using both molecular and chemical inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, and TGF-β signaling, we provide evidence that the induction of JAG1 expression by mTOR inhibitors in ccRCC cells depends on the activation of Akt and occurs through an ALK5 kinase/Smad4-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we show that mTOR inhibitors activate Notch1 and induce the expression of drivers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, notably Hic-5 and Slug. Silencing JAG1 with selective shRNAs blocked the ability of KU-0063794 and Rap to induce Hic-5 in ccRCC cells. Moreover, Rap enhanced TGF-β-induced expression of Hic-5 and Slug, both of which were repressed in JAG1-silenced ccRCC cells. Silencing JAG1 selectively decreased the motility of ccRCC cells treated with Rap or TGF-β1. Moreover, inhibition of Notch signaling with γ-secretase inhibitors enhanced or permitted mTOR inhibitors to suppress the motility of ccRCC cells. We suggest targeting JAG1 may enhance therapeutic responses to mTOR inhibitors in ccRCCs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALK5, Activin-like kinase 5 (TGF-β type I receptor)
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Akt
- BEZ235
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EMT
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- Hic-5
- Hic-5, Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5, also known as transforming growth factor beta induced transcript
- IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate-1
- JAG1, Jagged-1
- KU-0063794
- MAML-1, Mastermind-like protein-1
- Myr, Myristoylated
- PI3K
- PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RCC, RCC
- Rap, Rapamycin
- Rapamycin
- Renal cancer
- Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain
- SE, Standard error
- Slug
- Slug, Snail family of transcription factors encoded by the SNAI2 gene
- Smad, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog
- Smad4
- TGF-beta
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-beta
- TSC, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
- TβRI, Transforming growth factor β receptor type 1
- TβRII, Transforming growth factor β receptor type 2
- ccRCC, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- mRCC, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- mTOR
- mTORC1, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- mTORC2, Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
Collapse
|
3
|
Neomenthol prevents the proliferation of skin cancer cells by restraining tubulin polymerization and hyaluronidase activity. J Adv Res 2022; 34:93-107. [PMID: 35024183 PMCID: PMC8655237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neomenthol, a cyclic monoterpenoid, is a stereoisomer of menthol present in the essential oil of Mentha spp. It is used in food as a flavoring agent, in cosmetics and medicines because of its cooling effects. However, neomenthol has not been much explored for its anticancer potential. Additionally, targeting hyaluronidase, Cathepsin-D, and ODC by phytochemicals is amongst the efficient approach for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Objectives To investigate the molecular and cell target-based antiproliferative potential of neomenthol on human cancer (A431, PC-3, K562, A549, FaDu, MDA-MB-231, COLO-205, MCF-7, and WRL-68) and normal (HEK-293) cell lines. Methods The potency of neomenthol was evaluated on human cancer and normal cell line using SRB, NRU and MTT assays. The molecular target based study of neomenthol was carried out in cell-free and cell-based test systems. Further, the potency of neomenthol was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis and molecular docking studies. The in vivo anticancer potential of neomenthol was performed on mice EAC model and the toxicity examination was accomplished through in silico, ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Results Neomenthol exhibits a promising activity (IC50 17.3 ± 6.49 μM) against human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells by arresting the G2/M phase and increasing the number of sub-diploid cells. It significantly inhibits hyaluronidase activity (IC50 12.81 ± 0.01 μM) and affects the tubulin polymerization. The expression analysis and molecular docking studies support the in vitro molecular and cell target based results. Neomenthol prevents EAC tumor formation by 58.84% and inhibits hyaluronidase activity up to 10% at 75 mg/kg bw, i.p. dose. The oral dose of 1000 mg/kg bw was found safe in acute oral toxicity studies. Conclusion Neomenthol delayed the growth of skin carcinoma cells by inhibiting the tubulin polymerization and hyaluronidase activity, which are responsible for tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Key Words
- AA, Arachidonic acid
- AKLP, Alkaline phosphatase
- Ab/Am, Antibiotic/antimycotic
- BE, Binding energy
- BIL, Bilirubin total & direct
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- BUN, Blood urea nitrogen
- CATD, Cathepsin D
- CHOL, Cholesterol
- CM-H2DCFDA, Chloromethyl derivative of dichloro fluorescin diacetate
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- CRTN, Creatinine
- Cancer biomarker
- DCFDA, 2′,7′ dichloro fluorescin diacetate
- DFMO, α-difluoro methyl ornithine
- DHFR, Dihydrofolatereductase
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s minimal essential media
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DOXO, Doxorubicin
- EAC, Ehlrich Ascites Carcinoma
- EC50, Half maximal effective concentration
- EDTA, Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
- FACS, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FOX, Ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- HA, Hyaluronic acid
- HDAC, Histone deacetylase
- HDL, High density lipoprotein
- HYAL, Hyaluronidase
- Human epidermoid carcinoma
- Hyaluronidase
- IC50, Half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IDT, Integrated DNA Technologies
- Ki, Inhibitory constant
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- LOX-5, Lipoxygenase-5
- MEF, Mean erythrocyte fragility
