1
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Rong Z, Xu XW, Wu YH. Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene film by two bacteria isolated from plastic debris in coastal beach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 278:116445. [PMID: 38733804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) conduces massive environmental accumulation due to its high production and recalcitrance to environment. In this study, We successfully enriched and isolated two strains, Nitratireductor sp. Z-1 and Gordonia sp. Z-2, from coastal plastic debris capable of degrading LDPE film. After a 30-day incubation at 30 ℃, strains Z-1 and Z-2 decreased the weight of branched-LDPE (BLDPE) film by 2.59 % and 10.27 % respectively. Furthermore, high temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC) analysis revealed molecular weight reductions of 7.69 % (Z-1) and 23.22 % (Z-2) in the BLDPE film. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showed the presence of microbial colonization and perforations on the film's surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated novel functional groups, such as carbonyl and carbon-carbon double bonds in LDPE films. During LDPE degradation, both strains produced extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). GC-MS analysis revealed the degradation products included short-chain alkanes, alkanols, fatty acids, and esters. Genomic analysis identified numerous extracellular enzymes potentially involved in LDPE chain scission. A model was proposed suggesting a coordinated role between ROS and extracellular enzymes in the biodegradation of LDPE. This indicates strains Z-1 and Z-2 can degrade LDPE, providing a basis for deeper exploration of biodegradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xue-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yue-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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2
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Sathiyabama M, Boomija RV, Sathiyamoorthy T, Mathivanan N, Balaji R. Mycodegradation of low-density polyethylene by Cladosporium sphaerospermum, isolated from platisphere. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8351. [PMID: 38594512 PMCID: PMC11004025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic accumulation is a severe threat to the environment due to its resistivity to thermal, mechanical and biological processes. In recent years, microbial degradation of plastic waste disposal is of interest because of its eco-friendly nature. In this study, a total of 33 fungi were isolated from the plastisphere and out of which 28 fungal species showed halo zone of clearance in agarized LDPE media. The fungus showing highest zone of clearance was further used to evaluate its degradation potential. Based on morphological and molecular technique, the fungus was identified as Cladosporium sphaerospermum. The biodegradation of LDPE by C. sphaerospermum was evaluated by various methods. The exposure of LDPE with C. sphaerospermum resulted in weight loss (15.23%) in seven days, higher reduction rate (0.0224/day) and lower half-life (30.93 days). FTIR analysis showed changes in functional group and increased carbonyl index in LDPE treated with C. sphaerospermum. SEMimages evidenced the formation of pits, surface aberrations and grooves on the LDPE film treated with the fungus whereas the untreated control LDPE film showed no change. AFM analysis confirmed the surface changes and roughness in fungus treated LDPE film. This might be due to the extracellular lignolytic enzymes secreted by C. sphaerospermum grown on LDPE. The degradation of polyethylene by Short chain alkanes such as dodecane, hexasiloxane and silane were identified in the extract of fungus incubated with LDPE film through GC-MS analysis which might be due to the degradation of LDPE film by C. sphaerospermum. This was the first report on the LDPE degradation by C. sphaerospermum in very short duration which enables green scavenging of plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathiyabama
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India.
| | - R V Boomija
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 024, India
| | - T Sathiyamoorthy
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - N Mathivanan
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - R Balaji
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
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3
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Baamer MA, Alshahri S, Basfar AA, Alsuhybani M, Alrwais A. Novel Polymer Composites for Lead-Free Shielding Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1020. [PMID: 38611278 PMCID: PMC11014132 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites have recently been introduced as lead-free shielding materials for use in medical and industrial applications. In this work, novel shielding materials were developed using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mixed with four different filler materials. These four materials are cement, cement with iron oxide, cement with aluminum oxide, and cement with bismuth oxide. Different weight percentages were used including 5%, 15%, and 50% of the cement filler with LDPE. Furthermore, different weight percentages of different combinations of the filler materials were used including 2.5%, 7.5%, and 25% (i.e., cement and iron oxide, cement and aluminum oxide, cement and bismuth oxide) with LDPE. Bismuth oxide was a nanocomposite, and the remaining oxides were micro-composites. Characterization included structural properties, physical features, mechanical and thermal properties, and radiation shielding efficiency for the prepared composites. The results show that a clear improvement in the shielding efficiency was observed when the filler materials were added to the LDPE. The best result out of all these composites was obtained for the composites of bismuth oxide (25 wt.%) cement (25 wt.%) and LDPE (50 wt.%) which have the lowest measured mean free path (MFP) compared with pure LDPE. The comparison shows that the average MFP obtained from the experiments for all the eight energies used in this work was six times lower than the one for pure LDPE, reaching up to twelve times lower for 60 keV energy. The best result among all developed composites was observed for the ones with bismuth oxide at the highest weight percent 25%, which can block up to 78% of an X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A. Baamer
- M.Sc. in Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
- Engineering and Project Management Sector, King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A. CARE), Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alshahri
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Basfar
- M.Sc. in Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsuhybani
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alhanouf Alrwais
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
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Ranauda MA, Zuzolo D, Maisto M, Tartaglia M, Scarano P, Prigioniero A, Sciarrillo R, Guarino C. Microplastics affect soil-plant system: Implications for rhizosphere biology and fitness of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123656. [PMID: 38408506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A mesocosm experiment was set-up to investigate the effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) fragments deriving from plastic film on soil ecology, rhizosphere and plant (Salvia officinalis L.) fitness. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 16S metagenomic analysis was adopted to evaluate taxonomic and functional shifts of both soil and rhizosphere under the influence of microplastics (MPs). Photosynthetic parameters and enzymes involved in oxidative stress were assessed to unveil the plant physiological state. MP fragments were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and metagenomics to investigate the plastisphere. Microbial biomarkers of MPs pollution were identified in soil and rhizosphere, reinforcing the concept of molecular biomonitoring. Overall, Bacillus, Nocardioides and Streptomyces genera are bacterial biomarkers of MPs pollution in soil whereas Aspergillus, Fusarium and Trichoderma genera, and Nectriaceae family are fungal biomarkers of MPs polluted soil. The data show that the presence of MPs promotes the abundance of taxa involved in the soil N cycle, but simultaneously reduces the endophytic interaction capability and enhances pathogen related functions at the rhizosphere level. A significant decrease in chlorophyll levels and increase of oxidative stress enzymes was observed in plants grown in MPs-polluted soil. The SEM observations of MPs fragments revealed a complex colonisation, where bacteria (Bacillus in MPSo and Microvirga in MPRz) and fungi (Aspergillus in MPSo and Trichoderma in MPRz) represent the main colonisers. The results demonstrate that the presence of MPs causes changes in the soil and rhizosphere microbial community and functions leading to negative effects on plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Ranauda
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Tartaglia
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Scarano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Prigioniero
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Carmine Guarino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100, Benevento, Italy
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5
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Unger C, Schmalz H, Lipp J, Kretschmer WP, Kempe R. A Closed-Loop Recyclable Low-Density Polyethylene. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2307229. [PMID: 38258386 PMCID: PMC10987147 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the most important plastics, which is produced unfortunately under extreme conditions. In addition, it consists of robust aliphatic C─C bonds which are challenging to cleave for plastic recycling. A low-pressure and -temperature (pethylene = 2 bara, T = 70 °C) macromonomer-based synthesis of long chain branched polyethylene is reported. The introduction of recycle points permits the polymerization (grafting to) of the macromonomers to form the long chain branched polyethylene and its depolymerization (branch cleavage). Coordinative chain transfer polymerization employing ethylene and co-monomers is used for the synthesis of the macromonomers, permitting a high flexibility of their precise structure and efficient synthesis. The long chain branched polyethylene material matches key properties of low-density polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Unger
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)Universität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Jannis Lipp
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Winfried P. Kretschmer
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
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6
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Khan A, Mishra A, Patidar R, Pappu A. Effect of lignocellulosic corn stalk on mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of injection moulded low density polyethylene composites: An approach towards a circular economy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25287. [PMID: 38390176 PMCID: PMC10881560 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Escalating concern over global warming, which is mostly associated with deforestation, has led to the development of new classes of materials that can replace wood and better utilise natural resources. Presently, waste is a significant factor in recycling. In this regard, one of the leading contributors to waste is agricultural waste, which includes dried branches, leaves of trees, plants, and other organic materials. In the current study, waste from corn agriculture was utilised as a potential reinforcement for the fabrication of corn stalk-low density polyethylene (CS-LDPE) composites via an injection moulding technique at 170 °C. The different parameters were assessed to develop composites using CS, including physico-chemical, macromolecular, mineralogical, elemental, and morphological analysis. The amount of corn stalk (CS) was varied from 10 to 50 wt% with respect to the polymer. The mechanical, physical and thermal performance of the composites was examined. The density and water absorption of the composites were found to remain within the ranges of 1.00-1.11 g/cm3 and 0.22-1.01 %, respectively, whereas these parameters increased as the proportion of CS increased. The thermal conductivity decreases with the addition of CS from 0.36964 ± 0.020 to 0.22388 ± 0.002 W/mK. It was observed that adding CS to the composites increased their tensile and flexural properties, but decreased their impact strength. The maximum flexural strength of 14.40 ± 1.558 MPa, flexural modulus of 752.53 ± 180.409 MPa, tensile strength of 10.49 ± 0.946 MPa and tensile modulus of 539.79 ± 91.044 MPa were observed with a 50 % CS content. The results suggest that these materials have considerable potential to serve as a cost-effective substitute for the conventional lignocellulosic fillers in the manufacturing of wood-plastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Khan
