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Warner II ER, Satapathy SK. Sarcopenia in the Cirrhotic Patient: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:162-177. [PMID: 36647414 PMCID: PMC9840086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis predisposes to abnormalities in energy, hormonal, and immunological homeostasis. Disturbances in these metabolic processes create susceptibility to sarcopenia or pathological muscle wasting. Sarcopenia is prevalent in cirrhosis and its presence portends significant adverse outcomes including the length of hospital stay, infectious complications, and mortality. This highlights the importance of identification of at-risk individuals with early nutritional, therapeutic and physical therapy intervention. This manuscript summarizes literature relevant to sarcopenia in cirrhosis, describes current knowledge, and elucidates possible future directions.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- ALM, appendicular lean mass
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- ASM, appendicular skeletal mass
- AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor
- AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor
- ATP, adenosine-5′-triphosphate
- AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia
- BCAA, branched chained amino acids
- BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis
- BMI, body mass index
- CART, classification and regression tree
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DEXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
- EAA, essential amino acids
- ESPEN-SIG, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Special Interests Groups
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FADH2, flavin adenine dinucleotide +2 hydrogen
- FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- GTP, guanosine-5′-triphosphate
- GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HPT, hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular
- IFN-γ, interferon γ
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IL-1, interleukin-1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IWGS, International Working Group on Sarcopenia
- LH, luteinizing hormone
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- MuRF1, muscle RING-finger-1
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κβ, nuclear factor κβ
- NHANES, National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
- PMI, psoas muscle index
- PMTH, psoas muscle thickness
- RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARC-F, Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls
- SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin
- SMI, skeletal muscle index
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- SPPB, Short Performance Physical Battery
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- UCSF, University of California, San Francisco
- UNOS, United Network of Organ Sharing
- cirrhosis
- energy
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- metabolism
- muscle
- sarcopenia
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgewood R. Warner II
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine/Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sanjaya K. Satapathy
- Division of Hepatology and Northwell Health Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine/Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
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Akiyama M, Mizokami T, Miyamoto S, Ikeda Y. Kaempferol increases intracellular ATP content in C 2C 12 myotubes under hypoxic conditions by suppressing the HIF-1α stabilization and/or by enhancing the mitochondrial complex IV activity. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 103:108949. [PMID: 35122998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol (KMP) has numerous important biological functions, and we recently showed that it remarkably increased intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in C2C12 myotubes under hypoxic conditions. Since intracellular ATP is generated by aerobic energy metabolism or anaerobic glycolysis, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to be associated with metabolic remodeling and causes metabolic shift from aerobic energy metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis in response to hypoxic conditions. Here, we investigate the effects of KMP under hypoxic conditions on the stabilization of HIF-1α in C2C12 myotubes and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Constitutive HIF-1α protein expression was observed in C2C12 myotubes, and its expression under hypoxic conditions was remarkably suppressed by KMP by reducing its stability; thus, resulting in an increase in ATP content. Furthermore, KMP strikingly increased the ubiquitination of HIF-1α and promoted its degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. Inhibition of HIF-1α by KMP resulted in the abrogation of the expression of glycolytic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 1. In addition, the metabolome profiling showed that KMP promoted oxidative energy production, while the mitochondrial complex activity assay indicated that KMP increased the activity of mitochondrial complex IV. Finally, we showed that KMP inhibited HIF-1α expression and increased intracellular ATP content in the soleus muscle of rats. Taken together, these results suggest that KMP increases intracellular ATP content under hypoxic conditions by suppressing the HIF-1α stabilization and/or by enhancing the mitochondrial complex IV activity in muscle.
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Key Words
- 2-OG, 2-oxoglutaric acid
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AcCoA, acetyl CoA
- C(2)C(12) myotube
- CE-TOFMS, capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- CHX, cycloheximide
- DFO, deferoxamine mesylate
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- F1,6P, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- F6P, fructose-6-phosphate
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- G6P, glucose-6-phosphate
- GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- HIF, hypoxia inducible factor
- HIF-1α, hypoxia
- HRE, hypoxia response element
- HS, horse serum
- HSP, heat shock protein
- KMP, kaempferol
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- Lac, lactacystin
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 1
- PEP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid
- PHD, prolyl hydroxylase
- RACK, receptor for activated C kinase
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- Ub, ubiquitin
- VHL, von Hippel–Lindau
- kaempferol
- metabolome profiling
- mitochondria
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Akiyama
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5006-5 Yoshinogari-cho Kanzaki-gun, Saga, 842-0195, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mizokami
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5006-5 Yoshinogari-cho Kanzaki-gun, Saga, 842-0195, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5006-5 Yoshinogari-cho Kanzaki-gun, Saga, 842-0195, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ikeda
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5006-5 Yoshinogari-cho Kanzaki-gun, Saga, 842-0195, Japan.