- MMP, Mitochondrial membrane potential
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- MTX, Methotrexate
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
- NRU, Neutral red uptake
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- Neomenthol
- ODC, Ornithine decarboxylase
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OF, Osmotic fragility
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PDT, Podophyllotoxin
- PEP A, pepstatin A
- PI, Propidium iodide
- PI3K, Phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinase
- PKB/Akt, Protein kinase B
- RBC, Red blood cell
- RIPA, Radio immune precipitation assay buffer
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- RNase A, Ribonuclease A
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RPMI, Roswell park memorial institute
- Rh123, Rhodamine 123
- SGOT, Aspartate aminotransferase
- SGPT, Alanine aminotransferase
- SRB, Sulphorhodamine B
- TCA, Tricarboxylic acid
- TMPD, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
- TNBS, Trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid
- TPA, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- TPR, Total protein
- TRIG, Triglyceraldehyde
- TRPM8, Transient receptor potential member 8
- Tubulin
- URIC, Uric acid
- WBC, White blood cell
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
Collapse
|
4
|
A bioengineering method for modeling alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma and assessing chemotherapy responses. MethodsX 2021; 8:101473. [PMID: 34430344 PMCID: PMC8374652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft-tissue malignant tumor. Treatment of RMS usually includes primary tumor resection along with systemic chemotherapy. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems and animal models have been extensively used for investigating the potential efficacy of new RMS treatments. However, RMS cells behave differently in 2D culture than in vivo, which has recently inspired the adoption of three-dimensional (3D) culture environments. In the current paper, we will describe the detailed methodology we have developed for fabricating a 3D engineered model to study alveolar RMS (ARMS) in vitro. This model consists of a thermally cross-linked collagen disk laden with RMS cells that mimics the structural and bio-chemical aspects of the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). This process is highly reproducible and produces a 3D engineered model that can be used to analyze the cytotoxicity and autophagy induction of drugs on ARMS cells. The most improtant bullet points are as following:We fabricated 3D model of ARMS. The current ARMS 3D model can be used for screening of chemotherapy drugs. We developed methods to detect apoptosis and autophagy in ARMS 3D model to detect the mechansims of chemotherapy agents.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2D, Two-dimensional
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- AKT, Protein Kinase B
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Biofabrication
- Cell death
- DAPI, 4’,6-Diami- dino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DFS, Disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EM, Engineered model
- EthD-1, Ethidium homodimer-1
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FOXO1, Forkhead box protein O1
- HEPES, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)
- ICC, Immunocytochemistry
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- LC3, Microtubule associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
- MEK, Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- MYOD1, Myogenic muscle differentiation transcription factor 1
- PAX, Paired box gene
- PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane
- PNIPAAm, Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- RGD, Arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RMS, Rhabdomyosarcoma
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, Room temperature
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- TMZ, Temozolomide
- dECM, Decellularized extracellular matrix
Collapse
|
5
|
Development of in-house ELISAs for the detection of anti-SARS‑CoV‑2 RBD and N IgG and IgM antibodies in biological samples. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2021; 33:101439. [PMID: 33879983 PMCID: PMC8049187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
By the end of year 2019, the new virus SARS-CoV-2 appeared, causing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and spread very fast globally. A continuing need for diagnostic tools is a must to contain its spread. Till now, the gold standard method, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), is the precise procedure to detect the virus. However, SARS-CoV-2 may escape RT-PCR detection for several reasons. The development of well-designed, specific and sensitive serological test like enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is needed. This EIA can stand alone or work side by side with RT-PCR. In this study, we developed several EIAs including plates that are coated with either specially designed SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid or surface recombinant proteins. Each protein type can separately detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM or IgG antibodies. For each EIAs, the cut-off value, specificity and sensitivity were determined utilizing RT-PCR confirmed Covid-19 and pre-pandemic healthy and other viruses-infected sera. Also, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to define the specificities and sensitivities of the optimized assay. The in-house EIAs were validated by comparing against commercial EIA kits. All in-house EIAs showed high specificity (98-99%) and sensitivity (97.8-98.9%) for the detection of IgG/IgM against RBD and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2. From these results, the developed Anti-RBD and anti-N IgG and IgM antibodies EIAs can be used as a specific and sensitive tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, calculate the burden of disease and case fatality rates.
