Chinese version of Yoon Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument: validation using classical test theory and Rasch analysis

BACKGROUND

Despite the availability of a wide range of critical thinking instruments, there was no original design for nurses that has been translated into Chinese. However, only instruments designed specifically for the nursing discipline would be reliable. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Yoon Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument in the Chinese context.

METHODS

A four-step translation process was implemented according to Word Health Organization guidelines, which included forward translation, expert panel review, backward translation, and pre-testing. Experts and nursing students participated in testing the validity and reliability of the Chinese version.

RESULTS

The translation of the instrument went smoothly. According to a confirmatory factor analysis, there was an acceptable fit for the seven-factor model. Content validity indices ranged from 0.6 to 1 at item level, and 0.94 at scale level. In addition, there was extremely high internal consistency and test-retest reliability in the translated instrument. There was a good fit for the items with both person and item reliabilities greater than 0.6 and a separation index of 2.19, respectively. The item location was identified from the wright map as not covering person ability, but the scale did not have a gender-related differential item functioning.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a critical thinking disposition instrument for nursing students was translated into Chinese for the first time. This translated instrument is a reliable tool with satisfactory validity and reliability. It could provide opportunities for building a cross-cultural understanding of critical thinking disposition.

Self-Compassion in Chinese Young Adults: Its Measurement and Measurement Construct

OBJECTIVES

Self-compassion is the ability to be kind to oneself in adversity. This multidimensional construct is typically assessed by the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). In Chinese samples, there have been inconsistent psychometric findings that impede cross-cultural research. This study aimed to explore the factor structure of the Chinese version (SCS-C).

METHODS

Two samples of young Chinese adults were recruited (Sample 1, N = 465, 141 men, Mean age [Mage] = 20.26; Sample 2, N = 392, 71 men; Mage = 18.97). Confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to examine previously reported four- and six-factor structures of SCS-C.

RESULTS

Although ESEM supported the six-factor structure when a problematic item was omitted, we found stronger evidence for a novel four-factor structure of the SCS-C revealed with self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and uncompassionate self-responding. This suggests that Chinese individuals have a different understanding of the negative components of the original self-compassion definition, which was based on the United States and other mostly Western samples. Omega coefficients of the bifactor models suggested that using the SCS total score in Chinese samples is inappropriate. However, high factor determinacy and construct replicability indicated that the general factor of SCS-C could be used in a structural equation modeling context for both four-factor and six-factor structures.

CONCLUSIONS

When using the existing SCS-C in path models, researchers should use a latent variable approach and establish the measurement construct rather than sum scores of the scale or subscales without checking the factor structure in future empirical studies. Also, the SCS-C needs to be revised, and we proposed directions forward for future research.

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the Japan Frailty Scale

Purpose

Frailty is a difficult-to-measure condition that is susceptible to adverse outcomes. The Japan Frailty Scale (JFS) is a tool for assessing frailty status in older adults. This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the JFS into a Chinese version (JFS-C).

Materials and methods

The study included 160 older adults as participants. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability was conducted using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity was evaluated by assessing the correlation between JFS-C and the Barthel Index, the Frail scale, and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Criterion validity was assessed by comparing JFS-C scores with the Frail scale.

Results

JFS-C demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas = 0.711) and excellent test-retest reliability over a 7 to 10-day interval (ICC = 0.949). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between JFS-C and the Frail scale (r = 0.786, p < 0.001), a moderate negative correlation with the Barthel Index (r = -0.598, p < 0.001), and moderate correlations with various subscales of SF-36 (r = -0.574 to -0.661). However, no significant correlations were found between JFS-C and SF-36 mental health (r = -0.363, p < 0.001) or role emotional (r = -0.350, p < 0.001). Based on the reference standard of the Frail scale phenotype (score ≥ 2), the cutoff value for JFS-C was determined to be 3.

Conclusion

JFS-C demonstrates good reliability and validity in assessing frailty among the older population in China.

Validation of the Chinese version of the resilience scale for the oldest-old

Background

Resilience is one of the most important variables associated with adaptive ability. The resilience scale for the oldest-old age (RSO) has been designed to measure the resilience among the oldest-old people. Originally developed in Japan, this scale has not been used in China. The objective of this study was to translate the RSO into Chinese and investigate its validity and reliability among the community's oldest-old adults aged ≥80 years.

Methods

A total of 473 oldest-old people who came from communities were recruited by convenience sampling for the assessment of construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In addition, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, face validity, and content validity were used to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of RSO.

Results

The RSO demonstrated good face validity and content validity. The content validity index of the Chinese version of the RSO was 0.890. Moreover, one factor was extracted by exploratory factor analysis, which accounted for 61.26% of the variance. The RSO had high internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha = 0.927. The test-retest reliability was 0.785. The item-total correlations ranged from 0.752 to 0.832.

Conclusion

The results of the study indicate that the Chinese version of the RSO questionnaire has good reliability and validity and can be recommended for use by health and social service agencies as a method for assessing the resilience of the oldest-old in the community.

Assessing hedonic hunger among Chinese adults using the Power of Food Scale: Psychometric properties and cross-cultural invariance between China and the US

Hedonic hunger refers to food consumption for pleasure without biological energy deficits. The Power of Food Scale (PFS) is a well-developed self-report instrument assessing hedonic hunger. The present study aimed to translate and validate the PFS into simplified Chinese (C-PFS) and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese adults. A total of 773 participants (51.1 % men, M age = 24.98 years, SD = 6.10) were recruited in the present study from college and community populations. Consistent with the previous studies, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the C-PFS had three factors: food present, food available, and food tasted. In addition, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 and an ICC of 0.86 suggested that the C-PFS has good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In terms of convergent validity, the scores of C-PFS correlated significantly with disordered eating symptomatology and loss of control over eating. Measurement invariance tests showed that the C-PFS was invariant across gender and sample source groups in the Chinese sample. In addition, a U.S. sample of 490 college students (26.6 % men, M age = 21.41 years, SD = 5.45) was used to test the measurement invariance across countries, and results suggested a partial invariance across college students from China and those from the U.S. In conclusion, the C-PFS can be a useful tool for measuring hedonic hunger among adults in China, and there may be cultural differences in the measurement of the PFS in college students across China and the U.S.

Modeling of the Chinese Dating App Use Motivation Scale According to Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory

Dating apps are popular worldwide among young adults, and the Tinder use motivation scale is widely used to measure the primary motives for dating app use. In light of the increasing prevalence of dating apps among young Chinese adults, this study applied both item response theory and traditional classical test theory to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the dating app use motivation scale that is applicable across different dating apps. In total, 1046 current or former dating app users (age range: 18-30, M = 26.20, SD = 4.26, 52.30% girls) completed the online survey. From the original item pool, this study selected 25 items according to item response theory analysis, retracted six factors based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and conducted confirmatory factor analysis for further validation. The motivations were seeking a relationship, self-worth validation, the thrill of excitement, ease of communication, emotion-focused coping, and fun. The first four motivations were consistent with the original scale, and two new motivations were found in the present sample. All six motivations were validated among the Chinese sample. Not consistent with the Tinder use motivation scale, casual sex was not identified as a primary motivation among young Chinese adults. One related measure was used to obtain convergent validity. The discussion focused on the cultural and methodological factors that may explain the differences between the original scale and the Chinese version of the scale.

The Chinese Short Version of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale: Its Validity, Reliability, and Predictive Value for Future Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Purpose

To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese short version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-6), and its predictive value for prospective falls in community-dwelling older adults.

Patients and Methods

A total of 391 community older adults completed the prospective study. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, structural validity and discriminant validity were analyzed. To determine the accuracy of ABC-6 total score in predicting falls, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed, and comparisons with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC-16) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were made.

