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Limaye SS, Watanabe S, Yamazaki A, Yamada M, Satoh T, Sato TM, Nakamura M, Taguchi M, Fukuhara T, Imamura T, Kouyama T, Lee YJ, Horinouchi T, Peralta J, Iwagami N, Hashimoto GL, Takagi S, Ohtsuki S, Murakami SY, Yamamoto Y, Ogohara K, Ando H, Sugiyama KI, Ishii N, Abe T, Hirose C, Suzuki M, Hirata N, Young EF, Ocampo AC. Venus looks different from day to night across wavelengths: morphology from Akatsuki multispectral images. Earth Planets Space 2018; 70:24. [PMID: 31983884 PMCID: PMC6954018 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since insertion into orbit on December 7, 2015, the Akatsuki orbiter has returned global images of Venus from its four imaging cameras at eleven discrete wavelengths from ultraviolet (283 and 365 nm) and near infrared (0.9-2.3 µm), to the thermal infrared (8-12 µm) from a near-equatorial orbit. The Venus Express and Pioneer Venus Orbiter missions have also monitored the planet for long periods but from polar or near-polar orbits. The wavelength coverage and views of the planet also differ for all three missions. In reflected light, the images reveal features seen near the cloud tops (~ 70 km altitude), whereas in the near-infrared images of the nightside, features seen are at mid- to lower cloud levels (~ 48-60 km altitude). The dayside cloud cover imaged at the ultraviolet wavelengths shows morphologies similar to what was observed from Mariner 10, Pioneer Venus, Galileo, Venus Express and MESSENGER. The daytime images at 0.9 and 2.02 µm also reveal some interesting features which bear similarity to the ultraviolet images. The nighttime images at 1.74, 2.26 and 2.32 µm and at 8-12 µm reveal features not seen before and show new details of the nightside including narrow wavy ribbons, curved string-like features, long-scale waves, long dark streaks, isolated bright spots, sharp boundaries and even mesoscale vortices. Some features previously seen such as circum-equatorial belts (CEBs) and occasional areal brightenings at ultraviolet (seen in Venus Express observations) of the cloud cover at ultraviolet wavelengths have not been observed thus far. Evidence for the hemispheric vortex organization of the global circulation can be seen at all wavelengths on the day- and nightsides. Akatsuki images reveal new and puzzling morphology of the complex nightside cloud cover. The cloud morphologies provide some clues to the processes occurring in the atmosphere and are thus, a key diagnostic tool when quantitative dynamical analysis is not feasible due to insufficient information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay S. Limaye
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Shigeto Watanabe
- Space Information Center, Hokkaido Information University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8585 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1, Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016 Japan
| | - Takehiko Satoh
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Takao M. Sato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Makoto Taguchi
- College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuhara
- College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kiban-tou 4H7, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Toru Kouyama
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kiban-tou 4E5, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Takeshi Horinouchi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Javier Peralta
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Naomoto Iwagami
- School of Commerce, Senshu University, 2-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8580 Japan
| | - George L. Hashimoto
- Department of Earth Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Seiko Takagi
- Tokai University, Research and Information Center, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Shoko Ohtsuki
- School of Commerce, Senshu University, 2-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8580 Japan
| | - Shin-ya Murakami
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Kazunori Ogohara
- School of Engineering, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Faculty of Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City, 603-8555 Japan
| | - Ko-ichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Information Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Matsue College, 14-4 Nishi-Ikuma, Matsue, Shimane 690-8518 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishii
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Chikako Hirose
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1, Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Naru Hirata
- ARC-Space, CAIST, The University of Aizu, 90 Kami-Iawase, Tsuruga, Ikki-machi, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8580 Japan
| | - Eliot F. Young
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302 USA
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Fuhrer N, Gygax L. From minutes to days-The ability of sows (Sus scrofa) to estimate time intervals. Behav Processes 2017; 142:146-155. [PMID: 28735073 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Time estimation helps allocating time to different tasks and to plan behavioural sequences. It may also be relevant to animal welfare if it enables animals assessing the duration of a negative situation. Here, we investigated the ability of dry sows to estimate short and long time periods. We used a variant of the peak-interval procedure and the choice between 2 resources of different quality and replenishment rates to assess time periods in the order of minutes and days, respectively. In the minute-experiment, the sows were trained to expect an interruption while feeding at the end of an interval. Heart rate and heart rate variability slightly and continuously increased and decreased, respectively, towards the end of that interval. In the day-experiment, lasting about 60days, the sows were increasingly more likely to open the door to a high food reward on the correct day when this food reward was presented every fifth day. We conclude that the sows learnt to estimate time intervals of 5days after lengthy training but did not accurately learn intervals in the range of minutes. Therefore, they might re-visit replenishing resources after several days, but may not base short-term decisions solely on the passing of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Fuhrer
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Agroscope, Tänikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland; Animal Behaviour, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gygax
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Agroscope, Tänikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland.
