1
|
Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, Blandón-Vijil MV, Del Río-Navarro BE, Estrada-Cardona A, Gereda JE, Luna-Pech JA, Navarrete-Rodríguez EM, Onuma-Takane E, Pozo-Beltrán CF, Rojo-Gutiérrez MI. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100476. [PMID: 33072240 PMCID: PMC7546230 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. Methods Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc). Results For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. Conclusion Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin converting enzime-2
- APC, Antigen-presenting cell
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- BV, Bacterial vaccine
- Bacillus calmette-guérin
- Bacterial vaccine
- CCL-5, Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5
- CI, Confidence interval
- CNS, Central nervous system
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease-2019
- CXCR3A, CXC chemokine receptor 3A
- DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DC, Dendritic cell
- DLE, Dialyzable leukocyte extract
- Exercise
- Gαs: G protein coupled receptor alfa-subunits, HSP
- Heat shock proteins, HLA-DR
- Immune response
- Immunoglobulin, IGFBP6
- Innate
- Insulin-like growth-factor-binding-protein 6, IL
- Intercellular adhesion molecule type 1, IFN
- Interferon, IG
- Interleukin, MBSR
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMR
- MODS, Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
- Major histocompatibility complex class II cell surface receptor, ICAM-1
- Mindfulness
- Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mCa++: Intramitochondrial calcium
- MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappaB
- NK, Natural killer
- NK-Cell
- NOD2, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- OR, Odds ratio
- OxPhos: Oxidative phosphorylation, PAMPs
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PPD, Purified protein derivative (tuberculin)
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PBMC
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway
- R0: Basic reproduction number, REM
- Rapid eye movement, RIPK2
- Reactive nitrogen species, ROS
- Reactive oxygen species, SARS-CoV-2
- Receptor iteracting serine/threonine kinase 2, RNA
- Ribonucleic acid, RNS
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SIRS
- Sleep
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, TCR:T-cell receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TRPV, Thermolabile calcium channels
- Th, T helper-cell
- Trained immunity
- URTI, Upper-respiratory tract infection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Larenas-Linnemann
- Médica Sur, Clinical Foundation and Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
- Corresponding author. Médica Sur, Fundación clínica y hospital, Puente de piedra 150, T2Toriello Guerra, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México, 14050, Mexico. E-mails:
| | | | - Alfredo Arias-Cruz
- State University of Nuevo León, School of Medicine and University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A. Luna-Pech
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosóficas, Metodológicas e Instrumentales (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Onuma-Takane
- Fundación Clínica y Hospital Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang B, Geng Q, Li T, Mohammad Firdous S, Zhou X. Morin attenuates STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy in experimental animals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2139-2142. [PMID: 32714041 PMCID: PMC7376113 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in untreated diabetic patients due to the strong influence of oxidative stress. Bioflavonoids are well known for their antioxidant property. Morin, a bioflavonoid, has been demonstrated for its antioxidant as well as antidiabetic activity. Thus, this research work intended to determine the ameliorative impact of morin in DR rats using STZ-induced type 1 diabetic model. To induce type 1 diabetic in rats STZ (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. Grouping of animals was done as described below (n = 6), where, group I - normal control, group II - diabetic control, group III - morin (25 mg/kg), group IV - morin (50 mg/kg), and group V - metformin (350 mg/kg) were used. All the animals underwent treatment for 60 days as given above. It was observed that supplementation of morin (25 and 50 mg/kg) showed a noteworthy decline in elevated serum glucose level. Moreover, decrease in the level of LPO and improved activity of endogenous antioxidants (GPx, CAT, and SOD) was observed in morin treated groups. It also notably drops the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF in the tissue homogenate of the retina. Furthermore, it increased the retinal thickness and cell count in the ganglion cell layer of the retina in diabetic animals. Hence, we can conclude that morin encumbers the progression of DR in diabetic animals, which may be via antioxidant property and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGEs, Advanced glycated end products
- Antioxidants
- BGL, Blood glucose level
- BRB, Blood retinal barrier
- CAT, Catalase
- DAG, Diacylglycerol
- Diabetic retinopathy
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- IL-1β and VEGF
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- LPO, Lipid peroxidase
- Morin
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- TNF-α
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qingsen Geng
- Department of Eye Fundus,Liaocheng Guangming Ophthalmological Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sayeed Mohammad Firdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, West Bengal, India
