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Halligan E, Tie BSH, Colbert DM, Alsaadi M, Zhuo S, Keane G, Geever LM. Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydrogels Based on Poly ( N-Vinylcaprolactam) with Diethylene Glycol Diacrylate. Gels 2023; 9:439. [PMID: 37367110 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) is a polymer that is biocompatible, water-soluble, thermally sensitive, non-toxic, and nonionic. In this study, the preparation of hydrogels based on Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate is presented. The N-Vinylcaprolactam-based hydrogels are synthesised by using a photopolymerisation technique using diethylene glycol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent, and Diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator. The structure of the polymers is investigated via Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The polymers are further characterised using differential scanning calorimetry and swelling analysis. This study is conducted to determine the characteristics of P (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate, including the addition of Vinylacetate or N-Vinylpyrrolidone, and to examine the effects on the phase transition. Although various methods of free-radical polymerisation have synthesised the homopolymer, this is the first study to report the synthesis of Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) with diethylene glycol diacrylate by using free-radical photopolymerisation, using Diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide to initiate the reaction. FTIR analysis shows that the NVCL-based copolymers are successfully polymerised through UV photopolymerisation. DSC analysis indicates that increasing the concentration of crosslinker results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature. Swelling analysis displays that the lower the concentration of crosslinker present in the hydrogel, the quicker the hydrogels reach their maximum swelling ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Halligan
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Billy Shu Hieng Tie
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Declan Mary Colbert
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Mohamad Alsaadi
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- CONFIRM Centre for Smart Manufacturing, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shuo Zhuo
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Gavin Keane
- Centre for Industrial Service and Design, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Luke M Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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González-Ayón MA, Rochin-Galaviz A, Zizumbo-López A, Licea-Claverie A. Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam)-Gold Nanorods-5 Fluorouracil Hydrogels: In the Quest of a Material for Topical Therapies against Melanoma Skin Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041097. [PMID: 37111585 PMCID: PMC10145490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically crosslinked hydrogels based on poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) were synthetized by a photoinitiated chemical method. A galactose-based monomer, 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA), and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) were added with the aim to improve the physical and chemical properties of hydrogels. The effects of both comonomers on the swelling ratio (Q), volume phase transition temperature (VPTT), glass transition temperature (Tg), and Young's moduli by mechanical compression below and above the VPTT were studied. Gold nanorods (GNRDs) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) were embedded into the hydrogels, to study the drug release profiles with and without the excitation of GNRDs by irradiation in the near-infrared region (NIR). Results showed that the addition of LAMA and NVP increased the hydrogels' hydrophilicity, elasticity, and VPTT. The loading of GNRDs in the hydrogels changed the release rate of 5FU when irradiated intermittently with an NIR laser. The present study reports on the preparation of a hydrogel-based platform of PNVCL-GNRDs-5FU as a potential hybrid anticancer hydrogel for chemo/photothermal therapy that could be applied against skin cancer for topical 5FU delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A González-Ayón
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico
| | - Alondra Rochin-Galaviz
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico
| | - Arturo Zizumbo-López
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico
| | - Angel Licea-Claverie
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico
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Halligan E, Zhuo S, Colbert DM, Alsaadi M, Tie BSH, Bezerra GSN, Keane G, Geever LM. Modulation of the Lower Critical Solution Temperature of Thermoresponsive Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) Utilizing Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Monomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071595. [PMID: 37050207 PMCID: PMC10096650 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Four-dimensional printing is primarily based on the concept of 3D printing technology. However, it requires additional stimulus and stimulus-responsive materials. Poly-N-vinylcaprolactam is a temperature-sensitive polymer. Unique characteristics of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam -based hydrogels offer the possibility of employing them in 4D printing. The main aim of this study is to alter the phase transition temperature of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam hydrogels. This research focuses primarily on incorporating two additional monomers with poly-N-vinylcaprolactam: Vinylacetate and N-vinylpyrrolidone. This work contributes to this growing area of research by altering (increasing and decreasing) the lower critical solution temperature of N-vinylcaprolactam through photopolymerisation. Poly-N-vinylcaprolactam exhibits a lower critical solution temperature close to the physiological temperature range of 34-37 °C. The copolymers were analysed using various characterisation techniques, such as FTIR, DSC, and UV-spectrometry. The main findings show that the inclusion of N-vinylpyrrolidone into poly-N-vinylcaprolactam increased the lower critical solution temperature above the physiological temperature. By incorporating vinylacetate, the lower critical solution temperature dropped to 21 °C, allowing for potential self-assembly of 4D-printed objects at room temperature. In this case, altering the lower critical solution temperature of the material can potentially permit the transformation of the 4D-printed object at a particular temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Halligan