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Alka Mishra
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ravi Patidar
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asokan Pappu
- CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Giannakas AE, Baikousi M, Karabagias VK, Karageorgou I, Iordanidis G, Emmanouil-Konstantinos C, Leontiou A, Karydis-Messinis A, Zafeiropoulos NE, Kehayias G, Proestos C, Salmas CE. Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Novel Active Packaging Film for Food Shelf-Life Extension via Thyme-Oil Control Release from SBA-15 Nanocarrier. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38470754 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of natural raw substances for food preservation could provide a great contribution to food waste reduction, circular economy enhancement, and green process application widening. Recent studies indicated that the use of porous materials as adsorbents for natural essential oils provided nanohybrids with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Following this trend in this work, a thymol oil (TEO) rich SBA-15 nanohybrid was prepared and characterized physiochemically with various techniques. This TEO@SBA-15 nanohybrid, along with the pure SBA-15, was extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to develop novel active packaging films. Results indicated that TEO loading was higher than other porous materials reported recently, and the addition of both pure SBA-15 and TEO@SBA-15 to the LDPE increased the water/oxygen barrier. The film with the higher thyme-oil@SBA-15 nanohybrid content exhibited a slower release kinetic. The antioxidant activity of the final films ignited after 48 h, was in the range of 60-70%, and was almost constant for 7 days. Finally, all tests indicated a sufficient improvement by the addition of thyme-oil@SBA-15 nanohybrids in the pure LDPE matrix and the concentration of wt. 10% of such nanocarriers provided the optimum final LDPE/10TEO@SBE-15 active packaging film. This material could be a potential future product for active packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris E Giannakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Maria Baikousi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - George Iordanidis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Areti Leontiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | | | - George Kehayias
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos E Salmas
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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8
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Bekhit M, Fathy ES, Sharaf A, Shiple M. Impact of gamma irradiation on physico-chemical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of Cu 2O nanoparticles reinforced LDPE nanocomposite films. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4144. [PMID: 38378718 PMCID: PMC10879097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current work, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles coated with Tween 80 were successfully synthesized via the chemical reduction method. Nanocomposites composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and different ratios of Cu2O nanoparticles were fabricated by the melt mixing process. 10% of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) as a compatibilizing agent was added to the molten LDPE matrix and the mixing process continued until homogenous nanocomposites were fabricated. To study the influence of ionizing radiation on the fabricated samples, the prepared species were exposed to 50 and 100 kGy of gamma rays. The synthesized Cu2O nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and TEM analysis illustrated the successful formation of spherical Cu2O nanoparticles with an average size of 16.8 nm. The as-prepared LDPE/Cu2O nanocomposites were characterized via different techniques such as mechanical, thermal, morphological, XRD, and FTIR. Electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) of the different nanocomposite formulations was performed as a promising application for these materials in practical life. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of the produced samples was measured in the X-band of the radio frequency range from 8 to 12 GHz using the vector network analyzer (VNA) and a proper waveguide. All the samples were studied before and after gamma-ray irradiation under the same conditions of pressure and temperature. The shielding effectiveness increased significantly from 25 dB for unirradiated samples to 35 dB with samples irradiated with 100 kGy, which reflects 40% enhancement in the effectiveness of the shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Bekhit
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - E S Fathy
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Sharaf
- Radiation Engineering Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Shiple
- Electronic Engineering Department, National Telecommunication Institute, Cairo, Egypt
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Jiang C, Almuhtaram H, McKie MJ, Andrews RC. Assessment of Biofilm Growth on Microplastics in Freshwaters Using a Passive Flow-Through System. Toxics 2023; 11:987. [PMID: 38133388 PMCID: PMC10748376 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms that colonize on the surface of microplastics (MPs) in freshwaters may pose a potential health risk. This study examined factors that influence MP-associated biofilm growth, including polymer type, degree of weathering, and source water quality. Weathered MPs produced in-lab were employed in biofilm trials conducted on site using a passive flow-through system with raw water at drinking water treatment facility intakes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was used to quantify biofilm abundance; biofilm composition was assessed via metagenomic sequencing. Biofilm growth was observed on all polymer types examined and most prevalent on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), where ATP levels were 6 to 12 times higher when compared to other polymers. Pathogen-containing species including Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli were present on all polymers with relative abundance up to 13.7%. S. enterica was selectively enriched on weathered MPs in specific water matrices. These findings support the need to research the potential accumulation of pathogenic organisms on microplastic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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10
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Oberloier S, Whisman NG, Pearce JM. Finding Ideal Parameters for Recycled Material Fused Particle Fabrication-Based 3D Printing Using an Open Source Software Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2023; 10:1287-1300. [PMID: 38116208 PMCID: PMC10726196 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
As additive manufacturing rapidly expands the number of materials including waste plastics and composites, there is an urgent need to reduce the experimental time needed to identify optimized printing parameters for novel materials. Computational intelligence (CI) in general and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms in particular have been shown to accelerate finding optimal printing parameters. Unfortunately, the implementation of CI has been prohibitively complex for noncomputer scientists. To overcome these limitations, this article develops, tests, and validates PSO Experimenter, an easy-to-use open-source platform based around the PSO algorithm and applies it to optimizing recycled materials. Specifically, PSO Experimenter is used to find optimal printing parameters for a relatively unexplored potential distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) material that is widely available: low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE has been used to make filament, but in this study for the first time it was used in the open source fused particle fabrication/fused granular fabrication system. PSO Experimenter successfully identified functional printing parameters for this challenging-to-print waste plastic. The results indicate that PSO Experimenter can provide 97% reduction in research time for 3D printing parameter optimization. It is concluded that the PSO Experimenter is a user-friendly and effective free software for finding ideal parameters for the burgeoning challenge of DRAM as well as a wide range of other fields and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Oberloier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Whisman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua M. Pearce
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ivey School of Business, Western University, London, Canada
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11
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Giotopoulou I, Fotiadou R, Stamatis H, Barkoula NM. Development of Low-Density Polyethylene Films Coated with Phenolic Substances for Prolonged Bioactivity. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4580. [PMID: 38232018 PMCID: PMC10707956 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study proposes an efficient coating methodology for the development of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films with prolonged bioactivity for food packaging applications. Three natural phenolic-based substances were incorporated at optimized concentrations in methyl-cellulose-based solutions and used as coatings on LDPE films. The amount of surfactant/emulsifier was optimized to control the entrapment of the bioactive substances, minimizing the loss of the substances during processing, and offering prolonged bioactivity. As a result, the growth of Escherichia coli was substantially inhibited after interaction with the coated films, while coated films presented excellent antioxidant activities and maintained their mechanical performance after coating. Considerable bioactivity was observed after up to 7 days of storage in sealed bags in the case of carvacrol- and thymol-coated films. Interestingly, films coated with olive-leaf extract maintained a high level of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, at least for 40 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Giotopoulou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Renia Fotiadou
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (R.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (R.F.); (H.S.)
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12
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Shilpa, Basak N, Meena SS. Biodegradation of low-density polythene ( LDPE) by a novel strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa WD4 isolated from plastic dumpsite. Biodegradation 2023:10.1007/s10532-023-10061-2. [PMID: 37926750 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was proposed with the idea to screen and isolate efficient low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degrading novel bacterial strains from the plastic-contaminated dumping site. The identification of the bacterial isolate was performed with the help of microbiological and molecular characterization approaches. The screening of the best isolate was performed based on its growth in Bushnell-Hass broth supplemented with LDPE sheets as the sole carbon source. The molecular characterization revealed that the isolate WD4 showed a similarity with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa species. A comparative analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa WD4 identified in the current study with Pseudomonas putida MTCC 2445 strain was performed. The present study demonstrated that the bacterial isolate showed 9.2% degradation of LDPE films while Pseudomonas putida revealed a 6.5% weight reduction after 100 days of incubation at 37 °C. The end products of the LDPE degradation were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The LDPE degradation products eluted include fatty acids such as octadecanoic, hexadecanoic acid, dodecanal, and octyl palmitoleate, alkanes, and some of the unknown compounds after 100 days of microbial treatment with the isolated strain. The detailed analysis of the by-products generated in the current study indicates their contribution to the biochemical pathway of LDPE degradation. The profound scope lies in the scalability of these bacterial strains at the industrial level to combat the LDPE waste and similar plastic garbage problems, globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
| | - Nitai Basak
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India
| | - Sumer Singh Meena
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144008, India.