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Hawkins P, Golledge HDR. The 9 to 5 Rodent - Time for Change? Scientific and animal welfare implications of circadian and light effects on laboratory mice and rats. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 300:20-25. [PMID: 28502554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodents, particularly rats and mice, are the most commonly used laboratory animals and are extensively used in neuroscience research, including as translational models for human disorders. It is common practice to carry out scientific procedures on rats and mice during the daytime, which is the inactive period for these nocturnal species. However, there is increasing evidence for circadian and light-induced effects on rodent physiology and behaviour which may affect the validity of results obtained from mice and rats in neuroscience studies. For example, testing animals during their inactive periods may produce abnormal results due to cognitive deficits, lack of motivation to perform the task or stress from being disturbed during the resting period. In addition, conducting procedures during an animal's resting period may also pose an animal welfare issue, as procedures may be experienced as more stressful than if these were done during the active phase. In this paper we set out the need to consider the impact of time of day and lighting conditions, when scientific procedures or routine husbandry are performed, on both the welfare of mice and rats used in neuroscience research and on data quality. Wherever possible, husbandry and experimental procedures should be conducted at times of day when the animals would be active, and under naturalistic lighting conditions, to minimise stress and maximise data quality and translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Hawkins
- Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, UK.
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Brunschot DMDÖV, Hoitsma AJ, van der Jagt MFP, d'Ancona FC, Donders RART, van Laarhoven CJHM, Hilbrands LB, Warlé MC. Nighttime kidney transplantation is associated with less pure technical graft failure. World J Urol 2015; 34:955-61. [PMID: 26369548 PMCID: PMC4921110 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To minimize cold ischemia time, transplantations with kidneys from deceased donors are frequently performed during the night.
However, sleep deprivation of those who perform the transplantation may have adverse effects on cognitive and psychomotor performance and may cause reduced cognitive flexibility. We hypothesize that renal transplantations performed during the night are associated with an increased incidence of pure technical graft failure. Methods A retrospective analysis of data of the Dutch Organ Transplant Registry concerning all transplants from deceased donors between 2000 and 2013 was performed. Nighttime surgery was defined as the start of the procedure between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. The primary outcome measure was technical graft failure, defined as graft loss within 10 days after surgery without signs of (hyper)acute rejection. Results Of 4.519 renal transplantations in adult recipients, 1.480 were performed during the night. The incidence of pure technical graft failure was 1.0 % for procedures started during the night versus 2.6 % for daytime surgery (p = .001). In a multivariable model, correcting for relevant donor, recipient and graft factors, daytime surgery was an independent predictor of pure technical graft failure (p < .001). Conclusions Limitation of this study is mainly to its retrospective design, and the influence of some relevant variables, such as the experience level of the surgeon, could not be assessed. We conclude that nighttime surgery is associated with less pure technical graft failures. Further research is required to explore factors that may positively influence the performance of the surgical team during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M D Özdemir-van Brunschot
- Division of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andries J Hoitsma
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel F P van der Jagt
- Division of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C d'Ancona
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier A R T Donders
- Department of Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J H M van Laarhoven
- Division of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel C Warlé
- Division of Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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