Collapse
Key Words
- AUC, Area under the curve
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CMV, Cytomegalovirus
- CoVs, Coronaviruses
- Covid-19
- Covid-19, Coronavirus Disease-2019
- E, Envelope protein
- EIA, Enzyme immunoassay
- ELISA
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus
- HTLV, Human T-lymphotropic virus
- M, Membrane protein
- N, Nucleocapsid protein
- Nucleocapsid protein
- OD, Optical density
- ORFs, Open reading frames
- RBD, Receptor-binding domain
- ROC, Receiver operating characteristic
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- S, Spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SD, Standard deviations
- Spike protein
- TMB, 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
Collapse
|
6
|
Exogenously applied spermidine confers protection against cinnamic acid-mediated oxidative stress in Pisum sativum. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2619-2625. [PMID: 34025145 PMCID: PMC8117030 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the stress responses of cinnamic acid (CA) in pea plants and explored the protective role of spermidine (SPD) against CA-induced adverse effects. Pea seedlings exposed to CA had reduced length, biomass, moisture, chlorophyll, sugar, and protein contents and reduced nitrate reductase activity. These parameters increased when SPD was applied alone and in combination with CA. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content were high in seedlings treated with CA but decreased when the SPD + CA treatment was applied. Foliar exposure to SPD partially mitigated CA-induced stress effects by strengthening the antioxidant defense system, which helped preserve the integrity of biochemical processes. These results indicate that SPD (1 mM) could mitigate the adverse effects of CA and enhance plant defense system. Hence, SPD can be used as a growth regulator for the maintenance of physiological functions in pea plants in response to the pernicious consequences of CA stress.
Collapse
Key Words
- Antioxidants
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CA, cinnamic acid
- CAT, catalase
- Cinnamic acid
- EC, electrolyte leakage
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- GPX, guaiacol peroxidase
- Growth
- IAA, indole-3-acetic acid
- N-1-NEDD, n-1-naphthyl-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride
- NBT, nitro blue tetrazolium
- NR, nitrate reductase
- PA, polyamine
- Pisum sativum
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RWS, relative water content
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPD, spermidine
- Spermidine
Collapse
|
7
|
Attenuation of methylglyoxal-induced glycation and cellular dysfunction in wound healing by Centella cordifolia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:813-824. [PMID: 33424371 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pre-clinical evidences of Centella focus on its pharmacological effects on normal wound healing but there are limited studies on the bioactivity of Centella in cellular dysfunction associated with diabetic wounds. Hence we planned to examine the potential of Centella cordifolia in inhibiting methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) glycation and promoting the related cellular functions. A Cell-ECM adhesion assay examined the ECM glycation induced by MGO. Different cell types that contribute to the healing process (fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells) were evaluated for their ability to adhere to the glycated ECM. Methanolic extract of Centella species was prepared and partitioned to yield different solvent fractions which were further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method. Based on the antioxidant [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay] screening, anti-glycation activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of the different Centella species and fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of C. cordifolia was selected for further investigating its ability