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13
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Qu CL, Lin SM, Potiyaraj P, Meng L, Wu CS, Yuan L, Luo X, Ge FF, Tsou CH. Polymer Packaging through the Blending of Biowaste Oyster Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene: A Sustainable Approach for Enhanced Food Preservation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3977. [PMID: 37836026 PMCID: PMC10575309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This research delves into the impact of incorporating thermally treated oyster shell powder (TOS), a biowaste filler, into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to develop a LDPE/TOS blend, aiming at enhancing food packaging materials. The LDPE/TOS blend portrays advantageous characteristics such as augmented mechanical strength, thermostability, crystallinity, water absorption, and improved hydrophobicity with TOS content up to 50%. Microstructure analysis reveals a transition from a sparse to a more interconnected structure, contributing to the amplified tensile strength. The blend demonstrates increased barrier properties against water vapor transmission, which is attributed to elongated diffusion paths induced by the TOS particles. Application of the blend material in vegetable preservation trials manifested a substantial reduction in water loss compared to pure LDPE or no packaging. This biowaste-based blend film extends the shelf-life of chicken significantly when compared to that of pure LDPE. Importantly, the LDPE/TOS blend exhibits excellent antibacterial properties against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lei Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Shang-Ming Lin
- Department of Materials and Textiles, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Lei Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Fei-Fan Ge
- Department of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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14
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Hasan MM, Jho EH. Effect of different types and shapes of microplastics on the growth of lettuce. Chemosphere 2023; 339:139660. [PMID: 37506887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics in agricultural soils has emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their persistent nature. Microplastics of different properties (i.e., types, shapes, size, concentration) are present in the environment, but the studies on the effect of microplastics having different properties are limited. Thus, this study investigated the effects of different microplastics (low-density polyethylene (LDPE) fragments, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fragments, and LDPE fiber) in soil on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Pot tests were carried out to study the effect of a range of microplastic concentrations and different shapes and types of microplastics in soil on the lettuce growth. The different growth parameters such as lettuce weight, lengths, and chlorophyll contents were measured and compared. The results showed that the adverse effects of the microplastics on the lettuce growth increased with increasing microplastic concentration. The effects of LDPE fragments and fibers on the root weights and the chlorophyll contents were microplastic shape-dependent. Also, the effects of LDPE fragments and PVC fragments on the shoot and root weights and the chlorophyll contents were microplastic type-dependent. Among the three microplastics studied, LDPE fragments tend to have greater effects on the lettuce growth than the other microplastics. Overall, the results show that the effects of microplastics on different growth parameters of lettuce can be shape- and/or type-dependent. The presence of microplastics having different properties make the understanding the effects of microplastics on plants difficult, and this necessitates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedee Hasan
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| | - Eun Hea Jho
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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15
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Shi Y, Almuhtaram H, Andrews RC. Adsorption of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Microcystins by Virgin and Weathered Microplastics in Freshwater Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3676. [PMID: 37765530 PMCID: PMC10535594 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) both represent persistent groups of environmental contaminants that have been associated with human health risks. Microcystin toxins are produced and stored in the cells of cyanobacteria and may be released into sources of drinking water. Recent concerns have emerged regarding the ability of microplastics to adsorb a range of organic contaminants, including PFAS and microcystins. This study examined the adsorption of two long-chain and two short-chain PFAS, as well as two common microcystins, by both virgin and weathered microplastics in freshwater. Natural weathering of microplastic surfaces may decrease adsorption by introducing hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups. Up to 50% adsorption of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was observed for virgin PVC compared to 38% for weathered PVC. In contrast, adsorption capacities for microcystins by virgin LDPE were approximately 5.0 µg/g whereas no adsorption was observed following weathering. These results suggest that adsorption is driven by specific polymer types and dominated by hydrophobic interactions. This is the first known study to quantify PFAS and microcystins adsorption when considering environmentally relevant concentrations as well as weathered microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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16
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Marković MP, Cingesar IK, Grčić I, Žaja K, Vrsaljko D. Investigating the thermal and mechanical properties of novel LDPE/TiO 2 and LDPE/TiO 2/CNT composites for 3D printing applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28926-7. [PMID: 37505387 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of new materials is essential for advancing technology and improving the quality of life. With new materials, we can create products that are stronger, more durable, and more efficient. The ongoing research and development of new materials for 3D printing applications continue to drive innovation in various fields, leading to improved products and processes with great benefits. The main goal of this work was to produce a functional filament with a 1.75-mm diameter that may be used for 3D printing. Composite materials were prepared using a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) resin as polymer matrix, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as fillers in various ratios. Up to 15 wt% of TiO2 and 0.25 wt% of CNT were added. Some of the greatest difficulties with high filler content composites are achieving good homogeneity, and in the case of the 3D printing, greatest difficulties are producing the filament with a specific and stable filament diameter. During the 3D printing itself, the fillers can also often cause the nozzle clogging. This paper reports findings of thermal and mechanical properties of the LDPE/TiO2/CNT composites which are significant for the 3D printing process and the applicability of the composite materials. All of the planed composite materials are successfully prepared and 3D printed into the tensile test specimens. The melting point shift caused by the addition of fillers did not show consistent pattern at differential scanning calorimetry, as all of the samples had melting temperatures around 113.5 ± 1.4 °C. The addition of filler, according to the TGA, increased the threshold temperature for the material decomposition, in case of TiO2 5.4 °C increase, while TiO2 and CNT combination increased the threshold temperature for 6.8 °C. The results of the tensile test show a general increase trend with addition of TiO2 filler but do not show to a trend for the tensile strength as a result of the addition of CNT filler. The sample with highest TiO2 filler ratio of 15% (LDPE 15T0C) showed the greatest tensile strength of 14.5 MPa, compared to the 13.0 MPa of pure LDPE. The sample with 5% of TiO2 filler and 0.1% of CNT filler (LDPE 5T0.1C) showed the greatest elongation of 73.9%, compared to the 68.9% of pure LDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan-Pere Marković
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Karlo Cingesar
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Grčić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Korina Žaja
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Vrsaljko
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Yang Y, Guo H. In situ imaging of the spatial and temporal penetration of organic pollutants into microplastics via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Environ Pollut 2023; 329:121712. [PMID: 37098368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial and temporal penetration patterns of organic pollutants in microplastics (μP) is important for evaluating their environmental and biological impacts, such as the "Trojan Horse" effect. However, there is a lack of an effective method to monitor the penetration processes and patterns in situ. This study aimed to develop a simple and sensitive approach for in situ imaging of organic pollutant penetration into μP. The novel method was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanoparticles as nanoprobes that could sensitively detect organic pollutants in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) μP spatially and temporally. The detection limit of this SERS-based method was 0.36 and 0.02 ng/mm2 for ferbam (pesticide) and methylene blue (synthetic dye), respectively. The results showed that both ferbam and methylene blue could penetrate LDPE μP. The penetration depth and amount increased as the interaction time increased. Most of the absorbed organic pollutants accumulated within the top 90 μm layer of the tested μP. Compared to methylene blue, ferbam was more quickly absorbed and achieved higher accumulation in μP with a maximum of 32.57 ng/mm2 after 168 h interaction. This pioneering study clearly demonstrated that SERS mapping is a sensitive and in situ approach to visualize and quantify the penetration patterns of organic pollutants in μP. The new approach developed here can advance our understanding of μP as pollutant carriers and their influence on the environmental fate, behavior, and biological impacts of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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18
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Belzagui F, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Carrillo-Navarrete F, López-Grimau V. Sustainable Filtering Systems to Reduce Microfiber Emissions from Textiles during Household Laundering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3023. [PMID: 37514412 PMCID: PMC10383179 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During laundering, synthetic textiles (polyester, polyamide, etc.) can release small fiber debris with a length of <5 mm. These are a type of microplastics (MPs), usually referred to as microfibers (MFs), which are considered high-concern pollutants due to their continuous and cumulative entrance into the environment. Currently, as far as we know, there are no feasible alternatives to remove them. In this work, four new and sustainable filtering systems are proposed to retain the MFs emitted from domestic washing machines. The filters contain a replaceable cartridge partially filled with recycled low-density polyethylene pellets. The four designed filtering systems of different sizes were tested in a household washing machine determining the retention efficiency of the MFs after several washing cycles. It was found that all four assessed filter arrangements have a good performance for retaining MFs from the washers' effluents. Filter F1 (diameter of 4 cm and a height of 30 cm) started retaining more than 50% of the MFs, at the 10th washing cycle, the retention climbed to 66%, while in the 20th washing cycle, its retention was greater than 80%. MFs retention was higher for filter F2 (diameter of 6.3 cm and a height of 41 cm), achieving a performance greater than 90% in the 20th washing cycle. Filter F3 was arranged by turning the F1 model flow upside down and the retention efficiency is higher compared with filter F1 values, reaching a retention efficiency of almost 100% in the 15th washing cycle. Finally, filter F4 arrangement was developed using the existing washing machine filter, obtaining better performance than the F1 and F2 filters, reaching efficiencies higher than 90% at the 20th washing cycle. In summary, depending on the arrangement, the microfiber retention efficiency was estimated between 52% and 86% in the 1st washing cycle and up to 83% to 99% in the 20th. Additionally, all arrangements demonstrated that the cartridges may last for more than 30 washing cycles before needing to be replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Belzagui
- Institute of Textile Research and Industrial Cooperation of Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Colom 15, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Carmen Gutiérrez-Bouzán
- Institute of Textile Research and Industrial Cooperation of Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Colom 15, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Navarrete
- Institute of Textile Research and Industrial Cooperation of Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Colom 15, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Grimau
- Institute of Textile Research and Industrial Cooperation of Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Colom 15, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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19
