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Physiological reactions to cold and their effects on the retention of acclimatization to heat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 1:575-85. [PMID: 18111530 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1949.1.8.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Exposure to zero and subzero ambient temperatures results in a significant fall in joint temperature, where the knee joint of the cat was used as test object. The fall in rectal, muscle, and “average” skin temperatures for similar exposures is considerably less. Low joint temperature is associated with increased joint stiffness.
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Abstract
Effects of continuous cold stress on 24-hour patterns of body temperature were studied in five men. Cold stress consisted in living at 15.6℃ (60℉) for 14 days wearing only shorts. The cold period was preceded and followed by 2 weeks at 26.7℃ (80℉). Activity (minimal) and diet were the same for all periods. One blanket was used at night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature (Ts) were measured. Tr during sleep fell more rapidly and to lower values during cold exposure (35.6℃) than during the control period (36.1℃). Ts during sleep was slightly lower in the cold than in the control period; also, Ts did not exhibit the gradual drop characteristic of sleep in the control period. Comparison of Tr and Ts between early and later cold days revealed the following differences: a) nocturnal Tr fell to lower levels on the later cold days; b) nocturnal toe temperatures were 15℃ (27℉) higher on the later cold days. The arch temperatures followed the same pattern as the toes. No significant differences were found in daytime temperatures between early and later cold days. The data suggest that evidence for acclimatization to cold in terms of altered body temperature responses may be fruitfully sought in responses during rewarming and/or sleep. Submitted on September 19, 1958
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Abstract
The significance of cortical contribution to the hyperpnea of exercise has long been debated. An attempt was made to evaluate the role of this factor by cooling the respiratory area of the orbital cortex in 20 experiments on 13 Nembutal-urethane anesthetized dogs before, during and after electrically induced exercise of the hind limbs. Orbital cooling during eupnea produced a 10% decrease in respiratory rate with questionable reduction of minute volume. Cooling induced during exercise resulted in reduction of mean ventilatory volume from 4.37 l/min. to 4.18 l/min. The difference is highly significant statistically and represents 20% of the exercise hyperpnea under these conditions. Cessation of cooling was followed by return to precooling levels. Results indicate that cortical impulses contribute to exercise hyperpnea even under conditions of anesthesia and low levels of exercise and suggest a quantitative approach to evaluation of this factor under more physiologic conditions. Submitted on July 21, 1958
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Cold defense reactions elicited by electrical stimulation within the septal area of the brain in goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 41:90-100. [PMID: 13497761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The acclimation of rats to low environmental temperatures was found to alter the hepatic metabolic response to fasting for 1 day at 0–2°C. Liver glycogen was stabilized, fatty infiltration of the liver did not occur and liver slices were better able to oxidize acetate-I-C14 and palmitate-I-C14 to C14O2. These results provide an excellent example of an acclimation process occurring at the molecular level.
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Abstract
The slow tonic responses of the anterior byssus retractor of Mytilus edulis to rapid cooling were investigated by simultaneously recording tension and resting potential changes after soaking the muscle in banthine, a powerful neuromuscular blocking agent. The quantitative relations between the amount of cooling and the amount of associated depolarization necessary for contraction at various concentrations of potentiating potassium can be expressed in a family of curves. The plateaus of the curves for sea water and for potassium-free sea water were beneath the depolarization value necessary for contraction, so that it is clear that no amount of cooling with sea water alone or with potassium-free sea water would ever be effective. When the muscle is treated with subthreshold amounts of potassium and rapidly cooled in various concentrations of sodium ion and calcium ion, respectively, the sodium and calcium do not affect the amount of depolarization. Acetylcholine, in subthreshold amounts, has a potentiating effect, but, unlike potassium and cooling, acts through the nervous apparatus. Mytilus muscle will respond to cooling with tonic contraction whenever a critical threshold amount of depolarization is achieved. Cooling alone cannot trigger the contraction since it cannot bring about sufficient depolarization. Cooling can result in contraction, however, if used in conjunction with some other subthreshold depolarizing agent. Cooling affects the contractile mechanism by first causing membrane breakdown and depolarization.
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Abstract
Reflex vascular responses to cooling were studied in subjects with neurologic disorders, with a younger and an elderly "normal" group being used for comparison. By and large the responses were mirror images of those described for the Gibbon-Landis procedure. It was demonstrated that normal reflex responses to cooling as well as to warming are dependent upon the integrity of sympathetic innervation.