to inhibit MGO-induced ECM glycation and promote cellular distribution and adhesion. Out of the three Centella species (C. asiatica, C. cordifolia and C. erecta), the methanolic extract of C. cordifolia showed maximum inhibition of Advanced glycation end products (AGE) fluorescence (20.20 ± 4.69 %, 25.00 ± 3.58 % and 16.18 ± 1.40 %, respectively). Its ethyl acetate fraction was enriched with phenolic compounds (3.91 ± 0.12 mg CAE/μg fraction) and showed strong antioxidant (59.95 ± 7.18 μM TE/μg fraction) and antiglycation activities. Improvement of cells spreading and adhesion of endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes was observed for ethyl acetate treated MGO-glycated extracellular matrix. Significant reduction in attachment capacity of EA.hy926 cells seeded on MGO-glycated fibronectin (41.2%) and attachment reduction of NIH3t3 and HaCaT cells seeded on MGO-glycated collagen (33.7% and 24.1%, respectively) were observed. Our findings demonstrate that ethyl acetate fraction of C. cordifolia was effective in attenuating MGO-induced glycation and cellular dysfunction in the in-vitro wound healing models suggesting that C. cordifolia could be a potential candidate for diabetic wound healing. It could be subjected for further isolation of new phytoconstituents having potential diabetic wound healing properties.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGA, minoguanidine hydrochloride
- AGEs, Advanced glycation end products
- AlCl3, Aluminum chloride
- Antiglycation
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Centella
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- Diabetic complications
- EA, Ethyl acetate fraction
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- FN, Fibronectin
- HEPES, Hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HPLC-PDA
- HPLC-PDA, High performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector
- HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c
- MGO, Methylglyoxal
- Methylglyoxal
- NaNO2, Sodium nitrite
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TLC, Thin-layer chromatography
- TNBSA, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNBSA, Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TPC, Total phenolic content
- Trolox, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
- Wounds
Collapse
|
8
|
Noninvasive characterization (EPR, μCT, NMR) of 3D PLA electrospun fiber sponges for controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm X 2020; 2:100055. [PMID: 32984812 PMCID: PMC7492987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly porous 3D-scaffolds, made from cut, electrospun PLA fibers, are relatively new and promising systems for controlled drug-delivery applications. Because knowledge concerning fundamental processes of drug delivery from those scaffolds is limited, we noninvasively characterized drug-loading and drug-release mechanisms of these polymer-fiber sponges (PFS). We screened simplified PFS-implantation scenarios with EPR and μCT to quantify and 3D-visualize the absorption of model-biofluids and an oil, a possible drug-loading liquid. Saturation of PFS (6 × 8 mm, h x d) is governed by the high hydrophobicity of the material and air-entrapment. It required up to 45 weeks for phosphate-buffered saline and 11 weeks for a more physiological, surface-active protein-solution, indicating the slow fluid-uptake of PFS as an effective mechanism to substantially prolong the release of a drug incorporated within the scaffold. Medium-chain triglycerides, as a good wetting liquid, saturated PFS within seconds, suggesting PFS potential to serve as carrier-vessels for immobilizing hydrophobic drug-solutions to define a liquid's 3D-interface. Oil-retention under mechanical stress was therefore investigated. 1H NMR permitted insights into PFS-oil interaction, confirming surface-relaxation and restricted diffusion; both did not influence drug release from oil-loaded PFS. Results facilitate better understanding of PFS and their potential use in drug delivery.