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Shuo Zhuo
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Declan Mary Colbert
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Mohamad Alsaadi
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- CONFIRM Centre for Smart Manufacturing, University of Limerick, V94 C928 Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Billy Shu Hieng Tie
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Gilberto S N Bezerra
- Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing (PRISM) Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Gavin Keane
- Centre for Industrial Service & Design, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Luke M Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, Athlone, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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González-Ayón MA, Licea-Claverie A, Sañudo-Barajas JA. Different Strategies for the Preparation of Galactose-Functionalized Thermo-Responsive Nanogels with Potential as Smart Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2150. [PMID: 32967249 PMCID: PMC7569999 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Different synthetic strategies were tested for the incorporation of galactose molecules on thermoresponsive nanogels owing to their affinity for receptors expressed in cancer cells. Three families of galactose-functionalized poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanogels were prepared with the aim to control the introduction of galactose-moieties into the core, the core-shell interface and the shell. First and second of the above mentioned, were prepared via surfactant free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) by a free-radical mechanism and the third one, via SFEP/reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Synthetic recipes for the SFEP/free radical method included besides N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL), a shell forming poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), while the galactose (GAL) moiety was introduced via 6-O-acryloyl-1,2,:3,4-bis-O-(1-methyl-ethylidene)-α-D-galactopiranose (6-ABG, protected GAL-monomer): nanogels I, or 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate (LAMA, GAL-monomer): nanogels II. For the SFEP/RAFT methodology poly(2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate) as GAL macro-chain transfer agent (PLAMA macro-CTA) was first prepared and on a following stage, the macro-CTA was copolymerized with PEGMA and NVCL, nanogels III. The crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was added in both methodologies for the polymer network construction. Nanogel's sizes obtained resulted between 90 and 370 nm. With higher content of PLAMA macro-CTA or GAL monomer in nanogels, a higher the phase-transition temperature (TVPT) was observed with values ranging from 28 to 46 °C. The ρ-parameter, calculated by the ratio of gyration and hydrodynamic radii from static (SLS) and dynamic (DLS) light scattering measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs suggest that core-shell nanogels of flexible chains were obtained; in either spherical (nanogels II and III) or hyperbranched (nanogels I) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A. González-Ayón
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico;
| | - Angel Licea-Claverie
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apartado Postal 1166, Tijuana 22454, Mexico;
| | - J. Adriana Sañudo-Barajas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera a El dorado Km 5.5, Culiacán 80110, Mexico;
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Gola A, Niżniowska A, Musiał W. The Influence of Initiator Concentration on Selected Properties on Poly- N-Vinylcaprolactam Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E1577. [PMID: 31703338 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The thermosensitive polymers of N-vinylcaprolactam P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 were synthesized via the surfactant free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) at 70 °C in the presence of cationic initiator 2,2’-azobis[2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AMPA). The influence of various concentrations of initiator AMPA on particle size, aggregation and lower critical temperature solution (LCST) was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. The conductivity was measured in the course of the synthesis and during temperature decrease of the reaction mixtures. The polymers were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal parameters of the degradations process were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) under non-isothermal conditions in N2 atmosphere. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD).The hydrodynamic diameter (HD), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) were measured in aqueous dispersions of the synthesized polymers in temperature 18–45 °C. HD and PDI values at 18 °C were 137.23 ± 67.65 nm (PDI = 0.53 ± 0.18), 83.40 ± 74.46 nm (PDI = 0.35 ± 0.08), 22.11 ± 0.29 nm (PDI = 0.45 ± 0.05), 29.27 ± 0.50 nm (PDI = 0.41 ± 0.04), 39.18 ± 0.57 nm (PDI = 0.38 ± 0.01) for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5, respectively. The aqueous solutions of the obtained polymers at 18–45 °C had a positive charge. ZP’s for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 polymers at 18 °C were 11.64 ± 4.27 mV, 12.71 ± 3.56 mV, 3.24 ± 0.10 mV, 0.77 ± 0.28 mV, 1.78 ± 0.56 mV respectively. The LCST range was between 32 and 38 °C. We conclude that the concentration of initiator affects the size of obtained polymeric spheres and theirs LCST.