Results

Excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.938) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.964, 95% CI: 0.947–0.977) were found for the ABC-6. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that ABC-6 had a one-factor structure (explained variance, 68.30%). The optimal cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity of ABC-6 to distinguish fallers from non-fallers was ≤ 60.00%, 70.83% and 84.26%, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the predictive value among the ABC-6, ABC-16, and BBS.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the ABC-6 scale was a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-perceived balance confidence in community-dwelling older adults, and can be used as an effective assessment tool to predict future falls.

Translation and validation of the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-vaginal symptoms: the simplified Chinese version

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Vaginal Symptoms (ICIQ-VS) is a simple and effective questionnaire for evaluating vaginal symptoms, sexual problems and the quality of life (QOL) in patients. This study was aimed at validating the simplified Chinese version of the ICIQ-VS.

METHODS

A total of 120 women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) stage <2, 124 with stage ≥ 2, and 51 patients who underwent POP surgery (POP stage ≥2) were included. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for reliability analysis. We used the content validity index, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Mann-Whitney U test to study validity. Paired sample t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, effect size and standardized response mean were used to assess sensitivity.

RESULTS

The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the vaginal symptoms score (VSS) and sexual matters score (SMS) were 0.787 and 0.861 respectively. The test-retest reliabilities of the VSS, SMS, and QOL score were 0.830, 0.894, and 0.948 respectively. The test-retest reliability was from good to excellent (ICC 0.669-0.948). The item-level content validity index was 0.60 to 1.00. The scale-level content validity index/universal agreement was 0.95, and the scale-level content validity index/average was 0.96. Significant score differences existed between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (p < 0.001). Criterion validity was significant (p < 0.001). VSS and QOL score had high sensitivity (p < 0.001, effect size and standardized response mean >0.8).

CONCLUSIONS

The simplified Chinese version of the ICIQ-VS can objectively and reliably access vaginal symptoms, sexual matters, and QOL in Chinese women.

Validation of reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the active-empathic listening scale

Background

Active-empathic listening (AEL) is the active and emotional involvement of a listener that can take place in at least three key stages of the listening process. Bodie has developed and validated a self-reported, 11-item, three-factor active-empathic listening scale (AELS) in English with good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) to assess AEL abilities. Nevertheless, a Chinese version of the AELS had not been established and validated yet.

Objective

The objective of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the AELS.

Methods

After translating the scale into the Chinese version, 834 college students completed the test. After 4 weeks, 206 participants were tested again on the Chinese AELS to examine retest reliability. The critical ratio method and the item-total correlations were used for the item analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's Omega. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine the scale's retest reliability. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) was used to examine the convergent validity. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted.

Results

Each item of the Chinese AELS had a good discrimination, and the item-total correlation of each item ranged from 0.51 to 0.73. EFA extracted three factors with characteristic root values greater than 1, which could explain 70.72% of the total variance. CFA indicated an adequate fit of the three-factor model (χ2/df = 2.250, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.055, the comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.971, the Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.959, and the goodness of fit index [GFI] = 0.959). The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (sensing: α = 0.79/ω = 0.78, processing: α = 0.83/ω = 0.83, responding: α = 0.79/ω = 0.79, and AELS: α = 0.87/ω = 0.87). Retest reliability of the scale at 4-week intervals by an ICC was 0.563. The Chinese AELS was significantly correlated with each dimension of IRI.

Conclusion

The reliability and validity of the Chinese AELS met the basic psychometrics requirements. Therefore, the scale can be potentially used to assess the active empathic listening abilities of people in China.

Responsiveness and Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Chinese Version of the Motor Function Measure-32 in Children and Adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PURPOSE

This study aimed to examine the responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of the Motor Function Measure 32-Chinese version (MFM 32-CN) in children and adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

METHODS

This observational, prospective cohort study assessed changes in motor function over 12 months using the MFM 32-CN in 108 pediatric patients with DMD.

RESULTS

Moderate to high internal responsiveness was found for MFM total, D1, and D2 scores (SRM = 0.46-0.83). Sufficient external responsiveness was observed in all MFM scores, as determined by a good correlation with the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) ratings (r = 0.54-0.72, p < .01). The estimated MCID values derived from different anchor-based methods ranged from 4.7 to 6.0, with a median of 5.0 points (%).

CONCLUSION

The MFM 32-CN demonstrates sufficient internal and external responsiveness as a measure of motor function in children and adolescents with DMD. The present study established the MCID of MFM-32 in pediatric patients with DMD.

Development and validation of the Chinese version of the perceived partner responsiveness scale (C-PPRS)

BACKGROUND

Perceived partner responsiveness (PPR) refers to the belief that the relational partner knows and is sensitive and supportive. Instead of translating the English version of the Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS) into Chinese, this study aimed to construct and analyze the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (C-PPRS). On the one hand, some words in the original scale are inappropriate for the Chinese due to cultural differences. On the other hand, we intended the scale to apply just to persons in romantic relationships, not to friends or roommates.

METHOD

We conducted two studies. In the first study, 441 participants who completed the C-PPRS were randomly divided into two samples for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed in a group of 224 participants who completed the C-PPRS and the Quality of Relationship Index in the second study.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the four-factor model (understanding, intimacy, acceptance, and trust) was a feasible representation of the C-PPRS factor structure (χ²/df = 2.27, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.05) and had robust internal consistency reliability (alpha = 0.90) and concurrent validity (moderately correlated with the Quality of Relationship Index, r = 0.66, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

PPR is a concept to understand the psychological manifestations of a person who believes that his or her partner is concerned with core characteristics of the self. The C-PPRS has good psychometric characteristics to evaluate such manifestations and can be applied to future intimacy research.

Developing the Chinese version problem areas in diabetes-teen for measuring diabetes distress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

PURPOSE

To translate the 26-item English version Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen (PAID-T) into a Chinese version and then to examine its psychometrical properties for measuring diabetes distress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

DESIGN AND METHODS

The 26-item English version PAID-T was translated into a Chinese version guided by the translation model for cross-cultural research. A cross-sectional design was used and 203 adolescents with T1D were recruited from four hospitals in Taiwan. Content validity, exploratory factor analysis, and item analysis were used to ensure the item quality and build the factor structure of the Chinese version PAID-T. Confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and reliability testing were also used to examine its psychometric properties.

RESULTS

The three second-order factors of the 18-item Chinese version PAID-T were developed. The correlation coefficients of the three-factor Chinese version PAID-T with self-management and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were all significant and ranged from -0.32 to -0.45 and 0.18 to 0.33 respectively. Cronbach's α and the test-retest reliability of the three-factor Chinese version PAID-T ranged from 0.85 to 0.93 and from 0.89 to 0.94 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese version PAID-T with good translation quality was a reliable and valid scale to screen and assess diabetes distress for adolescents with T1D.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Nurses could use the Chinese version PAID-T to track diabetes distress and tailor interventions for adolescents with T1D; also, the Chinese version PAID-T could facilitate the conducting of research on diabetes distress for adolescents with T1D.

The Chinese version of the Memory for Intentions Test (MIST): development and evaluation of its reliability and concurrent validity

This study aims to develop a simplified Chinese version of the "Memory for Intentions Test" (MIST), evaluate its reliability and concurrent validity, explore the inter-relationships among the MIST variables and the relationships between the MIST variables and socio-demographic factors.

Two hundred healthy, Chinese-speaking adults of the Han community participated in this study. Form A of the Chinese MIST and two prospective items of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, Second Edition (RBMT-II, Chinese version) were administered to all participants to evaluate internal consistency, split-half reliability, and concurrent validity. Twenty of these participants were assessed twice on Form A with a two-week interval to examine test-retest reliability. They were also assessed on both Form A and Form B to examine alternate-form reliability.

The findings of the study indicated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .833) and excellent split-half reliability (r = .924-.930) among the six subscales of the Chinese MIST, although the internal consistency was low (Cronbach's α = .129) for individual PM trials. We also found adequate concurrent validity (ρ = .722, p< .001), test-retest reliability (ρ = .716, p < .001), and alternate-form reliability (ρ= .828, p < .001).