Collapse
Key Words
- 15N-PCM, Carbamoyl-proxyl 15N-nitroxide 3-Carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-oxyl
- 3D imaging
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CVD, Chemical vapor deposition
- Coating
- Drug delivery system
- EPR, Electron paramagnetic resonance
- Electrospinning
- MCT, Medium-chained triglycerides
- NMR
- NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance
- PFS, Polymer-fiber sponges
- PLA, Polylactide
- PPX, [2.2]Paracyclophane
- Sponge
- dTempol, 4-Hydroxy-Tempo-d17
- μCT, Micro-computed tomography
Collapse
|
9
|
Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in neural cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:501-509. [PMID: 32337162 PMCID: PMC7175046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are used in the agricultural sector against the harmful action of fungi, however they are potential toxic agents for the environment and the living organisms. Benomyl is a widely encountered benzimidazole fungicide that exerts its toxicity via inhibiting microtubule formation in the nervous system and the male reproductive and endocrine systems, whilst it is a known teratogen. Since toxic effects of benomyl and its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, we aimed to detect its neurotoxic potential via evaluating cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line. The cells were incubated with benomyl in a concentration range between 1 and 6 μM for 24 h. Our results indicated a concentration-dependent enhancement of reactive oxygen species measured through flow cytometry and DNA damage evaluated via the comet assay. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in all tested concentrations. According to the findings of the present study, benomyl is a xenobiotic, which it appears to exert its toxic action via a redox-related mechanism that, finally, induces cell apoptosis and death. We believe that this study will offer further insight in the toxicity mechanism of benomyl, although further studies are recommended in order to elucidate these mechanisms in the molecular level.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Apoptosis
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Benomyl
- DMEM-F12, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (Ham`s)
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 55′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- GSH, Glutathione
- H2DCF-DA, 2′7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- MFI, Median fluorescence intensity
- MTT, 3-45-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- Neural SH-SY5Y cell line
- OD, Optical density
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- PI, Propidium iodide
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SD, Standard deviation
Collapse
|
10
|
Proteomic identification of allergenic proteins in red oak ( Quercus rubra) pollen. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100111. [PMID: 32206162 PMCID: PMC7082215 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red oak pollen is an important cause of allergic respiratory disease and it is widely distributed in North America and central Europe. To date, however, red oak pollen allergens have not been identified. Here, we describe the allergenic protein profile from red oak pollen. METHODS Total proteins were extracted from red oak pollen using a modified phenolic extraction method, and, subsequently, proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) for both total protein stain (Coomassie Blue) and immunoblotting. A pool of 8 sera from red oak sensitive patients was used to analyze blotted proteins. Protein spots were analyzed by Mass Spectrometry. RESULTS Electrophoretic pattern of total soluble proteins showed higher intensity bands in the regions of 26-40 and 47-52 kDa. Two dimensional immunoblots using pool sera from patients revealed four allergenic proteins spots with molecular masses in the range from 50 to 55 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 8 proteins including Enolase 1 and Enolase 1 chloroplastic, Xylose isomerase (X1 isoform), mitochondrial Aldehyde dehydrogenase, UTP-Glusose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, Betaxylosidase/alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase and alpha- and beta subunits of ATP synthase. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified for first time 8 IgE binding proteins from red oak pollen. These findings will pave the way towards the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for red oak allergy.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2-DE, Two-dimensional electrophoresis
- AIT, Allergy immunotherapy
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CHAPS, (3-(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate)
- DTT, Dithiothreitol
- ED, Emergency department
- IEF, Isoelectric focusing
- IPG, Immobilized pH gradient
- Immunoproteomics
- LC, Liquid chromatography
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- MS/MS, Tandem mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene difluoride
- Pollen allergy
- Q-TOF, Quadrupole Time-of-Flight
- Red oak
- SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Collapse
|
11
|
Designing chimeric enzymes inspired by fungal cellulosomes. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:23-32. [PMID: 32083193 PMCID: PMC7015840 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulosomes are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and fungi to degrade lignocellulose via synergistic action of multiple enzymes fused to a protein scaffold. Through templating key protein domains (cohesin and dockerin), designer cellulosomes have been engineered from bacterial motifs to alter the activity, stability, and degradation efficiency of enzyme complexes. Recently a parts list for fungal cellulosomes from the anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) was determined, which revealed sequence divergent fungal cohesin, dockerin, and scaffoldin domains that could be used to expand the available toolbox to synthesize designer cellulosomes. In this work, multi-domain carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) from 3 cellulosome-producing fungi were analyzed to inform the design of chimeric proteins for synthetic cellulosomes inspired by anaerobic fungi. In particular, Piromyces finnis was used as a structural template for chimeric carbohydrate active enzymes. Recombinant enzymes with retained properties were engineered by combining thermophilic glycosyl hydrolase domains from Thermotoga maritima with dockerin domains from Piromyces finnis. By preserving the protein domain order from P. finnis, chimeric enzymes retained catalytic activity at temperatures over 80 °C and were able to associate with cellulosomes purified from anaerobic fungi. Fungal cellulosomes harbor a wide diversity of glycoside hydrolases, each representing templates for the design of chimeric enzymes. By conserving dockerin domain position within the primary structure of each protein, the activity of both the catalytic domain and dockerin domain was retained in enzyme chimeras. Taken further, the domain positioning inferred from native fungal cellulosome proteins can be used to engineer multi-domain proteins with non-native favorable properties, such as thermostability.