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Banks AM, Whitfield CJ, Brown SR, Fulton DA, Goodchild SA, Grant C, Love J, Lendrem DW, Fieldsend JE, Howard TP. Key reaction components affect the kinetics and performance robustness of cell-free protein synthesis reactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:218-29. [PMID: 35024094 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel cell-free protein synthesis reaction buffer improves performance by 400%. Enhanced performance is maintained across the synthesis of different proteins. Protein synthesis performance is robust across different cell lysate batches and E. coli strains. Buffer components affect aspects of reaction kinetics in differing ways.
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reactions have grown in popularity with particular interest in applications such as gene construct prototyping, biosensor technologies and the production of proteins with novel chemistry. Work has frequently focussed on optimising CFPS protocols for improving protein yield, reducing cost, or developing streamlined production protocols. Here we describe a statistical Design of Experiments analysis of 20 components of a popular CFPS reaction buffer. We simultaneously identify factors and factor interactions that impact on protein yield, rate of reaction, lag time and reaction longevity. This systematic experimental approach enables the creation of a statistical model capturing multiple behaviours of CFPS reactions in response to components and their interactions. We show that a novel reaction buffer outperforms the reference reaction by 400% and importantly reduces failures in CFPS across batches of cell lysates, strains of E. coli, and in the synthesis of different proteins. Detailed and quantitative understanding of how reaction components affect kinetic responses and robustness is imperative for future deployment of cell-free technologies.
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Key Words
- 3-PGA, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Automation
- CFE, cell-free extract
- CFPS, cell-free protein synthesis
- CTP, cytidine triphosphate
- Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS)
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DSD, Definitive Screening Design
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Design of Experiments (DoE)
- DoE, Design of Experiments
- FEU, fluorescein equivalent units
- G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- K-glutamate, potassium glutamate
- LB, lysogeny broth
- Mg, magnesium glutamate
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NTP, nucleoside triphosphate
- OFAT, one-factor-at-a-time
- PEG-8000, polyethylene glycol 8000
- PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate
- RFU, relative fluorescence units
- RSM, Response Surface Model
- Robustness
- Statistical engineering
- UTP, uridine triphosphate
- X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid
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Zhang H, Fu L. The role of ALDH2 in tumorigenesis and tumor progression: Targeting ALDH2 as a potential cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1400-11. [PMID: 34221859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major mitochondrial enzyme for protecting cells from acetaldehyde toxicity is aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). The correlation between ALDH2 dysfunction and tumorigenesis/growth/metastasis has been widely reported. Either low or high ALDH2 expression contributes to tumor progression and varies among different tumor types. Furthermore, the ALDH2∗2 polymorphism (rs671) is the most common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Asia. Epidemiological studies associate ALDH2∗2 with tumorigenesis and progression. This study summarizes the essential functions and potential ALDH2 mechanisms in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of tumors in various types of cancer. Our study indicates that ALDH2 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Acetaldehyde
- BCa, bladder cancer
- COUP-TF, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer
- Cancer therapy
- DFS, disease-free survival
- EC, esophageal cancer
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FANCD2, Fanconi anemia protein
- GCA, gastric cancer
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HNC, head and neck cancer
- HNF-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
- HR, homologous recombination
- LCSCs, liver cancer stem cells
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MDR, multi-drug resistance
- MN, micronuclei
- Metastasis
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NCEs, normochromic erythrocytes
- NER, nucleotide excision repair pathway
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NHEJ, non-homologous end-joining
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2
- NRRE, nuclear receptor response element
- NSCLC, non-small-cell lung
- NeG, 1,N2-etheno-dGuo
- OPC, oropharyngeal cancer
- OS, overall survival
- OvCa, ovarian cancer
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PC, pancreatic cancer
- PdG, N2-propano-2′-deoxyguanosine
- Polymorphism
- Progression
- REV1, Y-family DNA polymerase
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Tumorigenesis
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
- ccRCC, clear-cell renal cell carcinomas
- εPKC, epsilon protein kinase C