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Gadaleta G, De Gisi S, Sorrentino A, Sorrentino L, Notarnicola M, Kuchta K, Picuno C, Oliviero M. Effect of Cellulose-Based Bioplastics on Current LDPE Recycling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4869. [PMID: 37445182 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of bioplastics in the market has led to their presence in municipal solid waste streams alongside traditional fossil-based polymers, particularly low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which bioplastics often end up mixed with. This study aimed to assess the impact of cellulose acetate plasticized with triacetin (CAT) on the mechanical recycling of LDPE. LDPE-CAT blends with varying CAT content (0%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight) were prepared by melt extrusion and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry), dynamic rheological measurements, and tensile tests. The results indicate that the presence of CAT does not significantly affect the chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of LDPE, and the addition of CAT at different levels does not promote LDPE degradation under typical processing conditions. However, the addition of CAT negatively impacts the processability and mechanical behavior of LDPE, resulting in the reduced quality of the recycled material. Thus, the presence of cellulose-based bioplastics in LDPE recycling streams should be avoided, and a specific sorting stream for bioplastics should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gadaleta
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Sorrentino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Circular Resource Engineering and Management, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstraße n. 15, D-21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Oliviero
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
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20
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Altieri VG, De Sanctis M, Barca E, Di Iaconi C. SBBGR technology for reducing waste sludge production during plastic recycling process: Assessment of potential increase in sludge hazardousness. Sci Total Environ 2023; 880:163388. [PMID: 37030375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sludge production in the wastewater treatment sector is consistently increasing and represents a critical environmental and economic issue. This study evaluated an unconventional approach for treating wastewater generated from the cleaning of non-hazardous plastic solid waste during the plastic recycling process. The proposed scheme was based on sequencing batch biofilter granular reactor (SBBGR) technology, which was compared with the activated sludge-based treatment currently in operation. These treatment technologies were compared regarding sludge quality, specific sludge production, and effluent quality to highlight whether the reduced sludge production shown by SBBGR corresponded to an increase in the concentration of hazardous compounds in the sludge. The SBBGR technology showed remarkable removal efficiencies (TSS, VSS, and NH3 > 99 %; COD >90 %; TN and TP > 80 %) and a sludge production six-fold lower than the conventional plant (in terms of kgTSS/kg CODremoved). Biomass from the SBBGR did not show a significant accumulation of organic micropollutants (i.e., long-chain hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and chlorobenzenes, PCB, PCDD/F, PAH, chlorinated and brominated aliphatic compounds, and aromatic solvents), whereas a certain accumulation of heavy metals was observed. Furthermore, an initial attempt to compare the operating costs of the two treatment approaches revealed that the SBBGR technology would provide 38 % savings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco De Sanctis
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R, Viale F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
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21
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Gulab H, Malik S. Polyethylene Terephthalate Conversion into Liquid Fuel by its Co-pyrolysis with Low and High Density Polyethylene Employing Scrape Aluminum as Catalyst. Environ Technol 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37326613 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2227389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe co-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out in a batch steel pyrolyzer in order to convert the PET into pyrolysis oil as its pyrolysis alone resulted in wax and gases. The study was also aimed to increase the aromatic content of pyrolysis oil by the interaction of degradation fragments of linear chains of LDPE and HDPE with the benzene ring of PET during the pyrolysis. The reaction conditions were optimized for higher yield of pyrolysis oil which were found to be 500 °C pyrolysis temperature with heating rate of 0.5 °Cs-1, 1 hour reaction time and 20 g of initial mass of polymer mixture having 20% PET, 40% LDPE and 40% HDPE. Waste aluminum particles were applied as economical catalyst in the process. The thermal co-pyrolysis yielded 8% pyrolysis oil, 32.3 wax and 20% coke while the catalytic co-pyrolysis produced 30.2% pyrolysis oil, 4.2% wax and 12% coke. The fractional distillation of catalytic oil resulted in 46% gasoline range oil, 31% kerosene range oil and 23% diesel range oil. These fractions showed resembled with the standard fuels in terms of their fuel properties as well as FT-IR spectra. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the catalytic co-pyrolysis favored formation of relatively short chain hydrocarbons with olefins and isoparaffins as major components while the thermal co-pyrolysis formed long chain paraffins. The naphthenes and aromatics were also found in higher amount in the catalytic oil as compared to the thermal oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Gulab
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Shahi Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
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22
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Bitalac JMS, Lantican NB, Gomez NCF, Onda DFL. Attachment of potential cultivable primo-colonizing bacteria and its implications on the fate of low-density polyethylene ( LDPE) plastics in the marine environment. J Hazard Mater 2023; 451:131124. [PMID: 36871466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastics released in the environment become suitable matrices for microbial attachment and colonization. Plastics-associated microbial communities interact with each other and are metabolically distinct from the surrounding environment. However, pioneer colonizing species and their interaction with the plastic during initial colonization are less described. Marine sediment bacteria from sites in Manila Bay were isolated via a double selective enrichment method using sterilized low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets as the sole carbon source. Ten isolates were identified to belong to the genera Halomonas, Bacillus, Alteromonas, Photobacterium, and Aliishimia based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, and majority of the taxa found exhibit a surface-associated lifestyle. Isolates were then tested for their ability to colonize polyethylene (PE) through co-incubation with LDPE sheets for 60 days. Growth of colonies in crevices, formation of cell-shaped pits, and increased roughness of the surface indicate physical deterioration. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed significant changes in the functional groups and bond indices on LDPE sheets separately co-incubated with the isolates, demonstrating that different species potentially target different substrates of the photo-oxidized polymer backbone. Understanding the activity of primo-colonizing bacteria on the plastic surface can provide insights on the possible mechanisms used to make plastic more bioavailable for other species, and their implications on the fate of plastics in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marey S Bitalac
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines; Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nacita B Lantican
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Norchel Corcia F Gomez
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines; Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines
| | - Deo Florence L Onda
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines.
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23
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Aktas C, Polat O, Beitollahpoor M, Farzam M, Pesika NS, Sahiner N. Force-Based Characterization of the Wetting Properties of LDPE Surfaces Treated with CF 4 and H 2 Plasmas. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092132. [PMID: 37177278 PMCID: PMC10181085 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films are widely used in packaging, insulation and many other commodity applications due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties. However, the water-wetting and water-repellant properties of these films are insufficient for certain applications. In this study, bare LDPE and textured LDPE (T-LDPE) films were subjected to low-pressure plasmas, such as carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and hydrogen (H2), to see the effect of plasma treatment on the wetting properties of LDPE films. In addition, the surface of the LDPE film was textured to improve the hydrophobicity through the lotus effect. The LDPE and T-LDPE films had contact angle (θ) values of 98.6° ± 0.6 and 143.6° ± 1.0, respectively. After CF4 plasma treatments, the θ values of the surfaces increased for both surfaces, albeit within the standard deviation for the T-LDPE film. On the other hand, the contact angle values after H2 plasma treatment decreased for both surfaces. The surface energy measurements supported the changes in the contact angle values: exposure to H2 plasma decreased the contact angle, while exposure to CF4 plasma increased the contact angle. Kinetic friction force measurements of water drops on LDPE and T-LDPE films showed a decrease in friction after the CF4 plasma treatment, consistent with the contact angle and surface energy measurements. Notably, the kinetic friction force measurements proved to be more sensitive compared to the contact angle measurements in differentiating the wetting properties of the T-LDPE versus 3× CF4-plasma-treated LDPE films. Based on Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of the flat LDPE samples, the 3× CF4 plasma treatment did not significantly change the surface morphology or roughness. However, in the case of the T-LDPE samples, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed noticeable morphological changes, which were more significant at sharp edges of the surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Aktas
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Osman Polat
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Melika Farzam
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Noshir S Pesika
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts & Nanoscience, Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
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24
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Shafana Farveen M, Madhavan T, Narayanan R. Association of Laccase from Bacillus cereus O2-B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1-P with the bio-degradation of polymers: an in vitro to in silico approach. Biodegradation 2023; 34:383-403. [PMID: 37055700 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic accumulation has become a serious environmental threat. Mitigation of plastic is important to save the ecosystem of our planet. With current research being focused on microbial degradation of plastics, microbes with the potential to degrade polyethylene were isolated in this study. In vitro studies were performed to define the correlation between the degrading capability of the isolates and laccase, a common oxidase enzyme. Instrumental analyses were used to evaluate morphological and chemical modifications in polyethylene, which demonstrated a steady onset of the degradation process in case of both isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1-P and Bacillus cereus O2-B. To understand the efficiency of laccase in degrading other common polymers, in silico approach was employed, for which 3D structures of laccase in both the isolates were constructed via homology modeling and molecular docking was performed, revealing that the enzyme laccase can be exploited to degrade a wide range of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shafana Farveen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology (CET), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology (CET), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajnish Narayanan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering & Technology (CET), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Li C, Li Z, Cui Q, Hassan A, Zhang K, Lu X, Zhang Y. Effect of different additions of low-density polyethylene and microplastics polyadipate/butylene terephthalate on soil bacterial community structure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:55649-55661. [PMID: 36897451 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The stress produced from biodegradable plastics on soil ecosystem is a rising global concern. However, effects of such microplastics (MPs) on soil ecology are still debatable. In this study, the biodegradable microplastic PBAT (polyadipate/butylene terephthalate) was used as the target object, compared with the traditional microplastic LDPE (low-density polyethylene). A pot experiment and was high-throughput sequencing analysis used to determine the effect of different additions of MPs on soil bacterial community structure and the correlation between soil bacterial community structure and chemical properties was investigated. Compared with LDPE, the results showed that EC, TN, TP, NH4+-N, and NO3--N changed obviously with the increasing of PBAT addition (p < 0.05), but pH changed little and the community richness was significantly higher in soils with low PBAT addition than that with higher PBAT addition. PBAT is beneficial to soil nitrogen fixation, but it will significantly reduce the soil P content and affect the nitrification and denitrification reaction. It suggested that addition of PBAT MPs and its addition amount result in changes in soil fertility, community abundance, and structure and composition of bacterial communities in soil samples, while the presence of PBAT MPs might affect soil carbon-nitrogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Zhenhui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qian Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Areeb Hassan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xueqiang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Kar S, Sutar PP. Shelf life prediction of dried garlic powder under accelerated storage conditions. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:996-1005. [PMID: 36908340 PMCID: PMC9998771 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The shelf life of dried garlic powder packaged in high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and aluminum laminated pouch (ALP) under accelerated storage temperature (5° to 40 °C) and humidity (70-90% RH) conditions, was predicted using GAB mathematical model. The water activity value reduced significantly from 0.83 to 0.31 as the moisture content reduced. The temperature had a negative effect on color change and the lightness value and whiteness index of garlic powder significantly decreased from 62.21 to 56.06 and 50.67 to 44.91 respectively, when temperature increased from 70° to 90° C. The storage life of garlic powder was 24, 78 and 210 days in LDPE, HDPE, and ALP, respectively under domestic storage conditions (40 °C, 90% RH). Therefore, under industrial storage conditions (5 °C, 70% RH), garlic could be preserved for 1.32, 4.30 and 7.28 years in LDPE, HDPE and ALP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshanna Kar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008 India
| | - P. P. Sutar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, 769008 India
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27
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Giaganini G, Cifelli M, Biagini D, Ghimenti S, Corti A, Castelvetro V, Domenici V, Lomonaco T. Multi-Analytical Approach to Characterize the Degradation of Different Types of Microplastics: Identification and Quantification of Released Organic Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031382. [PMID: 36771048 PMCID: PMC9919824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics represent one of the major environmental issues nowadays due to their ubiquitous presence on Earth, and their high potential danger for living systems, ecosystems, and human life. The formation of both microplastics and nanoplastics strongly depends on both the type of pristine materials and the degradation processes related to biological and/or abiotic conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two of the most relevant abiotic parameters, namely temperature and light, taken under direct control by using a Solar box, on five types of reference polymers: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A multi-analytical approach was adopted to investigate in detail the first steps of plastics degradation. Samples of plastic materials at different degradation times were analyzed by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) technique. Several minor molecular species released during degradation were consistently identified by both techniques thus providing a comprehensive view of the various degradation products of these five types of microplastics.
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28
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Zaharescu T, Nicula N, Râpă M, Iordoc M, Tsakiris V, Marinescu VE. Structural Insights into LDPE/UHMWPE Blends Processed by γ-Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030696. [PMID: 36771997 PMCID: PMC9920361 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) matrices containing low-density polyethylene (LDPE), hydroxyapatite (HAp) as filler, and rosemary extract (RM) as stabilizer were investigated for their qualification for long-term applications. The significant contributions of the blend components were analyzed, and variations in mechanical properties, oxidation strength, thermal behavior, crystallinity, and wettability were discussed. SEM images of microstructural peculiarities completed the introspective survey. The stability improvement due to the presence of both additives was an increase in the total degradation period of 67% in comparison with an unmodified HDPE/UHMWPE blend when the materials were subjected to a 50 kGy γ-dose. There was growth in activation energies from 121 kJ mol-1 to 139 kJ mol-1 when HAp and rosemary extract delayed oxidation. The exposure of samples to the action of γ-rays was found to be a proper procedure for accomplishing accelerated oxidative degradation. The presence of rosemary extract and HAp powder significantly increased the thermal and oxidation resistances. The calculation of material lifetimes at various temperatures provided meaningful information on the wearability and integrity of the inspected composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traian Zaharescu
- INCDIE ICPE CA, 3131 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (N.N.)
| | - Nicoleta Nicula
- INCDIE ICPE CA, 3131 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (N.N.)
| | - Maria Râpă
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Iordoc
- INCDIE ICPE CA, 3131 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
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29
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Manjappa P, Rajan HK, Mahesh MG, Sadananda KG, Channegowda M, Shivashankar GK, Mutt NB. Effective Attenuation of Electromagnetic Waves by Synergetic Effect of α-Fe 2O 3 and MWCNT/Graphene in LDPE-Based Composites for EMI Applications. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:9006. [PMID: 36556812 PMCID: PMC9785817 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polymer nanocomposite is synthesized using magnetic and conducting fillers for enhanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Alfa-ferrite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles with minimal multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as low as 5 weight % in combination with variable concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are used as fillers in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer matrix. Nanofillers and the polymer matrix are characterized by various techniques such as XRD, SEM, color mapping, EDAX, TGA, etc. The EMI shielding efficiency of the LDPE-based nanocomposites is tested using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The results showed that composite with LDPE:MWCNT:GNP:α-FO-50:5:40:5 displayed enhanced EMI shielding (in X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) compared to other concentrations studied. This is due to the superior ohmic, dielectric, and magnetic losses at this particular composition and to the synergism amongst the filler. An attenuation of 99.99% was achieved for 5% α-Fe2O3. The mechanistic aspects of the shielding are discussed using permittivity, conductivity, and attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Manjappa
- Department of Chemistry, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, India
| | - Hari Krishna Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, India
- Centre for Bio and Energy Materials Innovation, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, India
| | - Mamatha Gowdaru Mahesh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, India
| | - Karthikeya Gulur Sadananda
- Center for Antennas and Radio Frequency Systems, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, India
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30
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Tarafdar A, Lim JY, Kwon JH. UV stabilizers can foster early development of biofilms on freshwater microplastics. Environ Pollut 2022; 315:120444. [PMID: 36265727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between microbes and microplastics are important as of emerging plastic loads in the global environment. Although diverse plastic additives are used in large amounts, there are very few studies on a quantitative comparison of plastisphere on plastics with different plastic additives. We studied the effects of two widely used UV stabilizers (benzotriazole-type UV-327 and benzophenone-type UV-531 were selected based on their persistence and toxicity) in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) on freshwater microbes. This is the first study on the sole effects of UV stabilizers used as plastic additives on freshwater in situ plastisphere biofilm development. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, assisted with proper differentiating fluorochromes and threshold-based 3D segmentation of data, was used to visualize and quantify biofilm. On the first week of biofilm growth, there was very little biovolume and a negligible amount of phototrophs on pristine LDPE contrasting other substrates. Biovolumes were significantly higher on LDPE with UV stabilizers (up to 159% higher than pristine LDPE), although the biomass was mostly dead due to toxicity (>100% higher dead biovolume than live biovolume in LDPE with UV stabilizers). After the fourth week, marginally higher biovolumes along with a revival of the biomass on LDPE with UV stabilizers were observed. The ability to induce microorganismic intracellular reactive oxygen species by UV stabilizers was detected, which may stimulate biofilm growth during the primary phase of biofilm development. Atomic force microscopy analysis denoted that LDPE with UV stabilizers exhibit considerably stronger adhesion force than pristine LDPE. These observations suggest that UV stabilizers can foster the early attachment of microbes to microplastics while killing the surface contacting layer. An alive upper layer of microbes can get developed on the dead biofilm without much disruption due to the toxicity of UV stabilizers. This occurrence can eventually boost the early development of biofilms on plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Yun Lim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon College, 19 Daehak-1gil, Hongsung-eup, Hongsung-gun, Chungnam, 32244, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Mukhopadhyay M, Jalal M, Vignesh G, Ziauddin M, Sampath S, Bharat GK, Nizzetto L, Chakraborty P. Migration of Plasticizers from Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-Density Polyethylene Casing into Bottled Water: A Case Study From India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 109:949-955. [PMID: 35230452 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mineral bottled water packed in three polymers viz., virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET), recycled PET, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were investigated for the occurrence, migration, and health risk of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. The average concentration of six USEPA priority PAEs in refrigerated water samples was highest in recycled PET> LDPE > virgin PET. The highest leaching was seen at 45 °C after 2 days for LDPE water packets with ∑6PAEs amounting to 64,300 ng/L. Similarly, for recycled PET, the highest migration was seen at 45 °C after seven days (3,800 µg/L). Bis 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the predominant plasticizers from PET bottles and LDPE water packets, respectively. Predicted concentration after three weeks based on best fit obtained through the polynomial model for PET bottles was seen higher than the recommended limit suggested by USEPA (6 µg/L) and WHO (8 µg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moitraiyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Jalal
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Vignesh
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammed Ziauddin
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- Food Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, PO 500 007, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | | | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rani-Borges B, Meitern R, Teesalu P, Raudna-Kristoffersen M, Kreitsberg R, Heinlaan M, Tuvikene A, Ivask A. Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics on amphipods. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136599. [PMID: 36167206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lack of microplastics (MP) toxicity studies involving environmentally relevant concentrations and exposure times is concerning. Here we analyzed the potential adverse effects of low density polyethylene (LDPE) MP at environmentally relevant concentration in sub-chronic exposure to two amphipods Gmelinoides fasciatus and Gammarus lacustris, species that naturally compete with each other for their habitats. 14-day exposure to 2 μg/L (8 particles/L corresponding to low exposure) and 2 mg/L (∼8400 particles/L, corresponding to high exposure) of 53-100 μm LDPE MP were used to assess ingestion and egestion of MP, evaluate its effects on amphipod mortality, swimming ability and oxidative stress level. Both amphipod species were effectively ingesting and egesting LDPE MP. On the average, 0.8 and 2.5 MP particles were identified in the intestines of each amphipod exposed to 2 μg/L and 2 mg/L LDPE MP, respectively. Therefore, intestinal MP after 14-day exposure did not fully reflect the differences in LDPE MP exposure concentrations. Increased mortality of both amphipods was observed at 2 mg/L LDPE MP and in case of G. lacustris also at 2 μg/L exposure. The effect of LDPE on swimming activity was observed only in case of G. fasciatus. Oxidative stress marker enzymes SOD, GPx and reduced glutathione GSH varied according to amphipod species and LDPE MP concentration. In general G. lacustris was more sensitive towards LDPE MP induced oxidative stress. Overall, the results suggested that in MP polluted environments, G. lacustris may lose its already naturally low competitiveness and become overcompeted by other more resistant species. The fact that in the sub-chronic foodborne exposure to environmentally relevant and higher LDPE MP concentrations all the observed toxicological endpoints were affected refers to the potential of MP to affect and disrupt aquatic communities in the longer perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rani-Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, UNESP, 3 de Março Avenue 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18087-180, Brazil; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Meitern