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ullah TR. The role of CXCR4 in multiple myeloma: Cells' journey from bone marrow to beyond. J Bone Oncol 2019; 17:100253. [PMID: 31372333 PMCID: PMC6658931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a pleiotropic chemokine receptor which acts through its ligand CXCL12 to regulate diverse physiological processes. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a pivotal role in proliferation, invasion, dissemination and drug resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). Apart from its role in homing, CXCR4 also affects MM cell mobilization and egression out of the bone marrow (BM) which is correlated with distant organ metastasis. Aberrant CXCR4 expression pattern is associated with osteoclastogenesis and tumor growth in MM through its cross talk with various important cell signalling pathways. A deeper insight into understanding of CXCR4 mediated signalling pathways and its role in MM is essential to identify potential therapeutic interventions. The current therapeutic focus is on disrupting the interaction of MM cells with its protective tumor microenvironment where CXCR4 axis plays an essential role. There are still multiple challenges that need to be overcome to target CXCR4 axis more efficiently and to identify novel combination therapies with existing strategies. This review highlights the role of CXCR4 along with its significant interacting partners as a mediator of MM pathogenesis and summarizes the targeted therapies carried out so far.
Collapse
Key Words
- AMC, Angiogenic monomuclear cells
- BM, Bone marrow
- BMSC, Bone marrow stromal cells
- CAM-DR, Cell adhesion‐mediated drug resistance
- CCR–CC, Chemokine receptor
- CCX–CKR, Chemo Centryx–chemokine receptor
- CD4, Cluster of differentiation 4
- CL—CC, Chemokine ligand
- CNS, Central nervous system
- CSCs, Cancer stem cells
- CTAP-III, Connective tissue-activating peptide-III
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- EMD, Extramedullary disease
- EPC, Endothelial progenitor cells
- EPI, Endogenous peptide inhibitor
- ERK, Extracellular signal related kinase
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- G-CSF, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GPCRs, G protein-coupled chemokine receptors
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HD, Hodgkin's disease
- HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor
- HIF1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha
- HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- HMGB1, High Mobility Group Box 1
- HPV, Human papillomavirus
- HSC, Hematopoietic stem cells
- IGF, Insulin-like growth factor
- JAK/STAT, Janus Kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription
- JAM-A, Junctional adhesion molecule-A
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase
- MIF, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MM, Multiple myeloma
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinases
- MRD, Minimal residual disease
- NHL, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- OCL, Octeoclast
- OPG, Osteoprotegerin
- PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PLC, Phospholipase C
- Pim, Proviral Integrations of Moloney virus
- RANKL, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand
- RRMM, Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
- SFM-DR, Soluble factor mediated drug resistance
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau
- WHIM, Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis
- WM, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu X, Gu Z, Chen Y, Chen B, Chen W, Weng L, Liu X. Application of PD-1 Blockade in Cancer Immunotherapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019;17:661-674. [PMID: 31205619 PMCID: PMC6558092 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway has received considerable attention due to its role in eliciting the immune checkpoint response of T cells, resulting in tumor cells capable of evading immune surveillance and being highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Application of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies as checkpoint inhibitors is rapidly becoming a promising therapeutic approach in treating tumors, and some of them have successfully been commercialized in the past few years. However, not all patients show complete responses and adverse events have been noted, suggesting a better understanding of PD-1 pathway mediated immunosuppression is needed to predict patient response and improve treatment efficacy. Here, we review the progresses on the studies of the mechanistic role of PD-1 pathway in the tumor immune evasion, recent clinical development and commercialization of PD-1 pathway inhibitors, the toxicities associated with PD-1 blockade observed in clinical trials as well as how to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-AZA-dC, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine
- ADCC, Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- AEs, Adverse events
- AP1, Activator protein 1
- APCs, Antigen presenting cells
- ASCT, Autologous stem cell transplantation
- B2M, β2 microglobulin
- BATF, Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like
- BICR, Blinded Independent Central Review
- BV, Brentuximab vedotin
- CC, Cervical cancer
- CRC, Colorectal cancer
- CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4
- CXCL9, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9
- Checkpoint blockade
- DCM, Dilated cardiomyopathy
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- DOR, Duration overall response
- DZNep, 3-Deazaneplanocin A
- ERK, Extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- EZH2, Enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- GC, Gastric cancer
- GEJ, GASTRIC or gastroesophageal junction