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Ruan GJ, Gandhi S, Abeykoon JP, Schram S, Habermann TM, Sandefur BJ, Witzig TE. Elevated Serum Lactate in Patients With Lymphoma: It Is Not Always Infection. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:423-430. [PMID: 33997638 PMCID: PMC8105511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To distinguish between sepsis only vs progressive lymphoma in patients with a history of lymphoma who present to the hospital with lactic acidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin lymphoma from January 2014 to December 2015. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: sepsis only or progressive lymphoma. Two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test and χ1/Fisher exact test were used to compare the continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 51 patients were identified; 33 (65%) patients were categorized into the sepsis only group, and 18 (35%), into the progressive lymphoma group. Values for serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) drawn during hospitalization were statistically different between the sepsis only and progressive lymphoma groups (median, 262 vs 665 U/L; P=.005), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of serum LDH level 2 or more times the upper limit of normal for progressive lymphoma were 56% (95% CI, 33% to 79%) and 85% (95% CI, 73% to 97%), respectively. Serum LDH level was independently predictive of inferior OS (hazard ratio, 27.8; 95% CI, 4.0 to 160.1; P<.001), while serum albumin level (hazard ratio, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.27; P<.001) was independently predictive of improved OS. CONCLUSION Serum LDH levels used in conjunction with serial serum lactate values may be reliable markers to differentiate patients with progressive lymphomatous disease from patients with lymphoma with sepsis only. The LDH levels should be obtained in all patients with lymphoma who present to the hospital with lactic acidosis.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CT, computed tomography
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- GLUT, facilitative glucose transporter
- HR, hazard ratio
- IQR, interquartile range
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and hydrogen
- NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- O2, oxygen
- OS, overall survival
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- ULN, upper limit of normal
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J. Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Susan Schram
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Thomas E. Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Correspondence: Address to Thomas E. Witzig, MD, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Fang Y, Yang C, Yu Z, Li X, Mu Q, Liao G, Yu B. Natural products as LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 11:S2211-3835(20)30616-X. [PMID: 32837872 PMCID: PMC7305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products generally fall into the biologically relevant chemical space and always possess novel biological activities, thus making them a rich source of lead compounds for new drug discovery. With the recent technological advances, natural product-based drug discovery is now reaching a new era. Natural products have also shown promise in epigenetic drug discovery, some of them have advanced into clinical trials or are presently being used in clinic. The histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), an important class of histone demethylases, has fundamental roles in the development of various pathological conditions. Targeting LSD1 has been recognized as a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Notably, some natural products with different chemotypes including protoberberine alkaloids, flavones, polyphenols, and cyclic peptides have shown effectiveness against LSD1. These natural products provide novel scaffolds for developing new LSD1 inhibitors. In this review, we mainly discuss the identification of natural LSD1 inhibitors, analysis of the co-crystal structures of LSD1/natural product complex, antitumor activity and their modes of action. We also briefly discuss the challenges faced in this field. We believe this review will provide a landscape of natural LSD1 inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CCC, cut countercurrent chromatography
- CD11b, integrin alpha M
- CD14, cluster of differentiation 14
- CD86, cluster of differentiation 86
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease
- Cancer therapy
- CoREST, RE1-silencing transcription factor co-repressor
- Drug discovery
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- EVOO, extra virgin olive oil
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine
- Epigenetic regulation
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GGA, geranylgeranoic acid
- H3K4, histone H3 lysine 4
- H3K9, histone H3 lysine 9
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Histone demethylase
- Kt, competitive inhibition constant
- LSD1 inhibitors
- LSD1, lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A
- MAO-A, monoamine oxidase A
- MHC, myosin heavy chain
- MMA, methylmalonic acid
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NTRK2, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- Natural products
- PDX, patient-derived xenograft
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SARs, structure–activity relationship studies
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SOX2, sex determining region Y-box 2
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TCP, tranylcypromine
- THF, tetrahydrofolate
- Tm, melting temperature
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial transmembrane potential
- α-MG, α-mangostin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochuan Li
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Hunt NJ, Kang SWS, Lockwood GP, Le Couteur DG, Cogger VC. Hallmarks of Aging in the Liver. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1151-1161. [PMID: 31462971 PMCID: PMC6709368 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the liver demonstrates remarkable resilience during aging, there is growing evidence that it undergoes all the cellular hallmarks of aging, which increases the risk of liver and systemic disease. The aging process in the liver is driven by alterations of the genome and epigenome that contribute to dysregulation of mitochondrial function and nutrient sensing pathways, leading to cellular senescence and low-grade inflammation. These changes promote multiple phenotypic changes in all liver cells (hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial, hepatic stellate and Küpffer cells) and impairment of hepatic function. In particular, age-related changes in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are a significant but under-recognized risk factor for the development of age-related cardiometabolic disease. Liver aging is driven by transcription and metabolic epigenome alterations. This leads to cellular senescence and low-grade inflammation. Hepatocyte, sinusoidal endothelial, stellate and Küpffer cells undergoes the hallmarks of aging. Each cell type demonstrates phenotypical cellular changes with age.