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Wu JZ, Yang Y, Li S, Shi A, Song B, Niu S, Chen W, Yao Z. Glucose-Sensitive Nanoparticles Based On Poly(3-Acrylamidophenylboronic Acid-Block- N-Vinylcaprolactam) For Insulin Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8059-8072. [PMID: 31632018 PMCID: PMC6781948 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with random copolymers, block copolymerization is easier to prepare for nanoparticles with core-shell structure, and they will have better glucose sensitivity and higher insulin loading. PURPOSE In our study, insulin-loaded poly (3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid-block-N-vinyl caprolactam) p(AAPBA-b-NVCL) nanoparticles were successfully prepared and were glucose-sensitive, which could effectively lower the blood sugar levels within 72 hrs. METHODS The polymer of p(AAPBA-b-NVCL) was produced by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization based on different ratios of 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA) and N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL), and its structure was discussed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance . Next, the polymer was manufactured into the nanoparticles, and the characteristics of nanoparticles were detected by dynamic light scattering, lower critical solution temperature, and transmission electron microscopy. After that, the cell and animal toxicity of nanoparticles were also investigated. RESULTS The results demonstrated that p(AAPBA-b-NVCL) was successfully synthesized, and can be easily self-assembled to form nanoparticles. The new nanoparticles included monodisperse submicron particles, with the size of the nanoparticle ranged between 150 and 300nm and are glucose- and temperature-sensitive. Meanwhile, insulin can be easily loaded by p(AAPBA-b-NVCL) nanoparticles and an effective sustained release of insulin was observed when the nanoparticles were placed in physiological saline. Besides, MTT assay revealed that cell viability was more than 80%, and mice demonstrated no negative impact on blood biochemistry and heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg/d of nanoparticles. This suggested that the nanoparticles were low-toxic to both cells and animals. Moreover, they could lower the blood sugar level within 72h. CONCLUSION Our research suggested that these p(AAPBA-b-NVCL) nanoparticles might have the potential to be applied in a delivery system for insulin or other hypoglycemic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-zi Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shude Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anhua Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Niu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - WenHui Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Sinomedicine, School of Basic Medical, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan650500, People’s Republic of China
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Cruz A, García-Uriostegui L, Ortega A, Isoshima T, Burillo G. Radiation grafting of N-vinylcaprolactam onto nano and macrogels of chitosan: Synthesis and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 155:303-312. [PMID: 27702516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize chitosan hydrogels, in macro- and nano-size, grafted with N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) using gamma radiation, and evaluate their potential application as a drug delivery system, using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a model drug. The effect of dose and monomer concentration in the grafting process was studied, and the materials were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DLS, SEM and AFM. Higher grafting percentages were observed for the nanogels system. Although both the grafted macro- and nanogels, (net-CS)-g-NVCL, showed a response to pH (4.75) and temperature (31-33°C), the nanogels showed a better swelling response to both stimuli because of their higher surface area. Both systems were able to load 5-FU in small amounts (2-3.5mgg-1) and the release was sustained for more than 12h, showing that the modified macro and nanogels can be a potential alternative for the administration of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Lorena García-Uriostegui
- CONACYT Research Fellow at Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel-Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km. 15.5, Zapopan, Jalisco 45110, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, D.F., Mexico
| | - Takashi Isoshima
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Guillermina Burillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, D.F., Mexico.