Collapse
|
12
|
Exploration of the chondrosarcoma metabolome; the mTOR pathway as an important pro-survival pathway. J Bone Oncol 2019; 15:100222. [PMID: 30766792 PMCID: PMC6360255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-producing tumors showing mutations and changes in gene expression in metabolism related genes. In this study, we aimed to explore the metabolome and identify targetable metabolic vulnerabilities in chondrosarcoma. Methods A custom-designed metabolic compound screen containing 39 compounds targeting different metabolic pathways was performed in chondrosarcoma cell lines JJ012, SW1353 and CH2879. Based on the anti-proliferative activity, six compounds were selected for validation using real-time metabolic profiling. Two selected compounds (rapamycin and sapanisertib) were further explored for their effect on viability, apoptosis and metabolic dependency, in normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo efficacy of sapanisertib was tested in a chondrosarcoma orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Results Inhibitors of glutamine, glutathione, NAD synthesis and mTOR were effective in chondrosarcoma cells. Of the six compounds that were validated on the metabolic level, mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and sapanisertib showed the most consistent decrease in oxidative and glycolytic parameters. Chondrosarcoma cells were sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin. Inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 using sapanisertib resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability in all chondrosarcoma cell lines. In addition, induction of apoptosis was observed in CH2879 after 24 h. Treatment of chondrosarcoma xenografts with sapanisertib slowed down tumor growth compared to control mice. Conclusions mTOR inhibition leads to a reduction of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism and decreased proliferation in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Although further research is needed, these findings suggest that mTOR inhibition might be a potential therapeutic option for patients with chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACT, Atypical cartilaginous tumor
- BLI, Bioluminescence imaging
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- BSO, Buthionine sulfoximine
- Chondrosarcoma
- D2HG, d-2-Hydroxyglutarate
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ECAR, Extracellular acidification rate
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FCCP, Carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- FLI, Fluorescence imaging
- HIF, Hypoxia-inducible factor
- IDH, Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Metabolism
- OCR, Oxygen consumption rate
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rapamycin
- mCT, Micro computed tomography
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTOR, Sapanisertib
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
Collapse
|
13
|
Vitamin C acts as a hepatoprotectant in carbofuran treated rat liver slices in vitro. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:265-273. [PMID: 28959648 PMCID: PMC5615148 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The observations of liver slices when treated with different concentrations of carbofuran were as follows:- increased LPO decreased SOD, CAT, & protein content in all the treatments
The observations of liver slices when treated with different concentrations of carbofuran along with vitamin C were as follows:- the levels of LPO, SOD, CAT & total protein content reinstated towards normal level only in liver slices treated with low concentration at higher concentration of carbofuran treatment Vitamin C does not ameliorate the hepatic toxicity induced by carbofuran
The in vitro liver slice culture may prove to be a useful model for hepatotoxicological studies and Vitamin C, as a hepatoprotectant in mammalian system. Carbamates, most commonly used pesticides in agricultural practices, have been reported to produce free radicals causing deleterious effects in animals. The present study was designed to assess the carbofuran induced oxidative stress in rat liver slices in vitro and also to evaluate protective role of vitamin C by incubating them in Krebs-Ringer HEPES Buffer (KRHB) containing incubation media (Williams medium E (WME) supplemented with glucose and antibiotics) with different concentrations of carbofuran. The results demonstrated that carbofuran caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation and inhibition in the activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) in concentration dependent manner. The data with incubation medium reflected that carbofuran at lowest concentration caused an increase in SOD activity followed by its inhibition at higher concentration. Carbofuran treatment caused inhibition in the activity of catalase in liver slices and WME incubation medium. Pre-incubation of liver slices and the WME media with vitamin C restored the values of biochemical indices tested. The results indicated that carbofuran might induce oxidative stress in hepatocytes. The pretreatment with vitamin C may offer hepatoprotection from toxicity of pesticide at low concentration only.