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Key Words
- AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- CR, caloric restriction
- Endothelial
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- Genetic
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocyte
- IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IL-8, interleukin 8
- KC, Küpffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nutrient sensing pathways
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Senescence
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miR, microRNA
- αSMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hunt
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sun Woo Sophie Kang
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glen P Lockwood
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- ANZAC Research Institute, Aging and Alzheimer's Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Nutrition Ecology, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Maas AE, Blanco-Bercial L, Lo A, Tarrant AM, Timmins-Schiffman E. Variations in Copepod Proteome and Respiration Rate in Association with Diel Vertical Migration and Circadian Cycle. Biol Bull 2018; 235:30-42. [PMID: 30160998 DOI: 10.1086/699219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diel vertical migration of zooplankton is a process during which individuals spend the night in surface waters and retreat to depth during the daytime, with substantial implications for carbon transport and the ecology of midwater ecosystems. The physiological consequences of this daily pattern have, however, been poorly studied beyond investigations of speed and the energetic cost of swimming. Many other processes are likely influenced, such as fuel use, energetic trade-offs, underlying diel (circadian) rhythms, and antioxidant responses. Using a new reference transcriptome, proteomic analyses were applied to compare the physiological state of a migratory copepod, Pleuromamma xiphias, immediately after arriving to the surface at night and six hours later. Oxygen consumption was monitored semi-continuously to explore underlying cyclical patterns in metabolic rate under dark-dark conditions. The proteomic analysis suggests a distinct shift in physiology that reflects migratory exertion and changes in metabolism. These proteomic analyses are supported by the respiration experiments, which show an underlying cycle in metabolic rate, with a peak at dawn. This project generates molecular tools (transcriptome and proteome) that will allow for more detailed understanding of the underlying physiological processes that influence and are influenced by diel vertical migration. Further, these studies suggest that P. xiphias is a tractable model for continuing investigations of circadian and diel vertical migration influences on plankton physiology. Previous studies did not account for this cyclic pattern of respiration and may therefore have unrepresented respiratory carbon fluxes from copepods by about 24%.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- ANOSIM, analysis of similarity
- BATS, Bermuda Atlantic Time Series
- BUSCO, Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs
- DM, dry mass
- DVM, diel vertical migration
- FFT-NLLS, fast Fourier transform non-linear least squares
- GO, gene ontology
- MESA, maximum entropy spectral analysis
- NAD+, oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NMDS, non-metric multidimensional scaling
- NSAF, normalized spectral abundance factor
- RT, room temperature
- TTP, Trans Proteomic Pipeline
- nr, non-redundant database
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Cruz JN, Costa JFS, Khayat AS, Kuca K, Barros CAL, Neto AMJC. Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy studies of novel leads belonging to the benzofuran class inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Polyketide Synthase 13. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1616-1627. [PMID: 29633908 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1462734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the binding mechanism of new Polyketide Synthase 13 (Pks13) inhibitors has been studied through molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations. The drug Tam1 and its analogs, belonging to the benzofuran class, were submitted to 100 ns simulations, and according to the results obtained for root mean square deviation, all the simulations converged from approximately 30 ns. For the analysis of backbone flotation, the root mean square fluctuations were plotted for the Cα atoms; analysis revealed that the greatest fluctuation occurred in the residues that are part of the protein lid domain. The binding free energy value (ΔGbind) obtained for the Tam16 lead molecule was of -51.43 kcal/mol. When comparing this result with the ΔGbind values for the remaining analogs, the drug Tam16 was found to be the highest ranked: this result is in agreement with the experimental results obtained by Aggarwal and collaborators, where it was verified that the IC50 for Tam16 is the smallest necessary to inhibit the Pks13 (IC50 = 0.19 μM). The energy decomposition analysis suggested that the residues which most interact with inhibitors are: Ser1636, Tyr1637, Asn1640, Ala1667, Phe1670, and Tyr1674, from which the greatest energy contribution to Phe1670 was particularly notable. For the lead molecule Tam16, a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl of the phenol not observed in the other analogs induced a more stable molecular structure. Aggarwal and colleagues reported this hydrogen bonding as being responsible for the stability of the molecule, optimizing its physic-chemical, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Key Words
- CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
- CoA, coenzyme A
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- GAFF, general amber force field
- GB, generalized born
- HB, hydrogen bonds
- INH, isoniazid
- KatG, catalase-peroxidase
- MD, molecular dynamics
- MDR, multi-drug resistant
- MM/GBSA, molecular mechanics/generalized-born surface area
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NS, nanoseconds
- PCA, acyl carrier protein
- Pks13
- Pks13, polyketide synthase 13
- RESP, restrained electrostatic potential
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- RMSF, root mean square fluctuations
- TB, tuberculosis
- TE, C-terminal thioesterase
- XDR, extensively drug resistant
- benzofuran
- free energy
- inhibitors
- molecular dynamics
- Δ internal energy
- Δ, Van Der Waals contributions
- Δ, electrostatic contribution
- Δ, electrostatic contributions
- Δ, energy of desolvation
- Δ, energy of the molecular mechanics
- Δ, non-polar contributions
- Δ, polar contributions
- Δ, polar solvation contribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorddy N Cruz
- a Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials , Federal University of Pará , CP 479, 66075-110 Belém , PA , Brazil
| | - José F S Costa
- a Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials , Federal University of Pará , CP 479, 66075-110 Belém , PA , Brazil
| | - André S Khayat
- b Oncology Research Center , Federal University of Pará , CP 479, 6675-105 Belém , PA , Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- c Biomedical Research Center , University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Carlos A L Barros
- d Department of Pharmacy , Federal University of Pará , CP 479, 66050-160 Belém , PA , Brazil
| | - A M J C Neto
- a Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials , Federal University of Pará , CP 479, 66075-110 Belém , PA , Brazil
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10
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Turiján-Espinoza E, Salazar-González RA, Uresti-Rivera EE, Hernández-Hernández GE, Ortega-Juárez M, Milán R, Portales-Pérez D. A pilot study of the modulation of sirtuins on arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 enzymatic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:188-199. [PMID: 29719779 PMCID: PMC5926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT; E.C. 2.3.1.5) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of several arylamine and hydrazine drugs by acetylation. In this process, the acetyl group transferred to the acceptor substrate produces NAT deacetylation and, in consequence, it is susceptible of degradation. Sirtuins are protein deacetylases, dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide, which perform post-translational modifications on cytosolic proteins. To explore possible sirtuin participation in the enzymatic activity of arylamine NATs, the expression levels of NAT1, NAT2, SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. The in situ activity of the sirtuins on NAT enzymatic activity was analyzed by HPLC, in the presence or absence of an agonist (resveratrol) and inhibitor (nicotinamide) of sirtuins. We detected a higher percentage of positive cells for NAT2 in comparison with NAT1, and higher numbers of SIRT1+ cells compared to SIRT6 in lymphocytes. In situ NAT2 activity in the presence of NAM inhibitors was higher than in the presence of its substrate, but not in the presence of resveratrol. In contrast, the activity of NAT1 was not affected by sirtuins. These results showed that NAT2 activity might be modified by sirtuins.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Ac-INH, acetyl-Isoniazid
- Ac-PABA, acetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid
- Arylamine N-acetyltransferase
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary cells
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F1, E2F transctriptios factor 1
- ER81, ETS-related protein 81
- FITC, fluorescein IsoTioCyanate
- FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HeLa, adenocarcinoma epithelial cells
- INH, isoniazid
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAM, nicotinamide
- NAT
- NAT, arylamine N-acetyltranferase
- Nicotinamide
- PABA, p-aminobenzoic acid
- PAS, p-aminosalicilic acid
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PGAM1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RSV, resveratrol
- RUNX3, runt-related transcription factor 3
- Resveratrol
- SIRT, sirtuin
- SMZ, sulfamethazine
- SREBP1a, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1a
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
- Sirtuins
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneida Turiján-Espinoza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: (52-44) 82624-40, ext. 6465 and 6594.