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi tn 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Teesalu
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merilin Raudna-Kristoffersen
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi tn 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Randel Kreitsberg
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi tn 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Margit Heinlaan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Arvo Tuvikene
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Angela Ivask
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
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Zhu Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Qu G, Lu G, Min D, Nie Y, Li S. Surface Modification-Dominated Space-Charge Behaviors of LDPE Films: A Role of Charge Injection Barriers. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6095. [PMID: 36079476 PMCID: PMC9458192 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gradually increasing power transmission voltage requires an improved high-voltage capability of polymeric insulating materials. Surface modification emerges as an easily accessible approach in enhancing breakdown and flashover performances due to the widely acknowledged modification of space-charge behaviors. However, as oxidation and fluorination essentially react within a limited depth of 2 μm underneath polymer surfaces, the nature of such bulk space-charge modulation remains a controversial issue, and further investigation is needed to realize enhancement of insulating performance. In this work, the surface oxidation-dependent space-charge accumulation in LDPE film was found to be dominated by an electrode/polymer interfacial barrier, but not by the generation of bulk charge traps. Through quantitative investigation of space-charge distributions along with induced electric field distortion, the functions of surface oxidation on the interfacial barrier of a typical dielectric polymer, LDPE, is discussed and linked to space-charge behaviors. As the mechanism of surface modification on space-charge behaviors is herein proposed, space-charge accumulation can be effectively modified by selecting an appropriate surface modification method, which consequentially benefits breakdown and flashover performances of polymeric insulating films for high-voltage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Haopeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Guanghao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Daomin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yongjie Nie
- Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Gird Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
| | - Shengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Tumwet FC, Serbe R, Kleint T, Scheytt T. Effect of fragmentation on the transport of polyvinyl chloride and low-density polyethylene in saturated quartz sand. Sci Total Environ 2022; 836:155657. [PMID: 35513138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are an obstinate pollutant in terrestrial environments, posing a risk to the subsurface soil matrix and potentially to groundwater. In this study, the transport and retention behaviour of two major plastic polymers, 125-300 μm Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic fragments and 300 μm Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) spherical particles, were explored in saturated quartz sand (1.6-2.0 mm) columns. The PVC used in this study represented secondary microplastics, while the LDPE represented primary microplastics. Retention profiles at different ultrapure water flow rates (2.0-3.5 ml/min) were compared and analysed. At the beginning and end of each column test, the microplastic particles were scrutinized, identified, and quantified by light microscopy. The results showed that the transport distance of microplastic particles increased with their decreasing diameter. Small-sized PVC microplastic particles, whose morphology was more 1-dimensional, were more susceptible to fragmentation within the column, promoting migration. Spherical LDPE remained at their initial position without fragmenting. Microplastic degradation into fragments appeared to play an important role in improving the movement of particles. This study offers initial indications of infiltration depths and shape-dependent fragmentation of secondary microplastics in coarse sand based on the lab experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Chebet Tumwet
- Chair of Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), 09599 Freiberg, Germany; Zittau Institute for Process Development, Recycling Management, Surface Technology, and Natural Substance Research (ZIRKON), University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz (HSZG), 02763 Zittau, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Serbe
- Chair of Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Kleint
- Zittau Institute for Process Development, Recycling Management, Surface Technology, and Natural Substance Research (ZIRKON), University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz (HSZG), 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Traugott Scheytt
- Chair of Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (TU Bergakademie Freiberg), 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Maleki Rad M, Moghimi H, Azin E. Biodegradation of thermo-oxidative pretreated low-density polyethylene ( LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics by Achromobacter denitrificans Ebl13. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 181:113830. [PMID: 35717877 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics pretreatment of prior to biodegradation is an efficient approach for their bioremediation. We isolated Achromobacter denitrificans from compost and used it for biodegradation of thermo-oxidative pretreated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). About 12.3 % and 6.5 % weight loss, and 326.4 and 112.32 mg L-1 extracellular protein were observed in bacterial flasks with PVC and LDPE, respectively. The pH in treated PVC reached to 5.12 and the thermal stability increased by 29 °C. The chemical modification in LDPE was demonstrated through oxidation of antioxidants (Phenol group), formation of new groups (Aldehyde group), and chain fracture in the main backbone by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Formation of peaks at the range of 1700-1850 cm-1 in LDPE attributed to formation of carbonyl groups as the degradation result. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed LDPE and PVC degradation by surface alterations. Consequently, thermo-oxidative pretreatment can be considered as a suitable strategy for improving microplastics biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Maleki Rad
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Moghimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Azin
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Yadav S, Rout S, Tiwari M, Mhatre S, Karpe R, Pulhani V, Kumar AV. Simulated experimental investigation of microplastic weathering in marine environment. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2022; 57:575-583. [PMID: 35675175 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2085984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics act as a potential vector for a wide range of contaminants, which have emerged as a major environmental hazard in the modern world. Considering the seriousness of the problem, a simulated laboratory and field experiment were conducted to study the weathering of pristine microplastics following long-term exposure to natural background radiation and the marine environment after being disposed of in the open environment. For the study, polyethylene-originating (HDPE and LDPE) microplastics were chosen. The study revealed that radiation exposure causes surface roughness and cracks, leading to an increased surface area, which can invite a wide spectrum of pollutants to sorb on their surface. Furthermore, we report that the radiation-induced morphological changes favor microbial colonization on the microplastic surface when exposed to the marine environment. The growth of biofilms on the surface of microplastics reduces their hydrophobicity, which may attract a wide variety of polar contaminants. The study led to an interesting finding: that the HDPE microplastic surface is more conducive for biofilm growth in comparison to the LDPE surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Yadav
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sabyasachi Rout
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Mahesh Tiwari
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sachin Mhatre
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rupali Karpe
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Pulhani
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - A V Kumar
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Palansooriya KN, Sang MK, Igalavithana AD, Zhang M, Hou D, Oleszczuk P, Sung J, Ok YS. Biochar alters chemical and microbial properties of microplastic-contaminated soil. Environ Res 2022; 209:112807. [PMID: 35093312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in soils can negatively affect soil biodiversity and function. Soil amendments applied to MP-contaminated soil can alter the overall soil properties and enhance its functions and processes. However, little is known about how soil amendments improve the quality of MP-contaminated soils. Thus, the present study used a microcosm experiment to explore the potential effects of four types of biochar on the chemical and microbial properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MP-contaminated soil under both drought and well-watered conditions. The results show that the biochars altered soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorous, and total exchangeable cations (TEC) with some variability depending on the biochar type. Oilseed rape straw (OSR)-derived biochars increased soil pH, EC, and TEC under both water conditions with the highest values of 7.94, 0.54 dS m-1 and 22.0 cmol(+) kg-1, respectively. Soil enzyme activities varied under all treatments; in particular, under drought conditions, the fluorescein diacetate activity increased in soils with high temperature (700 °C) biochar. The application of soft wood pellet biochar (700 °C) to MP-contaminated soil increased urease activity by 146% under well-watered conditions. OSR-derived biochars significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity under both water conditions. With biochar supplementation, the diversity indices of the bacterial community increased in well-watered soil but not in soil under drought conditions. The abundance of bacterial phyla, such as Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Dictyoglomi, and Gemmatimonadetes, was relatively high in all treatments. Biochar application resulted in negligible variations in bacterial communities under drought conditions but significant variations under well-watered conditions. The findings of this study imply that biochar can be used as a soil amendment to improve the overall soil quality of MP-contaminated soil, but its impact varies depending on the pyrolysis feedstock and temperature. Thus, selecting a suitable biochar is important for improving the soil quality in MP-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Mee Kyung Sang
- Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, South Korea
| | | | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Life Science and Environmental Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, South Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Victory W. A review on the utilization of waste material in asphalt pavements. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:27279-27282. [PMID: 34981391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of waste and disposal has become a vital environmental issue that creates serious concern worldwide. The use of waste material in pavement structure is one of the essential initiative for the future towards sustainable environment. This study imparts a review on waste materials such as plastic waste, crumb rubber, glass fibre, steel slag, crushed concrete and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and their use in asphalt pavements. The waste materials act as modifiers and have the capability to upgrade the performance of pavement and provide green technology with eco-friendly environment. Utilization of waste material as an asphalt binder enhanced the engineering properties of asphalt pavements. It may be regarded as a smart strategy for sustainable development as it is cost-effective, economical, efficiency and productivity. Moreover, it approached to minimize the pollution. Further, many researchers have investigated the outcomes of asphalt pavement with waste and observed that it achieved the properties and performance of asphalt mixtures while reducing pavement damage, failure and deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waikhom Victory
- National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, 795004, Imphal, India.
