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Ye H, Qin H, Tang Y, Ungvijanpunya N, Gou Y. Mapping an intelligent algorithm for predicting female adolescents' cervical vertebrae maturation stage with high recall and accuracy. Prog Orthod 2024; 25:20. [PMID: 38771402 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-024-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to define a novel algorithm capable of predicting female adolescents' cervical vertebrae maturation stage with high recall and accuracy. METHODS A total of 560 female cephalograms were collected, and cephalograms with unclear vertebral shapes and deformed scales were removed. 480 films from female adolescents (mean age: 11.5 years; age range: 6-19 years) were used for the model development phase, and 80 subjects were randomly and stratified allocated to the validation cohort to further assess the model's performance. Derived significant predictive parameters from 15 anatomic points and 25 quantitative parameters of the second to fourth cervical vertebrae (C2-C4) to establish the ordinary logistic regression model. Evaluation metrics including precision, recall, and F1 score are employed to assess the efficacy of the models in each identified cervical vertebrae maturation stage (iCS). In cases of confusion and mispredictions, the model underwent modification to improve consistency. RESULTS Four significant parameters, including chronological age, the ratio of D3 to AH3 (D3:AH3), anterosuperior angle of C4 (@4), and distance between C3lp and C4up (C3lp-C4up) were administered into the ordinary regression model. The primary predicting model that implements the novel algorithm was built and the performance evaluation with all stages of 93.96% for accuracy, 93.98% for precision, 93.98% for recall, and 93.95% for F1-score were obtained. Despite the hybrid logistic-based model achieving high accuracy, the unsatisfactory performance of stage estimation was noticed for iCS3 in the primary cohort (89.17%) and validation cohort (85.00%). Through bivariate logistic regression analysis, the posterior height of C4 (PH4) was further selected in the iCS3 to establish a corrected model, thus the evaluation metrics were upgraded to 95.83% and 90.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An unbiased and objective assessment of the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method can function as a decision-support tool, assisting in the evaluation of the optimal timing for treatment in growing adults. Our novel proposed logistic model yielded individual formulas for each specific CVM stage and attained exceptional performance, indicating the capability to function as a benchmark for maturity evaluation in clinical craniofacial orthopedics for Chinese female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China
| | - Hongrui Qin
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China
| | - Nicha Ungvijanpunya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yongchao Gou
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China.
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, 426#, Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, P.R. China.
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Singh S, Singha B, Kumar S. Artificial intelligence in age and sex determination using maxillofacial radiographs: A systematic review. J Forensic Odontostomatol 2024; 42:30-37. [PMID: 38742570 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11088513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been an enormous increase in the application of artificial intelligence and its adoption in multiple fields, including healthcare. Forensic medicine and forensic odontology have tremendous scope for development using AI. In cases of severe burns, complete loss of tissue, complete or partial loss of bony structure, decayed bodies, mass disaster victim identification, etc., there is a need for prompt identification of the bony remains. The mandible, is the strongest bone of the facial region, is highly resistant to undue mechanical, chemical or physical impacts and has been widely used in many studies to determine age and sexual dimorphism. Radiographic estimation of the jaw bone for age and sex is more workable since it is simple and can be applied equally to both dead and living cases to aid in the identification process. Hence, this systematic review is focused on various AI tools for age and sex determination in maxillofacial radiographs. The data was obtained through searching for the articles across various search engines, published from January 2013 to March 2023. QUADAS 2 was used for qualitative synthesis, followed by a Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy review for the risk of bias analysis of the included studies. The results of the studies are highly optimistic. The accuracy and precision obtained are comparable to those of a human examiner. These models, when designed with the right kind of data, can be of tremendous use in medico legal scenarios and disaster victim identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Forensic medicine & Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, India
| | - B Singha
- Department of Forensic medicine & Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, India
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Forensic medicine & Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, India
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Hase H, Mine Y, Okazaki S, Yoshimi Y, Ito S, Peng TY, Sano M, Koizumi Y, Kakimoto N, Tanimoto K, Murayama T. Sex estimation from maxillofacial radiographs using a deep learning approach. Dent Mater J 2024:2023-253. [PMID: 38599831 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to construct deep learning models for more efficient and reliable sex estimation. Two deep learning models, VGG16 and DenseNet-121, were used in this retrospective study. In total, 600 lateral cephalograms were analyzed. A saliency map was generated by gradient-weighted class activation mapping for each output. The two deep learning models achieved high values in each performance metric according to accuracy, sensitivity (recall), precision, F1 score, and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Both models showed substantial differences in the positions indicated in saliency maps for male and female images. The positions in saliency maps also differed between VGG16 and DenseNet-121, regardless of sex. This analysis of our proposed system suggested that sex estimation from lateral cephalograms can be achieved with high accuracy using deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hase
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuichi Mine
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Project Research Center for Integrating Digital Dentistry, Hiroshima University
| | - Shota Okazaki
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Project Research Center for Integrating Digital Dentistry, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuki Yoshimi
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shota Ito
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Tzu-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Mizuho Sano
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuma Koizumi
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Naoya Kakimoto
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Takeshi Murayama
- Department of Medical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Project Research Center for Integrating Digital Dentistry, Hiroshima University
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Girdhar A, Keerthika R, Narwal A, Kamboj M, Devi A, Sharma R. Comparative manual and digital analysis of gonial angle in lateral cephalograms for gender determination. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:73-78. [PMID: 37060537 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human skull has always been used for victim identification in forensic odontology. The gender-dimorphic bone of the skull is the mandible. The gonial angle has frequently been investigated for gender estimation with variable results and requires further exploration. We aim to compare the efficacy of gonial angle estimation by ancient methods of lateral cephalometric tracing compared with more recent digital analysis methods for gender estimation in the Indian population. Lateral cephalograms of 191 (96 M and 95F) cases above the age of 17 years were retrieved. Cephalometric analysis of gonial angle on radiographs was done using both manual cephalometric tracing method and digitally using Adobe Photoshop software. The results were subjected to statistical analysis for evaluation. The mean gonial angle was higher in females (125.05; 123.77 and 125.28) than in males (122.583; 121.715 and 122.008) using both manual and digital methods. On applying the logistical regression analysis (LRA), the digital method showed the highest gender estimation accuracy of 60.7% followed by Burstone's analysis (57.1%) and manual conventional analysis (56.5%). Burstone's analysis (57.9%) correctly identified increased females, whereas digital analysis (62.5%) and manual conventional analysis (59.4%) accurately recognised increased males. The present study showed a higher gender estimation accuracy using digital methods as compared to manual methods, but it still lacks the credibility to be used as a sole factor for predicting the gender of an individual. Hence, a cumulative factor must be taken into consideration for gender identification which would provide more promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Girdhar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - R Keerthika
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
| | - Anjali Narwal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mala Kamboj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Anju Devi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- Department of Orthodontics, Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences (PGIDS), Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Kanemeier M, Middelberg C, Stamm T, Albert F, Hohoff A, Schmid JQ. Accuracy and tracing time of cephalometric analyses on a tablet or desktop computer : A prospective study. Head Face Med 2024; 20:9. [PMID: 38347578 PMCID: PMC10860254 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-024-00413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study aimed to evaluate the influence of the computer type (tablet or desktop) on accuracy and tracing time of cephalometric analyses. METHODS Dental students used a web-based application specifically developed for this purpose to perform cephalometric analyses on tablet and desktop computers. Landmark locations and timestamps were exported to measure the accuracy, successful detection rate and tracing time. Reference landmarks were established by six experienced orthodontists. Statistical analysis included reliability assessment, descriptive statistics, and linear mixed effect models. RESULTS Over a period of 8 semesters a total of 277 cephalometric analyses by 161 students were included. The interrater reliability of the orthodontists establishing the reference coordinates was excellent (ICC > 0.9). For the students, the mean landmark deviation was 2.05 mm and the successful detection rate for the clinically acceptable threshold of 2 mm suggested in the literature was 68.6%, with large variations among landmarks. No effect of the computer type on accuracy and tracing time of the cephalometric analyses could be found. CONCLUSION The use of tablet computers for cephalometric analyses can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kanemeier