| | - Rául Alejandro Salazar-González
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Edith Elena Uresti-Rivera
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Montserrat Ortega-Juárez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Rosa Milán
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Diana Portales-Pérez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: (52-44) 82624-40, ext. 6465 and 6594.
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11
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Jeon Y, Han M, Han EY, Lee K, Song J, Song SH. Performance evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring with automated clinical chemistry analyzers. Pract Lab Med 2017; 8:86-94. [PMID: 28856233 PMCID: PMC5575369 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal developed for the treatment of fungal infectious disease, and the clinical utility of its therapeutic drug monitoring has been evaluated. Recently, a new assay for analyzing the serum voriconazole concentration with an automated clinical chemistry analyzer was developed. We evaluated the performance of the new assay based on standardized protocols. Methods The analytical performance of the assay was evaluated according to its precision, trueness by recovery, limit of quantitation, linearity, and correlation with results from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evaluation was performed with the same protocol on two different routine chemistry analyzers. All evaluations were performed according to CLSI Guidelines EP15, EP17, EP6, and EP9 [1–4]. Results Coefficients of variation for within-run and between-day imprecision were 3.2–5.1% and 1.5–3.0%, respectively, on the two different analyzers for pooled serum samples. The recovery rates were in the range of 95.4–102.2%. The limit of blank was 0.0049 μg/mL, and the limit of detection of the samples was 0.0266–0.0376 μg/mL. The percent recovery at three LoQ levels were 67.9–74.6% for 0.50 μg/mL, 75.5–80.2% for 0.60 μg/mL, and 89.9–96.6% for 0.70 μg/mL. A linear relationship was demonstrated between 0.5 μg/mL and 16.0 μg/mL (R2=0.9995–0.9998). The assay correlated well with LC-MS/MS results (R2=0.9739–0.9828). Conclusions The assay showed acceptable precision, trueness, linearity, and limit of quantification, and correlated well with LC-MS/MS. Therefore, its analytical performance is satisfactory for monitoring the drug concentration of voriconazole.
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Key Words
- Antifungal agents
- CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
- CV, coefficient of variation
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- LoB, limit of blank
- LoD, limit of detection
- LoQ, limit of quantitation
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- RMSSD, root mean square standard deviation
- SD, standard deviation
- TDM, therapeutic drug monitoring
- Therapeutic drug monitoring
- UV, ultraviolet
- Voriconazole
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbum Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Minje Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eun Young Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
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12
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Forero-Baena N, Sánchez-Lancheros D, Buitrago JC, Bustos V, Ramírez-Hernández MH. Identification of a nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase in Giardia lamblia (GlNMNAT). Biochim Open 2015; 1:61-69. [PMID: 29632831 PMCID: PMC5889475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a disease of high prevalence in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Giardiasis leads to poor absorption of nutrients, severe electrolyte loss and growth retardation. In addition to its clinical importance, this parasite is of special biological interest due to its basal evolutionary position and simplified metabolism, which has not been studied thoroughly. One of the most important and conserved metabolic pathways is the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This molecule is widely known as a coenzyme in multiple redox reactions and as a substrate in cellular processes such as synthesis of Ca2+ mobilizing agents, DNA repair and gene expression regulation. There are two pathways for NAD biosynthesis, which converge at the step catalyzed by nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18). Using bioinformatics tools, we found two NMNAT sequences in Giardia lamblia (glnmnat-a and glnmnat-b). We first verified the identity of the sequences in silico. Subsequently, glnmnat-a was cloned into an expression vector. The recombinant protein (His-GlNMNAT) was purified by nickel-affinity binding and was used in direct in vitro enzyme assays assessed by C18-HPLC, verifying adenylyltransferase activity with both nicotinamide (NMN) and nicotinic acid (NAMN) mononucleotides. Optimal reaction pH and temperature were 7.3 and 26 °C. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed for NMN and ATP, but saturation was not accomplished with NAMN, implying low affinity yet detectable activity with this substrate. Double-reciprocal plots showed no cooperativity for this enzyme. This represents an advance in the study of NAD metabolism in Giardia spp.