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Pinto M, Zhao Z, Klun K, Libowitzky E, Herndl GJ. Microbial Consortiums of Putative Degraders of Low-Density Polyethylene-Associated Compounds in the Ocean. mSystems 2022;:e0141521. [PMID: 35229650 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01415-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most abundant plastics in the ocean. The development of a biofilm on PE in the ocean has been reported, yet whether some of the biofilm-forming organisms can biodegrade this plastic in the environment remains unknown. Via metagenomics analysis, we taxonomically and functionally analyzed three biofilm communities using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as their sole carbon source for 2 years. Several of the taxa that increased in relative abundance over time were closely related to known degraders of alkane and other hydrocarbons. Alkane degradation has been proposed to be involved in PE degradation, and most of the organisms increasing in relative abundance over time harbored genes encoding proteins essential in alkane degradation, such as the genes alkB and CYP153, encoding an alkane monooxygenase and a cytochrome P450 alkane hydroxylase, respectively. Weight loss of PE sheets when incubated with these communities and chemical and electron microscopic analyses provided evidence for alteration of the PE surface over time. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the utilization of LDPE-associated compounds by the prokaryotic communities. This report identifies a group of genes potentially involved in the degradation of the LDPE polymeric structure and/or associated plastic additives in the ocean and describes a phylogenetically diverse community of plastic biofilm-dwelling microbes with the potential for utilizing LDPE-associated compounds as carbon and energy source. IMPORTANCE Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the most used plastics worldwide, and a large portion of it ends up in the ocean. Very little is known about its fate in the ocean and whether it can be biodegraded by microorganisms. By combining 2-year incubations with metagenomics, respiration measurements, and LDPE surface analysis, we identified bacteria and associated genes and metabolic pathways potentially involved in LDPE biodegradation. After 2 years of incubation, two of the microbial communities exhibited very similar taxonomic compositions mediating changes to the LDPE pieces they were incubated with. We provide evidence that there are plastic-biofilm dwelling bacteria in the ocean that might have the potential to degrade LDPE-associated compounds and that alkane degradation pathways might be involved.
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Tang Q, Liu S, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Du Z, Huang L, Belfiore LA, Tang J. Novel Cuboid-like Crystalline Complexes (CLCCs), Photon Emission, Fluorescent Fibers, and Bright Red Fabrics of Eu 3+ Complexes Adjusted by Amphiphilic Molecules. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:905. [PMID: 35267728 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing needs for flexible fluorescence emission materials, emission fibers and related wearable fabrics with bright emission properties have become key factors for wearable applications. In this article, novel cuboid-like crystals of Eu3+ complexes were generated. Except for light-energy-harvesting ligands of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) and 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate (Phen), the crystal structures were adjusted by other functional amphiphilic molecules. Not only does ETPC-SA, adjusted by stearic acid, have a regular cuboid-like crystal with a size of about 2 μm size, but it also generates the best photon emission property, with a fluorescence quantum yield of 98.4% fluorescence quantum yield in this report. Furthermore, we succeeded in producing novel fluorescent fibers by mini-twin-screw extrusion, and it was easy to form bright red fabrics, which are equipped with strong fluorescence intensity, flexibility, and a smooth hand feeling, with the normal fabricating method in our work. It is worth noting that ETPC-HQ fibers, which carry a crystal complex adjusted by hydroquinone, possess the lowest quantum yield but have the longest average fluorescence lifetime of 1259 µs. This result means that a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix could make excited electrons stand in the excited state for a relatively long time when adjusted by hydroquinone, so as to increase the afterglow property of fluorescent fibers.
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Krishnaswamy VG, Sridharan R, Kumar PS, Fathima MJ. Cellulase enzyme catalyst producing bacterial strains from vermicompost and its application in low-density polyethylene degradation. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132552. [PMID: 34648790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the main polysaccharide present abundantly in the earth, an important substrate for the cellulase enzyme. Cellulases have attracted considerable attention due to its diverse application in different textile, detergent, leather, food, feed and paper industries. Among the cellulase producing microbes, bacteria have a faster growth compared to other microbes. The present study focuses on isolating bacterial strains (Bacillus pacificus and Pseudomonas mucidolens) from vermicompost. The study focused on extracting cellulase enzyme and its molecular weight using SDS-PAGE, which was determined to be 32Kda. The maximum enzyme activity resulted to be 0.12 U/mL and 0.17 U/mL after dialysis. The LDPE degradation was reported up to 30 days. Further, the growth conditions of the bacterial strains were optimised at different pH and temperature. The degradation of LDPE was determined using FTIR analysis, resulting in the peak changes (formation and shifts). The bacterial strains were morphologically characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The bacterial strains Bacillus pacificus and Pseudomonas mucidolens were identified using 16 S rRNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India.
| | - Rajalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, India.
| | - Mariyam Jaffer Fathima
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Cheng Y, Yu G, Duan Z. Effect of Cooling Medium on LDPE Dielectric Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:425. [PMID: 35160415 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene, with its excellent mechanical and dielectric properties is used as an insulator for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. In ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission, the ageing of insulation materials caused by space charge under high DC voltage becomes serious. Therefore, restraining the space charge and improving the dielectric properties of HVDC cables is important. In this study, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as the raw material and combined with cooling media in a vulcanizing press. A polarizing microscope was used to observe the samples’ crystal morphologies. The space charge accumulation and dispersion were detected using pulsed electro-acoustic. Additionally, dielectric properties such as electrical conductivity and dielectric frequency spectrum were tested. The grain size in the air-cooled LDPE samples was found to be large and unevenly dispersed. However, the grain sizes in the water and oil cooling LDPE samples were small. The mean charge density of the oil cooling samples was the lowest. Under a short circuit measurement, more space charges were found in the natural and rapid air cooling samples. The mean charge densities of these two samples were high, with a fast decay rate. With an 8 and 50 kV/mm electric field strength, the oil cooling samples’ conductivity was the highest and lowest, respectively.