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Claudius Middelberg
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamm
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Albert
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Schmeddingstr. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ariane Hohoff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Q Schmid
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Khaitan T, Vishal, Gupta P, Naik SR, Shukla AK. Morphometric Analysis of Sella Turcica and a Proposed Novel Sella Turcica Index - A Digital Lateral Cephalometric Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:73-77. [PMID: 38440424 PMCID: PMC10909048 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The sella turcica is a structure readily seen on lateral cephalograms and sella point is routinely traced for various cephalometric analyses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphometric variation in size and shape of sella turcica via lateral cephalogram. The objectives were to introduce a novel sella turcica index (STI) and assess its reliability that could be helpful in gender determination. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 lateral cephalograms of the patients of age group 10-30 years were included for the study. The morphological variations of the sella turcica was done based on the classification given by Axelsson et al. (2004). The length, depth and perimeter of the sella turcica was measured and STI derived and calculated. The data was further subjected to discriminant analysis to validate the gender outcome. Reliability of the novel index was determined by calculating the sensitivity and specificity. Results: The overall most common morphological type of sella turcica was Type A (56.25%) followed by Type B (18.75%) and Type E (13.75%). The mean perimeter and depth of sella turcica was higher in females whereas the mean length of sella turcica was higher in males. The mean STI was higher in males and statistically highly significant. The sensitivity and specificity of this index was 72.5% and 90% respectively. Conclusion: A significant relationship was observed between the morphometric measurements of sella turcica and gender. STI could be of great help as a reliable tool for personal identification in forensic sciences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04082-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishal
- Dept of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Awadh Dental College & Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental College, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Shantala R. Naik
- Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental College, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Anjani Kumar Shukla
- Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vananchal Dental College & Hospital, Garhwa, Jharkhand India
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Mao F, Lu C, Liu N, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Qi H, Hu M. Effects of Twin-Block with an expanding device on the upper airway in growing children with skeletal class II malocclusion-a retrospective study based on the consistency of three-dimensional and two-dimensional data. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:4. [PMID: 38123880 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skeletal class II malocclusion is one of the most common malocclusions. Among the functional appliances for skeletal class II malocclusion, the Twin-Block appliance with a maxillary expander is effective in repositioning the mandible forward. In this study, we focused our efforts on investigating the effects of Twin-Block appliances with maxillary expanders on the upper airway in growing children with skeletal class II malocclusion by tracing and measuring lateral cephalograms after evaluating the consistency of three-dimensional CBCT data and two-dimensional lateral cephalogram data. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 102 patients ranging from 9 to 15 years old (11.37 ± 2.80, male/female ratio = 1:1) with skeletal class II malocclusion were selected to evaluate the consistency of CBCT data and lateral cephalogram data. The strongly and moderately correlated segments were then selected to study the effects of Twin-Block with a maxillary expander on the upper airway in 66 growing children with skeletal class II malocclusion (11.31 ± 1.23 years old, male/female ratio = 1:1) by lateral cephalograms. RESULTS The results showed a strong significant correlation in the nasopharynx (r = 0.708) and moderate significant correlations in the overall upper airway (r = 0.641), palatopharynx (r = 0.553), and glossopharynx (r = 0.575) but a weak correlation in the hypopharynx (r = 0.323). The corresponding determination coefficient (R2) was also determined by scatter plot analysis. Moreover, compared with the pretreatment data (T1), the total area of the upper airway and the areas of the nasopharynx, palatopharynx, and glossopharynx after functional treatment (T2) increased statistically and significantly. CONCLUSIONS Lateral cephalograms can reflect the volume of the nasopharynx and oropharynx in skeletal class II children to a certain extent, while Twin-Block appliances with maxillary expanders can widen the volume of the nasopharynx and oropharynx significantly. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The lateral cephalogram is reliable for analyzing the nasopharynx, palatopharynx, and glossopharynx in orthodontic clinical practice. Twin-Block appliances with maxillary expanders have a positive effect on skeletal class II patients with airway stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Mao
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenmeng Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthodontics, Suzhou Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichuan Qi
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Lv C, Yang L, Ngan P, Xiao W, Zhao T, Tang B, Chen X, He H. Role of the tonsil-oropharynx ratio on lateral cephalograms in assessing tonsillar hypertrophy in children seeking orthodontic treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:836. [PMID: 37936131 PMCID: PMC10629199 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the diagnostic value of the tonsil-oropharynx (T/O) ratio on lateral cephalograms for evaluating tonsillar hypertrophy (TH). METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 185 consecutive children (101 males, 84 females; mean age 7.3 ± 1.4 years) seeking orthodontic treatment. The T/O ratios on lateral cephalograms were calculated following Baroni et al.'s method. Tonsil sizes were clinically determined according to the Brodsky grading scale. Spearman correlation coefficients between the T/O ratio and clinical tonsil size were calculated with the total sample and subgroups and then compared between subgroups. Diagnostic value was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between the T/O ratio and clinical tonsil size in children (ρ = 0.73; P < 0.001). A significantly higher correlation coefficient was found in the Class III children. The ROC curve revealed an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.94; P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value of the T/O ratio for predicting TH was 0.58, with a sensitivity of 98.7% and specificity of 64.2%. Employing the cutoff value of 0.5, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 45.9%. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the T/O ratio on lateral cephalograms may be helpful to initial screening in children for TH. Practitioners may combine the clinical examination of tonsil size with the cephalometric findings for a more comprehensive evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter Ngan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Wenjie Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Clifford Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bojun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Rana SS, Nath B, Chaudhari PK, Vichare S. Cervical Vertebral Maturation Assessment using various Machine Learning techniques on Lateral cephalogram: A systematic literature review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:642-651. [PMID: 37663368 PMCID: PMC10470275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance For the assessment of optimum treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics, understanding the growth process is of paramount importance. The evaluation of skeletal maturity based on study of the morphology of the cervical vertebrae has been devised to minimize radiation exposure of a patient due to hand wrist radiography. Cervical vertebral maturation assessment (CVMA) predictions have been examined in the state-of-the-art machine learning techniques in the recent past which require more attention and validation by clinicians and practitioners. Objectives This paper aimed to answer the question "How are machine learning techniques being employed in studies concerning cervical vertebral maturation assessment using lateral cephalograms?" Method A systematic search through the available literature was performed for this work based upon the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) framework. Data sources study selection data extraction and synthesis The searches were performed in Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). A search of the grey literature was also performed in Google Scholar and OpenGrey. We also did a hand-searching in the Angle Orthodontist, Journal of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, Progress in Orthodontics, and the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. References from the included articles were also searched. Main outcomes and measures results A total of 25 papers which were assessed for full text, and 13 papers were included for the systematic review. The machine learning methods used were scrutinized according to their performance and comparison to human observers/experts. The accuracy of the models ranged between 60 and 90% or above, and satisfactory agreement and correlation with the human observers. Conclusions and relevance Machine learning models can be used for detection and classification of the cervical vertebrae maturation. In this systematic review (SR), the studies were summarized in terms of ML techniques applied, sample data, age range of sample and conventional method for CVMA, which showed that further studies with a uniform distribution of samples equally in stages of maturation and according to the gender is required for better training of the models in order to generalize the outputs for prolific use to target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh Rana