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Zavala-Lagunes E, Ruiz JC, Varca GHC, Bucio E. Synthesis and characterization of stimuli-responsive polypropylene containing N-vinylcaprolactam and N-vinylimidazole obtained by ionizing radiation. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 67:353-361. [PMID: 27287131 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene films were grafted with thermo-responsive N-vinylcaprolactam and pH-responsive N-vinylimidazole polymers by means of gamma radiation using pre-irradiation and direct methods, in order to functionalize the films with thermo- and/or pH-responsiveness. The dependence of grafting yield on parameters such as co-monomer concentration, pre-irradiation dose, temperature, and reaction time was evaluated. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling studies in different solvents, and water contact angle. The grafted copolymers presented thermo- and pH-sensitiveness, highlighting their potential as advanced biomaterials, capable of providing adequate environment for hosting and sustained release of antimicrobial drugs bearing cationic moieties, such as groups of diclofenac, while still exhibiting good cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Zavala-Lagunes
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan-Carlos Ruiz
- División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Depto. de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Gustavo H C Varca
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emilio Bucio
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones y Radioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee K, Kim SC, Lee J. Temperature-dependent control of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and virulence by thermoresponsive oligo( N-vinylcaprolactam). Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:716-24. [PMID: 25407932 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are associated with persistent infections because they are highly tolerant of antimicrobial agents, and in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, which is a leading cause of nosocomial infections because of its resistance to diverse antibiotics, biofilm formation is a known mechanism of drug resistance. In the present study, we investigated the ability of thermoresponsive oligo (N-vinylcaprolactam) (OVCL) to control biofilm formation by and the virulence of S. aureus. One synthetic and four commercial OVCLs (MW ≤ 240,000) at 50 µg/mL were found to increase S. aureus biofilm formation 7-fold at 25 °C, but to markedly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation at 37 °C. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the temperature-dependent effect of OVCL on S. aureus biofilms. It was found that the addition of OVCL to S. aureus culture caused cells to become dramatically more hydrophilic at 37 °C, which partially supports the biofilm reduction. Also, transcriptional analysis showed that OVCL temperature-dependently regulated biofilm-related genes (aur, agrA, and icaA) in S. aureus. In addition, it was found surface coatings containing OVCL effectively controlled S. aureus biofilm formation on solid glass surfaces. Furthermore, OVCL inhibited the hemolysis of human red blood cells by S. aureus at 37 °C and attenuated S. aureus virulence in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These results suggest that OVCL has potential use for controlling bacterial biofilm formation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymers have potential biomedical applications for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Here, two thermoresponsive oligomers were synthesized, viz. oligo(N-isopropylacrylamide) (ONIPAM) and oligo(N-vinylcaprolactam) (OVCL), and their anti-biofouling abilities investigated against enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, which produces Shiga-like toxins and forms biofilms. Biofilm formation (biofouling) is closely related to E. coli O157:H7 infection and constitutes a major mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. The synthetic OVCL (MW 679) and three commercial OVCLs (up to MW 54,000) at 30 μg ml(-1) were found to inhibit biofouling by E. coli O157:H7 at 37 °C by more than 80% without adversely affecting bacterial growth. The anti-biofouling activity of ONIPAM was weaker than that of OVCL. However, at 25 °C, ONIPAM and OVCL did not affect E. coli O157:H7 biofouling. Transcriptional analysis showed that OVCL temperature-dependently downregulated curli genes in E. coli O157:H7, and this finding was in line with observed reductions in fimbriae production and biofouling. In addition, OVCL downregulated the Shiga-like toxin genes stx1 and stx2 in E. coli O157:H7 and attenuated its in vivo virulence in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These results suggest that OVCL has potential use in antivirulence strategies against persistent E. coli O157:H7 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea
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