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Key Words
- Enzyme activity
- Giardia lamblia
- NA, nicotinic acid
- NAAD, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide
- NAD metabolism
- NAD synthetase, EC. 6.3.5.1
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAM, nicotinamide
- NAMN, nicotinic acid mononucleotide
- NAMPRT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
- NAPRT, nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase
- NMN, nicotinamide mononucleotide
- NMNAT
- NMNAT, nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase
- NR, nicotinamide riboside
- NRK, nicotinamide riboside kinase
- QA, quinolinic acid
- QAPRT, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Forero-Baena
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | | | | | - Victor Bustos
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá Cundinamarca, Colombia
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13
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Kiga K, Fukuda-Yuzawa Y, Tanabe M, Tsuji S, Sasakawa C, Fukao T. Comprehensive silencing of target-sharing microRNAs is a mechanism for SIRT1 overexpression in cancer. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1347-54. [PMID: 25483038 DOI: 10.4161/rna.32093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of SIRT1 is frequently observed in various types of cancers, suggesting its potential role in malignancies. However, the molecular basis of how SIRT1 is elevated in cancer is less understood. Here we show that cancer-related SIRT1 overexpression is due to evasion of Sirt1 mRNA from repression by a group of Sirt1-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) that might be robustly silenced in cancer. Our comprehensive library-based screening and subsequent miRNA gene profiling revealed a housekeeping gene-like broad expression pattern and strong CpG island-association of the Sirt1-targeting miRNA genes. This suggests aberrant CpG DNA methylation as the mechanistic background for malignant SIRT1 elevation. Our work also provides an example where epigenetic mechanisms cause the group-wide regulation of miRNAs sharing a common key target.
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Key Words
- 3′UTR, 3′ untranslated region
- 5-Aza-dC, 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine
- CGIs, CpG islands
- DNA methylation
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- HIC1, hypermethylated in cancer 1
- LXR, liver X receptor
- MicroRNA
- MyoD, myogenic differentiation 1
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- OVCA1, ovarian cancer-associated gene 1 protein
- OVCA2, ovarian cancer-associated gene 2 protein
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha
- PUMA, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis
- SIRT1
- SIRT1, sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae)
- SMG6, smg-6 homolog, nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor (C. elegans)
- Sir2, Silent information regulator 2
- cancer
- epigenetics
- p53, protein 53
- pri-miRNA, primary miRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kiga
- a Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics ; Freiburg , Germany
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Li D, Bi FF, Chen NN, Cao JM, Sun WP, Zhou YM, Li CY, Yang Q. A novel crosstalk between BRCA1 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3442-9. [PMID: 25485588 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.956507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA mutations are the main known hereditary factor for breast cancer. Notably, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) expression status plays a critical role in breast cancer progression and the clinical development of PARP1 inhibitors to treat BRCA-mutated breast cancer has advanced rapidly. However, dynamic crosstalk between BRCA1 and PARP1 remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that: (i) BRCA1 inactivation events (mutation, promoter methylation, or knockdown) were accompanied by increased PARP1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, and a subsequent increase in NAD-dependent PARP1 activity in MDA-MB-231 and primary breast cancer cells; (ii) the overexpression of BRCA1 resulted in decreased PARP1 and NAD levels, and a subsequent impairment in NAD-dependent PARP1 activity in MDA-MB-231 and primary breast cancer cells; and (iii) intracellular NAD levels were largely responsible for regulating PARP1 activity in breast cancer cells, and NAD levels were positively correlated with PARP1 activity in human breast cancer specimens (R = 0.647, P < 0.001). Interestingly, the high efficiency of PARP1 triggered by BRCA1 inactivation may further inhibit BRCA1 transcription by NAD depletion. These results highlight a novel interaction between BRCA1 and PARP1, which may be beneficial for the dynamic balance between BRCA1 and PARP1-related biologic processes, especially for maintaining stable DNA repair ability. All of this may improve our understanding of the basic molecular mechanism underlying BRCA1- and PARP1-related breast cancer progression.