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bhola Nath
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Chaudhari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sharvari Vichare
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
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Klenke D, Santander P, Vehring C, Quast A, Sommerlath Sohns J, Krohn S, Meyer-Marcotty P. Prevalence of incidental findings in adult vs. adolescent patients in the course of orthodontic X-ray diagnostics. J Orofac Orthop 2023; 84:298-310. [PMID: 35585297 PMCID: PMC10462506 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to increasing numbers of adult patients presenting to orthodontic practices, an increase in incidental findings on diagnostic X‑rays, which are the cornerstone of orthodontic diagnostics, is expected. This raises the clinically relevant question of whether an age effect exists regarding prevalence, localisation and severity of incidental findings on orthodontic diagnostic X‑rays. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical, primarily retrospective study examined pathological incidental findings from 600 orthopantomograms (OPT) and lateral cephalogram (LC) images in two groups of orthodontic patients (group I: 150 children/adolescents, age 11.89 ± 2.47 years; group II: 150 adults, age 27.03 ± 10.42 years). Prevalence, localisation and severity of the findings were recorded based on a classification sheet. The assessment was done by three experienced examiners following a systematic approach along the nine locations: mandible, maxilla, dentition, paranasal sinuses, temporomandibular joint, cranial base, orbit, cervical spine, soft tissues. RESULTS In all, 1458 incidental findings were detected, with 66% of the findings having occurred away from the dentition. There was a significant age effect (p < 0.001) with respect to the prevalence of incidental findings (group II-adults 1026 findings-OPT: 566/LC 460 vs. group I-children/adolescents 432 findings-OPT: 221/LC 211). Regarding localisation, incidental findings in adults commonly occurred in the dentition, paranasal sinuses and mandibular regions. Furthermore, analysis of the LC images revealed significantly more incidental findings in the area of the cranial base and cervical spine in adults (p < 0.001, p = 0.003). Categorisation according to the severity of the incidental findings showed that 33% of the incidental findings needed further diagnostic investigation and possibly treatment by other specialities. CONCLUSION Diagnostic assessment using orthodontic diagnostic X‑rays results in a high prevalence of incidental findings away from the dentition. Particularly in adults, a large number of incidental findings outside the dental/alveolar region may be expected on orthodontic diagnostic X‑rays. Thus, a structured approach during diagnostic assessment is required to minimise the extent to which incidental findings of clinical relevance are overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Klenke
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Petra Santander
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Vehring
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Krohn
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Li H, Li H, Yuan L, Liu C, Xiao S, Liu Z, Zhou G, Dong T, Ouyang N, Liu L, Ma C, Feng Y, Zheng Y, Xia L, Fang B. The psc-CVM assessment system: A three-stage type system for CVM assessment based on deep learning. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:557. [PMID: 37573308 PMCID: PMC10422791 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many scholars have proven cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method can predict the growth and development and assist in choosing the best time for treatment. However, assessing CVM is a complex process. The experience and seniority of the clinicians have an enormous impact on judgment. This study aims to establish a fully automated, high-accuracy CVM assessment system called the psc-CVM assessment system, based on deep learning, to provide valuable reference information for the growth period determination. METHODS This study used 10,200 lateral cephalograms as the data set (7111 in train set, 1544 in validation set and 1545 in test set) to train the system. The psc-CVM assessment system is designed as three parts with different roles, each operating in a specific order. 1) Position Network for locating the position of cervical vertebrae; 2) Shape Recognition Network for recognizing and extracting the shapes of cervical vertebrae; and 3) CVM Assessment Network for assessing CVM according to the shapes of cervical vertebrae. Statistical analysis was conducted to detect the performance of the system and the agreement of CVM assessment between the system and the expert panel. Heat maps were analyzed to understand better what the system had learned. The area of the third (C3), fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae and the lower edge of second (C2) cervical vertebrae were activated when the system was assessing the images. RESULTS The system has achieved good performance for CVM assessment with an average AUC (the area under the curve) of 0.94 and total accuracy of 70.42%, as evaluated on the test set. The Cohen's Kappa between the system and the expert panel is 0.645. The weighted Kappa between the system and the expert panel is 0.844. The overall ICC between the psc-CVM assessment system and the expert panel was 0.946. The F1 score rank for the psc-CVM assessment system was: CVS (cervical vertebral maturation stage) 6 > CVS1 > CVS4 > CVS5 > CVS3 > CVS2. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the psc-CVM assessment system achieved high accuracy in CVM assessment. The system in this study was significantly consistent with expert panels in CVM assessment, indicating that the system can be used as an efficient, accurate, and stable diagnostic aid to provide a clinical aid for determining growth and developmental stages by CVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lingjun Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengzhao Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guoli Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ting Dong
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ningjuan Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | | | - Yang Feng
- Translational Medicine Research Platform of Oral Biomechanics and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Youyi Zheng
- State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lunguo Xia
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Wiechens B, Klenke D, Quast A, Santander P, Skorna I, Meyer-Marcotty P. Radiodiagnostics of standard orthodontic radiographs-dental and extradental incidental findings : Do we see everything we should see? J Orofac Orthop 2023:10.1007/s00056-023-00483-1. [PMID: 37401944 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-023-00483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The extent of undetected incidental findings in routine orthodontic radiographs is still unknown. However, incidental findings that are not in the primary focus of orthodontic diagnostics may be of high medical relevance. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse whether incidental findings are reliably detected and which parameters influence the orthodontist's assessment. METHODS In a clinical cross-sectional study 134 orthodontists evaluated two orthopantomogram (OPT) and two lateral cephalogram (LC) radiographs each via a standardised online survey. The radiographs were previously examined by three dentists and one radiologist-in a pilot phase-regarding the number of incidental findings and subsequently defining as gold standard in a consensus procedure. The radiographs were presented consecutively, the number of incidental findings detected were noted and the individual findings could be described in free text form. RESULTS Overall, 39.1% of the incidental findings were detected. The orthodontists' focus was primarily on the dental region. Here, 57.9% of incidental findings were detected, while 20.3% were detected in extradental regions (p < 0.001). A highly relevant finding of suspected arteriosclerotic plaque was detected in 7.5% of cases (OPT). Significantly more incidental findings were detected on OPTs than on LCs (OPT 42.1%, LC 36.0%, p < 0.001). As participants' length of professional experience increased, significantly more time was spent on the assessment (p < 0.001), correlating positively with the detection of incidental findings. CONCLUSIONS Even in daily routine practice, attention must be paid to a thorough assessment of all radiographed regions. The factors time and professional experience can prevent practitioners from overlooking findings outside the orthodontic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wiechens
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Daniela Klenke
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Petra Santander
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ida Skorna
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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13