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Huang S. Viscoelastic Property of an LDPE Melt in Triangular- and Trapezoidal-Loop Shear Experiment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223997. [PMID: 34833296 PMCID: PMC8622844 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The time-dependent viscoelastic behaviors of a low-density polyethylene melt (LDPE) in a triangular- and trapezoidal-loop shear experiment reported previously are described here by an integral-type Rivlin–Sawyers (RS) constitutive equation. The linear viscoelasticity of the melt was obtained through a dynamic frequency sweep experiment at a small strain and fitted by a relaxation spectrum. The nonlinear viscoelasticity was characterized by viscosity. All the experimental viscoelastic behaviors of the melt can be divided into two types in terms of the predictions of the RS model: (1) predictable time-dependent viscoelastic behaviors at low shear rates or during short-term shear, and (2) unpredictable shear weakening behavior occurring at the high shear rate of 3–5 s−1 during long-term shear with the characteristic time interval of about 40–100 s. The influence of experimental error caused possibly by inhomogeneous samples on the viscoelasticity of the melt was analyzed, and the large relative error in the experiment is about 10–30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Nadeem H, Alia KB, Muneer F, Rasul I, Siddique MH, Azeem F, Zubair M. Isolation and identification of low-density polyethylene degrading novel bacterial strains. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5417-5423. [PMID: 34402947 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are usually made up of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) that serve as the environmental nuisance. The recalcitrant nature of plastics is a huge concern, whereas the increasing demand has made it difficult to handle the plastic waste that eventually leads to plastic pollution. In recent years, due to increasing demand and high pressure for its safe disposal, plastic biodegradation has gained a lot of attention. In the current study, four bacterial strains were isolated from the solid-waste dumpsites of Faisalabad, Pakistan, using enrichment culture technique. The isolated bacterial strains were capable of growing on media having polystyrene as the sole carbon source. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the isolated strains Serratia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified as the potential strains for the biodegradation of LDPE. Serratia sp. resulted in 40% weight loss of the LDPE plastic pieces after 150 days of treatment. Stenotrophomonas sp. and Pseudomonas species resulted in 32 and 21% weight loss of the treated piece of plastics (LDPE), respectively. Polyethylene pieces were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis before and after biodegradation. The FTIR spectra indicated that the isolated bacterial strains have a good potential to degrade LDPE. Future studies are required to investigate the bacterial genetic makeup, mechanisms of LDPE biodegradation and the factors that can enhance the biodegradable characteristics of these indigenously isolated bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Khush Bakhat Alia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Muneer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Rasul
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Sridharan R, Krishnaswamy VG, Kumar PS. Analysis and microbial degradation of Low-Density Polyethylene ( LDPE) in Winogradsky column. Environ Res 2021; 201:111646. [PMID: 34228954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is threatening the world and the life in it. Cost-effective and eco-friendly treatment is the need of the hour. Treating plastics using chemical methods adds up chemicals into the environment with toxic byproducts. The physical method, a slow and expensive process, is not the better alternative. The process should rely on the environmental sources producing eco-friendly byproducts. The byproducts such as biofuel could be utilized for a sustainable environment, but the conversion of plastics into biofuel is expensive. Hence, biodegradation is the better, sustainable, and cost-effective process for plastic/any other pollutant removal. The study focuses on the construction of Winogradsky column using dumpsite soil. The column amended with Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) serves as a carbon source for native microbes. The utilization of microbes in every niche for the degradation enhances the degradation of LDPE. The Otteri soil resulted in 35.4 ± 0.3%, while Kodungaiyur and agriculture soil show 29.7 ± 0.6% and 19.8 ± 0.8%. The AFM analysis shows the disruption of smooth LDPE surface by forming ridges and grooves, which further confirms the occurrence of degradation. The FTIR analysis shows the incorporation of OH, CO, and other CO-O-CO in the CH backbone of LDPE. The oxidation of LDPE will aid in cleavage and result in the process of weathering. The tensile strength decreased after LDPE treatment (23.88 MPa - control, 22.50 MPa - Kodungaiyur, and 14.92 MPa - Otteri). Thus, utilizing the native microbes present in every niche enhances the degradation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, India.
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Alshahri S, Alsuhybani M, Alosime E, Almurayshid M, Alrwais A, Alotaibi S. LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183081. [PMID: 34577982 PMCID: PMC8471621 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed polymer-based composites could prove useful in many applications such as in radiation shielding. In this work, the potential of a bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanofiller based on an LDPE polymer was developed as lead-free X-ray radiation shielding offering the benefits of lightness, low-cost and non-toxic compared to pure lead. Three different LDPE-based composites were prepared with varying weight percentages of Bi2O3: 5%, 10% and 15%. The characterizations were extended to include structural properties, physical features, mechanical and thermal properties, and radiation shielding efficiency for the prepared nanocomposites. The results revealed that the incorporation of the Bi2O3 nanofiller into an LDPE improved the density of the composites. There was also a slight increase in the tensile strength and tensile modulus. In addition, there was a clear improvement in the efficiency of the shield when fillers were added to the LDPE polymer. The LDPE + Bi2O3 (15%) composite needed the lowest thickness to attenuate 50% of the incident X-rays. The LDPE + Bi2O3 (15%) polymer can also block around 80% of X-rays at 47.9 keV. In real practice, a thicker shield of the proposed composite materials, or a higher percentage of the filler could be employed to safely ensure the radiation is blocked.
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Akgün H, Yapıcı E, Günkaya Z, Özkan A, Banar M. Utilization of liquid product through pyrolysis of LDPE and C/LDPE as commercial wax. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:45971-45984. [PMID: 33886050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and LDPE with aluminum (C/LDPE) wastes was carried out with different heating rates (5, 10, 20 °C/min) at different temperatures (400, 600, 800 °C). Product yields of LDPE and C/LDPE wastes were compared, and optimum liquid products were analyzed to utilize as commercial waxes for future use. The properties of pyrolyzed wastes was investigated with proximate, elemental analysis, and TGA. The as-produced liquid from pyrolysis of wastes was characterized by different characteristic tools, such as elemental analyses, GC-MS analyses, 1H-NMR tests, FT-IR spectra, the density, melting point, and carbon residue to compare commercial waxes. As a result of pyrolysis, the highest liquid product yield was achieved at 800 °C with 5 °C/min heating rate (85.87%) and at 600 °C with 5 °C/min heating rate (71.3%) for LDPE and C/LDPE, respectively. The results indicated that the derived liquid products are similar to commercial heavy wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasret Akgün
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ece Yapıcı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Günkaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Aysun Özkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Müfide Banar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Lucas-Solis O, Moulatlet GM, Guamangallo J, Yacelga N, Villegas L, Galarza E, Rosero B, Zurita B, Sabando L, Cabrera M, Gimiliani GT, Capparelli MV. Preliminary Assessment of Plastic Litter and Microplastic Contamination in Freshwater Depositional Areas: The Case Study of Puerto Misahualli, Ecuadorian Amazonia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 107:45-51. [PMID: 33576853 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We quantify plastic litter (PL, > 2 cm) and microplastics (MP, < 5 mm) from the sediments of a beach formed at a riverine depositional area, at the upper Amazon River basin, Ecuador. In the collection area (4400 m2), the PL density was 0.045 items m-2, where low-density polyethylene bags were the prevalent PL. The beach was classified as "very clean" (Clean Coast Index (CCI) of 1.3 items m-2). Regarding MP, in 55 sampling stations, average MP concentrations ranged from 0 to 2200 items kg-1 of dry sediment (0.5-2 mm), and 0-4200 items kg-1 of dry sediment (2-5 mm). Blue fibers were the prevalent MP. Our results represent the first report to show the ubiquitous presence of PL and MP for the area. The monitoring and management of plastic disposal in freshwater beaches are necessary, as here we report a small part of an undocumented issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lucas-Solis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel M Moulatlet
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Jeniffer Guamangallo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, vía a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Naomi Yacelga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, vía a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Lipsi Villegas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, vía a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Emily Galarza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bryan Rosero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bryan Zurita
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Lizeth Sabando
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Marcela Cabrera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | | | - Mariana V Capparelli
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, km 7, via a Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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49
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DSouza GC, Sheriff RS, Ullanat V, Shrikrishna A, Joshi AV, Hiremath L, Entoori K. Fungal biodegradation of low-density polyethylene using consortium of Aspergillus species under controlled conditions. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07008. [PMID: 34036194 PMCID: PMC8138607 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-Density polyethylene is subject to biodegradation using a fungal consortium comprising of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae under laboratory conditions. The extent of biodegradation has been compared with the use of potato dextrose broth and czapek dox broth media and also in the presence and absence of Tween 80 additive. Biodegradation was performed replacing the sucrose in czapek dox broth with shredded Low-Density polyethylene as well. The biodegradation was carried out for a period of 55 days. The degree of biodegradation has been analyzed using the loss of weight, FT-IR, and SEM analysis. A maximum weight loss of 26.15% was obtained by using potato dextrose broth over a period of 55 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Cletus DSouza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Ryna Shireen Sheriff
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India
| | - Varun Ullanat
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India
| | - Aniruddh Shrikrishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 32603
| | - Anupama V Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India
| | - Lingayya Hiremath
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru, 560059 India
| | - Keshamma Entoori
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani's Science College for Women, Bengaluru, 560001 India
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50
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Tarafdar A, Lee JU, Jeong JE, Lee H, Jung Y, Oh HB, Woo HY, Kwon JH. Biofilm development of Bacillus siamensis ATKU1 on pristine short chain low-density polyethylene: A case study on microbe-microplastics interaction. J Hazard Mater 2021; 409:124516. [PMID: 33243655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degrading bacterial strain (ATKU1) was isolated (99.86% similar with Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613T) from a plastic dumping site to study interactions between microplastics (< 5 mm) and microorganisms. The strain was found (by scanning electron microscopy) to form biofilm on the microplastic surface after its interaction with LDPE (avg. Mw~4,000 Da and avg. Mn~1,700 Da) as a sole carbon source. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed the biofilm's 3-D developmental patterns and significantly increased Young's modulus of the LDPE surface after microbial treatment. Most of the viable bacteria attached to biofilms rather than media, which suggested their ability to utilize LDPE. Absorption bands of carbonyl, alkenyl, acyl, ester, primary-secondary alcohol, alkene groups and nitric oxides were found on the treated LDPE particles using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of the media indicated compositional shifts of the compounds after treatment (i.e., increase in the degree of unsaturation and increment in oxygen-to-carbon ratio) and presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, polyketides, terpenoids, aliphatic/peptides, dicarboxylic acids, lipid-like compounds were hinted. The plastic degrading abilities of Bacillus siamensis ATKU1 suggest its probable application for large scale plastic bioremediation facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Hanbyul Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Yerin Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, South Korea.
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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