The Chinese MIST demonstrated suitable reliability and concurrent validity in the Chinese-speaking population. The present study provides a new standardized prospective memory test for the Chinese population, which would enhance future clinical research in this field on the Chinese mainland.

Validation of the sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) in infants and toddlers from mainland China

The sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) has been validated in the population of Chinese children (aged 5-16 years) and has good psychometric properties. However, valid assessment tools for sleep problems in the population of infants and young children from mainland China are relatively scarce, and rates of screening and management for pediatric sleep problems are low.

OBJECTIVE

This study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of SDSC among infants (aged 6-36 months), and to provide a reference for expanding the application of the SDSC for Chinese infants (SDSC-I).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From April to November 2021, parents of infants from Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Longyan, Sanming, and Nanping cities in Fujian Province, China completed the SDSC-I. Several factor analyses were performed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale.

RESULTS

Of note, 432 out of 469 samples were valid. After item selections and exploratory factor analyses, the SDSC-I concluded six dimensions (disorders of initiating sleep, disorders of maintaining sleep, sleep hyperhidrosis, sleep breathing disorders, parasomnias, and non-restorative sleep and excessive somnolence) with 23 items. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.863, and those for the six dimensions were within 0.576-0.835. The values of parameters for content validity of the scale were: IR = 0.87, I-CVI > 0.78, Kappa value > 0.74, S-CVI/UA = 0.87, S-CVI/Ave = 0.98. Principal component analysis revealed that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.84, and the factor loading of items ranged from 0.328 to 0.849, with six factors of eigenvalue more than one, which could explain 58.274% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that χ²/DF was 3.556, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.077, comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.809, and standardized RMR (SRMR) was 0.070.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides evidence that the SDSC-I is reliable and valid, and it is effective for the screening and management of sleep disturbances among infants (aged 6-36 months). Compared with other questionnaires such as the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), it is worthy of popularization and application in pediatric primary care.

Validation of the Chinese Version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in Autism Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND

The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is an essential semi-structured diagnostic tool for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to validate the Chinese version of the ADI-R in Taiwan.

METHODS

The Chinese version of the ADI-R was translated and back-translated by professional translators and was approved by the original authors. A group of child psychiatrists and psychologists corrected medical terminology for the final version. Then, a total of 74 participants with ASD (male, 59, 79.73%) and 33 control participants without ASD (male, 16, 48.48%) were recruited. All participants were between 3 years 4 months to 41 years old (mean: 14.63 ± 7.93 years). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to measure the factor structure.

RESULTS

Cronbach's α showed good to excellent internal consistency (0.78-0.98) over the three core symptom domains of the Chinese version of the ADI-R. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed very high test-retest reliability (Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging from 0.95 to 0.99). EFA supported three categories of factors. For correct diagnosis of ASD, the Chinese version of the ADI-R had high sensitivity (97.30%), specificity (100%), positive predictive value (PPV) (100%), and negative predictive value (NPV) (94.29%). All domains also showed excellent area under the curves (0.991-1), sensitivity (94.59-98.65%), specificity (96.97-100%), Youden index (94.59-98.65%), PPV (97.78-100%), NPV (89.19-100%), positive likelihood ratio (32.55-33.00%) and negative likelihood ratio (0.00-0.05) after statistical examination.

CONCLUSION

The Chinese version of the ADI-R is a reliable and valid diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of ASD in Clinical settings in Taiwan.

Validation of the Chinese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 in patients from tertiary hospitals in China

OBJECTIVE

To validate the Chinese language version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) in a sample of outpatients attending tertiary hospitals in China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A Chinese language version of the SSS-8 was completed by outpatients (n = 699) from psychosomatic medicine, gastroenterology/neurology, and traditional Chinese medicine clinics of nine tertiary hospitals between September 2016 and January 2018 to test the reliability. The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), the Somatic Symptom Disorder-B Criteria Scale (SSD-12), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, the Medical Outcome Study 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO DAS 2.0) were rated to test construct validity. The criterion validity was tested by using the Semi-structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (Research Version) (SCID-5-RV) for somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as the diagnostic gold standard to explore the optimal cutoff score of the SSS-8.

RESULTS

The average age of the recruited participants was 43.08 (±14.47). 61.4% of them were female. The internal consistency derived from the sample was acceptable (Cronbach α = 0.78). Confirmatory factor analyses resulted in the replication of a three-factor model (cardiopulmonary symptoms, pain symptoms, gastrointestinal and fatigue symptoms) (comparative fit index = 0.95, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.92, root mean square error of approximation = 0.10, 90% confidence interval = 0.08-0.12). The SSS-8 sum score was highly associated with PHQ-15 (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), SSD-12 (r = 0.64, p < 0.001), GAD-7 (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), and PHQ-9 (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). The patients with more severe symptoms showed worse quality of life and disability The optimal cutoff score of SSS-8 was 9 (sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.68).

CONCLUSION

Our preliminary assessment suggests that the Chinese language version of the SSS-8 has reliability and validity sufficient to warrant testing further in research and clinical settings.

Testing the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale

Accurate assessment of anxiety disorders and their symptomatology in schizophrenic patients is important for prognosis and treatment. Measuring anxiety on the traditional anxiety assessment scales such as the Hamilton Anxiety Rating (HAMA) Scale or the self-rating depression scale (SAS) is challenging and often considered unsuitable for assessing anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale (S-SARS) has been shown to reliably measure specified and undifferentiated anxiety in schizophrenia. The present study aims to test the reliability and validity of the S-SARS version, thereby facilitating Chinese psychiatrists in assessing anxiety symptoms in schizophrenic patients. A total of 300 patients meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia were recruited by convenience sampling. We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to evaluate the structural validity of S-SARS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to acquire the cutoff point of S-SARS to define the severity of anxiety. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's and Krippendorff's α scores. 1-week test-retest reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlation analysis with HAMA was used to determine the Chinese version of S-SARS criterion validity. We have the following results: Our version of S-SARS showed Cronbach's α score as 0.899, Krippendorff's α as 0.874, and a correlation coefficient of 0.852 between S-SARS and HAMA. The EPA demonstrated that the contribution rate of major factors was 69.45%. All the items of S-SARS were located in one factor and showed a high factor load (0.415-0.837). The correlation coefficient of S-SARS and HAMA was 0.852. Our results indicated that Chinese version of S-SARS showed good constructive validity and reliability. It also showed better criterion validity compared to HAMA. The S-SARS and its Chinese version can thus serve as an effective tool for assessing anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

A borderline personality assessment for adolescents: Validity and reliability of the Chinese languages borderline personality features scale (short form version) for adolescents/children

BACKGROUND

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by behavioral patterns that promote suffering in many adolescents and their guardians. Currently, early diagnosis of BPD mainly depends on the effective assessment of pathological personality traits (i.e., borderline personality features) and using the indicated scales. The Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-Short Form (BPFSC-SF) is widely used and the introduction of a Chinese version of the BPFSC-SF, can improve the diagnosis and prognosis of Chinese patients with BPD.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the BPFSC-SF.

METHOD

120 adolescents with BPD were enrolled in the present study and completed the BPFSC-SF and the Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF) assessments. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test assessment validity. Test-retest correlations and the Cronbach's α coefficients were used to determine reliability.

RESULTS

CFA analysis identified primary factors of BPFSC, with each item ranging from 0.597~0.899. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.877 between CL-BFSFC-SF and the state vs. trait loneliness scale. The Cronbach's α of the scale was 0.854 in the clinical group. The test-retest reliability correlation coefficient (interclass correlation coefficients.ICC) was 0.937.

CONCLUSION

The Chinese version of BPFSC-SF is a valid and reliable tool for adolescent Chinese patients with BPD.