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Agrawal A, Kumar V, Pillai AR. Contribution of masticatory muscle pattern to craniofacial morphology in normal adults: A cross-sectional MRI study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2023; 14:213-220. [PMID: 37661977 PMCID: PMC10474549 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_473_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to determine the muscle pattern of medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and masseter (length, cross-section, and angulation) in adult non-orthodontic patients and its effect on craniofacial structures. Methods The study was conducted from January 14, 2019 to January 14, 2020. Ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the ethical committee Ethical Clearance was obtained from Faculty of Dental Sciences, IMS, BHU, Institutional Ethical Committee with Ref no. Dean/2019/EC/1824 dated 23.04.2019 of the university. The sample size was estimated using the G-power statistical program. Power analysis indicated a minimum sample size of 27. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set. Consent was taken from participants. Seventy-seven subjects who were willing to participate and have given written consent were enrolled for the study. Participants were sent for lateral cephalometry (Dolphin Cephalometric software) Dolphin Imaging and management solution, for 6 angular and 11 linear measurements. Nineteen subjects did not turn up for the scan. Twenty-eight participants underwent MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to evaluate muscle patterns (masseter, medial, and lateral pterygoid). The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, descriptive statistics, and multiple regression analysis were computed. The P value was set as ≤0.001(highly statistically significant) and ≤0.05 (significant relation). Results There was a highly statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) association between masseter length to upper facial height (N-Ans) and ramal length (Cd-Go). Length of medial pterygoid was significantly related (p ≤ 0.05) with SNB and length of body of mandible (Pog-Go). The cross-section of this muscle showed significant relation with upper facial height (N-Ans) and ramal length (Cd-Go). The correlation of the length of lateral pterygoid with upper facial height (N-Ans) and maxillary length (A-Ptm) was highly significant. Conclusion The muscle pattern has a significant correlation with maxillofacial morphology. The masseter muscle is the longest and thickest (cross-section) and is angulated vertically than the other two muscles (medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid). Of the three muscles, the medial pterygoid influences more common craniofacial parameters suggestive of its symbiotic activity. Lateral pterygoid affects the maxillary length and facial height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Agrawal
- Unit of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Indian Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vadivel Kumar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Vinayaka Misson Dental College, Ariyanoor, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajit R Pillai
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Azeezia Dental College, Kollum, Kerala, India
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Le LN, Do TT, Le PKV, Huynh DV, Nguyen TKT. Norms of soft tissue cephalometric in the 18-25 age demography in Vietnam. J Orthod Sci 2023; 12:35. [PMID: 37351396 PMCID: PMC10282534 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_105_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The soft-tissue layer and facial skeleton influence the harmony and equilibrium of the face. The evaluation of the patient's structural and soft-tissue features is one of the most crucial steps in preparing for the diagnosis and treatment of oral-maxillofacial orthodontics. Clinicians can intervene with the proper treatment at the proper time to achieve the best results by being aware of the traits and variations of soft tissue at various developmental stages and in various races. To obtain a consistent treatment result in terms of function and aesthetically pleasing results, patients, and forecast, the growth that may take place after the orthopedic therapy has concluded. OBJECTIVE To examine the soft-tissue features of the oral-maxillofacial area in Vietnamese adults (aged 18-25 years) by evaluating cephalometric radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 85 students from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy took part. Students' lateral cephalograms were taken in compliance with the sample requirements. RESULTS Men's lip protrusion (4.30 ± 0.71) was higher than women's (3.88 ± 0.97) (P = 0.024 <.05) and men's (-4.88 ± 0.93) chin lip groove depth was higher than women's (-4.24 ± 0.93) (P = 0.002), both with a P value of. 05. CONCLUSIONS The study identified a statistically significant difference in the protrusion of the top lip and the depth of the cleft lip between the male and female, demonstrating that the soft-tissue features of Vietnamese students were distinct from those of other races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Nguyen Le
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Can Tho University Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Thao T. Do
- Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Can Tho University Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Khanh V. Le
- Faculty Odonto Stomatology, Can Tho University Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Duong V. Huynh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital of National Hospital of Odonto Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Trang K. T. Nguyen
- Postgraduate Students, Faculty OdontoStomatology, Can Tho University Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
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15
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Warwas FB, Heim N, Berger M, Kramer FJ, Wiedemeyer V. Retrospective study on the pharyngeal airspace in the lateral cephalogram - A mathematical model to predict changes due to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2022; 50:817-824. [PMID: 36376159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a statistical model for reliable prediction of Posterior Airway Space (PAS) changes in lateral cephalograms (LCR) of patients after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. The LCRs of patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. The anteroposterior dimension of the PAS was measured at three levels in the pre-operative and postoperative LCR: On the nasopharyngeal (SPAS), oropharyngeal (MAS), and hypopharyngeal level (IAS). The data of 139 patients were collected. The following changes of the PAS were measured: in class II patients SPAS: 0.291 mm (SD = 2.570 mm); MAS: 2.444 mm (SD = 2.986 mm); IAS: 0.750 mm (SD = 3.017 mm); in class III patients SPAS: 1.377 mm (SD 3.212 mm); MAS: 0.962 (SD: = 3.135 mm); IAS: 0.370 mm (SD = 3.468 mm). Linear regression analysis showed for class II patients, a significant influence of mandibular movement on MAS (p = 0.049) and a significant effect of maxillary and mandibular movements on SPAS (p = 0.001) and MAS (p = 0.022) in class III patients. The other jaw displacements had no significant impact on the investigated PAS levels. While the presented method does not permit exact prediction of the dimension of the PAS, it is still an easily accessible method of orientation for the surgeon. The surgeon can initiate three-dimensional examinations to provide exact three-dimensional prediction based on this calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Warwas
- Universityclinic of Bonn, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillo and Facial Plastic Surgery, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - N Heim
- Universityclinic of Bonn, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillo and Facial Plastic Surgery, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Berger
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - F-J Kramer
- Universityclinic of Bonn, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillo and Facial Plastic Surgery, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - V Wiedemeyer
- Universityclinic of Bonn, Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillo and Facial Plastic Surgery, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Najmuddin M. Prevalence of ponticulus posticus on the posterior arch of the atlas in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:527-533. [PMID: 35088221 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To calculate the prevalence of ponticulus posticus and its association with headache. METHODS The presence and types of ponticulus posticus were investigated on 640 digital lateral cephalograms. Patients with complete or partial ponticulus posticus were further evaluated and questioned for a history of cervicogenic headache. Dissemination of attain values was analyzed using a Chi-Square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The prevalence of ponticulus posticus in our study was 9.8%, with complete form in 45 (7%) patients of which 29 (64.5%) were male and 16 (35.5%) were female. Partial ponticulus posticus was found in 18 (2.8%) of patients, of which 12 (66.6%) patients were male and six (33.33%) were female. In patients with the complete form of ponticulus posticus, 37 (82.22%) were symptomatic. Among these 37 patients, 22 (59.45%) were male and 15 (40.54%) were female. In complete ponticulus posticus patients, symptoms were slightly worse in males than females. Whereas in partial ponticulus posticus, 13 (72.22%) patients were found to be symptomatic. Of these 13 patients, seven (53.84%) were male and six (46.15%) were female. Of the 72 patients with a history of cervical pain, 50 (69.44%) showed ponticulus posticus on a lateral cephalogram. Of the 568 patients with no history of cervical pain, only 13 (2.2%) showed ponticulus posticus on the lateral cephalogram. CONCLUSION This study examination showed that ponticulus posticus is a common anatomic variation often associated with tension-type headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Najmuddin
- Department of Maxillofacial Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Gandhi K, Malhotra R, Datta G, Kapoor R, Jangra B, Pande P. Treatment Predicament for Pediatric Dentist: Gender-wise Comparative Correlation of Biological and Chronological Age in 8-15-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:569-574. [PMID: 36865711 PMCID: PMC9973104 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The chronological age (CA) of a patient does not always correspond to the events of growth surge; therefore treatment strategies need good knowledge of biological markers. Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between the skeletal age (SA), dental age (DA), and CA along with the stages of calcification of teeth and the cervical vertebral maturity (CVM) stages in Indian subjects. Materials and methods A sample of 100 pairs preexisting radiographs, both orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram, of the individuals in the age-group of 8-15 years were procured and were analyzed for the level of dental and skeletal maturity using Demirjian scale and cervical vertebral maturity index, respectively. Results A high correlation coefficient (r) was found to be 0.839 (p = 0) between chronological and dental age (DA), 0.833 (p = 0) between chronological and skeletal age (SA), and 0.730 (p = 0) between skeletal and DA. Conclusion The current research showed that the overall correlation between all three ages was found to be high. It was found that the SA assessed by the CVM stages had a high correlation with the CA. Clinical significance Within the limits of the present study, there exists a high degree of correlation between biological ages and chronological age, but still it is imperative for a correct assessment of biological age of individual patients for quality treatment outcomes. How to cite this article Gandhi K, Malhotra R, Datta G, et al. Treatment Predicament for Pediatric Dentist: Gender-wise Comparative Correlation of Biological and Chronological Age in 8-15-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):569-574.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gandhi