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The effects of low temperatures and heparin on potassium exchangeability in rat diaphragm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 43:189-99. [PMID: 13582642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1958.tb01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The oxygen consumption of cold exposed, restrained guinea pigs is significantly greater than that of cold exposed, nonrestrained controls. Similar observations have been made for the rat ( Canad. J. Biochem. & Physiol. 33:654, 1955). These data strongly suggest that heat production is greater in the restrained animal than in the nonrestrained control. The hypothermia, then, accompanying restraint in the cold cannot be laid to a decreased muscular activity (muscular activity is actually increased) and a consequently lessened heat production, as suggested by some ( J. Appl. Physiol. 12:214, 1958). It must be due, as demonstrated for the rat ( Am. J. Physiol. 193:557, 1958), to an increased rate of heat loss. The marked physiological changes accompanying restraint should serve as a warning to the investigator who uses restraint for convenience in data collection. Submitted on July 11, 1958
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Effect of prolonged cold exposure on oxidative phosphorylation and adenosinetriphosphatase activity of rat liver tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 196:890-2. [PMID: 13637237 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.4.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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[Changes of nuclear & cytoplasmic structures of the insegmented fertilized egg subjected to prolonged refrigeration, in the triton Pleurodeles waltlii Michah]. COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES 1959; 249:173-5. [PMID: 13671799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Freezing damage to bovine cream indicated by release of enzymes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1959; 37:821-7. [PMID: 13662889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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The pathogenesis of lesions produced in rabbits by administration of foreign serum proteins. I. The effect of cold, ACTH, and cortisone on lesions of heart, kidneys, and arteries. J Transl Med 1959; 8:777-98. [PMID: 13665962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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Histological evidence for cellular adaptation to non-freezing cold injury. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1959; 37:811-9. [PMID: 13662888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Vasospasm and cold. Ir J Med Sci 1959; 402:267-73. [PMID: 13664370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Physiological basis of the use of hot showers after work under the effects of cold]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 1959; 24:27-32. [PMID: 13672401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Regulation of capillary resistance. V. Effect of cold on capillary resistance]. LAVAL MEDICAL 1959; 28:82-114. [PMID: 13666064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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The effects of low temperatures on larval cestodes and other helminths in fish. J Parasitol 1959; 45:291-4. [PMID: 13665468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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[Study of the conditions for preservation of the viability of a strain of typhoid bacillus by freeze-drying with the purpose of producing a radio-inactivated vaccine. I. Study of the initial freezing phase; research on resistance of typhoid bacillus to exposure at low temperatures]. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR 1959; 96:755-64. [PMID: 13670523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Effects of pantothenic acid and corticosteroids on the survival of adrenalectomized rats submitted to cold of +2 degree C]. JOURNAL DE PHYSIOLOGIE 1959; 51:555-6. [PMID: 13665650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Effects of carbon dioxide on the metabolism of non-anesthetized rats exposed to cold]. JOURNAL DE PHYSIOLOGIE 1959; 51:568-9. [PMID: 13665660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Imporance of afferent segments in the production of thermal shivering]. JOURNAL DE PHYSIOLOGIE 1959; 51:569-70. [PMID: 13665661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Acclimatization to cold: immediate adrenal response and survival of acclimatized rats exposed to more severe cold. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1959; 37:661-70. [PMID: 13651967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Quantitative study of cardiac auricular conduction of rabbits during localized cooling]. JOURNAL DE PHYSIOLOGIE 1959; 51:557. [PMID: 13665651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Changes of functional retinal lability in cold exposure]. VOENNO-MEDITSINSKII ZHURNAL 1959; 2:20-3. [PMID: 13676335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Acclimatization to cold: observations on the mechanism of the reduced immediate adrenal response. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1959; 37:671-7. [PMID: 13651968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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Observations on some possible precursors of essential hypertension and coronary artery disease. VI. Comparison of the circulatory reactivity to the cold pressor test and to the smoking test. Ann Intern Med 1959; 50:970-80. [PMID: 13637569 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-50-4-970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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[Bacteriological investigations of air at low temperatures]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 1959; 24:77-9. [PMID: 13653413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Age factor in reactions to cold of young rats]. CESKOSLOVENSKA FYSIOLOGIE 1959; 8:192. [PMID: 13671528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Biological effects of cold]. CONCOURS MEDICAL 1959; 81:1339-40 passim. [PMID: 13639565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Opposite action of cold and of light on the growth of the conidiophores of Monilia fructicola]. COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES 1959; 248:1576-9. [PMID: 13639356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Serum properdin levels after prolonged refrigeration]. BOLLETTINO DELL'ISTITUTO SIEROTERAPICO MILANESE 1959; 38:128-31. [PMID: 13651414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[Effect of low temperature on regeneration in amphibians and on the resistance of regenerates in these conditions to cytostatic effect of novoembichine and triethyleneimine-S-triazine]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 1959; 47:85-8. [PMID: 13651287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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