Translation and Validation of TRANSITION-Q for Chinese Pediatric Cancer Survivors

PURPOSE

Cancer survivorship starts at diagnosis. Transition readiness is an important indicator for pediatric cancer survivors to move from pediatric to adult medical care. Appropriate measurement of transition readiness can facilitate better cancer survivorship. This study aimed to translate and validate of the English version of the TRANSITION-Q into Chinese.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The translation followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) best-practice guidelines for the translation and cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM). A cross- psychometric testing on reliability and validity were conducted from a convenient sample of Chinese adolescent cancer survivors aged 10-19 years.

RESULTS

Two hundred seventy-one pediatric cancer patients were recruited for the psychometric validation. The 14-item Chinese TRANSITION-Q demonstrated adequate reliability. In exploratory factorial analyses and confirmatory factor analysis, a two-factor structure emerged with a variance of 54.78%, demonstrating construct validity. Convergent validity test showed TRANSITION-Q score was significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy (r = -0.84, p = 0.002). The known-group validity demonstrated the older group (age ≥14 years) had a significantly higher mean TRANSITION-Q score than the younger group (age < 14 years) (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

The Chinese version of the TRANSITION-Q is reliable and valid and can be used in Chinese research and clinical settings.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

This scale can be used in Chinese clinical and research settings to investigate understanding of transition readiness in Chinese pediatric cancer survivors.

Psychometric properties of the ethical conflict in nursing questionnaire critical care version among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study

Background

Ethical conflicts are common in the critical care setting, and have compromised job satisfaction and nursing care quality. Using reliable and valid instruments to measure the ethical conflict is essential. This study aimed to translate the Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire — Critical Care Version into Chinese and determine the reliability and validity in the population of Chinese nurses.

Methods

Researchers obtained permission and followed the translation-backward method to develop the Chinese version of the Ethical Conflict in Nursing Questionnaire — Critical Care Version (ECNQ-CCV-C). Relevant psychometric properties were selected according to the Consensus-based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist. Critical care nurses were recruited from two tertiary public hospitals in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and Kunming, Yunnan Province. Of the 264 nurses we approached, 248 gave their consent and completed the study.

Results

The ECNQ-CCV-C achieved Cronbach’s alphas 0.902 and McDonald’s omega coefficient 0.903. The test-retest reliability was satisfactory within a 2-week interval (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.757). A unidimensional structure of the ECNQ-CCV-C was determined. Confirmatory factor analysis supported acceptable structure validity. Concurrent validity was confirmed by a moderate relation with a measure for hospital ethical climate (r = − 0.33, p < 0.01). The model structure was invariant across different gender groups, with no floor/ceiling effect.

Conclusions

The ECNQ-CCV-C demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity among Chinese nurses and had great clinical utility in critical care nursing.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12912-021-00651-x.

Measuring Prospective Imagery: Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Prospective Imagery Task

Objective

Prospective negative imagery is suggested to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression. The Prospective Imagery Task (PIT) was developed to assess prospective imagery. Given the importance of prospective imagery for mental health in the Chinese cultural context, our objective was to examine the psychometric properties of the PIT in a Chinese sample.

Methods

The instrument was validated among a sample of 1,372 Chinese individuals (mean age = 19.98, SD = 4.57; 35.2% male) who completed the PIT immediately following the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait version (STAI-T).

Results

The two-factor structure of the PIT was in line with the original study, with satisfactory reliability and positive correlations with the BDI-II and STAI-T scores. Latent profile analysis revealed a three-class pattern. The measurement invariance indicated that the instrument can be used among different age groups as well as among males and females.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the PIT is a reliable and valid tool to measure prospective imagery, and the positive subscale is meaningful for clinical psychology. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

The supportive supervisory scale: psychometric properties in Chinese health care aides samples

Objective

To sinicize the Supportive Supervisory Scale (SSS) and analyze the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of SSS (SSS-C).

Methods

The SSS (the original English version) was firstly sinicized and adjusted, then its psychometric properties were examined in 300 health care aides from four long-term care (LTC) facilities. SPSS 22.0 was used to process the data and calculate the reliability and validity.

Results

The 15-item SSS-C had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α coefficient = 0.852), split half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficient = 0.834) and test–retest reliability (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.784), and three factors were extracted. If the four items with their communality < 0.4 were deleted, the remaining 11 items could explain 55.654% of the total variance. The discriminant validity of the SSS-C varied significantly between sites.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of SSS can be used to effectively measure the supervisory support of the nurses within the LTC settings.

The diagnostic threshold of Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium in detection of postoperative delirium in pediatric surgical patients

Background

Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium (CAPD) showed advantage in diagnosis of pediatric delirium in Chinese critically ill patients. But its performance in surgical patients is still unclear. The present study was designed to validate the diagnostic performance of CAPD in surgical pediatric patients.

Methods

This is a prospective validation study. Pediatric patients who underwent selective surgery and general anesthesia were enrolled. Primary outcome was the incidence of delirium within postoperative three days. CAPD Chinese version was used to evaluate if the patient had delirium one time per day. At the meantime, a psychiatrist employed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition to diagnose delirium, which was the “gold standard”, and the result was considered as reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated to investigate the performance of CAPD.

Results

A total of 170 patients were enrolled. Median age was 4 years old. As diagnosed by psychiatrist, 23 (13.5 %) patients experienced at least one episode of delirium during the follow-up period. When diagnostic threshold was set at 9, CAPD showed the optimal sensitivity (87.0 %, 95 %CI 65.3 %-96.6 %) and specificity (98.0 %, 95 %CI 93.7 %-99.5 %) in comparison with other diagnostic thresholds. ROC analysis showed that CAPD was a good delirium assessment instrument with area under curve of 0.911 (95 % CI 0.812 to 1.000, P < 0.001). Agreement between CAPD and reference standard was 0.849 (Kappa coefficient, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study found that Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium could be used as an effective instrument in diagnosis of delirium in pediatric surgical patients.

Trial registration

www.chictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR-DDD-17,012,231, August 3, 2017.

Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the nurse-specific end-of-life professional caregiver survey: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Nurses' palliative and hospice care-specific education is associated with the quality of palliative and hospice care that influences health outcomes of patients with life-limiting illnesses and their caregivers. However, China lacks measures available to assess nurses' educational needs in palliative and hospice care. The End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey (EPCS) is a psychometrically reliable self-reporting scale to measure multidisciplinary professionals' palliative and hospice care educational needs. This study was performed to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the EPCS (EPCS-C) among Chinese nurses.

METHODS

We translated and culturally adapted the EPCS into Chinese based on Beaton and colleagues' instrument adaptation process. A cross-sectional study design was used. We recruited 312 nurses from 1482 nurses in a tertiary hospital in central China using convenience sampling to complete the study. Participants completed the EPCS-C and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to test and verify the construct validity of the nurse-specific EPCS-C. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to appraise the reliability of the nurse-specific EPCS-C.

RESULTS

A three-factor structure of EPCS-C was determined, including cultural, ethical, and national values; patient- and family-centered communication; and effective care delivery. The exploratory factor analysis explained 70.82% of the total variances. The 3-factor solution of the nurse-specific EPCS-C had a satisfactory model fit: χ2 = 537.96, χ2/df = 2.96, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.079, IFI = 0.94, and GFI = 0.86. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the overall questionnaire was 0.96.

CONCLUSIONS

The nurse-specific EPCS-C showed satisfactory reliability and validity to assess nurses' palliative and hospice care educational need. Further research is required to verify the reliability and validity of the EPCS-C in a larger sample, especially the criterion-related validity.

Chinese Version of the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination: A Brief Staging Measure for Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND

A specialized instrument for assessing the cognition of patients with severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) is needed in China.

OBJECTIVES

To validate the Chinese version of the Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination (BPMSE-Ch).