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Malhotra
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geetika Datta
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabh Kapoor
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babita Jangra
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratik Pande
- Department of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mahto RK, Kafle D, Giri A, Luintel S, Karki A. Evaluation of fully automated cephalometric measurements obtained from web-based artificial intelligence driven platform. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:132. [PMID: 35440037 PMCID: PMC9020017 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artificial Intelligence has created a huge impact in different areas of dentistry. Automated cephalometric analysis is one of the major applications of artificial intelligence in the field of orthodontics. Various automated cephalometric software have been developed which utilizes artificial intelligence and claim to be reliable. The purpose of this study was to compare the linear and angular cephalometric measurements obtained from web-based fully automated Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven platform “WebCeph”™ with that from manual tracing and evaluate the validity and reliability of automated cephalometric measurements obtained from “WebCeph”™. Methods Thirty pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of patients were randomly selected. For manual tracing, digital images of same cephalograms were printed using compatible X-ray printer. After calibration, a total of 18 landmarks was plotted and 12 measurements (8 angular and 4 linear) were obtained using standard protocols. The digital images of each cephalogram were uploaded to “WebCeph”™ server. After image calibration, the automated cephalometric measurements obtained through AI digitization were downloaded for each image. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine agreement between the measurements obtained from two methods. ICC value < 0.75 was considered as poor to moderate agreement while an ICC value between 0.75 and 0.90 was considered as good agreement. Agreement was rated as excellent when ICC value > 0.90 was obtained. Results All the measurements had ICC value above 0.75. A higher ICC value > 0.9 was obtained for seven parameters i.e. ANB, FMA, IMPA/L1 to MP (°), LL to E-line, L1 to NB (mm), L1 to NB (°), S-N to Go-Gn whereas five parameters i.e. UL to E-line, U1 to NA (mm), SNA, SNB, U1 to NA (°) showed ICC value between 0.75 and 0.90. Conclusion A good agreement was found between the cephalometric measurements obtained from “WebCeph”™ and manual tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Mahto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
| | - Dashrath Kafle
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Abhishek Giri
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Luintel
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Arjun Karki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Yim S, Kim S, Kim I, Park JW, Cho JH, Hong M, Kang KH, Kim M, Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Lim SH, Sung SJ, Kim N, Baek SH. Accuracy of one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis model using a convolutional neural network and lateral cephalogram images with different qualities obtained from nationwide multi-hospitals. Korean J Orthod 2022; 52:3-19. [PMID: 35046138 PMCID: PMC8770967 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2022.52.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis of skeletodental discrepancies using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and lateral cephalogram images with different qualities from nationwide multi-hospitals. Methods Among 2,174 lateral cephalograms, 1,993 cephalograms from two hospitals were used for training and internal test sets and 181 cephalograms from eight other hospitals were used for an external test set. They were divided into three classification groups according to anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies (Class I, II, and III), vertical skeletal discrepancies (normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent patterns), and vertical dental discrepancies (normal overbite, deep bite, and open bite) as a gold standard. Pre-trained DenseNet-169 was used as a CNN classifier model. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Results In the ROC analysis, the mean area under the curve and the mean accuracy of all classifications were high with both internal and external test sets (all, > 0.89 and > 0.80). In the t-SNE analysis, our model succeeded in creating good separation between three classification groups. Grad-CAM figures showed differences in the location and size of the focus areas between three classification groups in each diagnosis. Conclusions Since the accuracy of our model was validated with both internal and external test sets, it shows the possible usefulness of a one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis tool using a CNN model. However, it still needs technical improvement in terms of classifying vertical dental discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjin Yim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungchul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hyoung Cho
- Department of Orthodontics, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mihee Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ji Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lim
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Sung
- Department of Orthodontics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namkug Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Baek
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Feng X, Chen Y, Cai W, Lie SA, Hellén-Halme K, Shi XQ. Aerodynamic characteristics in upper airways among orthodontic patients and its association with adenoid nasopharyngeal ratios in lateral cephalograms. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:127. [PMID: 34425762 PMCID: PMC8381502 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoid hypertrophy among orthodontic patients may be detected in lateral cephalograms. The study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics within the upper airway (UA) by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Furthermore, airflow features are compared between subgroups according to the adenoidal nasopharyngeal (AN) ratios. METHODS This retrospective study included thirty-five patients aged 9-15 years having both lateral cephalogram and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging that covered the UA region. The cases were divided into two subgroups according to the AN ratios measured on the lateral cephalograms: Group 1 with an AN ratio < 0.6 and Group 2 with an AN ratio ≥ 0.6. Based on the CBCT images, segmented UA models were created and the aerodynamic characteristics at inspiration and expiration were simulated by the CFD method for the two groups. The studied aerodynamic parameters were pressure drop (ΔP), maximum midsagittal velocity (Vms), maximum wall shear stress (Pws), and minimum wall static pressure (Pw). RESULTS The maximum Vms exhibits nearly 30% increases in Group 2 at both inspiration (p = 0.013) and expiration (p = 0.045) compared to Group 1. For the other aerodynamic parameters such as ΔP, the maximum Pws, and minimum Pw, no significant difference is found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The maximum Vms seems to be the most sensitive aerodynamic parameter for the groups of cases. An AN ratio of more than 0.6 measured on a lateral cephalogram may associate with a noticeably increased maximum Vms, which could assist clinicians in estimating the airflow features in the UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yicheng Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xi Da Zhi Street, Nangang, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Cai
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Changchun Road 169, Changchun, 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - Stein Atle Lie
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristina Hellén-Halme
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Xie-Qi Shi
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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Mehta S, Dresner R, Gandhi V, Chen PJ, Allareddy V, Kuo CL, Mu J, Yadav S. Effect of positional errors on the accuracy of cervical vertebrae maturation assessment using CBCT and lateral cephalograms. J World Fed Orthod 2020; 9:146-54. [PMID: 33162355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of single plane and multiplane rotational errors in yaw, pitch, and roll of the head while recording the lateral cephalogram on CVM (cervical vertebrae maturity) assessment. METHODS A total of 40 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and 360 lateral cephalograms were analyzed for patients with different rotations: Controls (no rotation), Y5 (yaw 5° rotation), Y10 (yaw 10° rotation), R5 (roll 5° rotation), R10 (Roll 10° rotation), P5 (pitch 5° rotation), P10 (pitch 10° rotation), YRP5 (yaw, roll, and pitch 5° rotation), and YRP10 (yaw, roll, and pitch 10° rotation). The C2, C3, and C4 concavity and their base-anterior ratio and posterior-anterior ratio were measured. In addition, maxillomandibular linear parameters, such as effective mandibular length and height, mandibular body length, effective midface length, and maxillomandibular differential, were also evaluated. RESULTS Y5, Y10, R5, and R10 led to overestimation of CVM in comparison with controls. Multiplane rotations (YRP5 and YRP10) led to more inaccuracies in CVM measurements than single plane rotations; 10° of rotation led to more inaccuracies than 5° of rotation while recording the lateral cephalogram, irrespective of the plane. Yaw rotational errors led to an underestimation of maxillomandibular linear measurements, whereas roll rotational errors led to an overestimation of the measurements; however, there were wide individual variations in the measurements between the different rotations and controls. CONCLUSIONS Rotational errors lead to overestimation of CVM assessment. Multiplane rotations cause higher inaccuracies than single plane rotations. Increased degree of rotations while capturing the lateral cephalograms lead to more inaccuracies in CVM assessment.