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNSCC, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HR, Hazard ratio
- ICC, Investigator-choice chemotherapy
- ICOS, Inducible T-cell co-stimulator
- IFN, Interferon
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- ITIM, Immune-receptortyrosine-based inhibitory motif
- ITSM, Immune-receptortyrosine-based switch motif
- ITT, Intention-to-treat
- Immune surveillance
- Immunotherapy
- IrAEs, Immune related adverse events
- JMJD3, Jumonji Domain-Containing Protein 3
- LAG3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LCK, Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck
- MAP, Mitogen-activated protein
- MCC, Merkel cell carcinoma
- MHC, Major histocompatibility
- MSI-H, Microsatellite instability-high
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T cells
- NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer
- ORR, Overall response rate
- OS, Overall survival
- PD-1
- PD-1, Programmed cell death 1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, Programmed death-ligand 1
- PFS, Progression-free survival
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PMBCL, Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
- PRC2, Polycomb repressive complex 2
- PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PTPs, Protein tyrosine phosphatases
- RCC, Renal cell carcinoma
- SCLC, Small cell lung cancer
- SHP2, Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2
- SIRPα, Signal-regulatory protein alpha
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- TIICs, Tumor infiltrating immune cells
- TILs, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3
- TMB, Tumor mutation burden
- TME, Tumor microenvironment
- UC, Urothelial carcinoma
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZAP70, Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70
- cHL, Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
- cTnI, Cardiac troponin I
- dMMR, DNA mismatch repair deficiency
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chapple SJ, Cheng X, Mann GE. Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease. Redox Biol 2013; 1:319-31. [PMID: 24024167 PMCID: PMC3757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione-S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies. HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling. HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types. Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.
Collapse
Key Words
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- AR, Aldose reductase
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells
- BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells
- BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
- BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain
- CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein
- Endothelial cells
- EpRE, Electrophile response element
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene
- GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates
- GSH, Glutathione
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I
- HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells
- HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells
- HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein
- HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90
- IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1
- IVR, Central intervening region
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
- MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2
- MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2
- MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases
- PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
- Redox signaling
- SMC, Smooth muscle cell
- TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- Vascular biology
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein
- tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide
- xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Pathological accumulation of 27-carbon intermediates or end-products of cholesterol metabolism, named oxysterols, may contribute to the onset and especially to the development of major chronic diseases in which inflammation, but also oxidative damage and to a certain extent cell death, are hallmarks and primary mechanisms of progression. Indeed, certain oxysterols exercise strong pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects at concentrations detectable in the lesions typical of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and other pathological conditions characterized by altered cholesterol uptake and/or metabolism.
Collapse
Key Words
- 24-OH, 24-hydroxycholesterol
- 27-OH, 27-hydroxycholesterol
- 7-K, 7-ketocholesterol
- 7α-OH, 7α-hydroxycholesterol
- 7β-OH, 7β-hydroxycholesterol
- AMD, Age-related macular degeneration
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- Aβ, Amyloid-β
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase 1/2
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- Human chronic diseases
- IBD, Inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICAM, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IL, Interleukin
- Inflammation
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal
- LDL, Low density lipoprotein
- LXR, Liver X receptor
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MIP-1β, Monocyte inflammatory protein-1β
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB
- Oxidative stress
- Oxysterols
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TGFβ1, Transforming growth factor β1
- TIMP, Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- α-EPOX, 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol
- β-EPOX, 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|