DESIGN

The BPMSE is a simplified scale which has proved to be a reliable and valid tool for evaluating patients with moderate to severe AD, it is worthwhile to extend the use of it to Chinese patients with AD.

SETTING

Patients were assessed from the Memory Clinic Outpatient.

PARTICIPANTS

All participants were diagnosed as having probable AD by assessment.

MEASUREMENTS

The BPMSE was translated into Chinese and back translated. The BPMSE-Ch was administered to 102 AD patients with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score below 17. We assessed the internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity between the BPMSE-Ch and MMSE, Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS-1), Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS-2), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR).

RESULTS

The BPMSE-Ch showed good internal consistency (α = 0.87); inter-rater and test-retest reliability were both excellent, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99. The construct validity of the measure was also supported by significant correlations with MMSE, SIB. Moreover, as expected, the BMPSE-Ch had a lower floor effect than the MMSE, but a ceiling effect existed for patients with MMSE scores above 11.

CONCLUSIONS

The BPMSE-Ch is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating cognitive function in Chinese patients with severe AD.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the family accommodation scale for obsessive-compulsive disorder interviewer-rated

BACKGROUND

Family accommodation (FA) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) means that the relatives of patients are involved in, help or facilitate patients' ritual behaviors and avoidance, which is a frequent occurrence and underresearched phenomenon in China. Recent studies have suggested that FA is adversely associated with treatment response, contradictory to the goal of cognitive behavior therapy, a contributor to the maintenance of symptoms and increased symptom severity, and associated with low levels of family and social functioning. There is increasing interest and focus on establishing a family-based intervention for OCD treatment based on the inclusion of relatives by decreasing FA. The present study explored the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Family Accommodation Scale for OCD Interviewer-Rated (FAS-IR).

METHOD

A total of 109 patients with OCD and 91 primary relatives were assessed in corresponding patient and family measures, and the FAS-IR was administered to relatives by trained interviewers.

RESULTS

More than 90% of the relatives accommodated patients' symptoms with at least one kind of FA behavior over the previous week, and the incidence of extreme or everyday routines was as high as 59.3%. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated two-factor structure for the whole scale, including (1) modification and facilitation, and (2) participation. Cronbach's alpha was 0.798 for the whole scale, and the interrater and test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.835 (95%CI: 0.603-0.937) and 0.882 (95%CI: 0.685-0.959), respectively. Convergent validity was supported in exploring FA and was associated with symptom severity, level of functional impairment and family functioning related to OCD. The FA was not significantly correlated with depressive symptoms rated by the patients, as evidence of acceptable divergent validity. There was no significant difference in FA total score based on patient gender, patient age, or relationship with patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese version of the FAS-IR demonstrated excellent psychometric properties for assessing the degree of FA, suggesting that it is a useful and valuable instrument in clinical and research settings.

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Into Chinese

Family accommodation is a phenomenon that has been associated with worse treatment outcome of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and greater severity of symptoms and levels of functional impairment. Yet, there are no Chinese scales to assess family accommodation in OCD among family members. The present study aimed to illustrate the steps of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Chinese versions of the Family Accommodation Scale (FAS). After obtaining authorization of the developers, the Chinese versions of the FAS were translated and adapted from the English versions based on a standard protocol, following six steps: forward translation, pilot administration, language adjustment and cultural adaptation, back-translation, review and minor edit, and final approval of the developer. Thirty-five pairs of patients and corresponding relatives with different education levels were administered the FAS in the pretest stage. This study found that the semantic, idiomatic, and conceptual equivalence were obtained between the Chinese versions and original English scales, and the Chinese versions of FAS were well translated and culturally adapted. We also found that the Chinese versions of the FAS can be easily understood by people of different socioeconomic statuses.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Brace Questionnaire

Objective: To adapt the questionnaire cross-culturally and to analyze the adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the Brace Questionnaire (C-BrQ). Methods: The adaptation was based on the International Quality of Life Assessment Project guidelines. A total of 79 patients with AIS were included to examine the psychometric properties of the C-BrQ. The reliability was assessed using internal consistency (the Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC_2.1, 95% CI). Floor and ceiling effects were calculated. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC, 95% CI) was used to compare the agreement between the Scoliosis Research Society-22 patient questionnaire (SRS-22) and C-BrQ. Results: There were strong correlations between each item and its corresponding domain significantly. The correlations between the C-BrQ domains and their related questions vary from moderate to strong (r = 0.311-0.933, P < 0.05). The Cronbach's was 0.891, showing good internal consistency of each domain of the BrQ, and the ICC in test-retest was 0.860 (0.8776, 0.912), which means an excellent test-retest reliability. The Lin's CCC between SRS-22 and C-BrQ was 0.773 (0.669, 0.848), showing great agreement. However, no significant floor and ceiling effects in C-BrQ was observed except the ceiling effect in school activity and bodily pain. Conclusion: BrQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted for use in China with good internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability.

A novel construct of anhedonia revealed in a Chinese sample via the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales

BACKGROUND

Anhedonia is a core clinical symptom of mental disorders. The Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPAS) and the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) have been applied in clinical and non-clinical samples since 1980s. However, the construct of a unified RPAS&RSAS for comprehensive measurement of anhedonia has never been explored. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine the factor structure of the unified RPAS&RSAS among undergraduates and clinical patients.

METHODS

A total of 3435 undergraduates from two universities and 294 clinical patients with mental disorders had completed the Chinese version of the RPAS and the RSAS. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were each conducted to reveal the constructs of the RPAS and the RSAS. CFA was used to evaluate first- and second-order models for the unified RPAS&RSAS in undergraduates and clinical patients. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the RPAS and the RSAS were also evaluated.

RESULTS

EFA and CFA indicated 2-factor structures for RPAS and RSAS, with the factors being defined as anticipatory anhedonia and consummatory anhedonia. The second-order model of the unified RPAS&RSAS in the undergraduates and clinical patients both had satisfactory fit index values (Undergraduate sample: CFI = 0.901, TLI = 0.899, RMSEA = 0.055, SRMR = 0.086; Clinical sample: CFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.911, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.078). The psychometric robustness of the RPAS&RSAS were confirmed by high internal consistency and test-retest reliability values.

CONCLUSIONS

The unified RPAS&RSAS with a second-order structure was confirmed in both undergraduates and clinical samples in Chinese. The construct of anhedonia was refreshed as covering physical and social domains, and each of them includes both anticipatory and consummatory components.

Undergraduate students' norms for the Chinese version of the symptom check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R)

BACKGROUND

Despite widespread application of the Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) for Chinese undergraduate students, there are no appropriate norms for them. The aim of this study is to provide norms for the Chinese version of the tool for undergraduate students using a large and representative sample.

METHODS

Four thousand eight hundred sixty students completed the scale of SCL-90. The mean scores obtained in the present study were compared with mean scores from previous normative samples.

RESULTS

The mean scores for nine subscales of the SCL-90-R ranged from (1.36 ± 0.46) ~ (1.77 ± 0.63) and the mean (standard deviation) Global Severity Index (GSI) was 1.50 (0.49). Relative to previous normative studies, the findings suggested that Chinese undergraduate students' self-reported mental health symptoms decreased in interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, and paranoid ideation subscales.

CONCLUSION

It is necessary to revise the norms of the Chinese version of the SCL-90-R for undergraduate students.

Cross-cultural Adaptation and Multi-centric Validation of the Motor Function Measure Chinese Version (MFM-32-CN) for Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases

Aim: This study aims to produce a Chinese translation and adaptation of the MFM-32 and examine its measurement parametric properties in Chinese population with neuromuscular diseases. Methods: The MFM-32-CN was validated by testing reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Results: The Interrater and intrarater reliability of MFM-32-CN were moderate to excellent for each item, and excellent for the total score and the subscores. The internal consistency was high for the global scale and subscales. The total score was strongly related to the VAS and Vignos grade, and to a lesser degree to the Brooke grade. The discriminant validity was good. Conclusion: MFM-32-CN has satisfactory reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity in youngsters with DMD, and good psychometric properties have also been observed for the whole population tested combining different NMD groups, but future study with a larger number of participants in each disease group is needed to confirm the present results.