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Chandrasekar R, Chandrasekhar S, Sundari KKS, Ravi P. Development and validation of a formula for objective assessment of cervical vertebral bone age. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 33043408 PMCID: PMC7548270 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Determination of skeletal maturity and bone age from cervical vertebrae has been well documented. Most methods described use subjective evaluation of morphological characteristics of cervical vertebrae and may be prone to variability and error. A few objective methods have also been developed, specific for certain populations and genders. The aim of this study was to establish and validate an objective method to determine cervical vertebral bone age from lateral cephalometric radiographs, for Asian South Indian patients of both genders. Methods Ninety boys and 90 girls between 9 and 15 years of age were recruited, and their lateral cephalograms were taken. Using measurements made from the third and fourth cervical vertebrae, a formula to determine cervical vertebral bone age was derived using stepwise regression analysis. To validate the formula, a separate sample of 30 boys and 30 girls was chosen, and hand-wrist radiographs and lateral cephalograms were obtained. Cervical vertebral bone age (CVBA) was determined by applying the formula derived. Bone age was also calculated using the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method. The bone ages determined by both methods were compared to each other and chronological age, using one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results The formulae derived in the current study to determine CVBA differed for both genders. No statistically significant difference was found between CVBA, bone age derived by the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method, and chronological age for both boys (p value = 0.425) and girls (p value = 0.995). A moderate to strong positive correlation was found between CVBA, bone age, and chronological age. Conclusion The formulae derived in this study were validated and are reliable for objectively determining cervical vertebral bone age and skeletal maturation from lateral cephalograms for Asian South Indian patients of both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Chandrasekar
- Chandroo Dental Clinic, no.40, K.B Dasan road, Teynampet, Chennai, 600018, India. .,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Shyamala Chandrasekhar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - K K Shantha Sundari
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Poornima Ravi
- Chandroo Dental Clinic, no.40, K.B Dasan road, Teynampet, Chennai, 600018, India.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Choi Y, Kim YI, Kim SS, Park SB, Son WS, Kim SH. Immediate effects of mandibular posterior displacement on the pharyngeal airway space: A preliminary study. Korean J Orthod 2020; 50:129-135. [PMID: 32257938 PMCID: PMC7093667 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of mandibular posterior displacement on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) by using cephalometric evaluations and to investigate how the surrounding structures are schematically involved. Methods In this retrospective study, 38 subjects with functional Class III malocclusion and two lateral cephalograms were selected. The first lateral cephalogram was taken with the mandible in the habitual occlusal position, and the second in anterior edge-to-edge bite. Paired t-test was used to analyze changes in the PAS, hyoid bone, tongue, and soft palate, followed by mandibular posterior displacement. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and other variables. Results A statistically significant decrease was observed in the PAS following mandibular posterior displacement. Along with mandibular posterior displacement, the tongue decreased in length (p < 0.001) and increased in height (p < 0.05), while the soft palate increased in length, decreased in thickness, and was posteriorly displaced (p < 0.001). The hyoid bone was also posteriorly displaced (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and the measured variables. Conclusions The PAS showed a statistically significant decrease following mandibular posterior displacement, which was a consequence of retraction of the surrounding structures. However, there were individual variances between the amount of mandibular posterior displacement and the measured variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong-Sik Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Soo-Byung Park
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Son
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
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Woon CK, Jamal NAA, Noor MNIM, Abdullah SM, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Norman NH, Alias A. Geometric morphometric analysis of malocclusion on lateral cephalograms in Malaysian population. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 52:397-405. [PMID: 31949978 PMCID: PMC6952698 DOI: 10.5115/acb.19.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Geometric morphometrics is a new approach for shape identification in diagnosis of malocclusion. Lateral cephalogram is an X-ray that taken for diagnosing malocclusion in dental setting. The aim of this study was to determine the differences of craniofacial shape in malocclusion by application of two-dimensional geometric morphometrics and to compile the database of malocclusion in adult Malaysian population. Lateral cephalogram radiographs of 381 adults Malaysia (age 18-45) were retrieved retrospectively and assigned to three groups according to their occlusion: class I, class II, and class III. The geometric morphometric shape study incorporated nine landmarks and was analyzed in details using tpsUtil p software. Geometric morphometric analysis such was done using MorphoJ software. The results of the principal component's analysis (PCA) yielded 14 main components responsible for 100% of the variation exhibited by the malocclusion with three highly significant PCA. The highest Mahalanobis distances were exhibited by the malocclusion class II and III population. The Procrustes ANOVA showed that the shape effect was highly significant (P<0.01). The discriminant function analysis showed the high percentage of 80% discriminate among the malocclusions after cross-validation. There are significant differences for ANB angle (A point-Nasion-B point) in all malocclusion groups. Class II has the widest ANB angle while class III has the most acute ANB angle. Skeletal shape was clearly associated with dental malocclusion and showed considerable variation. Geometric morphometrics is an alternative research tool and can be used for diagnosing individual classification of malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choy Ker Woon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aiman Abu Jamal
- Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Nasim Ilmi Mohd Noor
- Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syiral Mastura Abdullah
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurjehan Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noraina Hafizan Norman
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Terkonologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Aspalilah Alias
- Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jayaprakash PK, Modi P, Sapawat P, Thakur RS, Choudhari T, Chandrakar J. Correlation of soft palate morphology to growth pattern: A retrospective cephalometric study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2468-2472. [PMID: 31463278 PMCID: PMC6691440 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_322_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiographic length of velum (LV), width of velum (WV), velum angle (AV), depth of pharynx (PD), Need's ratio (NR), inclination angle (AI) in different morphological types of soft palate according to growth patterns in skeletal class I individuals. Methodology 80 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of patients with skeletal class I malocclusion (ANB 2--4°) were divided on basis of six types of soft palate and further into three subgroups according to growth pattern and evaluation of LV, WV, angle with the palatal plane, and NR was done. Kruskal--Wallis test was used for the comparison between the groups. Results Statistically significant difference was verified among all groups for measurement of NR. The highest NR was seen in Crook type of soft palate (mean 0.9). Similarly, the vertical growth pattern in all the six types of soft palate exhibited a higher NR than the average and horizontal growth pattern group; the highest being exhibited by vertical group in type VI (crook shaped). Velopharyngeal insufficiency is directly related to NR. Conclusion Vertical growth pattern has the highest susceptibility to velopharyngeal insuffiency and speech and sleep apnea disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam K Jayaprakash
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Mora Mustaqueem, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palash Modi
- Consultant Orthodontist, Phoenix Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Pranav Sapawat
- Consultant Orthodontist, Ambedkar marg, Rajnagar Extension II, Palam Colony, New Delhi, India
| | - RudraPratap Singh Thakur
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Center, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Tanuj Choudhari
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Center, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jayant Chandrakar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Center, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
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Abstract