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Key Words
- BRCA1
- CtBP, C-terminal binding proteins
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
- DNA repair
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ETS1, protein C-ets-1
- NAD
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- Nampt, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
- PARP1
- PARP1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SD, standard deviations
- TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- breast cancer
- shRNAs, short hairpin RNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University ; Shenyang , China
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Marletta AS, Massarotti A, Orsomando G, Magni G, Rizzi M, Garavaglia S. Crystal structure of human nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:419-28. [PMID: 26042198 PMCID: PMC4442680 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NaPRTase is a functional dimer. The structural bases for FK866 lack of inhibition of human NaPRTas were identified. Na, Nam and QA phosphoribosyltransferases share a conserved fold. Na, Nam and QA phosphoribosyltransferases show distinctive traits in the active site. Human and Enterococcus faecalis NaPRTase are highly structurally conserved.
Nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.11) (NaPRTase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the three-step Preiss–Handler pathway for the biosynthesis of NAD. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of nicotinic acid (Na) and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) and pyrophosphate (PPi). Several studies have underlined the importance of NaPRTase for NAD homeostasis in mammals, but no crystallographic data are available for this enzyme from higher eukaryotes. Here, we report the crystal structure of human NaPRTase that was solved by molecular replacement at a resolution of 2.9 Å in its ligand-free form. Our structural data allow the assignment of human NaPRTase to the type II phosphoribosyltransferase subfamily and reveal that the enzyme consists of two domains and functions as a dimer with the active site located at the interface of the monomers. The substrate-binding mode was analyzed by molecular docking simulation and provides hints into the catalytic mechanism. Moreover, structural comparison of human NaPRTase with the other two human type II phosphoribosyltransferases involved in NAD biosynthesis, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, reveals that while the three enzymes share a conserved overall structure, a few distinctive structural traits can be identified. In particular, we show that NaPRTase lacks a tunnel that, in nicotinamide phosphoribosiltransferase, represents the binding site of its potent and selective inhibitor FK866, currently used in clinical trials as an antitumoral agent.
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Key Words
- FK866
- NAD biosynthesis
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NMN, nicotinamide mononucleotide
- NMNAT, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase
- Na, nicotinic acid
- NaAD, nicotinic acid dinucleotide
- NaMN, nicotinic acid mononucleotide
- NaPRTase, nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase
- NamR, nicotinamide riboside
- Nicotinic Acid
- PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
- Phosphoribosyltransferase
- Preiss–Handler pathway
- QA, quinolinic acid
- Recycling NAD pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Serena Marletta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orsomando
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulio Magni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Ranieri 67, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Garavaglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Abstract
N6-carboxymethyl-NAD (N6-CM-NAD) can be used to immobilize NAD onto a substrate containing terminal primary amines. We previously immobilized N6-CM-NAD onto sepharose beads and showed that Thermotoga maritima glycerol dehydrogenase could use the immobilized cofactor with cofactor recycling. We now show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase, rabbit muscle L-lactate dehydrogenase (type XI), bovine liver L-glutamic dehydrogenase (type III), Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase, and Thermotoga maritima mannitol dehydrogenase are active with soluble N6-CM-NAD. The products of all enzymes but 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone were formed when sepharose-immobilized N6-CM-NAD was recycled by T. maritima glycerol dehydrogenase, indicating that N6-immobilized NAD is suitable for use by a variety of different dehydrogenases. Observations of the enzyme active sites suggest that steric hindrance plays a greater role in limiting or allowing activity with the modified cofactor than do polarity and charge of the residues surrounding the N6-amine group on NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Beauchamp
- a Cell and Molecular Biology program ; Michigan State University ; East Lansing , MI USA
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