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 in Chinese Hospital Workers: Reliability, Latent Structure, and Measurement Invariance Across Genders

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is an instrument in the assessment of mental health status. The current study recruited 1,532 Chinese hospital workers [74.4% female; mean age = 31.97 (SD = 9.70) years] to examine the reliability, latent structure, and measurement invariance of the DASS-21 between genders. The Cronbach’s α values were greater than 0.90 for total score. This study examined four possible models of the DASS-21 using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in Chinese hospital workers. The results from CFA revealed that the latent structure of the DASS-21 in medical staffs is best represented by a one-factor model. Then we used the one-factor model to examine measurement invariance across genders by using a multiple-group categorical CFA. All values of root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) were less than 0.08, all Comparative Fix Index (CFI) and Tucker–Lewis Index values were greater than 0.90, all ΔCFI (changes in CFI) values were less than 0.010, and ΔRMSEA (the changes in RMSEA) were less than 0.015. These findings supported the gender invariance of the DASS-21 among Chinese hospital workers.

Development and validation of a Chinese version of the Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index

OBJECTIVE

A Chinese version of the Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index (SAQLI) for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) undergoing treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was developed and validated. No Chinese versions of the SAQLI have been previously validated.

METHODS

A convenience sample of 78 patients with OSA who received CPAP therapy at a Taiwanese teaching hospital was enrolled. The SAQLI is organized into four domains: daily functioning, social interactions, emotional functioning, and symptoms. This study evaluated the equivalence (forward translation and back translation), validity, and reliability of a Chinese version of the SAQLI.

RESULTS

The content validity index (CVI) values of the daily functioning, social interactions, emotional functioning, and symptom domains were .93, .93, .96, and 1.00, respectively. Construct validity of one factor was generated by exploratory factor analysis, and the factor explained the following: (A) daily functioning 54%, (B) social interactions 59%, (C) emotional functioning 64%, and (D) symptoms 75% of total explained variance. The Cronbach's α internal consistency values for the daily functioning, social interactions, emotional functioning, and symptom domains were 0.68, 0.94, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively. The repeatability of the SAQLI at 7 days and 30 days after the first administration showed reliability coefficients of .94 and .93 (p = 0.001), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that the Chinese version of the SAQLI has good reliability and validity, as well as refined indicators for assessing the tool's accuracy. Clinicians may thus use the scale to examine the quality of life in Chinese-speaking patients with OSA undergoing CPAP therapy.

The Development of Chinese Version of Transcultural Nursing Self-Efficiency Scale: Using Rasch Model Analysis

Introduction: With the huge advances of globalization and urbanization, the nursing services in China are meeting the challenge of varied culture-specific needs in practices. Tools to measure transcultural sensitivity thus has great value in promoting transcultural nursing practices. Method: The Chinese version of Transcultural Nursing Self-Efficacy Scale (TSET-CV) was translated and validated with a sample of 2,346 nurses in China. Utilizing the analytical framework of the rating scale model, each item of the three subscales, namely the cognitive, practical, and effect subscale, was analyzed in terms of item analysis, item fitting, difficulty, reliability, item function, and validity. Results: The analysis suggested that 5-point Likert-type scale was more suitable than the 10-point Likert-type scale originally used. Item 27 and Item 79 showed deficient properties, which was deleted in the TSET-CV. The most accurate ranges measured by the TSET-CV matched the range of the distribution of the subjects' ability. Discussion: Unlike the classical test theory, the rating scale model based on the Rasch's model can provide sample-independent psychometric properties of items. The revised TSET-CV has great potential in diagnosing deficiency among nursing student in transcultural self-efficiency, which can promote the development of corresponding education strategies.

Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire Chinese version 2.1 (MSQv2.1-C): psychometric evaluation in patients with migraine

BACKGROUND

Migraine ranks as the third most prevalent disease and the seventh most common cause of disability worldwide. To better understand the impact of migraine on the quality of life of individuals with this diagnosis, and how these might differ from one country or culture to another, reliable and valid measures of quality of life that are available in different languages are needed. To address this need, here we (1) translated the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire into Chinese (MSQv2.1-C), and (2) examined the psychometric properties of the measure.

METHODS

Forward and backward translation was conducted using four bilingual experts. One native speaker finalized the translation. Cognitive testing was performed by interviewing 11 monolingual migraineurs, and modifications were made to the MSQv2.1-C, as appropriate. Next, 174 individuals with a history of migraine completed the MSQv2.1-C, along with the SF-12, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale, and numerical rating scale s assessing pain intensity. We then evaluated the reliability and validity of the MSQv2.1-C by performing analyses to evaluate its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, criterion validity, and construct validity.

RESULTS

The MSQv2.1-C scales demonstrated (1) good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha s ≥ 0.81); (2) good 1-week test-retest reliability (intra-class coefficients ≥0.69 and Spearman's rho correlation coefficients ≥0.74); (3) convergent validity (positive correlations with the MSQ and SF-12 scales [rho range = 0.27 to 0.37, ps < 0.05]); (4) criterion validity (negative correlations [rho range = - 0.51 to - 0.25, ps < 0.05]) between the MSQv2.1-C scales and pain-related criterion variables; and (5) construct validity (item factor loadings ranging from 0.71 to 0.96 [> 0.5]).

CONCLUSIONS

The MSQv2.1-C exhibited satisfactory reliability and validity in a sample of individuals with migraine who speak Chinese. The availability of this measure will facilitate research, including cross-cultural research, on the quality of life of individuals with migraine.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised in patients with cancer: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Depressive symptoms are common in patients with cancer and more prevalent in Chinese patients. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale is one of the most widely used self-report scales to assess depressive symptoms in both community and hospitalized samples. A revised Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale has been created, but the evidence on psychometric properties is limited.

OBJECTIVES

To develop the Chinese version of the scale, and to examine the cross-cultural validity, structural validity, construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, responsiveness, and floor/ceiling effect of the scale among patients with cancer according to the recommendation in the consensus-based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional survey design with 33 participants (approximately 10%) completing the follow-up survey for evaluating the test-retest reliability.

SETTINGS

Randomly selected eight wards of an oncology hospital in China.

PARTICIPANTS

Of the 595 patients we approached in the randomly selected eight wards, 310 gave their informed consent and completed the survey.

METHODS

The Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised was developed by four researchers (two translators and two reviewers) who were proficient in both English and Chinese. Participants completed the scale and the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Principal components analyses, Spearman's correlation, the Mann-Whitney U test, Cronbach's alpha, and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used.

RESULTS

The cross-culture validity was excellent based on the consensus-based standards for the selection of the health status measurement instruments checklist. A two-factor structure was determined: somatic symptoms and affective-cognitive symptoms. The sufficient construct validity was supported by that the score of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised was strongly correlated with the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire score (rho = 0.73, p <  0.001) and patients who had received chemotherapy (p =  0.002)/radiotherapy (p =  0.035) reported higher scores of depression than those who have not. The Cronbach's alphas of the total scale and subscales ranged from 0.82-0.88. The test-retest reliability was sufficient (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.73-0.81, all p <  0.001) for total scale and subscales. The smallest detectable change was 2.98 and the responsiveness was adequate, with no floor/ceiling effect.

CONCLUSIONS

This study supports the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised as a valid and reliable measurement of depressive symptoms in patients with cancer.