Background Ponticulus posticus is an anomaly of first cervical vertebra visible on lateral cephalogram and has some serious medical and surgical implications. Unfortunately, it is often overlooked or undetected by orthodontists. The general objective of this study is to sensitize orthodontists about this anomaly by depicting its prevalence among a group of Nepalese orthodontic patients. Methods Four hundred and fourteen digital lateral cephalograms of orthodontic patients were retrieved from the archives of the department. The lateral cephalograms were carefully assessed for the presence of ponticulus posticus in the posterior spine of atlas vertebra by two investigators independently and the findings were recorded. Results Ponticulus posticus was observed in 35.7% of the cases, of which 30.9% had partial ponticulus posticus and 4.8% had complete ponticulus posticus. Even though there was some female predilection, no statistically significant association was found between gender of the patient and presence of ponticulus posticus. Conclusion Ponticulus posticus is a fairly common anomaly with more than one-third (35.7%) of a group of Nepalese orthodontic patients affected and is independent of gender. Since, this anomaly is associated with numerous medical conditions and has surgical implications, orthodontists should use lateral cephalogram as screening radiograph for this anomaly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2494-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Giri
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Pokharel
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Gyawali
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Mehta V, Pandey R. An evaluation of craniofacial growth pattern in North Indian children. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 7:27-31. [PMID: 28316918 PMCID: PMC5343162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess craniofacial growth pattern in children with generalized decreased skeletal age and compare it with the children having normal skeletal age. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lateral cephalograms and hand wrist radiographs of 40 patients (age group 3-14 years) were taken and skeletal age assessment was done with hand wrist radiographs according to Greulich and Pyle, based on which two groups were made, Group A - Control group (normal skeletal age) and Group B - study group (decreased skeletal age). Group A had a sample size of 21 and Group B, a sample size of 19. These were further divided into subgroups according to age: subgroup (a) - 3 to 6 years, subgroup (b) - 7 to 11 years and subgroup (c) - 12 to 14 years. The skeletal and dental patterns were analyzed with Down's Cephalometric analysis. Student "t" test was used to verify comparisons in all the subgroups of patients of Group A and Group B. RESULTS The facial angle and Cant of occlusal plane exhibited maximum difference between the two groups which indicated that mandibular growth was affected more than other bones in diseased child patients. CONCLUSION The present study led to the conclusion that craniofacial growth was retarded in children with generalized decreased skeletal age in comparison to healthy child patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mehta
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Galagali G, Kalekhan SM, Nidawani P, Naik J, Behera S. Comparative analysis of sagittal condylar guidance by protrusive interocclusal records with panoramic and lateral cephalogram radiographs in dentulous population: A clinico-radiographic study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2016; 16:148-53. [PMID: 27141164 PMCID: PMC4837772 DOI: 10.4103/0972-4052.179322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate and compare the correlation between sagittal condylar guidance obtained by protrusive interocclusal records mounted on semi-adjustable articulator with panoramic and Lateral cephalogram radiograph tracings in dentulous population. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred twenty dentulous subjects between age group of 20-40 years, free of signs and symptoms of any temporomandibular diseases were selected. The sagittal condylar guidance was determined by protrusive interocclusal records and transferred to a semi-adjustable articulator through a face bow. The condylar guidance angles obtained were tabulated. The sagittal outline of the articular eminence and glenoid fossa were traced on panoramic and lateral cephalogram radiographs. The sagittal condylar path inclination was constructed. This was related to the Frankfurt's horizontal plane on radiograph to determine the radiographic angle of sagittal condylar guidance. The comparison of protrusive interocclusal records was done with the angles obtained by panoramic and lateral cephalogram radiograph tracings. RESULTS The mean difference between the condylar guidance values obtained using panoramic and lateral cephalogram radiographs was 0.13° and 0.67° on right side and 1.0° and 1.54° on left side with the radiographic values being higher. A Significant positive correlation was observed with P values 0.001 and 0.005 in left and right respectively. CONCLUSION This study highlighted on the correlation between protrusive interocclusal records and the lateral cephalogram radiograph tracings which were more positively related than the panoramic radiograph. The values of lateral cephalogram radiograph tracings are closer as separate radiographs for left and right side were taken, causing the amount and quality of image distortion less. Lateral cephalogram radiograph may be taken as an important tool to rely on for recording the Sagittal condylar guidance angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Galagali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sufiyan M Kalekhan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Nidawani
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadeesh Naik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sidhartha Behera
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India
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Savoldi F, Bonetti S, Dalessandri D, Mandelli G, Paganelli C. Incisal Apical Root Resorption Evaluation after Low-Friction Orthodontic Treatment Using Two-Dimensional Radiographic Imaging and Trigonometric Correction. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC70-4. [PMID: 26676099 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14140.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root resorption shall be taken into consideration during every orthodontic treatment, and it can be effected by the use of different techniques, such as the application of low friction mechanics. However, its routinely assessment on orthopantomography has limitations related to distortions and changes in dental inclination. AIM The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the severity of apical root resorption of maxillary and mandibular incisors after low-friction orthodontic treatment, using the combination of panoramic and lateral radiographs, and applying a trigonometric correction. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A hospital based Retrospective study at the orthodontic Department (Dental School, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-three subjects (53 females and 40 males; mean age, 14 years) with mild teeth crowding were treated without extractions by the same operator using a low-friction fixed appliance following an integrated straight wire (ISW) protocol. The pre- and post-treatment tooth lengths of the maxillary and mandibular incisors were measured on panoramic radiographs. A trigonometric factor of correction for the pre-treatment length was calculated based on the difference between the pre and post-treatment incisal inclination on lateral cephalograms. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The changes in lengths were investigated using the Student's t-test for paired values (p<0.05). RESULTS Maxillary central incisors showed no changes (0.3%, 0.6%), maxillary lateral incisors showed a small increase (1.4%, 1.8%) that was attributed to the completion of root development in younger patients, mandibular central and lateral incisors underwent slight resorption (-3.1%, -3.4%). A statistically significant difference was found for the mandibular incisors but not for the maxillary ones. CONCLUSION In patients with mild crowding and consequent low amount of root movement, a low-friction orthodontic treatment can lead to slight apical root resorption, mainly involving lower incisors. The use of a trigonometric correction in the panoramic radiograph analysis may reduce the limitations of this 2D evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Savoldi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonetti
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Dalessandri
- Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Mandelli
- Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
| | - Corrado Paganelli
- Professor and Director, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia , Brescia, Italy
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More CB, Saha N, Vijayvargiya R. Morphological Study of Soft Palate by Using Computed Tomography-A Prospective Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC71-4. [PMID: 26436052 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14194.6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft palate is an important part of oro-naso-pharyngeal apparatus. The morphometric assessment of soft palate is well-performed on computed tomography (CT). AIM To evaluate the morphology of soft palate in healthy individuals by using Computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 300 healthy voluntary participants who were subjected to CT scan (sagittal view) of head and neck region. The measurements of antero-posterior and supero-inferior length of soft palate were performed by using Syngo CT 2009E software. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 16 and test applied were one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, chi-square and Karl Pearson's co-relation coefficient. RESULTS The participant's age ranged from 18-80 years with mean of 39.51±14.64. The study had equal number of males (n=150) and females (n=150). Out of six shapes of soft palate, Butt type (38.7%) was the commonest. The morphology of soft palate in different age groups was statistically not significant (p>0.05). The total mean of antero-posterior length (30.31±3.39 mm) of soft palate was more than supero-inferior length (10.72±1.71 mm). The mean of antero-posterior length in males (30.69±3.42 mm) was more than females (29.92±3.32 mm); which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean of supero-inferior length in males (10.67±1.78 mm) was less than females (10.78+1.64 mm), which was statistically not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION CT scan is an important diagnostic aid for studying the accurate morphology of soft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramani Bhagwan More