Collapse
Key Words
- Antioxidant
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- CaCl2, calcium chloride
- Carbofuran
- CuSO4, copper sulphate
- DMSO, Dimethylsulfoxide
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Hepatotoxicity
- In vitro
- KCl, potassium chloride
- KRHB, Krebs-Ringer HEPES Buffer
- MgSO4, magnesium sulfate
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaOH, sodium hydroxide and MDA Malonaldialdehyde
- Oxidative stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, thiobarbituric acid
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- WME, Williams medium E
Collapse
|
14
|
Interfacing polymeric scaffolds with primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells to develop 3D cancer models. BIOMATTER 2015; 4:e955386. [PMID: 25482337 PMCID: PMC4578550 DOI: 10.4161/21592527.2014.955386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the interactions between human primary cells from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and polymeric scaffolds to develop 3D cancer models useful for mimicking the biology of this tumor. Three scaffold types based on two biocompatible polymeric formulations, such as poly(vinyl alcohol)/gelatin (PVA/G) mixture and poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer, were obtained via different techniques, namely, emulsion and freeze-drying, compression molding followed by salt leaching, and electrospinning. In this way, primary PDAC cells interfaced with different pore topographies, such as sponge-like pores of different shape and size or nanofiber interspaces. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence played by the scaffold architecture over cancerous cell growth and function. In all scaffolds, primary PDAC cells showed good viability and synthesized tumor-specific metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-2, and MMP-9. However, only sponge-like pores, obtained via emulsion-based and salt leaching-based techniques allowed for an organized cellular aggregation very similar to the native PDAC morphological structure. Differently, these cell clusters were not observed on PEOT/PBT electrospun scaffolds. MMP-2 and MMP-9, as active enzymes, resulted to be increased in PVA/G and PEOT/PBT sponges, respectively. These findings suggested that spongy scaffolds supported the generation of pancreatic tumor models with enhanced aggressiveness. In conclusion, primary PDAC cells showed diverse behaviors while interacting with different scaffold types that can be potentially exploited to create stage-specific pancreatic cancer models likely to provide new knowledge on the modulation and drug susceptibility of MMPs.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2D, Bi-dimensional
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- BCA, Bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Dd, double distilled
- Ds, double stranded
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- G, Gelatin
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- K-ras, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, Polymer-chain reaction
- PDAC, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PEOT/PBT, Poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate)
- PVA, Poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PanIN, Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- Smad4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
- TME, Tumor microenvironment.
- cancer
- compression molding
- electrospinning
- emulsion and freeze-drying
- metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)
- metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)
- polyethylene oxide terephthalate (PEOT)
- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
- scaffold
Collapse
|
15
|
Measurement of HNE-protein adducts in human plasma and serum by ELISA-Comparison of two primary antibodies. Redox Biol 2013; 1:226-33. [PMID: 24024156 PMCID: PMC3757688 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that non-enzymatic post-translational protein modifications might play key roles in various diseases. These protein modifications can be caused by free radicals generated during oxidative stress or by their products generated during lipid peroxidation. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a major biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, has been recognized as important molecule in pathology as well as in physiology of living organisms. Therefore, its detection and quantification can be considered as valuable tool for evaluating various pathophysiological conditions. The HNE-protein adduct ELISA is a method to detect HNE bound to proteins, which is considered as the most likely form of HNE occurrence in living systems. Since the earlier described ELISA has been validated for cell lysates and the antibody used for detection of HNE-protein adducts is non-commercial, the aim of this work was to adapt the ELISA to a commercial antibody and to apply it in the analysis of human plasma samples. After modification and validation of the protocol for both antibodies, samples of two groups were analyzed: apparently healthy obese (n=62) and non-obese controls (n=15). Although the detected absolute values of HNE–protein adducts were different, depending on the antibody used, both ELISA methods showed significantly higher values of HNE–protein adducts in the obese group.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACR, Acrolein
- Antibodies
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Cys, Cysteine
- DEPC, Diethyl pyrocarbonate
- ELISA
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HCl, Hydrochloric acid
- HNE
- HNE, 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal
- HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- His, Histidine
- Human plasma
- KLH, Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- LOD, limit of detection
- LOQ, Limit of quantification
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lys, Lysine
- MDA
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- Obesity
- Oxidative stress
- PQL, Practical quantitation limit
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- c-Ab, Commercial antibody
- nc-Ab, Non-commercial antibody
Collapse
|