Validation and Application of the Chinese Version of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory Gastrointestinal Cancer Module (MDASI-GI-C)

OBJECTIVES

To validate and use the Chinese Version of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory Gastrointestinal Cancer Module (MDASI-GI-C) to assess the symptom burden of Chinese-speaking patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

METHODS

In total, 527 patients with postoperative or advanced digestive tract tumors were enrolled in the trial, who had definitive diagnoses and different treatments in our cancer center. MDASI-GI-C was administered to these patients between February and December 2017. The item-scale correlations and internal consistency were evaluated. Construct validity was established by factor analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Cronbach's alpha of the symptom severity and interference subscales was 0.842 and 0.859, respectively. Construct validity revealed a four-factor structure. Known-group validity was established by comparing the MDASI-GI-C scores between patients having different Karnofsky Performance Status scores (≤70 or >70), which were observed to have significant differences. The overall mean subscale scores for the core and interference subscales were 1.63 ± 2.02 and 2.17 ± 2.34, respectively. Fatigue, disturbed sleep, and lack of appetite had the highest scores for most serious symptoms. No significant differences in age, working status, and educational level were found.

CONCLUSIONS

MDASI-GI-C is a reliable and valid tool for assessing cancer-related symptoms in Chinese-speaking patients with digestive tract tumors, facilitates the understanding of the common symptoms of patients with digestive tract tumors, and enables timely management of these symptoms. Cognitive debriefing demonstrated that the patients found MDASI-GI-C to be an easy-to-use and understandable instrument.

Development and evaluation of oral Cancer quality-of-life questionnaire (QOL-OC)

Background

In this study scales and items for the Oral Cancer Quality-of-life Questionnaire (QOL-OC) were designed and the instrument was evaluated.

Methods

The QOL-OC was developed and modified using the international definition of quality of life (QOL) promulgated by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and analysis of the precedent measuring instruments. The contents of each item were determined in the context of the specific characteristics of oral cancer. Two hundred thirteen oral cancer patients were asked to complete both the EORTC core quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLC-C30) and the QOL-OC. Data collected was used to conduct factor analysis, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity.

Results

Questionnaire compliance was relatively high. Fourteen of the 213 subjects accepted the same tests after 24 to 48 h demonstrating a high test-retest reliability for all five scales. Overall internal consistency surpasses 0.8. The outcome of the factor analysis coincides substantially with our theoretical conception. Each item shows a higher correlation coefficient within its own scale than the others which indicates high construct validity.

Conclusions

QOL-OC demonstrates fairly good statistical reliability, validity, and feasibility. However, further tests and modification are needed to ensure its applicability to the quality-of-life assessment of Chinese oral cancer patients.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4378-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese pediatric voice handicap index

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of pediatric voice handicap index (pVHI).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The original English version-pVHI was translated into Chinese. Parents of 52 children with voice dysphonia and 43 children with no history or symptoms of voice problems were asked to fill the Chinese pVHI questionnaires twice with an interval of 2 weeks. GRB (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness) scale was used for perceptual assessment by two otolaryngologists and one speech pathologist for each child's voice. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The Kendall's coefficient of concordance W was used to assess the consistency of GRB scores of 3 voice specialists. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the differences between the dysphonia group and controls. The correlation between pVHI and GRB scores were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

The internal consistency of total score and three subscales scores of Chinese pVHI were 0.788-0.944. The test-retest reliability was 0.631-0.887(P < .001). The pVHI scores of control group significantly were lower than the pathological group (P = .000). The GRB scores of 3 voice specialists have an excellent consistency (W = 0.694-0.807, P = .000). The pVHI scores positively correlated with GRB assessment (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese version of pVHI had a good reliability and validity. It can be applicable and useful supplementary tool for evaluating parents' perception of their children's dysphonia.

Translation and validation of the Chinese Social Role Participation Questionnaire in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Social Role Participation Questionnaire (SRPQ) is used to evaluate the social participation with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although the SRPQ has English and Dutch versions, there is no Chinese version even though China has the largest population of patients with AS. The objective of our study was to translate the SRPQ into Chinese version and assess its reliability and validity in Chinese patients with AS. The C-SRPQ was developed in a five-step translation and cross-cultural adaptation procedure. A total of 105 patients with AS were recruited during the time from September 2014 to June 2017. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cronbach's alpha (α), and Spearman correlation coefficient (r) were used to evaluate test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, and the construct validity of C-SRPQ, respectively. All of the 105 patients with AS successfully completed the questionnaires. Ninety-eight patients (93.33%) participated in at least nine roles for satisfaction dimensions. No floor or ceiling effects were checked. The high value of ICC (> 0.8, 0.831-0.895) indicated the excellent test-retest reliability. In internal consistency reliability, most of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was strong (α ≥ 0.7, 0.534-0.962). In construct validity, more than half of the correlations between the dimensions of C-SRPQ and other questionnaires were good (r > 0.6). The correlations between all dimensions of C-SRPQ and BASDAI, BASFI, and ASQoL were strong negative (P < 0.01). There was a strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) between all dimensions of C-SRPQ and SF-36 physical component score (SF-36PCS), SF-36 mental component role score (SF-36MCS). The C-SRPQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire to evaluate the social participation in Chinese patients with AS.

Chinese version of the Constant-Murley questionnaire for shoulder pain and disability: a reliability and validation study

BACKGROUND

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder in Chinese population, which affects more than 1,3 billion individuals. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no available Chinese-language version of measurements of shoulder pain and disability so far. Moreover, the Constant-Murley score (CMS) questionnaire is a universally recognized patient-reported questionnaire for clinical practice and research. The present study was designed to evaluate a Chinese translational version of CMS and subsequently assess its reliability and validity.

METHODS

The Chinese translational version of CMS was formulated by means of forward-backward translation. Meanwhile, a final review was carried out by an expert committee, followed by conducting a test of the pre-final version. Therefore, the reliability and validity of the Chinese translational version of CMS could be assessed using the internal consistency, construct validity, factor analysis, reliability and floor and ceiling effects. Specifically, the reliability was assessed by testing the internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and test-retest reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation [ICC]), while the construct validity was evaluated via comparison between the Chinese translational version of CMS with visual analog scale (VAS) score and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36, Spearman correlation).

RESULTS

The questionnaire was verified to be acceptable after distribution among 120 subjects with unilateral shoulder pain. Factor analysis had revealed a two-factor and 10-item solution. Moreover, the assessment results indicated that the Chinese translational version of CMS questionnaire harbored good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.739) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.827). In addition, the Chinese translational version of CMS was moderately correlated with VAS score (r = 0.497) and SF-36 (r = 0.135). No obvious floor and ceiling effects were observed in the Chinese translational version of CMS questionnaire.

CONCLUSION

Chinese translational version of CMS exhibited good reliability, which is relatively acceptable and is likely to be widely used in this population.

Development of the Chinese version of Meaning in Life Scale for cancer patients and psychometric evaluation

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To develop a Meaning in Life Scale for cancer patients in Chinese version and to test the validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND

Meaning in life is a protective factor of psychological well-being and is negatively related to depression and demoralisation among cancer patients. The existing scales measuring meaning in life are mostly designed in English and there is no scale designed for Chinese cancer patients based on Chinese cultural background.

DESIGN

Process of instrument development and psychometric evaluation were used.

METHODS

Items were generated from literature review and a focus group interview. Delphi technique was used to test the content validity. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed with data from 251 cancer patients. The internal consistency of the scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha.

RESULTS

A 25-item Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version with five domains was developed. The five factors explained 62·686% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0·897.

CONCLUSIONS

The Meaning in Life Scale in Chinese version has acceptable internal consistency reliability and good content validity and acceptable construct validity. The content of the scale reflected the attitudes of cancer patients towards meaning in life based on Chinese cultural background.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The Chinese version of Meaning in Life Scale for Cancer Patients appears to be a new scale to assess meaning in life among Chinese cancer patients exactly and the concept of meaning in life presented in this scale provides new ideas of meaning intervention in routine clinical practice.