- Professor & Head, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, K.M. Shah Dental College & Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University , Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nairita Saha
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, K.M. Shah Dental College & Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University , Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Ritika Vijayvargiya
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, K.M. Shah Dental College & Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University , Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
Nasal growth after cleft lip surgery with or without primary nasal repair was evaluated using lateral cephalograms. In 14 patients who underwent simultaneous nasal repair with primary cleft lip repair and 12 patients without simultaneous nasal repair, lateral cephalograms were obtained at 5 and 10 years of age. Lateral cephalograms of normal Japanese children were used as a control. At 5 years of age, there were significant differences in the nasal height and columellar angle among the three groups. Children without simultaneous nasal repair had shorter noses with more upward tilt of the columella compared with the controls, while children with simultaneous nasal repair had much shorter noses and more upward tilt than those without repair. At 10 years of age, the children without simultaneous nasal repair showed no differences from the control group, while those with simultaneous repair still had shorter noses and more upward tilt of the columella. These findings suggest that performing nasal repair at the same time as primary cleft lip surgery has an adverse influence on the subsequent growth of the nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshimura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
| | - T Okumoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Y Iijima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Y Inoue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
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Jiang M, Yang Z, Feng B, You M, Wang H. The effect of sound intensity on velopharyngeal function in normal individuals. J Voice 2014; 29:44-52. [PMID: 25228431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Velopharyngeal closure is an important physiological process contributing to the normal function of speech and swallowing. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of sound intensity on velopharyngeal function in normal individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lateral cephalograms of 38 volunteers obtained at rest and during phonation of vowel /i:/ at both high and low sound intensity were carefully analyzed. The digital sound level meter was used to evaluate and record the sound intensity of the phonation process. The angular and linear parameters on the lateral cephalograms were then measured to reveal the correlation between sound intensity and velopharyngeal closure. RESULTS All the angular parameter values measured in the study were significantly greater in high sound intensity condition. As for linear parameters, all values were found to be significantly larger at high sound intensity, except for the effective velopharyngeal length and the vertical velopharyngeal length. A multiple linear regression model was set up to describe the correlation between the sound intensity, the effective velopharyngeal length, and velopharyngeal closure. With the increase of sound intensity and the decrease of the effective velopharyngeal length, the width of velopharyngeal closure is enlarged. CONCLUSIONS As one of the characteristic features of sound wave, the sound intensity was found to affect the objectively measured parameters of velopharyngeal closure on lateral cephalograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Meng You
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China
| | - Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province China.
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K R H, N S, Christopher S, Kumar HN. Evaluation of soft and hard tissue changes after anterior segmental osteotomy. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC07-10. [PMID: 25386511 PMCID: PMC4225963 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9409.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the changes of soft and hard tissues after anterior segmental osteotomy and to evaluate these changes using cepahalometric and photometric analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten patients aged 18-30 years who underwent anterior segmental osteotomy were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative records consisted of lateral cephalogram and frontal and lateral photographs. Postoperative measurements were taken six months after surgery. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed changes in both soft and hard tissue parameters. Changes were not uniform for all the parameters. Upper lip and upper incisor protrusion showed very large effect size whereas nasal tip inclination showed small effect and mentolabial angle showed no effect. CONCLUSION Skeletal protrusion pose problem to orthodontists as they can't be corrected by orthodontics alone. Anterior segmental osteotomy in association with orthodontia is the choice of treatment. Anterior segmental osteotomy allows for functional and aesthetical correction with good success rate and minimal complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshitha K R
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dentistry, R.L. Jalappa Hospital & Research Centre , Kolar, India
| | - Srinath N
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishna Devaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital , Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Christopher
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rungta College of Dental Sciences & Research , Bhilai, India
| | - H Nanda Kumar
- Professor & HOD, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Krishna Devaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital , Bangalore, India
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Sinojiya J, Aileni KR, Rachala MR, Pyata JR, Mallikarjun V, Reddy CM. Soft tissue esthetic norms for mahabubnagar population of southern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:255-9. [PMID: 24596789 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/7666.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Aim of the study was to establish Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for skeletal and dental relationships amongst the Mahabubnagar adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty subjects (30 Males & 30 Females) subjects from different part of Mahabubnagar in the age group 18-25 Years (Mean age 21.3 Years) were selected at random for the study and lateral cephalograms were taken. All the cephalograms were traced by two operators using conventional hand tracing. The parameters used in the study were taken from Arnett and Bergman soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA). Overall 46 measurements including 40 linear, 6 angular parameters were used. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated. The difference between males and females were evaluated using student t-test. RESULTS The values obtained from the study showed significant difference in most of the parameters from that of Arnett et al., norms and between males and females within Mahabubnagar population. CONCLUSION Males had thicker soft tissue structures, acute nasolabial angle, increased facial lengths and heights, increased midface deficiency, recessive lower face, more convex profile and less upright mandibular incisors than females within Mahabubnagar population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sinojiya
- Post graduate student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kaladhar Reddy Aileni
- HOD & Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhukar Reddy Rachala
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jaipal Reddy Pyata
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vankre Mallikarjun
- Senior lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C Manjunatha Reddy
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Han S, Choi YJ, Chung CJ, Kim JY, Kim KH. Long-term pharyngeal airway changes after bionator treatment in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44:13-9. [PMID: 24511511 PMCID: PMC3915171 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term changes in the pharyngeal airway dimensions after functional appliance treatment in adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions. Methods Pharyngeal airway dimensions were compared between subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusions (n = 24; mean age: 11.6 ± 1.29 years) treated with a Class II bionator and age-matched control subjects with skeletal Class I occlusions (n = 24; mean age: 11.0 ± 1.21 years) using a series of lateral cephalograms obtained at the initial visit (T0), after treatment (T1), and at the completion of growth (T2). Results The length of the nasopharyngeal region was similar between adolescents with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions at all time points, while the lengths of the upper and lower oropharyngeal regions and the pharyngeal airway areas were significantly smaller in the skeletal Class II adolescents before treatment when compared to the control adolescents (p < 0.05). However, following treatment with a functional appliance, the skeletal Class II adolescents had increased pharyngeal airway dimensions, which became similar to those of the control subjects. Conclusions Functional appliance therapy can increase the pharyngeal airway dimensions in growing adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusions, and this effect is maintained until the completion of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seimin Han
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chooryung J Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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