Investigating the validation of the Chinese Mandarin version of the Social Responsiveness Scale in a Mainland China child population

BACKGROUND

Researchers from several different countries have found the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to have good psychometric properties. However, to our knowledge, no studies on this subject have been reported in Mainland China. In this study, we investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese Mandarin version of the SRS when used in Mainland China.

METHODS

The reliability and validity of the parent-report SRS in a sample of 749 children of 4- to 14-year-olds: 411 typically developing and 338 clinical participants (202 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)) were examined.

RESULTS

Internal consistency for total scale (0.871-0.922), test-retest reliability (0.81-0.94), and convergent validity with the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) (0.302-0.647) were satisfactory. The SRS total score discriminated between the ASD and other developmental disorders. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed that the SRS was predicted to accurately classify 69.2-97.2% of youth ASD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported a single-factor solution for the ASD subsample. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) did not confirm the theoretical construct of five factors model with inadequate fit in the ASD subsample.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our findings supported the reliability and validity of the parent-report SRS as one ASD screening instrument. In addition, we also suggest that the use of separate cut-offs for screening purposes (optimizing sensitivity) vs. clinical confirmation (optimizing specificity) should be considered.

Chinese version of the Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (C-APQ): assessment of reliability and validity

OBJECTIVES

To assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (C-APQ).

METHOD

Participants aged 65 years and over were recruited from February 2012 to November 2012. The Aging Perceptions Questionnaire was translated into Chinese version professionally. Content validity was examined by a panel of seven experts; item reliabilities were assessed by test-retest; internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's α coefficient; half of the sample (N = 379) was selected to explore factorial structure of the C-APQ by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and another half of the sample (N = 379) was selected to confirm the findings from the EFA by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Statistical package SPSS version 18.0 and Amos 17.0 were used for the analysis.

RESULTS

The Cronbach's α coefficient of the C-APQ was 0.884. The test-retest reliability was satisfactory, with all intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.4. The overall content validity index was greater than 0.99. Seven factors (timeline acute/chronic, timeline cyclical, emotional representations, control positive, control negative, consequences positive and consequences negative) were identified in EFA and confirmed in CFA.

CONCLUSION

The C-APQ could be a reliable and a valid measure of the self-perceptions of aging in the elderly in China, which may help to improve the life quality and extend longevity of the elderly.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese mandarin version of PedsQL™ 3.0 transplant module

Background

Long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly studied worldwide. However, few studies have been performed in China, where no uniform scale is available; the PedsQL™ Cancer Module 3.0 Chinese Mandarin version has been used to evaluate HRQoL of patients after HSCT in China. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese Mandarin version of PedsQL™ 3.0 Transplant Module.

Methods

Patients between 2 and 18 years old, who underwent HSCT from January 2006 to June 2014, were recruited in Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University and Beijing Daopei Hospital. 207 parent reports and 182 child self-reports of the PedsQL™ 3.0 Transplant Module Chinese Mandarin version were assigned, of which 362 were returned.

Results

No missing item response was observed in the returned reports. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient exceeded 0.7 in total scale and every dimension. The intraclass correlation coefficient exceeded 0.8 in all dimensions of child self-reports and parent reports. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of items and their respective dimensions were 0.6-0.94 in parent reports, and 0.62-0.93 in child self-reports, while a weak association was found between the items and other dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a good extraction effect, and construct validity of the scale was >60 %.

Conclusions

The Chinese Mandarin version of PedsQL™ 3.0 Transplant Module has good feasibility, reliability and validity. Its use may help improve the HRQoL of children after HSCT in China.

Foot and ankle ability measure to measure functional limitations in patients with foot and ankle disorders: a Chinese cross-cultural adaptation and validation

PURPOSE

To perform a cultural adaptation and validation study (internal and external) of the FAAM questionnaire to create the Chinese version of the questionnaire (FAAM-Ch).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two independent professional native translators performed a translation from English to Chinese and reverse translation. Psychometric properties analysis: Internal consistency of measure was analysed through the Cronbach's α coefficients. After extraction by maximum likelihood (EML), the structure factor and construct validity was analysed; to extract a factor, it was necessary to complete the following three requirements: ≥10% of variance, Eigenvalue >1.0 and scree plot inflection point. Standard error measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change 90 (MDC90) were calculated. FFI-Taiwan version, SF12v2, and EuroQol5D were used for criterion validity analysis.

RESULTS

The internal consistency (Cronbach's α) for specific FAAM-Ch subscales was 0.879 (ADL) and 0.901 (Sport); test-retest analysis (interclass correlation) item ranging between 0.758 and 0.970 (ADL: 0758-0946; Sport: 0.911-0.970). Measures error: 3.449% (MDC90) and 1.478% (SEM). Chi-squared value =15228.74 and gl 406) (p < 0.001) and the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin values (0.919). The correlation level with the FFI is strong, with SF12v2 is between poor and strong and with EuroQoL5d is between moderate and strong Conclusions: FAAM-Chinese version has satisfactory "transversal" psychometric properties, facilitating the inclusion of FAAM-Chinese into research and clinical practice. Implications for Rehabilitation Cross-cultural adaptation of the FAAM-Ch has been performed from the original version. The psychometric properties of the FAAM-Ch indicate satisfactory and consistent results (particularly in the internal consistence, reliability and criterion validity) with the original version. FAAM-Ch can be used by Chinese speaking clinicians and researches.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety

BACKGROUND

Death anxiety is regarded as a risk and maintaining factor of psychopathology. While the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA) is a brief, commonly used assessment, such a tool is lacking in Chinese clinical practice.

AIM

The current study was conducted to develop a Chinese version of the ASDA, i.e., the ASDA(C), using a multistage back-translation technique, and examine the psychometric properties of the scale.

METHODS

A total of 1372 participants from hospitals and universities located in three geographic areas of China were recruited for this study. To calculate the criterion-related validity of the ASDA(C) compared to the Chinese version of the longer-form Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F/chin), 49 undergraduates were randomly assigned to complete both questionnaires. Of the total participants, 56 were randomly assigned to retake the ASDA(C) in order to estimate the one-week, test-retest reliability of the ASDA(C).

RESULTS

The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 for the whole scale. The one-week, test-retest reliability was 0.96. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed three factors, "fear of dead people and tombs," "fear of lethal disease," and "fear of postmortem events," accounted for 57.09% of the total variance. Factor structure for the three-factor model was sound. The correlation between the total scores on the ASDA(C) and the MODDI-F/chin was 0.54, indicating acceptable concurrent validity.

CONCLUSIONS

ASDA(C) has adequate psychometrics and properties that make it a reliable and valid scale to assess death anxiety in Mandarin-speaking Chinese.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the LSI-R With Probationers

The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is an instrument used world-wide for offender risk/need assessment, and the predominant samples for the LSI-R literature were Caucasian participants. This study is the first attempt to examine the reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the LSI-R with 305 probationers (269 males, 36 females) in Guangzhou, China. Factor analysis was conducted using principal component analysis. The internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach's alpha for the total and subscales. Under the cross-sectional design, technical violation (TV) was used as a dependent variable for bivariate correlations and binary logistic regression model to investigate the concurrent validity of the Chinese version of LSI-R, controlling the age. Results offered support to this instrument by sound internal consistency. Significant gender differences were apparent on the total scores, and subscales of Criminal History, Family/Marital, and Companions. Bivariate correlations and binary logistic regression analyses supported the concurrent validity of the LSI-R total score for technical violations, and the subscales of Criminal History and Education/Employment were significantly associated with technical violations, which are consistent with the LSI-R literature. Overall, the LSI-R, which has been translated into Chinese, is a reliable risk/need assessment instrument for technical violations for probationers in Guangzhou, China. Further studies with follow-up data for different offender groups are needed. Discussions about the results, implications, limitations, and further research were presented.